2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考研究生入学资格考试试卷及精解
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题与答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题与答案S ection I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read the following text.Choose the bcsl word(s> for each numbcred blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points>In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n> __8__ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alle ged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected[B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points>Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a box Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the case is known, is“a very big deal”， says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law.It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federalcircuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the w ake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3>most probably means[A] loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D] change of auiuled29.We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for pateat holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed, persuasive, or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the "tow-step flow of communication" Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials, those select people will do most of the ork for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyoneelse paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers' argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with theexception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their t endence to be31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B] discuss influentials’ funcition in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who{A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D} are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced t hem to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB>rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who ”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB>do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because hteyLargerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the dimingishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking syestem[C]t he bank’s long-term asset lossers[D]the weakening og its indepentdence38. According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in ruli-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they[A]mis interpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points>[A]The first and mor e important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.[D] All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master theintricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10Points>One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is thatmost members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuance When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46>Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47>but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48>Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici –minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops (49>In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50>It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an intemational conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end ofthe e"postgraduate association" instead.52.Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following deawing.In your essay,you should1> describe the drawing briefly,2> ecplain its intended meaning,and then3> give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20 points>2010年考研英语完整版详解Section I Use of English1.A解读：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话地意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人地生产率地，所以答案是A.2.B解读：本题考查了固定短语end up 地用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词地搭配都无此意，故选B.3.C解读：本句地大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力地概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究地行为改变了工人们地表现.所以这里应选择C.4.B解读：作者这里表达地意思是这个问题之所以引起大家地注意是因为工厂女工地行为令人费解.四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解地”，所以正确答案为B.5.C解读：本句地含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人地时产量就会提高.四个选项中有描述含义地是C项 accounts.6.B解读：这句话地意思是：实验中做什么并不重要. Do not matter 固定表达，故选B.7.D解读：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升.解读：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句地大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们地行为.所以选A.9.C解读：见第8题解读.10.D解读：见第8题解读.11.C解读：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语.12.A解读：contrary to表示“与…相反“.根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味地链接词.13.A解读：只有evidence一词可与found呼应，表示“发现或找到证据”.14.Dmisleading“欺骗性，误导性地”，意思上来看，符合语境所表达地意思.15.B解读：for example与上句呼应，举例说明问题.16.A解读：duly表示“准时地，在同一个时间地”，填入句中后意思表达更精确.17.D解读：与前句duly rose呼应，递进说明问题，故应选continue.18.C解读：此句意思与上句相反，说明另一种情况，故应使用转折词but.19.B解读：tend to do“倾向于做某事”，说明一种常规地事实.20.D解读：hit 能与a plateau搭配，意为“到达高地，触及顶点”，句意才符合语境. Section II Reading ComprehensionText 121. B22. A23. C24. A25.BText 226.C解读：细节题.题干问及商业专利方法在最近引起关注地原因是是什么，解答本题应定位二段首句并结合一段地主旨要义.二段首句指出“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减，这引起了了争议.”一段主要提及在过去10年商业方法授予了成千上万地专利.由此可见，选项C是对原文地同义置换故为正确答案.27.B解读：推理判断题.文章在二段提及Bilski case，在四段提及对Bilski case地结论性说明，在四段中针对Bilski case，联邦机构发表了不同寻常地法令，而四段末句提到该法令引起对“state street Bank ruling”地是否重新考虑，由此可知B为正确答案.28.C解读：词汇短语题.含有该词地句子起到承前启后作用，解答本题应结合二段主旨及三段because后地句意来解题，二段提及“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减”，而三段提及introduced such patents…, approving a patent…,由此可知，宣称对商业方法地控制将会有巨大地态度转变，故C正确.29.B解读：推论题.结合倒数二段二句及末段首句可知B符合文意.此题用排除法最为便利.文章地最后两段未提到ACD地内容.而B项地内容符合“that too many patents were being upheld”，同时B 选项地内容符合文章地中心.30.D解读：主旨题.文章首段提到“过去10年”，而二段首句转到“Now”，文章地此脉络结构可知“A prevailing tread”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦巡讲对“business-method patents”地立场变化，故D为正确答案.31.B解读：细节题.文章提到Tipping Point真本书描述社会流行风潮是由一小部分名人引起地，然而，笔锋一转在首段末又说“it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread”.进而引出作者对名人传播想法功能地讨论.由此B选项正确.而A、C、D 均不是作者要讨论地问题.32.D解读：细节题.文章第二段首句“the supposed…plausible sounding but largely untested theory..”以及末句“…only certain special people can drive trends”充分说明这种理论证据不够充足.而D选项正确地反应了文中地内容.33.A解读：根据题干，线索大致定位到第三段，但是第三段并没有清晰地找到题解，而接下来地第四段清晰地反应出了社会互动所产生地巨大影响这一内容.A选项充分地表明了这一点.34.C解读：根据题干，线索定位到第四段.同过分析这个短语所在地句子，“For a social epidemic…;just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with…”此句主要表明人们是如何被别人影响进而又去影响别人地.而C选项恰是对这一点地正确表述.35.C解读：细节题.根据题干，线索定位到最后一段，从“…relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be…”这句话中能够得知社会影响动力因素包括人们影响别人地能力包括被别人影响地倾向性.而C选项充分地体现了这一点.Text 436.A解读：细节题.答案意为“遵循不利地资产评估准则”.由题干中地“Bankers complained”和“force”定位于第一段第三行“Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.”该句核心词为rules，四个答案中只有A选项包含.37.A解读：推理引申题.答案意为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.根据题干中地专有名词FASB 定位于第三段.第一句提到FASB经过努力使国会通过了一些变革，这些变革赋予了银行更多地权利，也就是说对银行地管理更为松散，所以答案为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.38.C解读：细节题.答案意为“独立自主地制定法规”.根据题干中地“McCreevy objects to”定位到第五段.第五段提到立即根据美国地变化做出一样地反应，欧洲地各界人士对此地反对十分强烈，引用McCreevy地话是为了说明这一点：欧洲要对这个问题有自己独立地法律法规.39.C解读：句意题.答案意为“忽视了坏账存在地极大可能性”.根据题干地信息定位到第六段Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.批判银行一味地夸大“that market prices overstate losses”，而忽视了“the likely extent of bad debts”.40.D解读：情感态度题.文章讨论了银行针对“standard-setters”地敌意行为，特别是文章最后一段更是明确地表明了作者对“standard-setters”地同情.Part B41.B解读：本题需要找出文章地首段，可用排除法做.首先A 选项中提到“the first and more important…”中地“more”应该在前文中提到，故排除.B选项首句就提出了欧洲食品零售所面临地问题，根据文章结构法：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章地中心问题，而且本选项中也没有明显地需要和上文衔接地关系词，而其它选项都有明显地与上文衔接地信息词，不能在首段出现，故B为正确答案.42.F解读：首段一旦确定，本段内容便可根据上文顺藤摸瓜，第一段最后一句话“but”后指出了虽然食品零售商面临着“at a standstill (几乎停止发展>”地问题，他们却忽略了一个潜在地市场即他们身边地“wholesale food and trade(食品批发市场>”.而F 选项首句便举例说明法国、德国、意大利等国家地食品批发产业地市场规模比食品零售产业要大40%.而且在“moreover”后又进一步说明批发地利润大零售很多.因此可以判断此选项是对第一段地例证说明.其中“for example”是明显地信息提示词.43.D解读：上段介绍了食品批发商地优势，而D选项第一句“All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which…”则对上文地内容进行总结，其中all in all 是较明显地信息提示词，即上文中提到地食品批发地优势推出这是明显对于“big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling”是一个“market”.因此D项为正确答案.44.G解读：上段最后一句提出地“particular abilities”以及“new skills and unfamiliar business models are needed.” , 即零售商需要新地技能及不熟悉地商业模式.而G选项第一句提到地“these requirements(这些要求>”正是指上文所提到地技能.45.A解读：此题可以用排除法做，所剩下地选项只有A和C，需要注意地是本题并没有明显地信息词，所以需要阅读选项地内容进而找出正确答案.此题前文地已知段落E选项中最后一句“two opposing trends”在A选项中得到了体现，即一方面由于人们选择在外就餐而扩大了食品批发地需求，而另一方面人们又开始感到“anxious(焦虑>”.而C选项第一句提到地“such variations”在上文中并没有得到体现，因此可以断定A为正确答案.Part C46. Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.解读：句子地主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence”，后接that 引导地同位语从句.If引导地条件状语从句修饰that从句.to the effect that大意是，意思是; fail to 未能; jump to立即，赶快 the rescue营救，援救，解救.参考译文：科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚地证据前来救驾，大致说地是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫地话，害虫就会把我们吃掉.47. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.解读：句子主干we have drawn near the point.介词短语of admitting that...作定语修饰point.其中嵌套了that从句作admit地宾语从句.regardless of...作让步状语.a matter of .....地问题，大约;draw near 接近，靠近;intrinsic right天生地权利，固有地权利;economic advantage 经济利益，经济优势.参考译文：但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益，生存都是它们地固有权利.48. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.解读：主干time was when....when引导了表语从句.Time was when可看作固定短语，译为“从前，曾经”.注意两个并列同位语从句地翻译.参考译文：曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下地这条证据：这些生物通过捕食弱小地动物去维持生物链地正常运行，或它们只是去捕食“没有价值地物种”.49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.解读：句子地主体是“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”，包含被动语态.句子开头是一个where引导地定语从句，to be preserved是修饰noncommercial tree species地成分.Within reason合情合理地，理智地.注意被动语态地处理.参考译文：欧洲地林业从生态上讲较为先进，它把没有成为商业化对象地树种视为原始森林群落地成员而适当地加以保护.50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.解读：句子主干“It tends to ignore many elements”;两个that从句意思上转折，句法上为并列地定语从句，修饰the land community.注意插入语、定语从句以及代词指代地处理.参考译文：这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值地物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落地健康运行是至关重要地.Section III Writing51.