关联理论总结

《翻译与关联——认知与语境》总结

关联理论(Relevane Theory)最早是由Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson在《关联性：交际与认知》一书中提出来的，他们的学生Ernst-August Gutt根据关联理论对翻译进行了研究，并在五年后出版了《翻译与关联：认知与语境》（Translation and Relevace：Cognition and Context）.格特在此书中率先将关联理论应用于翻译研究中，并指出翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程。它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据动态的语境进行动态的推理，而推理所依据的就是关联性。作为交际的翻译，在对源语理解和翻译的过程中，人们对语码的选择所依赖的也是关联性。该书集中体现了格特的理论，他在关联理论的基础框架内探讨了翻译研究中颇具争议又引人注目的重要问题，既为翻译理论研究者深入清晰地阐述了观点，又为实践者提供了明确的指导.

该书一共有七章，在第一章开头的部分,格特首先引用Steiner，Levy，Kelly,Wilss等人的观点，指出当今翻译研究的现状是“mass of uncoordinated statements",接着并给出了几点可能的原因；之后又对Hofmann，Wilss，Schulte 等人提出的“multidisciplinary scientific methodology research”这一新方案进行了批判,并进一步给出了当今翻译研究现状混乱不堪的三个根本原因：1. The risk of （multidisciplinary）disintegration。There is a question whether a comprehensive account of translation in the form of a coherent and homogeneous theory can ever be achieved。2。The problem of determining the domain of the theory。Krings (1986) comments that the notion of translation is used to refer to a variety of rather different phenomena。There have been three major lines of approach to this issue: shared intuitions; definition；culture-oriented -—但是这三种方法均存在明显的缺陷。紧接着，格特又批判了Toury 的观点：“the overall CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION underlying the corpus”。因为这一观点的结果是:the culture-specific approach does not really resolve the problem of defining the theoretical domain：either it leads to the abolition of the intercultural study of translation or it does in fact rely on non—culture-specific criteria for determining its domain.3。The problem of evalution and decision—making. 此处,格特还批判了Steiner，Newmark等人的观点，同时还挑战了Nida 的对等理论。另外，作者提

出了两个问题:1）the problem of over-specification。以Wilss的理论为批判对象；2）Is ‘equivalence’an evaluate cocept？主要针对House 的理论进行批判.之后，作者又对科学翻译思想进行论述，分别从结果论和过程论进行说明，并指出了它们的不足。最后,格特提出了：changes in scientific method。这里主要包括两个主要转变：1。 A shift in the domain of the theory：翻译是一种与大脑机智密切联系的推理过程。2. A shift from description to explanation：关联理论采用的不是描述分类法.之后并引出了他自己的观点：Translantion as communication？翻译是一种言语交际行为。

在第二章中，格特首先介绍了关于关联理论的一些基本概念，如“交际的推理本质"（The inferential nature of translation），交际者的“信息意图”（informative intention）,交际中的明示程度，通过推理提供“交际线索”(Communicative clues）的“语义表达"（Semantic representations）,从而指出交际是一种明示推理的过程.紧接着他又详细地介绍关联理论中最重要的“最佳关联”（Optimal relevance）和“关联原则”（Principle of relevance），最佳关联的目的就是使交际中的听话者花费最小的信息处理达到足够的或最大的语境效果:“The central claim of relevance theory is that human communication crucially creats an expectation of optiaml relevance, that is an expectation on the part of the hearer that his attempt at interpretation will yield adequate contextual effects at minimal processing cost.”之后格特又提出关联理论中的交际分为两种不同模式:描述性运用（descriptive use）和解释性运用(interpretive use)，并重点介绍了“意义相似”（Interpretive resemblance）概念，并主要从以下三个方面进行阐释：1。Interpretive resemblance between propositional forms: “Since all propositional forms have logic properties, two propositional forms may have some logic properties in common。Accordingly，we can say that mental representations whose propositional forms share logic properties resemble each otherin virtue of these shared logic properties. Such resemblance between propositional forms is called interpretive resemblance. 2. Interpretive resemblance between thoughts and utterances：“Every utterance comes with a guarantees of faithfulness”- that is, in each case “the speaker guarantees that her utterance is a faithful enough interpretation of the thought she wants to