小作文以研究生会地名义写一封通知，通知地内容是为全球一体化地国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包aa括申请者地基本职位要求及你认为相关地其他信息.写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己地名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替.审题谋篇：本次小作文考察“通知”这一事务公文，“通知”地目地在于督促对方参加活动，具。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、选择题(1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上.) 1. （10年，4分） 极限2lim ()()xx x x a x b →∞⎡⎤=⎢⎥-+⎣⎦( ) (A ) 1. (B ) e . (C ) a be -. (D ) b ae-.【考查分析】“1∞”型极限的计算. 【详解】本题属于未定式求极限,极限为1∞型,故可以用“e 的抬起法”求解．()()2lim xx xx a x b →∞⎡⎤⎢⎥-+⎣⎦()()2lnlim x x x a x b x e ⋅-+→∞=()()2lim lnx x x x a x b e→∞⋅-+=,其中又因为()()2222()()lim ln lim ln 1()()()()lim()()()lim()()x x x x x x x a x b x x x a x b x a x b x x x a x b x a x b a b x abxx a x b a b→∞→∞→∞→∞--+⋅=+-+-+⎡⎤--+⎣⎦=-+-+=-+=-⎡⎤⎣⎦故原式极限为a be-,所以应该选择(C).2. （10年，4分） 设函数(,)z z x y =,由方程,0y z F x x ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭确定,其中F 为可微函数,且20F '≠,则z zxy x y∂∂+=∂∂( ) (A ) x . (B ) z . (C ) x -. (D ) z -. 【考查分析】隐函数偏导数的计算. 【详解】122212122221x z y z y zF F F F F yF zF z x x x x x F F xF F x⎛⎫⎛⎫''''-+-⋅+⋅ ⎪ ⎪'''+∂⎝⎭⎝⎭=-=-==∂''''⋅, 112211y z F F F z x y F F F x'⋅''∂=-=-=-∂'''⋅, 1212222yF zF yF F z z z x y z x y F F F ''''+⋅∂∂+=-==∂∂'''．选（B ）. 3. （10年，4分） 设,m n 是正整数,则反常积分()20ln 1mnx dx x-⎰的收敛性 ( )(A ) 仅与m 的取值有关. (B )仅与n 的取值有关.(C ) 与,m n 取值都有关. (D ) 与,m n 取值都无关. 【考查分析】判断反常积分的敛散性. 【详解】0x =与1x =都是瑕点.应分成()()()22211212ln 1ln 1ln 1mm mnnnx x x xxx---=+⎰⎰,用比较判别法的极限形式,对于()2120ln 1m nx x-,由于121012[ln (1)]lim 1mnx n mx xx+→--=.显然,当1201n m<-<,则该反常积分收敛. 当120n m -≤,1210[ln (1)]lim m x nx x+→-存在,此时()2120ln 1m n x x -实际上不是反常积分,故收敛. 故不论,m n 是什么正整数,dx 总收敛.对于,取01δ<<,不论,m n 是什么正整数,1211211[ln (1)]lim lim ln (1)(1)01(1)mnmx x x xx x x δδ--→→-=--=-,所以收敛,故选(D).【评注】(1)当210m m-≥时，⎰是定积分.(2) 0,0αβ∀>>,有lim ln 00x x x βα+=→. 4. （10年，4分） ()()2211limnnn i j nn i n j →∞===++∑∑ ( ) (A )()()120111xdx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (B ) ()()100111x dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (C )()()11111dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (D ) ()()1120111dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. 【考查分析】利用积分和式求极限. 【详解】()()222211111()nnnn i j i j n nn i n jn i n j =====++++∑∑∑∑22111()()n n j i n n j n i ===++∑∑ 12220211111lim lim ,11()nn n n j j n dy j n jn y n→∞→∞====+++∑∑⎰ 1011111lim lim ,11()nn n n i i n dx i n i n x n→∞→∞====+++∑∑⎰()()2222111111lim lim()()n nn nn n i j j i n n j n i n i n j →∞→∞=====++++∑∑∑∑ 221(lim )nn j n n j→∞==+∑1(lim )nn i nn i →∞=+∑ 1120011()()11dx dy x y =++⎰⎰()()11200111dx dy x y =++⎰⎰. 【评注】本题易认为是二重积分或误认为逐次极限.实际上,对i 求和时与j 无关,对j 求和时与i 无关,所以这是一道两个和得乘积的极限题.5. （10年，4分） 设A 为m n ⨯矩阵,B 为n m ⨯矩阵,E 为m 阶单位矩阵,若AB E =,则 ( )(A ) 秩()r A m =,秩()r B m =. (B ) 秩()r A m =,秩()r B n =. (C ) 秩()r A n =,秩()r B m =. (D ) 秩()r A n =,秩()r B n =. 【详解】由于AB E =,故()()r AB r E m ==.又由于()(),()()r AB r A r AB r B ≤≤,故(),()m r A m r B ≤≤ ①由于A 为m n ⨯矩阵,B 为n m ⨯矩阵,故(),()r A m r B m ≤≤ ②由①、②可得(),()r A m r B m ==,故选A .6. （10年，4分） 设A 为4阶实对称矩阵,且2A A O +=,若A 的秩为3,则A 相似于 ( )(A ) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭. (B ) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. (C ) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. (D ) 1110-⎛⎫⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. 【考查分析】对称矩阵相似于对角矩阵.【详解】设λ为A 的特征值,由于2A A O +=,所以20λλ+=,即(1)0λλ+=,这样A 的特征值只能为-1或0.由于A 为实对称矩阵,故A 可相似对角化,即A Λ ,()()3r A r =Λ=,因此,1110-⎛⎫⎪- ⎪Λ= ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭,即1110A -⎛⎫⎪- ⎪Λ= ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. 【评注】看清题目,说清每个已知条件的作用.即可得出结论.7. （10年，4分） 设随机变量X 的分布函数0,01(),0121,1x x F x x e x -<⎧⎪⎪=≤<⎨⎪-≥⎪⎩,则{}1P X == ( ) (A ) 0. (B )12. (C ) 112e --. (D ) 11e --. 【考查分析】本题主要考查分布函数的概念及随机事件概率的计算.已知分布函数,【详解】离散型随机变量的分布函数是跳跃的阶梯形分段函数,连续型随机变量的分布函数是连续函数.观察本题中()F x 的形式,得到随机变量X 既不是离散型随机变量,也不是连续型随机变量,所以求随机变量在一点处的概率,只能利用分布函数的定义.根据分布函数的定义,函数在某一点的概率可以写成两个区间内概率的差,即{}{}{}()()1111111110122P X P X P X F F e e --==≤-<=--=--=-,故本题选(C). 【评注】已知分布函数,求随机事件的概率是基本题,但需注意题中的随机变量既不是离散型也不是连续型.由于分布函数在1x =处不连续,故利用{1}(1)(10)P X F F ==--来计算.8. （10年，4分） 设1()f x 为标准正态分布的概率密度,2()f x 为[]1,3-上均匀分布的概率密度,若12(),0()(),0af x x f x bf x x ≤⎧=⎨>⎩,(0,0)a b >>为概率密度,则,a b 应满足 ( ) (A ) 234a b +=. (B ) 324a b +=. (C ) 1a b +=. (D ) 2a b +=. 【详解】根据题意知,()2212x f x e π-=(x -∞<<+∞),()21,1340,x f x ⎧ -≤≤⎪=⎨⎪ ⎩其它利用概率密度的性质:()1f x dx +∞-∞=⎰,故()()()()03121001312424a a f x dx af x dx bf x dx f x dxb dx b +∞+∞+∞-∞-∞-∞=+=+=+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰所以整理得到234a b +=,故本题应选(A).二、填空题(9 14小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.) 9. （10年，4分） 设()20,ln 1,t tx e y u du -⎧=⎪⎨=+⎪⎩⎰ 求220t d y dx == . 【详解】因为 ()()22ln 1ln 1tttdy t e dx e -+==-+-,()()()()22222ln 12ln 11tt t td te d y dt t e t e e dx dt dx t -+⎡⎤=⋅=-⋅-+⋅-⎢⎥+⎣⎦,所以220t d y dx == 10. （10年，4分）2π=⎰.【考查分析】用变量变换与分部计算定积分.【详解】t =,2x t =,2dx tdt =,利用分部积分法,原式220cos 22cos 2sin t t tdt t tdt t d t πππ=⋅==⎰⎰⎰20002sin 2sin 4cos t t t tdt td t πππ⎡⎤=-=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰0004cos cos 4cos 4sin 4t t tdt t ππππππ⎡⎤=-=-=-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰.11. （10年，4分） 已知曲线L 的方程为[]{}11,1y x x =- ∈-,起点是()1.0-,终点是()1,0,则曲线积分2Lxydx x dy +=⎰.【详解】12222LL L xydx x dy xydx x dy xydx x dy +=+++⎰⎰⎰()()()01221011x x dx x dx x x dx x dx -=+++-+-⎰⎰()()0122122x x dx x x dx -=++-⎰⎰1322310223223x x x x -⎛⎫⎛⎫=++- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭211203223⎛⎫⎛⎫=--++-= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭12. （10年，4分） 设(){}22,,1x y z xy z Ω=+≤≤,则Ω的形心的竖坐标z = .【详解】()2221221211000211212021r rrz d rdr zdxdydz d rdr zdzdxdydz d rdr dzd r rdrππθθθθΩΩ⎛⎫⎪⋅ ⎪⎝⎭==-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰4211222r d r drπθπ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=⎰⎰126204122r r d πθ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=⎰20112266322d πθπππ⋅===⎰. 13. （10年，4分） 设()()()1231,2,1,0,1,1,0,2,2,1,1,TTTa ααα=-==,若由123,,ααα生成的向量空间的维数是2,则a = . 【详解】因为由123,,ααα生成的向量空间维数为2,所以123(,,)2r ααα=. 对123(,,)ααα进行初等行变换：123112112112211013013(,,)1010130060202000a a a ααα⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪=→→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭所以6a =.14. （10年，4分） 设随机变量X 的概率分布为{}!C P X k k ==,0,1,2,k = ,则()2E X = . 【考查分析】随机变量的数学期望,方差.泊松分布的期望,方差. 【详解】利用离散型随机变量概率分布的性质,知{}001!k k CP X k Ce k ∞∞======∑∑,整理得到1C e -=,即 {}111!!k e P X k e k k --===.故X 服从参数为1的泊松分布,则()()1,1E X D X ==,根据方差的计算公式有()()()222112E X D X E X =+=+=⎡⎤⎣⎦. 【评注】22()EX DX EX =+,所以应求X 的期望与方差,而X 的分布{},0,1,2,!CP X k k k === 的C 是待定常数.不难看出这是一个泊松分布. 三、解答题(15～23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.) 15. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)求微分方程322x y y y xe '''-+=的通解． 【考查分析】求常系数线性非齐次微分方程的通解. 【详解】对应齐次方程的特征方程为2320λλ-+=,解得特征根121,2λλ==,所以对应齐次方程的通解为212x x c y C e C e =+．设原方程的一个特解为*()x y x ax b e =+,则()()*22x y axax bx b e '=+++,()()*2422x y axax bx a b e ''=++++,代入原方程,解得1,2a b =-=-,故特解为*(2)xy x x e =--． 故方程的通解为*212(2)x x x c y y y C e C e x x e =+=+-+． 16. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)求函数()()2221x t f x x t e dt -=-⎰的单调区间与极值.【考查分析】对变限求导数,划分单调区间,求极值. 【详解】 因为22222222111()()x x x t t t f x x t e dt x e dt te dt ---=-=-⎰⎰⎰,所以2224423311()2222x x t x x t f x x e dt x ex ex e dt ----'=+-=⎰⎰,令()0f x '=,则0,1x x ==±.又22421()24x t x f x e dt x e--''=+⎰,则21(0)20t f e dt -''=<⎰,所以2211111(0)(0)(1)22t t f t e dt e e ---=-=-=-⎰是极大值.而1(1)40f e -''±=>,所以(1)0f ±=为极小值.又因为当1x ≥时,()0f x '>；01x ≤<时,()0f x '<；10x -≤<时,()0f x '>；1x <-时,()0f x '<,所以()f x 的单调递减区间为(,1)(0,1)-∞- ,()f x 的单调递增区间为(1,0)(1,)-+∞ .【评注】(1)求()f x 的单调性区间就是求()f x '的正负号区间.增减或增减区间的分界点就是极值点.上述方法就是求出()f x ',然后分出()f x '的正负号区间,从而得到()f x 的增减区间,相应地得到()f x 的极值点.这里就不必去求驻点处得()f x ''.(2)若题目只要求()f x 的极值,我们也可以221()2x t f x x e dt -'=⎰后,解得驻点0x =,1x =±,然后再求驻点处的二阶导数.由于201(0)20t f e dt -''=<⎰,⇒11(0)(1)2f e -=-为极大值.由于1(1)40f e -''±=>,⇒(1)0f ±=为极小值.17. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)(I)比较()1ln ln 1n t t dt +⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰与10ln nt t dt ⎰()1,2,n = 的大小,说明理由；(II)记()1ln ln 1nn u t t dt =+⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰()1,2,n = ,求极限lim n n u →∞. 【详解】(I)当01x <<时0ln(1)x x <+<,故[]ln(1)nnt t +<,所以[]ln ln(1)ln nn t t t t +<,则[]11ln ln(1)ln nn t t dt t t dt +<⎰⎰()1,2,n = .(II)()1111001ln ln ln 1nnn t t dt t t dt td t n +=-⋅=-+⎰⎰⎰ ()211n =+,故由 ()1210ln 1n n u t t dt n <<=+⎰,根据夹逼定理得()210lim lim01n n n u n →∞→∞≤≤=+,所以lim 0n n u →∞=.18. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)求幂级数()121121n n n x n -∞=--∑的收敛域及和函数.【考查分析】求幂级数的收敛域及和函数. 【详解】(I) (1)1222(1)1122(1)(1)2(1)121lim lim (1)(1)2121n n n n n n n n n nx x n n xx n n +-++--→∞→∞--⋅+-+=--⋅--222(21)21lim lim 2121n n n x n x x n n →∞→∞--==⋅=++,所以,当21x <,即11x -<<时,原级数绝对收敛.当21x >时,原级数发散,因此幂级数的收敛半径1R =.当1x =±时,11211(1)(1)2121n n n n n x n n --∞∞==--⋅=--∑∑,由莱布尼兹判别法知,此级数收敛,故原级数的收敛域为[]1,1-. (II) 设1122111(1)(1)()2121n n nn n n S x x x x n n --∞∞-==⎛⎫--=⋅=⋅⋅ ⎪--⎝⎭∑∑,其中令12111(1)()21n n n S x x n -∞-=-=⋅-∑()1,1x ∈-,所以有 12221111()(1)()n n n n n S x xx ∞∞---=='=-⋅=-∑∑ ()1,1x ∈-,从而有 12211()1()1S x x x '==--+ ()1,1x ∈-,故 11201()(0)arctan 1xS x dx S x x =+=+⎰,()1,1x ∈-.1()S x 在1,1x =-上是连续的,所以()S x 在收敛域[]1,1-上是连续的.所以()arctan S x x x =⋅,[]1,1x ∈-.【评注】幂函数在收敛域上可以逐项积分,但逐项求导只能先在收敛区间进行.在逐项求导后，在另行讨论端点处是否成立。
2010年在职全国联考教育硕士真题和答—教育学心理学
2010年心理学试题一、单选1心理反映形式发生的标志是2 容易保持和恢复的记忆是3 在创造力测验中，多数测验都将（）能力作为评定创造力的主要能力4 情绪、情感是（）关系的反映。
5 某师范生为了今后能成为优秀教师而努力学习，这种行为的动机是6 下列有关情绪的叙述中，错误的是7 意志行动最重要的环节是8 过滤器理论解释的主要是注意的9 根据研究记忆效果最好的学习程度是10 吉尔福特智力模型把智力分为三个维度，其中不包括二、填空题1 维果斯基把儿童现有水平与即将达到的发展水平之间的差异称为（）。
2 根据艾宾浩斯曲线，识记后要（）复习。
3 能引起个体动机并满足个体需要的外在刺激称为（）4 能力是直接影响活动效率、使活动得以顺利完成的（）心理特征。
5 定向反射是由情景的（新异性）所引起的反射。
三、名词解释1、反映：2、联想：3、理智感：4、有意注意：5、晶态能力：四、简答题1、简述认识过程与情感过程之间的关系2、简述斯金纳提出的五种强化时间表。
3、简述短时记忆的主要特点4、简述叶克斯——道得生定律的主要内容。
5、独白言语的特点6、简述能力测验标准化。
五、论述题1.联系实际谈谈知觉的基本特征在教学中的应用。
2.阐述如何培养学生的创造思维3 如何培养学生良好性格2010年教育学试题一选择题1、单项选择题1 我国科举制度兴起于（2 第一部具有权威性马克思主义教育学主编是3 社会政治经济制度决定着4 一般说来，课程总体规划是指5 经验课程的主要代表人物是6 罗杰斯的非指导性教学要求教师担任的角色是7 教师向学生解释和论证概念、原理、规律、公式等的教学方法称为8 国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展的规定来自于9 人们确定对客观事物的主观态度和行为准则的内在依据是10 德育过程的基础是二、填空题1.中国教育史上最早提出启发教学思想的教育家是（）2.教育对经济发展推动作用主要通过两条道路实现：一是（ )；二是再生产科学技术3.学校实现教育目的的基本途径是（）4、美国学者（）提出了教育目标分类学，并把认知领域的教育目标分为六个等级。
2010年在职攻读教育硕士专业学位全国联考心理学试题及答案名词解释简答论述答案
1、简述认识过程与情感过程之间的关系。
2、简述斯金纳提出的五种强化时程表。
3、简述短时记忆的主要特点。
4、简述独白言语的特点。
5、简述能力测验的标准化。
论述题1、联系实际，谈谈知觉的基本特性在教学中的应用。
2、结合教学实际，阐述如何培养学生的创造思维。
3、结合教学实际，论述如何培养学生良好的性格。
反映：是指一个物体受到外界的影响，就以某种状态的改变来回答外界的影响。
联想：是指由一事物的映像、观念想到另一事物的映像、观念的心理过程。
理智感：是指有预先目的、必要时需要意志努力、主动地对一定事物所发生的注意。
晶态能力：是指受后天经验影响较大，主要表现在运用已有的知识和技能去吸收新的知识或解决问题上的能力。
1、简述认识过程与情感过程之间的关系。
（1）一定的认识，才能引起一定的情感。
而且，随着认识过程的深化，情感也会随着变化。
（2）情感过程也反作用于认识过程。
这种作用有消积的，也有积极的。
它可能加强或提高认识过程的积极性，提高人们认识活动的效率，也可以降低认识过程的积极性，甚至起到阻碍的作用。
2、简述斯金纳提出的五种强化时程表。
答：斯金纳认为强化是行为形成和改变的最根本的规律。
他通过大量的动物实验，发现强化安排的效果主要取决于其时间和次数的分配。
他把这种分配叫做强化时程表。
斯金纳把强化时程表主要分为五种：（1）正确的反应每次均予以强化。
（2）定时间隔强化。
即正确反应不是每次出现均予以强化，而是按一定次数比率予以强化。
（3）定时间隔强化。
即不正确反应发生的次数，而是按一定的时间间隔予以强化。
（4）不定比间隔强化。
即以次数不定的间隔强化。
（5）不定时间隔强化。
即以不定长的时间间隔来强化。
3、简述短时记忆的主要特点。
短时记忆的主要特点：保持在一分钟以内的记忆。
具有意识性、操作性、按原始信息的感觉通道编码等特点，其容量约为7±2个组块。
4、简述独白言语的特点。
叶克斯一道得生定律说明了作业效率与激奋水平的关系，即前者先随着后者的升高而提高，达到最佳水平后，又随着后者的升高而降低。
2010年十月MPAcc在职攻读硕士学位全国联考会计硕士综合真题
2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考会计硕士第二部分财务会计一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)21.财务会计的目标主要是向会计信息使用者提供决策有用的信息。
对外提供会计信息的载体是( )。
A.财务报告B.会计账簿C.会计凭证D.会计科目汇总表22.依据《企业会计准则》(2006)的规定，企业取得持有至到期投资时，相关交易费用的正确会计处理是( )。
A.借记“投资收益”科目B.借记“财务费用”科目C.借记“持有至到期投资”科目D.借记“公允价值变动损益”科目23.企业在进行固定资产初始计量的会计处理时，存在两种不同的计价基础，它们是( )。
A.账面价值与公允价值B.重置成本与可变现净值C.成本计价与净值计价D.公允价值与未来现金流量的现值24.对于使用寿命有限的无形资产，在直线法下确认其摊销额时，除考虑无形资产的取得成本和使用寿命外，在特殊情况下还应考虑( )。
A.使用部门B.使用方式C.预计净残值D.购买或开发单位25.如果企业取得长期外币借款，则在资产负债表中“长期借款”项目的期末余额反映的是( )。
A.尚未归还的长期借款本金B.尚未归还的长期借款本金和利息C.尚未归还的长期借款本金和外币折算差额D.尚未归还的长期借款本金、利息和外币折算差额26.企业在确认收入的当期应确认相关的成本，其所依据的会计基本原则是( )。
A.配比B.谨慎C.及时D.实质重于形式27.在资产负债表日，如果提供劳务的结果能够可靠地估计，则劳务收入的确认方法是( )。
A.毛利率法B.完工百分比法C.永续盘存法D.销售成本加成法28.对下列两组交易或事项进行会计处理时，应采用同一会计科目核算的是( )。
A.商业折扣和现金折扣B.销售折让和销售退回C.现金折扣和销售折让D.商业折扣和销售退回29.某企业2010年1月1日的所有者权益为：实收资本5000万元，资本公积2000万元，留存收益1000万元。
现有一新投资者投资3000万元，占20%的股权。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题及解析
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题一、选择题：1~8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
(1)函数()f x = (A) 0. (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3(2) 设1y ,2y 是一阶线性非齐次微分方程()()y p x y q x '+=的两个特解. 若常数λ, μ使12y y λμ+是该方程的解,12y y λμ-是对应的齐次方程的解, 则 （A ）11,22λμ== (B)11,22λμ=-=- (C) 21,33λμ== (D) 22,33λμ== (3) 曲线2y x =与曲线ln (0)y a x a =≠相切，则a =(A)4e (B)3e (C)2e (D)e(4)设,m n 为正整数,则反常积分dx ⎰的收敛性(A)仅与m 取值有关 (B)仅与n 取值有关(C)与,m n 取值都有关(D)与,m n 取值都无关(5)设函数(,)z z x y =由方程(,)0y z F x x=确定,其中F 为可微函数,且20F '≠则z z xy x y∂∂+=∂∂ (A) x(B)z (C) x -(D) z -(6) 2211lim()()nnn i j nn i n j →∞===++∑∑ (A)121(1)(1)xdx dy x y ++⎰⎰(B)11(1)(1)xdx dy x y ++⎰⎰(C) 11001(1)(1)dx dy x y ++⎰⎰ (D)112001(1)(1)dx dy x y ++⎰⎰（7）设向量组12 :, ,, r I ααα⋅⋅⋅可由向量组12II : , ,, s βββ⋅⋅⋅线性表示, 则列命题正确的是(A) 若向量组I 线性无关, 则r s ≤ (B) 若向量组I 线性相关, 则r s >(C) 若向量组II 线性无关, 则r s ≤ (D) 若向量组II 线性相关, 则r s >(8)设A 为4阶对称矩阵,且20A A +=若A 的秩为3,则A 相似于(A)1110⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦(B)1110⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎣⎦(C) 1110⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎣⎦(D) 1110-⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎣⎦ 二、填空题：9-14 小题，每小题 4分，共 24 分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。
在职攻读硕士学位全国联考教育硕士教育学A卷真题2010年
在职攻读硕士学位全国联考教育硕士教育学A卷真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.我国的科举制度兴起于_______。
（分数：1.00）A.汉朝B.隋朝√C.唐朝D.宋朝解析：2.第一部具有权威性的马克思主义《教育学》的主编是_______。
（分数：1.00）A.乌申斯基B.苏霍姆林斯基C.赞科夫D.凯洛夫√解析：3.社会政治经济制度决定着_______。
（分数：1.00）A.教育的性质√B.教育的结构C.教育的内容D.教育的方法解析：4.一般说来，课程的总体规划是指_______。
（分数：1.00）A.教学大纲B.课程计划√C.课程标准D.教科书解析：5.经验课程的主要代表人物是_______。
（分数：1.00）A.布鲁纳B.卢梭C.赞科夫D.杜威√解析：6.罗杰斯的非指导性教学要求教师承担的角色是_______。
（分数：1.00）A.领导者B.管理者C.促进者√D.指导者解析：7.教师向学生解释和论证概念、原理、规律、公式等的教学方法称为_______。
（分数：1.00）B.讲解法√C.讲读法D.讲演法解析：8.“国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展”的规定来自于_______。
（分数：1.00）A.《中共中央关于改革和加强中小学德育工作的通知》B.《中华人民共和国宪法》√C.《中华人民共和国义务教育法》D.《基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）》解析：9.人们确定对客观事物的主观态度和行为准则的内在依据是_______。
（分数：1.00）A.道德规范B.道德情感C.道德认识√D.道德意志解析：10.德育过程的基础是_______。
（分数：1.00）A.组织学生活动和交往√B.开展丰富多彩的课外活动C.家校之间的密切合作D.与课堂教学整合解析：二、填空题（每小题1分，共5分）(总题数：5，分数：5.00)11.中国教育史上最早提出“启发”教学思想的教育家是 1。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、选择题(1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上.) (1) 极限2lim ()()xx x x a x b →∞⎡⎤=⎢⎥-+⎣⎦( ) (A) 1. (B) e . (C) a be -. (D) b ae-.(2) 设函数(,)z z x y =,由方程,0y z F x x ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭确定,其中F 为可微函数,且20F '≠,则z zxy x y∂∂+=∂∂( ) (A) x . (B) z . (C) x -. (D) z -.(3) 设,m n 是正整数,则反常积分⎰的收敛性 ( )(A) 仅与m 的取值有关. (B)仅与n 的取值有关. (C) 与,m n 取值都有关. (D) 与,m n 取值都无关. (4) ()()2211limn nn i j nn i n j →∞===++∑∑ ( ) (A)()()120111xdx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (B) ()()100111x dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (C)()()11111dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (D) ()()1120111dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (5) 设A 为m n ⨯矩阵,B 为n m ⨯矩阵,E 为m 阶单位矩阵,若AB E =,则 ( )(A) 秩()r A m =,秩()r B m =. (B) 秩()r A m =,秩()r B n =. (C) 秩()r A n =,秩()r B m =. (D) 秩()r A n =,秩()r B n =. (6) 设A 为4阶实对称矩阵,且2A A O +=,若A 的秩为3,则A 相似于 ( )(A) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭. (B) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭.(C) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. (D) 1110-⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. (7) 设随机变量X 的分布函数0,1(),0121,1x x F x x e x -<⎧⎪⎪=≤<⎨⎪-≥⎪⎩,则{}1P X == ( ) (A) 0. (B)12. (C) 112e --. (D) 11e --. (8) 设1()f x 为标准正态分布的概率密度,2()f x 为[]1,3-上均匀分布的概率密度,若12(),0()(),0af x x f x bf x x ≤⎧=⎨>⎩,(0,0)a b >>为概率密度,则,a b 应满足 ( ) (A) 234a b +=. (B) 324a b +=. (C) 1a b +=. (D) 2a b +=.二、填空题(914小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.) (9) 设()20,ln 1,t tx e y u du -⎧=⎪⎨=+⎪⎩⎰ 求220t d y dx == .(10)2π=⎰ .(11) 已知曲线L 的方程为[]{}11,1y x x =- ∈-,起点是()1.0-,终点是()1,0,则曲线积分2Lxydx x dy +=⎰.(12) 设(){}22,,1x y z xy z Ω=+≤≤,则Ω的形心的竖坐标z = .(13) 设()()()1231,2,1,0,1,1,0,2,2,1,1,TTTa ααα=-==,若由123,,ααα生成的向量空间的维数是2,则a = .(14) 设随机变量X 的概率分布为{}!CP X k k ==,0,1,2,k =,则()2E X=.三、解答题(15～23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.)求微分方程322xy y y xe '''-+=的通解． (16)(本题满分10分)求函数()()2221x t f x xt e dt -=-⎰的单调区间与极值.(17)(本题满分10分)(I)比较()1ln ln 1n t t dt +⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰与10ln nt t dt ⎰()1,2,n =的大小,说明理由；(II)记()1ln ln 1nn u t t dt =+⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰()1,2,n =,求极限lim n n u →∞. (18)(本题满分10分)求幂级数()121121n nn xn -∞=--∑的收敛域及和函数.(19)(本题满分10分)设P 为椭球面222:1S x y z yz ++-=上的动点,若S 在点P 处的切平面与xOy 面垂直,求点P 的轨迹C ,并计算曲面积分2x y zI ∑-=,其中∑是椭球面S 位于曲线C 上方的部分.(20)(本题满分11分)设110111a A b λλλ ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= - 0= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪1 1 ⎝⎭⎝⎭，,已知线性方程组Ax b =存在两个不同的解.( I ) 求λ,a ；( II ) 求方程组Ax b =的通解. (21)(本题满分11 分)已知二次型123(,,)T f x x x x Ax =在正交变换x Qy =下的标准形为2212y y+,且Q 的第三列为,0,22T . ( I ) 求矩阵A ；( II ) 证明A E +为正定矩阵,其中E 为3阶单位矩阵. (22)(本题满分11分)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率密度为2222(,)xxy y f x y Ae -+-=,x -∞<<+∞,y -∞<<+∞,求常数A 及条件概率密度|(|)Y X f y x ．设总体X其中参数()0,1θ∈未知,以i N 表示来自总体X 的简单随机样本(样本容量为n )中等于i 的个数(1,2,3i =).试求常数123,,a a a ,使31iii T a N ==∑为θ的无偏估计量,并求T 的方差.2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题参考答案一、选择题(1)【答案】 (C).【解析】本题属于未定式求极限,极限为1∞型,故可以用“e 的抬起法”求解．()()2lim xx xx a x b →∞⎡⎤⎢⎥-+⎣⎦()()2lnlim x x x a x b x e ⋅-+→∞=()()2lim lnx x x x a x b e→∞⋅-+=,其中又因为()()2222()()lim ln lim ln 1()()()()lim()()()lim()()x x x x x x x a x b x x x a x b x a x b x x x a x b x a x b a b x abxx a x b a b→∞→∞→∞→∞--+⋅=+-+-+⎡⎤--+⎣⎦=-+-+=-+=-⎡⎤⎣⎦故原式极限为a be-,所以应该选择(C).(2)【答案】 (B).【解析】122212122221x z y z y zF F F F F yF zF z x x x x x F F xF F x⎛⎫⎛⎫''''-+-⋅+⋅ ⎪ ⎪'''+∂⎝⎭⎝⎭=-=-==∂''''⋅,112211y z F F F z x y F F F x'⋅''∂=-=-=-∂'''⋅, 1212222yF zF yF F z z z xy z x y F F F ''''+⋅∂∂+=-==∂∂'''． (3) 【答案】 (D).【解析】0x =与1x =都是瑕点.应分成=+⎰,用比较判别法的极限形式,对于,由于121012[ln (1)]lim 11mnx n mx xx+→--=.显然,当1201n m<-<,则该反常积分收敛. 当120n m -≤,1210[ln (1)]lim mx nx x+→-存在,此时实际上不是反常积分,故收敛.故不论,m n 是什么正整数,dx 总收敛.对于,取01δ<<,不论,m n 是什么正整数,1211211[ln (1)]lim lim ln (1)(1)01(1)mnmx x x xx x x δδ--→→-=--=-,所以dx 收敛,故选(D).(4)【答案】 (D). 【解析】()()222211111()nnn ni j i j n nn i n j n i n j =====++++∑∑∑∑22111()()n n j i n n j n i ===++∑∑ 12220211111lim lim ,11()nn n n j j n dy j n jn y n→∞→∞====+++∑∑⎰ 1011111lim lim ,11()nn n n i i n dx i n i n x n→∞→∞====+++∑∑⎰()()2222111111lim lim()()n nn nn n i j j i n n j n i n i n j →∞→∞=====++++∑∑∑∑ 221(lim )nn j n n j →∞==+∑1(lim )nn i nn i→∞=+∑1120011()()11dx dy x y =++⎰⎰()()11200111dx dy x y =++⎰⎰. (5)【答案】 (A).【解析】由于AB E =,故()()r AB r E m ==.又由于()(),()()r AB r A r AB r B ≤≤,故(),()m r A m r B ≤≤ ①由于A 为m n ⨯矩阵,B 为n m ⨯矩阵,故(),()r A m r B m ≤≤ ②由①、②可得(),()r A m r B m ==,故选A. (6)【答案】 (D).【解析】设λ为A 的特征值,由于2A A O +=,所以20λλ+=,即(1)0λλ+=,这样A 的特征值只能为-1或0. 由于A 为实对称矩阵,故A 可相似对角化,即A Λ,()()3r A r =Λ=,因此,1110-⎛⎫⎪- ⎪Λ= ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭,即1110A -⎛⎫⎪- ⎪Λ= ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. (7) 【答案】 (C).【解析】离散型随机变量的分布函数是跳跃的阶梯形分段函数,连续型随机变量的分布函数是连续函数.观察本题中()F x 的形式,得到随机变量X 既不是离散型随机变量,也不是连续型随机变量,所以求随机变量在一点处的概率,只能利用分布函数的定义.根据分布函数的定义,函数在某一点的概率可以写成两个区间内概率的差,即{}{}{}()()1111111110122P X P X P X F F e e --==≤-<=--=--=-,故本题选(C).(8)【答案】 (A).【解析】根据题意知,()221x f x e -=(x -∞<<+∞),()21,1340,x f x ⎧ -≤≤⎪=⎨⎪ ⎩其它利用概率密度的性质:()1f x dx +∞-∞=⎰,故()()()()03121001312424a a f x dx af x dx bf x dx f x dxb dx b +∞+∞+∞-∞-∞-∞=+=+=+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 所以整理得到234a b +=,故本题应选(A).二、填空题 (9) 【答案】0.【解析】因为 ()()22ln 1ln 1tttdy t e dx e -+==-+-,()()()()22222ln 12ln 11tt t td te d y dt t e t e e dx dt dx t -+⎡⎤=⋅=-⋅-+⋅-⎢⎥+⎣⎦,所以2200t d y dx ==. (10)【答案】 4π-.t =,2x t =,2dx tdt =,利用分部积分法,原式220cos 22cos 2sin t t tdt t tdt t d t πππ=⋅==⎰⎰⎰20002sin 2sin 4cos t t t tdt td t πππ⎡⎤=-=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰0004cos cos 4cos 4sin 4t t tdt t ππππππ⎡⎤=-=-=-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰. (11) 【答案】0.【解析】12222LL L xydx x dy xydx x dy xydx x dy +=+++⎰⎰⎰()()()01221011x x dx x dx x x dx x dx -=+++-+-⎰⎰ ()()0122122xx dx x x dx -=++-⎰⎰01322310223223x x x x -⎛⎫⎛⎫=++- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭211203223⎛⎫⎛⎫=--++-= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭(12) 【答案】23. 【解析】()2221221211000211212021r rrz d rdr zdxdydz d rdr zdz dxdydz d rdr dz d r rdrππππθθθθΩΩ⎛⎫⎪⋅ ⎪⎝⎭==-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰4211222r d r dr πθπ⎛⎫-⎪⎝⎭=⎰⎰126204122r r d πθ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=⎰20112266322d πθπππ⋅===⎰.(13)【答案】6a =.【解析】因为由123,,ααα生成的向量空间维数为2,所以123(,,)2r ααα=. 对123(,,)ααα进行初等行变换：123112112112211013013(,,)1010130060202000a a a ααα⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪=→→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭所以6a =.(14) 【答案】2.【解析】利用离散型随机变量概率分布的性质,知{}001!k k CP X k Ce k ∞∞======∑∑,整理得到1C e -=,即 {}111!!k e P X k e k k --===.故X 服从参数为1的泊松分布,则()()1,1E X D X ==,根据方差的计算公式有()()()222112E X D X E X =+=+=⎡⎤⎣⎦.三、解答题(15)【解析】对应齐次方程的特征方程为2320λλ-+=,解得特征根121,2λλ==,所以对应齐次方程的通解为212x xc y C e C e =+．设原方程的一个特解为*()xy x ax b e =+,则()()*22x y axax bx b e '=+++,()()*2422x y axax bx a b e ''=++++,代入原方程,解得1,2a b =-=-,故特解为*(2)xy x x e =--．故方程的通解为*212(2)x x xc y y y C e C e x x e =+=+-+．(16)【解析】因为22222222111()()x x x t t t f x x t e dt xe dt te dt ---=-=-⎰⎰⎰,所以2224423311()2222x x t x x t f x x e dt x ex ex e dt----'=+-=⎰⎰,令()0f x '=,则0,1x x ==±.又22421()24x t x f x e dt x e --''=+⎰,则21(0)20t f e dt -''=<⎰,所以2211111(0)(0)(1)22t t f t e dt e e ---=-=-=-⎰是极大值.而1(1)40f e-''±=>,所以(1)0f ±=为极小值.又因为当1x ≥时,()0f x '>；01x ≤<时,()0f x '<；10x -≤<时,()0f x '>；1x <-时,()0f x '<,所以()f x 的单调递减区间为(,1)(0,1)-∞-,()f x 的单调递增区间为(1,0)(1,)-+∞.(17)【解析】 (I)当01x <<时0ln(1)x x <+<,故[]ln(1)nnt t +<,所以[]ln ln(1)ln nn t t t t +<,则[]11ln ln(1)ln nn t t dt t t dt +<⎰⎰()1,2,n =.(II)()111101ln ln ln 1n n n t t dt t t dt td t n +=-⋅=-+⎰⎰⎰ ()211n =+,故由 ()1210ln 1n n u t t dt n <<=+⎰,根据夹逼定理得()210lim lim01n n n u n →∞→∞≤≤=+,所以lim 0n n u →∞=.(18)【解析】(I) (1)1222(1)1122(1)(1)2(1)121lim lim (1)(1)2121n n n n n n n n n nx x n n xx n n +-++--→∞→∞--⋅+-+=--⋅--222(21)21lim lim 2121n n n x n x x n n →∞→∞--==⋅=++, 所以,当21x <,即11x -<<时,原级数绝对收敛.当21x >时,原级数发散,因此幂级数的收敛半径1R =.当1x =±时,11211(1)(1)2121n n n n n x n n --∞∞==--⋅=--∑∑,由莱布尼兹判别法知,此级数收敛,故原级数的收敛域为[]1,1-.(II) 设1122111(1)(1)()2121n n nn n n S x x x x n n --∞∞-==⎛⎫--=⋅=⋅⋅ ⎪--⎝⎭∑∑,其中令12111(1)()21n n n S x x n -∞-=-=⋅-∑()1,1x ∈-,所以有 12221111()(1)()n n n n n S x xx ∞∞---=='=-⋅=-∑∑ ()1,1x ∈-,从而有 12211()1()1S x x x '==--+ ()1,1x ∈-,故 11201()(0)arctan 1xS x dx S x x =+=+⎰,()1,1x ∈-.1()S x 在1,1x =-上是连续的,所以()S x 在收敛域[]1,1-上是连续的.所以()arctan S x x x =⋅,[]1,1x ∈-.(19)【解析】 ( I )令()222,,1F x y z x y z yz =++--,故动点(),,P x y z 的切平面的法向量为()2,2,2x y z zy --,由切平面垂直xOy ,故所求曲线C 的方程为222120x y z yz z y ⎧++-=⎨-=⎩. ( II ) 由⎩⎨⎧=-=-++,02,1222y z yz z y x 消去z ,可得曲线C 在xOy 平面上的投影曲线所围成的xOy 上的区域223:{(,)|1}4D x y x y +≤,由()()x x yz z y x '='-++1222,由 dxdy zy yzz y dxdy y z x z dS 24412222--++=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂+=,故(2DDDx y zI x dxdy xdxdy ∑-==+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰12Dπ==⋅=. (20)【解析】因为方程组有两个不同的解,所以可以判断方程组增广矩阵的秩小于3,进而可以通过秩的关系求解方程组中未知参数,有以下两种方法.方法1：( I )已知Ax b =有2个不同的解,故()()3r A r A =<,对增广矩阵进行初等行变换,得111110101010111111a A a λλλλλλ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=-→- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭22111111010101010110011a a λλλλλλλλλ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪⎪→-→- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-----+⎝⎭⎝⎭ 当1λ=时,11111111000100010000000A a ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪→→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,此时,()()r A r A ≠,故Ax b =无解(舍去)．当1λ=-时,111102010002A a -⎛⎫ ⎪→- ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭,由于()()3r A r A =<,所以2a =-,故1λ=- ,2a =-. 方法2：已知Ax b =有2个不同的解,故()()3r A r A =<,因此0A =,即211010(1)(1)011A λλλλλ=-=-+=,知1λ=或-1.当1λ=时,()1()2r A r A =≠=,此时,Ax b =无解,因此1λ=-.由()()r A r A =,得2a =-.( II ) 对增广矩阵做初等行变换31012111211121020102010102111100000000A ⎛⎫- ⎪----⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪=-→-→- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭可知原方程组等价为1323212x x x ⎧-=⎪⎪⎨⎪=-⎪⎩,写成向量的形式,即123332110210x x x x ⎛⎫⎪⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪=+- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.因此Ax b =的通解为32110210x k ⎛⎫ ⎪⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪=+- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,其中k 为任意常数.(21)【解析】 ( I )由于二次型在正交变换x Qy =下的标准形为2212y y +,所以A 的特征值为1231,0λλλ===.由于Q 的第3列为T ⎝⎭,所以A 对应于30λ=的特征向量为T⎝⎭,记为3α. 由于A 是实对称矩阵,所以对应于不同特征值的特征向量是相互正交的,设属于121λλ==的特征向量为()123,,Tx x x α=,则30T αα=,即13022x x +=. 求得该方程组的基础解系为()()120,1,0,1,0,1TTαα==-,因此12,αα为属于特征值1λ=的两个线性无关的特征向量.由于12,αα是相互正交的,所以只需单位化：())1212120,1,0,1,0,1T Tααββαα====-. 取()12302,,10002Q ββα⎛⎪⎪==⎝⎭,则110T Q AQ ⎛⎫ ⎪=Λ= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,且1TQ Q -=, 故 1102201011022TA Q Q ⎛⎫- ⎪ ⎪=Λ= ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭.( II )A E +也是实对称矩阵,A 的特征值为1,1,0,所以A E +的特征值为2,2,1,由于A E +的特征值全大于零,故A E +是正定矩阵.(22)【解析】当给出二维正态随机变量的的概率密度(),f x y 后,要求条件概率密度|(|)Y X f y x ,可以根据条件概率公式|(,)(|)()Y X X f x y f y x f x =来进行计算.本题中还有待定参数,A 要根据概率密度的性质求解,具体方法如下.()()22222222()(),xxy y y x x xy x X f x f x y dy A e dy A e dy Ae e dy +∞+∞+∞+∞-+--------∞-∞-∞-∞====⎰⎰⎰⎰2,x x -=-∞<<+∞.根据概率密度性质有()21x X f x dx e dx A π+∞+∞--∞-∞===⎰,即1A π-=,故()2x X f x -=,x -∞<<+∞.当x -∞<<+∞时,有条件概率密度()()()22222222(),,,x xy y x xy y x y Y X X f x y f y x x y f x -+--+---===-∞<<+∞-∞<<+∞.(23)【解析】()()()22123~,1,~,,~,N B n N B n N B n θθθθ--()()()()31122331i i i E T E a N a E N a E N a E N =⎛⎫==++ ⎪⎝⎭∑()()221231a n a n a n θθθθ=-+-+()()212132na n a a n a a θθ=+-+-.因为T 是θ的无偏估计量,所以()E T θ=,即得()()12132010na n a a n a a =⎧⎪-=⎨⎪-=⎩,整理得到10a =,21,a n =31a n=.所以统计量 ()()12323111110T N N N N N n N n n n n=⨯+⨯+⨯=⨯+=⨯-.注意到1(,1)N B n θ-,故()()()11211D T D n N D N n n⎡⎤=⨯-=⨯⎢⎥⎣⎦()11n θθ=-.。
2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考公共管理硕士综合知识试卷
2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考公共管理硕士综合知识试卷第一部分逻辑单项选择题（共30题，每小题1分，共30分）1．曙光食品厂对火腿、香肠、烤肉3种食品进行检验，检验它们所含的食品添加剂和它们所使用的包装材料，只有都通过检验的才能出厂。
检验结果：食品添加剂合格的有两种食品，包装材料合格的也有两种食品。
根据上述检验结果，以下哪项一定为真？A．至少有一种食品可以出厂。
B．有可能火腿、香肠、烤肉都不能出厂。
C．这些食品要出厂还需通过其它的检验。
D．火腿一定是合格的，所以可以出厂。
E．有两种食品可以出厂。
2．电视台举办的名家讲堂共有两种类型：历史类和科学知识类。
学生会在调查学生参与电视节目的情况时，发现读书协会有会员参加了所有的历史类讲堂，也有会员参加了所有的科学知识类讲堂。
如果这个调查属实，则以下哪项一定是真的？A．读书协会有会员参加电视台举办的所有名家讲堂。
B．读书协会有会员没有参加电视台举办的任何名家讲堂。
C．电视台举办的每个名家讲堂都有读书协会的会员参加。
D．电视台举办的有些名家讲堂没有读书协会的会员参加。
E．其它协会的会员也参加了电视台举办的名家讲堂。
3．富士康集团在不改变现有工作方式的情况下，为提高劳动生产率，只有提高工人的劳动强度，而提高工人的劳动强度，不利于工人的身心健康，又会降低劳动生产率。
上述陈述能推出以下哪项？A．富士康集团的劳动强度已经对工人的身心健康造成了危害。
B．富士康集团必须改变现有的工作方式才能提高劳动生产率。
C．劳动强度问题只是富士康集团的问题之一。
D．提高劳动生产率不是富士康集团的主要目的。
E．提高劳动生产率是富士康集团的主要目的。
4．一家社会评价机构，为评价人们对电视剧的喜欢程度进行了社会调查。
调查表明：电视剧A的收视率要超过电视剧B的收视率，由此这家社会评价机构断言：电视剧A的受欢迎程度要高于电视剧B。
以下哪项最能反驳上述断言？A．收视率只是对电视剧喜欢程度的一个标准。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解【圣才出品】
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1 2
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1 m ln2 (1 x)
综上，无论正整数 m 和 n 取何值，反常积分 0
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A．仅与 m 的取值有关
B．仅与 n 的取值有关
C．与 m，n 的取值都有关
D．与 m，n 的取值都无关
【答案】D
【考点】反常积分的性质，收敛性判别
【解析】分析过程如下
1 m ln2 (1 x)
【解析】在 F（y/x，z/x）＝0 两边对 x 求导得
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2 / 23
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
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在职攻读硕士联考教育学真题2010年
一、单项选择题
1. 我国的科举制度兴起于
A.汉朝
B.隋朝
C.唐朝
D.宋朝
答案：B
2. 第一部具有权威性的马克思主义《教育学》的主编是
A.乌申斯基
B.苏霍姆林斯基
C.赞科夫
D.凯洛夫
答案：D
3. 社会政治经济度决定着
A.教育的性质
B.教育的结构
C.教育的内容
D.教育的方法
答案：A
5. 课外活动
答案：课外活动是指学校在学科教学活动之外有目的、有计划、有组织地对学生进行的多种多样的教育实践活动。课外活动在教育内容和结构方式上区别于以学科教学为中心的教学活动，它不以课程中的学科为单位，内容不受教学计划、教学大纲的限制，有其独特的范围和性质。
四、判断题 A对 B错
1. 教育从其产生开始就一直具有阶级性。
2. 近墨者未必黑。
答案：A
周围的环境对人的影响固然很大，但是决不是决定性的因素。起决定作用的应该是人自身的原因，即人的主观因素。如果一个人身处不良环境也能头脑清醒、意志坚定，不被外界的影响所迷惑，那也是难以使他变黑的。所以，近墨者未必黑。
3. 培养目标和课程目标是一回事。
答案：B
培养目标是指各级各类学校培养人才的具体的要求。是由特定的社会领域和特定的社会层次的需要所决定的。课程目标是课程计划中各个学习领域或这些领域之下的一些具体的科目所规定的学生经过一段时间的学习之后应达到的要求(或标准)。课程目标与培养目标之间的关系是具体和抽象的关系。
A.道德规范
B.道德情感
C.道德认识
D.道德意志
答案：C
多彩的课外活动
C.家校之间的密切合作
D.与课堂教学整合
2010年在职申硕(同等学力)英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2010年在职申硕（同等学力）英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Dialogue Communication 3. V ocabulary 4. Reading Comprehension 5. Cloze 7. Translation 9. WritingPaper OneDialogue CommunicationSection ADirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1．A：Can you take over for me here for a little while? I have a friend coming to see me．B：I’d like to，but______Ask Peter，he’s not so occupied at this moment．A．how can I do it?B．that’s alright．C．I have my hands full．D．that’s impossible．正确答案：C解析：A：你能在这儿替我一会儿吗?我有个朋友要来看我。
A项“我怎么做?”B项“好吧!”C项“我正在忙。
”D项“那不可能。
”根据B回答的后半句，“你问问皮特吧，他现在不忙”，可以判断出他想让A问问皮特能不能帮他。
考研精品文档 2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题附答案详解(试题一)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题附答案详解(试题一)20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthor ne effect “ is hard topin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosi ng [A], [B], [C]or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers duri ng the pastquarter-century, perhaps the m ost far-reaching has been the ine xorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the a ge of forty toimagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found i n most big-city newspapers. Yeta considerable number of the most significa nt c ollections of criticism published in the 20thcentury consisted in large part of new spaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact thattheir learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther rem oved from the unfocused newspaper review spublis hed in Englandbetween the turn of t he 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprintwas dirt-c heap and stylish arts crit icism was consi dered an ornament to the publicat ions inwhich it appe ared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted tha t the cri tics of majorpapers woul dwri te in detail and at length about the even ts they covered. Theirs was a seriousbusiness, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bern ard Shawand Ernest Newman, co uld be trus ted to know what they were a bout. These men believed injournal ism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors havebrains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define…journalism' as …a term of cont empt appl ied by writers who are notread to writers who are'. ”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the ManchesterGuardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer ofessays ont he game of cricket. During his l i fetime, though, he was also one of England'sforemost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that hisAutobiography（1947）became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic tobe so ho nored. Yet on ly one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writi ngs onmusic is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revi val? The prospect seems remote.Jour nalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and po stmodern reader shave little usefor the ric hly upholstered Vicwardian pros e in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before world warⅡwere characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on ？[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days.[B] The lost Horizon in Newspapers.[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism.[D] Prominent Critics in Memory.Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called businessmethods. received one for its “one-click” online p ayment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation str ategy. One inventor patented a technique for liftinga box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-methodpatents, which have been controversial ever since they we re first authorized 10 years ago. Ina move that has intellectual-property la wyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federalcircuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-methodpatents. In r e Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis'D. Crouch of theUniversity of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class ofpatents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because i t was the federalcircuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decisi on in the so-called state StreetBank case, approving a patent on a way of po oling mutual-fund assets. That ruling producedan explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companiestrying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move es tablished companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defe nsive moveagainst rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM n oted in a court filing that ithad been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questionedthe legal basis for granting them. S imilarly, some Wall Street investment films armedthemselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the pr actice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the c ase would be heard by all 12 ofthe court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should”recon sider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for examplethe justices signaled that too many patents w ere being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says H arole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorgeWashington Univ ersity Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who areunusually informed, persuasive, or well-co nnected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but itdoesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding b ut largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Inf ormation flows from themedia to the influentials and from them to everyone e lse. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if th ey can just find and influence the influentials, thoseselected people will do mo st of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the suddenand une xpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many su ch cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people w as wearing, promoting, ordeveloping whatever it is before anyone else paid at tention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fitsnicely with the idea that only cert ain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the findi ng that influentialshave far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seemto be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influe nce, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even t he most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, accordin g to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemicsby influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however,each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquai ntances, who must in turninfluence theirs, and so on; and just how many oth ers pay attention to each of these peoplehas little to do with the initial influe ntial. If people in the network just two degrees removedfrom the initial infl uential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resis tant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers stud ied the dynamicsof populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating anumber of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to beinfluenced. Our work shows that th e principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”-the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a fewinfl uentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of w hom adopts, say,a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase“these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones w ho[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind th e scenes, theyhave been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standar d-setters. Their rules, moan thebanks, have forced them to report enormou s losses, and it's just not fair. These rules saythey must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers andregulators woul d like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, butthe independence of standard-setters, essential to the pro per functioning of capital markets,is being compromised. And, unless banks c arry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system wil l be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Sta ndards Board(FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more fre edom to use models to valueilliquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who “question ourmotives.” Yet bank share s rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls“the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Sta ndards Board(IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act withou t overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruc tion of rules later this year is strong. CharlieMcCreevy, a European commissio ner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the re al word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overv alued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, becausethey largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely exten t of bad debts. The truth will not be knownfor years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead ma rkets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets forfear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. A merica's new planto buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark ass ets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require indepe ndent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example, ag ainst hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are i nviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks' long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them intothe numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E h as been correctly placed. There isone paragraph which dose not fit in with th e text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for e ating out; theconsumption of food and drink in places other than homes has ri sen from about 32 percent oftotal consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by2005. This development is boosti ng wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Me anwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They t end to keep atighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realis tic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standsti ll, leavingEuropean grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most le ading retailers have alreadytried e-commerce, with limited success, and ex pansion abroad. But almost all have ignoredthe big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade,which appears to b e just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the f ood and drinkmarket? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based o n flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to t he buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what tobuy .At any rate, this chang e will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domesti c and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could pro fitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the manag ement of product ranges, logistics,and marketing intelligence. Retailers tha t master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe maywell expect to rake in su bstantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole.Closer ins pection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, e speciallyin their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics ofindividual food and drink categories. Big retailers mu st understand these differences beforethey can identify the segments of Eu ropean wholesaling in which their particular abilities mightunseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models arenee ded too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of the same building blocks. Demandcomes mainly from two sources: independen t mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to cons umers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these b usinesses areknown in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesalemarket for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but thefigures, when added together, m ask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in Franc e, Germany, Italy,Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 perc ent of retail sales. Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesal e than in retail; wholesale demand from the foodservice sector is growing qui ckly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for whole salersto consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and e ven some largegood producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their ha nd, for those that master theintricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to rea p considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefullyand then translate the underlined segments i nto Chinese. Yourtranslation should bewritten clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on econom ic motives is thatmost members of the land community have no economic valu e. Yet these creatures aremembers of the biotic community and, if its stabil ity depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen t o love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds weresupposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists ju m ped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that ins ects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be e conomic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but wehave at least drawn nearer the point of adm itting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absen ce of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating bi rds.(48) Timewas when biologists som ewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve thehealth of game by killing the physically weak, or tha t they prey only on “worthless”species.Here again, the evidence had to b e economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years thatwe hear the mor e honest argumentthat predators are members of the community, and that nospecial interest has the right to exte rminate the m f or the sake of a benef it, real or fancied, toitself.Some species of tree have been“read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters becausethey grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(49) In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognizedas members of native forest c ommunity, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover,some have be en found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interd ependence of the forest and its constit uent tree species, ground flora, and fauna istaken for granted.To sum up: a systemof conservation based solely on economic self-interest i s hopelesslylopsided.(50) It tends to ignore , and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements i n theland community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Itassumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the bioti c clock will function without theuneconomic parts.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates' Associ ation a notice to recr uit volunteers foran international c onference on globalization. The notice sho uld include the basic qualificationsofapplicants and other information which yo u think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own nam e at the end of the notice. Use "postgraduates' Ass ociation" instead. （10 points）Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your ess ay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. A2. B3. C4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. C10. D11. C12. A13. A14. D15. B16. A17. D18. C19. B20. DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)21. B22. A23. D24. A25. B26. C27. D28. C29. B30. A31. B32. D33. A34. C35. C36. A37. D38. C39. B40. DPart B (10 points)41. B42. F43. D44. G45. APart C (10 points)46 . 科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据来补救，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫数量的话，昆虫就会把我们吃光。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题参考答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题参考答案答案速查： 一、选择题三、解答题（15）()f x 的单调递减区间为(,1)[0,1)-∞-U ；()f x 的单调递增区间为[1,0)[1,)-+∞U .()f x 的极小值为0；极大值为11(1)2e --.（16）(I)略；(II)0 （17）()233(1)2t t t t ψ=+>- （18）23ablπρ⎛⎝⎭（19）(,)a b 为22(,2),(2,)55---- （20）13316π- （21）略（22）(I) 1λ=-，2a =-； (II) 32110210x k ⎛⎫ ⎪⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪=+- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，k 为任意常数（23）1a =-；0Q ⎫⎪⎪=⎪⎪⎭一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上.(1) 函数()f x = ( ) (A) 0. (B)1. (C) 2. (D)3.【答案 B【考点】函数间断点的类型 【难易度】★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：函数的间断点分为第一类间断点和第二类间断点。
第一类间断点包括可去间断点和跳跃间断点。
第二类间断点为无穷间断点。
在本题中，()f x = 0,1x =±0lim ()lim x x x f x →→→==，0lim 1,lim 1x x +-→→===- 所以0x =为第一类间断点1lim ()2x f x →==，但函数()f x 在1x =处没有定义，所以1x =可去间断点。
1lim ()limx x f x →-→-==∞，所以1x =-为无穷间断点.所以选择B.(2) 设12,y y 是一阶线性非齐次微分方程()()y p x y q x '+=的两个特解，若常数λμ，使12y y λμ+是该方程的解，12y y λμ-是该方程对应的齐次方程的解，则 ( ) (A)11,22λμ==. (B) 11,22λμ=-=-.(C) 21,33λμ==. (D) 22,33λμ==.【答案】A【考点】线性微分方程解的性质及结构 【难易度】★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：线性微分方程的解的性质即叠加原理，线性微分方程通解的结构为齐次方程的通解加上特解。
2010年在职硕士全国联考英语真题及答案
2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语真题A卷Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Man: Jane, you don’t believe it. I won the lottery!Woman: ______.Man: No, it’s true. When I found out, I was shocked.A. So what?B. Does it really count?C. Are you putting me on?D. Imagine that!2. Man: It’s raining cats and dogs outside. Did you remember to bring the umbrella?Woman: Oops, ______.A. everything is fineB. you can count on meC. it’ll clear up soonD. it slipped my mind this morning3. Man: ______. How can I possibly review all this material by next week?Woman: Take it easy. I’ll help you with it.A. I’m going crazy!B. Can’t wait.C. I’m glad it’s finally over.D. What a load off!4. Man: Get a move on. We need to be at the airport in an hour.Woman: Come on! There’s plenty of time. Remember, we’re going on this trip to relax, ______.A. we’re in the same boatB. not the other way aroundC. so let’s goD. so forget it5. Wife: Can you come over here, please? Which one is better?Husband: ______.Wife: Come on, can’t you make up your mind for once?A. I have no ideaB. I have nothing more to say.C. I don’t careD. I don’t like itSection B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the four choices give and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.6. Man: I heard you’ve got a wonderful job in a post office. How’s your new job going?Woman: I just feel like a fish out of water.Question: What does the woman feel about her new job?A. She is satisfied with it.B. She feels uncomfortable about it.C. She feels it’s her dream come true.D. She finds it demanding.7. Man: Hi, Linda, are you going to teach after you graduate from that university?Woman: Where did you get the idea like that?Question: What can be concluded about Linda?A. She has no desire to teach.B. She likes teaching very much.C. She has no idea about teaching.D. She may choose to teach.8. Man: Why, you have to ask your parents to pay your rent?Woman: Well, I am unable to make ends meet.Question: What do we know about the woman?A. She is unable to manage her money.B. She can’t get her parents to pay her rent.C. She can’t help her parents out.D. She is financially in trouble.9. Man: Ken and Sandra hope to sell their house for $3 million.Woman: Yeah, they always think big.Question: What does the woman think of Ken and Sandra’s plan?A. It’s worth a try.B. It’s realistic.C. It’s not going to work.D. It’s ridiculous.10. Man: Excuse me. Do you need some help?Woman: Well…I’m trying to get to the railway station, but I can’t make heads or tails of this ticket machine.Question: What is the woman’s problem?A. She doesn’t have the small change with her.B. She doesn’t know how to use the machine.C. She’s not sure how much the trip will cost.D. She’s unable to get the ticket in time.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. Discipline cannot be ____ until the last day of school has passed.A. lessenedB. reducedC. relaxedD. lowered12. Some people argue that ____ regulations for water pollution will drive up costs and put jobs at risk.A. firmB. tightC. tenseD. close13. To keep her job, she has to _____ the bad temper of her boss.A. put up withB. take up onC. make up forD. come up to14. Student journalists are taught how to be _____ when writing in a limited space.A. convincingB. briefC. appealingD. expressive15. The discussion was so _____ that at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments.A. exhaustedB. exhaustingC. excitedD. exciting16. The popularity of these schools is growing steadily ______ their high tuition fees.A. instead ofB. in favor ofC. in spite ofD. in place of17. It is often not easy to _____ the marked generation gap which exists between the young and their elders.A. broadenB. breakC. bridgeD. build18. The drive from England to Scotland provides the tourists with many pleasant changes of _____.A. sceneryB. sightC. perspectiveD. scene19. This ambitious project, ____ scores of organizations around the world, will take at least ten years to be accomplished.A. indicatingB. composingC. containingD. involving20. Because of the popularity of the region, visitors are advised to book hotels ______.A. in orderB. in personC. in turnD. in advance21. He purposely ignored her call because he just didn’t feel like _____.A. disturbingB. to disturbC. being disturbedD. to be disturbed22. Do you really think Bill will help you write the report? Don’t count you chickens _____ they are hatched.A. asB. afterC. beforeD. while23. If you want a thing _____ well, do it yourself.A. doneB. doingC. to doD. being done24. The committee members agreed to proposal that the issue _____ to immediate voting.A. is to be putB. be putC. should putD. must be put25. So loudly ______ that even people in the next room could hear him.A. did he speakB. does he speakC. he spokeD. he speaks26. To master a foreign language like French requires hard work, so you _____ study too hard.A. shouldB. mustC. can’tD. may not27. Gaining a new customer costs ______ keeping an old one.A. as many as five timesB. five times as many asC. as much as five timesD. five times as much as28. People with glasses are perceived to be up to ten IQ points more intelligent than ______.A. those withoutB. that withoutC. these withoutD. one without29. Reading books, _______ takes the reader to other worlds, is a wonderful way to “escape”.A. thatB. whatC. asD. which30. Take 60mg up to four times a day, ______ advised otherwise by a doctor.A. ifB. untilC. thoughD. unlessPart Three Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are three passages and one table, each followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe rich have traditionally passed their wealth on to their children. But an increasing number of billionaires are choosing not to. The reason? They want their children to live on themselves—and not to turn into spoiled successors.Nicola Horlick or “supermum”, a famous British billionaire, owing to the fact that she has high-flying jobs and five kids –has spent her career making a reported ￡250m.She now seems determined to throw off large parts of it. She already gives away about 25% of her income each year, she has just revealed, in a report on the state of charity in the city, that she will not be leaving most of the remainder to her children. “I think it is wrong to give too much inherited wealth to children,” Horlick told the report’s authors.” I will not be leaving all my wealth to my children because that would just ruin their lives.”She is by no means the first to go public with this conviction. Bill Gates has put an estimated $30bn into the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. This was supplemented, in 2009, by another $24bn or so from his friend Warren Buffett.Buffett has always been colorful, quotably clear on where he stands. His daughter often tells a story of finding herselfwithout change for a car parking ticket-her father lent her $20 then promptly made her write him a check. “To suggest that the children of the wealthy should be just as wealthy,” he has said, “is like saying the members of America’s 2004 Olympic team should be made up only of the children of the 1980 Olympic team.”Anita Roddick, the late founder of the Body Shop, told her ki ds that they would not inherit one penny. The money that she made from the company would go into the Body Shop Foundation, which isn’t one of those awful tax shelters, like some in America. It just functions to take the money and give it away.31. The billionaires mentioned in the passage don’t want to leave much of their wealth to their children because____.A. they prefer to give their wealth to charityB. they want their business to go on healthilyC. they believe too much wealth will harm their childrenD. they hope their children can make money themselves32. What do we learn about Nicola Horlick?A. She has already given away about 25%of her wealth.B. She is the first one who declares to give away her wealth.C. She will leave only a small portion of her wealth to her kids.D. She inherited most of her wealth from her parents.33. Buffett distinguishes himself for______.A. his clear-cut positionB. being strict with his childrenC. his talent in financial managementD. being a giant in the stock market34. According to Buffett’s daughter, her father____.A. refuses to lend her moneyB. wants her to invest in the Olympic GamesC. never gives her more money than necessaryD. always makes sure that she returns his money35. It is implied in the last paragraph that some foundations are used by the rich to ____.A. provide shelter for the poorB. build good fameC. avoid paying taxD. support their businessPassage TwoIt is football time again. Currently, the qualifying rounds are being pl ayed to decide which countries will send teams to the 2010 World Cup. Some Soccer is becoming more and more popular on a worldwide scale and these qualifying legs are causing much excitement.The game is popular at club level as well. Many fans go every week to support their teams, whether the event is a home or away one, hoping to get a result. They all hope an attacking game, with a lot of goals being scored. Obviously, they do not want to see a boring, defensive match where the players are aimlessly passing the ball to each other.Sadly, not all the action always takes place on the ground. All too frequently, there is action in the stands, too. Football supporters, most of whom declare their loyalty by wearing their team colors, in the form of shirts, are not known for their quiet behavior. They are often very noisy, shouting noisy encouragement to their team and singing deafening songs.There is much rivalry between supporters. Mostly, this is good-natured, but trouble can easily arise. Fans gets angry if they feel that a referee has made a wrong decision, perhaps giving one of their team a red or yellow card unfairly, or perhaps failing to notice a foul(犯规) committed by a member of the other team.When trouble breaks out in a football crowd, it can be difficult to control. Stadium officials often seat the opposing fans in separate parts of the ground as a precaution against fighting. However, preventing trouble is more difficult outside the ground. In the worst cases, riot police have to be called in.Unfortunately, there are some fans who enjoy this violent aspect of football. These football hooligans(流氓) really enjoy a running battle with the police, and call up other people to throw stones and bottles at them. They regard football not as a sport, but as an excuse for trouble makings. Inevitably, their behavior spoils the reputation of the game.36. The qualifying rounds are played to_____.A. attract soccer fansB. select the best teams for the next roundsC. raise funds for the organizationD. decide which players are the best37. What do football fans hope to see?A. A home game.B. A defensive game.C. An evenly matched game.D. An exciting game.38. Fans get angry when they think____.A. the referee is unfairB. their team is losingC. their team is not playing wellD. there is an intentional foul39. Riot police are called in_____.A. to separate the opposing fans inside the groundB. as a precaution against trouble inside the groundC. to stop fighting occurring outside the groundD. as a precaution against fighting outside the ground40. It is implied in the last paragraph that_____.A. football fans enjoy spoiling gamesB. football hooligans are crazy about the gamesC. football can be an excuse for troublemakingD. football has a poor reputationPassage ThreeOur sense of smell, which we normally take for granted, is nowadays being increasingly used for purposes which might surprise us if we were aware of them. One area in which smells are created to achieve particular results is marketing. For some time manufacturers have taken advantage of our sense of smell with regard to household goods. Millions of dollars are spent on product research in the hunt for the right smell as it is believed perfume influences the way consumers perceive a brand. In a survey in the United States, when people were asked what was the most important factor in their choice of detergent(洗衣粉), smell was rated highly, above ingredients and price.Now stores are becoming even more direct in the use of smell. The smell of fresh bread in a supermarket tends to encourage people to buy, and people selling their houses are recommended to have coffee being heated when potential buyers arrive. Suddenly smell is becoming big business. One company specializing in the use of smells to attract consumers now has many large stores on its own list of customers. They find that when pleasant smells are filtered through a store’s air conditioning system, people tend to spend longer in the store and buy more.Research shows that smells can increase people’s view of a product. In a test, people looked at the same types of shoes in two rooms-one filled with purified air, the other with a smell of mixed flowers. 84% of the people preferred the shoes in the room with the smell of flowers. In fact, many said they would be prepared to pay up to US$ 10 more for a pair.Smells also have other potential uses. Some companies are experimenting with different smells to produce different effects in their workers according to the time of day. For example, early in the morning they might put the smell of lemon in the air conditioning system to wake people up. In the middle of the morning, when the atmosphere tends to become more tense, the smell of wood could be used to calm people down. Before lunchtime the smell of melting butter would encourage people to go to lunch on time. After lunch, when people often begin to lose concentration, the smell of mint(薄荷) would increase their alertness.41. Which is the most appropriate title for the passage?A. How to avoid being affected by smellsB. Using smells to influence peopleC. The power of our sense of smellD. New smells in supermarkets42. In the survey, when selecting detergent, people considered smell_____.A. not importantB. as important as priceC. less important than ingredientsD. more important than price43. To attract more customers, some large stores____.A. employ a company specializing in the use of smellsB. provide free coffee for themC. filter purified air through air conditioningD. decorate themselves with fresh flowers44. The majority of people in the test (Para.3) preferred______.A. the smell of shoes to that of flowersB. the smell of flowers to that of shoesC. the shoes in the room with purified airD. the shoes in the room with appealing smells45. To produce a calming effect, some companies use the smell of _____.A. lemonB. woodC. melting butterD. mintPassage FourThe First Rule of Finance is to live within your means by spending no more than 80% of your take-home pay. If you take home $100 per week, spend no more than $80.But ever look at what people spend their money on? I have relatives and friends deeply in debt, spending $12 for every $10 they earn instead of the $8 you know they should be spending. When I see them, they’re proud of their new whatever. “What do you think of my new truck?” asked one from the driver’s seat. “Do you like my new shoes?” asked another on high heels. “Check out my new big screen.” Said a third while holding the remote in his living room. We’ve all heard people fishing for compliments on their new toys.Every one of them was proud of what they’d financed. They seem to have bought it for the purpose of being proud, of showing off, of keeping up with the Joneses. “Look at my new …” is everybody’s favorite phrase, even when the object in question isn’t theirs at all and won’t be new when they’ve finally paid for it, if they ever do.They’re proud of being stupid. They think it’s cool to drive the financed car, wear the financed shoes, and watch the financed TV, but to smart people, whose opinions are the only ones we should respect, these people look dumb as rocks.The Joneses, nine times out of 10, are financially stupid. That’s why they have all that stuff, on borrowed money. Why try to copy them? Worse, why try to impress them? Copy and impress smart people, the ones who own their stuff. If you want to impress smart people, debt is the last way to go about it. Trying to impress a money-smart person by going into debt is like trying to impress Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps by drowning in a pool. Michael Phelps is impressed by good swimming and a money-smart person by good money management.46. According to the author, the new truck, shoes and big screen mentioned in Para. 2 are _____.A. indicators of wealthB. necessities to the buyersC. just a waste of moneyD. examples of showing off47. “… the object in question isn’t theirs” (Para. 3) means ______.A. it is bought for other peopleB. it is bought with loaned moneyC. it will finally be owned by the bankD. it will finally be owned by the buyers48. According to the author, buying new objects on borrowed money is ______.A. unwiseB. shamefulC. understandableD. impressive49. “Smart people” in the last paragraph refer to ______.A. clever businessmenB. people with high IQsC. fashionable wealthy peopleD. people good at money management50. The purpose of this passage is to ______.A. show sympathy with poor consumersB. criticize consumption of luxuriesC. advise people to become money-smartD. persuade people to keep off fashionsPart IV Cloze Test (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.There is one fairly standard reason why some thinkers regard the meaning-of-life question as being itself meaningless. They argue _51_ meaning is a matter of language, not objects. It is a _52_ of the way we talk about things, not a feature of things themselves, _53_ shape, weight or colour. A cabbage or a computer is not meaningful in itself; it becomes _54_ only by being caught up in our conversations. On this theory, we can make life _55_ by our talk about it; but it cannot have a meaning in itself, _56_ than a cloud can. It would not _57_ sense, for e xample, to speak of a cloud as being true or false. _58_, truth and falsehood are functions of our human judgments about clouds. However, there are problems with this argument, _59_ there are with most philosophical arguments. We shall be _60_ a few of them later on.51. A. that B. how C. if D. what52. A. means B. question C. problem D. method53. A. with B. for C. like D. as54. A. this B. that C. such D. so55. A. rich B. important C. meaningful D. colorful56. A. not more B. far more C. much more D. any more57. A. make B. bring C. take D. give58. A. Hence B. Rather C. Still D. Therefore59. A. when B. since C. as D. for60. A. writing about B. hunting for C. listening to D. looking atPart V Translation (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Translate the fo llowing passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Human friends may come and go, but a horse could be one of your most loyal, long-term friends if you treat it right.Horses understand words better than expected, since horses can hear the human voice better than even dogs can, due to their particular range of hearing. And scientists predict that trainers could have greater success if they use more verbal commands in their horse training programs.Horses possess excellent memories, which allow horses to not only recall their human friends after a long period of separation but also to remember some complex human instructions for ten years or more. The bonds with humans are likely an extension of horse behavior in the wild, since horses value their own horse relatives and friends, and are also open to new, non-threatening acquaintances. Horses maintain long-term bonds with several members of their family group, but they also interact temporarily with members of other groups when forming herds.Part VI Writing (30minutes, 15 points)Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of “The Country I Would Like to Visit”. You may base your composition on the clues given below:1. 如果有机会到国外度假两周, 你会选择哪个国家?2. 请至少给出三个理由。
2010年MBA联考综合真题及答案
2010年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试综合试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其他笔填涂的或做在试卷或其他类型答题卡上的答案无效。
2.其他题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
2010年管理类专业学位全国联考综合能力真题一．问题求解：第1-15小题，每小题3分，共45分，下列每题给出的A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的，请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑1. 电影开演时观众中女士与男士人数之比为5：4，开演后无观众入场，放映一个小时后，女士的20%，男士的15%离场，则此时在场的女士与男士人数之比为（A ）4：5 （B ）1：1 （C ）5：4 （D ） 20：17 （E ）85：642.某商品的成本为240元，若按该商品标价的8折出售，利润率是15%，则该商品的标价为（A ）276元 （B ）331元 （C ）345元 （D ）360元 （E ）400元3.三名小孩中有一名学龄前儿童（年龄不足6岁），他们的年龄都是质数（素数），且依次相差6岁，他们的年龄之和为（A ）21 （B ）27 （C ）33 （D ）39 （E ）514.在右边的表格中每行为等差数列，每列为等比数列，x+y+z=（A ）2 （B ）52 （C ） 3 （D ） 72（E ）45.如图1.在直角三角形ABC 区域内部有座山，现计划从BC 边上某点D 开凿一条隧道到点A ，要求隧道长度最短，一直AB 长为5km ，AC 长为12km,则所开凿的的隧道AD 的长度约为（A ）4.12km （B ）4.22km （C ）4.42km （D ）4.62km （E ）4.92kmAB D 图一 C6.某商店举行店庆活动，顾客消费达到一定数量后，可以在4中赠品中随即选取2个不同的赠品，任意两位顾客所选赠品中，恰有1件品种相同的概率是（A ）16 （B ） 14 （C ）13 （D ）12 （E ）237.多项式 326x ax bx ++- 的两个因式是x-1和x-2，则第三个一次因式为（A ） x-6 （B ） x-3 （C ） x+1 （D ）x+2 （E ）x+38.某公司的员工中，拥有本科毕业证，计算机登记证，汽车驾驶证得的人数分别为130.110，90，又知只有一种证的人数为140，三证齐全的人数为30，则恰有双证的人数为（A ）45 （B ）50 （C ）52 （D ）65 （E ）1009.甲商品销售某种商品，该商品的进价每件90元，若每件定位100元，则一天内能售出500件，在此基础上，定价每增1元，一天能使少售出10件，甲商店获得最大利润，则该商品的定价应为（A ） 115元 （B ）120元 （C ）125元 （D ）130元 （E ）135元10.已知直线ax-by+3=0（a>0,b>0）过圆224210x x y y ++-+= 的圆心，则a-b 的最大值为（A ）916 （B ） 1116 （C ）34 （D ）98 （E ）9411.某大学排除5名志愿者到西部4所中学指支教，若每所中学至少有一名志愿者，则不同的分贝方案共有（A ）240种（B ）144种 （C ）120种 （D ）60种 （E ）24种12.某装置的启动密码是由0到9中的3各不同数字组成，连续3次输入错误密码，就会导致该装置永久关闭，一个仅记得密码是由3个不同数字组成的人能够启动此装置的概率为（A ）1120 （B ）1168 （C ）1240 （D ）1720（E ）31000 13.某居民小区决定投资15万元修建停车位，据测算，修建一个室内的费用为5000元，修建一个室外车位的费用为1000元，考虑到实际因素，计划室外车位的数量不少于室内车位的2倍，也不多于室内车位的3倍，这笔投资最多可见车位的数量为（A ）78 （B ）74 （C ）72 （D ） 70 （E ）6614，如图2，长方形ABCD 的两天边分别为8m 和6m ，四边形OEFG 的面积是42m ，则阴影部分的面积为（A ）32 2m (B)28 2m (C) 24 2m (D)202m (E)162mDB F C15.再一次竞猜活动中，设有5关，如果连续通过2关就算闯关成功，小王通过每关的概率都是12，他闯关成功得该率为 （A ）18 (B) 14 (C) 38 （D ）48 (E)1932 二、条件充分性判断：第16-25小题，每小题3分，共30分。
【免费下载】在职攻读硕士学位全国联考艺术硕士入学资格试卷
2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考艺术硕士入学资格试卷 一、单项选择题(每小题1分，共44分) 1.柏辽兹是欧洲音乐( )时期的代表作曲家。
A.古典主义B.文艺复兴C.巴洛克D.浪漫主义 2.交响诗的创立者是作曲家( )。
A.贝多芬B.布拉姆斯C.肖邦D.李斯特 3.管弦乐《台湾舞曲》是我国作曲家( )的代表作。
A.江文也B.聂耳C.贺绿汀D.谭盾 4.《乐记》是我国古代( )家音乐思想之集大成。
A.道B.儒C.法D.墨5.婺剧是我国( )省的戏曲曲种。
A.江苏B.四川C.浙江D.山西 6.《松花江上》的词曲作者是( )。
A.张寒晖B.李焕之C.孟波D.冼星海 7.《伽利略传》的作者是( )。
A.歌德B.席勒C.霍普特曼D.布莱希特 8.被誉为启蒙运动最杰出的现实主义戏剧家是( )。
A.哥尔多尼B.哥戚C.盖伊D.伏尔泰 9.( )是德国戏剧家席勒的作品。
A.《一仆二主》B.《费加罗的婚礼》C.《阴谋与爱情》D.《梅兰尼德》 10.( )是老舍先生的戏剧作品。
A.《名优之死》B.《茶馆》C.《屈原》D.《上海屋檐下》 11.1907年欧阳予倩等人在日本东京成立了名为( )的戏剧团体。
A.春柳社B.春阳社C.民众戏剧社D.辛酉剧社 12.欧洲17世纪末叶古典主义戏剧运动缘起于( )。
A.英国B.德国C.法国D.意大利 13.被周恩来总理称为“中国的罗密欧与朱丽叶”的剧目是( )。
A.《西厢记》B.《虹桥赠珠》C.《梁山伯与祝英台》D.《刘海砍樵》 14.《大面》、《钵头》、《踏摇娘》等是南北朝、隋唐以来民间歌舞中著名的( )。
A.歌舞戏B.滑稽戏C.参军戏D.像声 15.中国传统戏剧表演体系的专称是( )。
A.戏剧B.中国戏剧C.戏曲D.传奇 16.宋代苏轼有诗云“搬演古人事，出入鬼门道”，这其中的“鬼门道”是指( )。
A.上下场门B.九龙口C.花道D.后台 17.清代李斗在《扬州画舫录》中记述了当时昆剧的行当，分别为“副末、老生、正生、老外、大面、二面、三面、老旦、正旦、小旦、贴旦、杂”，这通常被称为( )。
2010 在职联考 教育硕士 英语二 真题及参考答案
在职攻读硕士学位全国联考教育硕士英语二试卷Contents2010 (2)Section I Use of English (20 minutes, 10%) (2)Section II Reading Comprehension (70 minutes, 50%) (3)Section III Translation (20 minutes, 20%) (11)Section IV Writing (40 minutes, 20%) (13)2010 答案 (13)英语二试卷一[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用]Section ⅠUse of English (20 minutes, 10%)Section ⅡReading Comprehension (70 minutes, 50%) 考生须知1. 本考试分试卷一和试卷二两部分。
试卷一满分60分，考试时间为90分钟，14:30开始，16:00结束；试卷二满分40分，考试时间为60分钟，16:00开始，17:00结束。
2. 请考生务必将本人考号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3. 本试卷一为A型试卷，其答案必须用2B铅笔填涂在A型答题卡上，做在其它类型答题卡或试卷上的无效。
答题前，请核对答题卡是否A型卡，若不是，请要求监考员予以更换。
4. 在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为在答案对应的字母上划线，如[A] [B] [C] [D]。
5. 监考员宣布试卷一考试结束时，请立即停止答试卷一，将试卷一及其答题卡反扣在自己的桌面上，继续做试卷二。
监考员将到座位上收取试卷一及其答题卡。
6. 监考员收卷过程中，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据），否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
英语二试卷二[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用]Section ⅢTranslation (20 minutes, 20%)Section ⅣWriting (40 minutes, 20%)考生须知1. 试卷二满分40分，考试时间为60分钟，16:00开始，17:00结束。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试
2021年全国硕士研究生入学测验业务课代码: 333业务课名称:教育综合总分值: 150分测验时间: 3小时考生须知: 1、答案必需写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2、答题时必需使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
一、名词解释(每题5分，共30分)1、学习定势2、替代强化3、文纳特卡制4、《国防教育法》4、有教无类5、苏湖教法二、简答题(每题10分，共40分)1、简述影响人开展的底子因素。
2、简述现代教师的底子素养。
3、简述教育目的的层次布局和内容布局。
3、例举中小学德育工作中的五个方面的问题。
三、阐发阐述题(每题20分，共80分)1、试联系实际谈谈“动机与学习的关系〞对教育的启示。
2、卢梭的自然主义教育理论及其影响。
3、简要阐述我国学校教育开展的历史过程与值得借鉴的经验教训。
4、阅读下面的材料，按照你所看到的中小学教学实际情况，结合所学的教学理论，概括出教学实践活动中存在的一个主要问题，井阐发其二个方面的主要原因，提出解决这问题的两条思路或两个对策。
总之，把丰富复杂、变更不居的课堂教学过程简括为特殊的认识活动，把它从整体的生命活动中抽象、隔离出来，是传统课堂教学不雅的最底子缺陷。
它既无视了作为独立个体，处于不同状态的教师与学生，在课堂教学过程中的多种需要与潜在能力，又无视了作为共同活动体的师生群体，在课堂教学活动中多边多重、多种形式的交互作用和缔造能力。
这是无视课堂教学过程中人的因素之突出表示。
它使课堂教学变得机械、沉闷和程式化，缺乏生气与乐趣，缺乏对智慧的挑战和对好奇心的刺激，使师生的生命力在课堂中得不到充实阐扬，进而使教学本身也成为导致学生厌学、教师厌教的因素，连传统课堂教学视为最主要的认识性任务也不成能得到完全和有效的实现。
(摘自叶澜的《让课堂焕发出生命的活力》一文)业务课代码: 333业务课名称:教育综合总分值: 150分测验时间: 3小时考生须知: 1、答案必需写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考
2010年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考
专业基础课试卷
学位类别名称教育硕士
专业或领域名称
专业基础课名称
考生须知
1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题册上无效。
2.答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔作答。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。
否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。
鲁东大学
2010年在职攻读教育硕士专业学位全国联考专业基础课试题专业领域名称：专业基础课名称：
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