4-16 -欧拉方程、求解线性非齐次高阶方程的特解、待定系数法

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《密码编码学与网络安全》复习题-朱铁英2006-4-16

《密码编码学与网络安全》复习题-朱铁英2006-4-16

《密码编码学与网络安全》复习题-朱铁英2006-4-16 《计算机安全与密码学》复习题1( 信息安全(计算机安全)目标是什么,答:机密性(confidentiality):防止未经授权的信息泄漏完整性(integrity):防止未经授权的信息篡改可用性(avialbility):防止未经授权的信息和资源截留抗抵赖性、不可否认性、问责性、可说明性、可审查性(accountability): 真实性(authenticity):验证用户身份2( 理解计算安全性(即one-time pad的理论安全性)使用与消息一样长且无重复的随机密钥来加密信息,即对每个明文每次采用不同的代换表不可攻破,因为任何明文和任何密文间的映射都是随机的,密钥只使用一次3( 列出并简要定义基于攻击者所知道信息的密码分析攻击类型。

(1)、唯密文分析(攻击),密码分析者取得一个或多个用同一密钥加密的密文;(2)、已知明文分析(攻击),除要破译的密文外,密码分析者还取得一些用同一密钥加密的密文对;(3)、选择明文分析(攻击),密码分析者可取得他所选择的任何明文所对应的密文(不包括他要恢复的明文),这些密文对和要破译的密文是用同一密钥加密的;(4)、选择密文分析(攻击),密码分析者可取得他所选择的任何密文所对应的明文(要破译的密文除外),这些密文和明文和要破译的密文是用同一解密密钥解密的,它主要应用于公钥密码体制。

4( 传统密码算法的两种基本运算是什么,代换和置换前者是将明文中的每个元素映射成另外一个元素;后者是将明文中的元素重新排列。

5( 流密码和分组密码区别是什么,各有什么优缺点,分组密码每次处理一个输入分组,对应输出一个分组;流密码是连续地处理输入元素,每次输出一个元素流密码Stream: 每次加密数据流的一位或者一个字节。

连续处理输入分组,一次输出一个元素,速度较快6( 已知密文ILPQPUN使用的是移位密码,试解密(提示:明文为有意义的英文)。

4-16译码器c

4-16译码器c

4-16译码器一,设计思路1,4-16译码器功能表(真值表)2,程序设计过程:将a,b,c,d 设置成四个输入口,用s 表示a,b,c,d 表示的四位二进制数。

如a=0,b=0,c=0,d=0,则s=0000.再根据4-16译码器的真值表,使得在输入0000时,y=1111111111111110;当输入0001时,y=1111111111111101;依次类推。

二, 设计流程图三, 程序library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;entity hou2 isport(a,b,c,d,G1,G2:in std_logic;y:out std_logic_vector(15 downto 0)); end entity hou2;architecture a of hou2 issignal s:std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); begins<=a&b&c&d;process(s,G1,G2)isbeginif(G1='1'AND G2='0')thencase s iswhen"0000"=>y<="1111111111111110"; when"0001"=>y<="1111111111111101"; when"0010"=>y<="1111111111111011"; when"0011"=>y<="1111111111110111"; when"0100"=>y<="1111111111101111"; when"0101"=>y<="1111111111011111"; when"0110"=>y<="1111111110111111"; when"0111"=>y<="1111111101111111";when"1000"=>y<="1111111011111111";when"1001"=>y<="1111110111111111";when"1010"=>y<="1111101111111111";when"1011"=>y<="1111011111111111";when"1100"=>y<="1110111111111111";when"1101"=>y<="1101111111111111";when"1110"=>y<="1011111111111111";when"1111"=>y<="0111111111111111";when others=>y<="XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";end case;elsey<="1111111111111111";end if;end process;end architecture a;四,仿真波形。

精品文档-密码学基础(范九伦)-第4章

精品文档-密码学基础(范九伦)-第4章

第4章 Hash函数
实际应用中的Hash函数可分为简单的Hash函数和带密钥的 Hash函数。带密钥的Hash函数通常用来作为消息认证码(Message Authentication Code)。假定Alice和Bob有一个共享的密钥k, 通过该密钥可以产生一个Hash函数Hk。对于消息x,Alice和Bob 都能够计算出相应的消息摘要y=Hk(x)。Alice通过公共通信信道 将二元组(x,y)发送给Bob。当Bob接收到(x,y)后,它可以通过 检验y=Hk(x)是否成立来确定消息x的完整性。如果y=Hk(x)成立, 说明消息x和消息摘要y都没有被篡改。
第4章 Hash函数
下面给出带密钥的Hash函数族的定义。 定义4.1.4 一个带密钥的Hash函数族包括以下构成要素: (1) X:所有消息的集合(有限集或无限集); (2) Y:所有消息摘要构成的有限集合; (3) K:密钥空间,是所有密钥的有限集合; (4) 对任意的k∈K,都存在一个Hash函数Hk∈H,Hk: X→Y。 如果Hk(x)=y,则二元组(x,y)∈X×Y称为在密钥k下是有效 的。
第4章 Hash函数 生日攻击的思想来源于概率论中一个著名的问题——生日问
题。该问题是问一个班级中至少要有多少个学生才能够使得有两 个学生生日相同的概率大于1/2。该问题的答案是23。即只要班 级中学生的人数大于23人,则班上有两个人生日相同的概率就将 大于1/2。基于生日问题的生日攻击意味着要保证消息摘要对碰 撞问题是安全的,则安全消息摘要的长度就有一个下界。例如, 长度为40比特的消息摘要是非常不安全的,因为仅仅在220(大约 为一百万)个随机Hash函数值中就有50%的概率发现一个碰撞。所 以对于安全的消息摘要,现在通常建议可接受的最小长度为128 比特(此时生日攻击需要超过264个Hash函数值)。而实际使用的消 息摘要一般为160比特甚至更长。

第4章 多组份系统热力学习题及解答

第4章 多组份系统热力学习题及解答

ln
1) 22
2436 (3.337 3.091) 2436 (6.428) 15660J mol1
(答:-8.13×103 J)
4-5 333.15 K 时甲醇的饱和蒸气压是 83.40 kPa,乙醇的饱和蒸气压是 47.00 kPa。 二者可形成理想液态混合物。若混合物的组成为二者的质量分数各为 50%,求 333.15 K 时平衡蒸气组成,以摩尔分数表示。 解:在 333.15K 时,设甲醇气体的摩尔分数为 yA ,则:
(2) pB pB* xB 2.93 0.4588 1.344kPa
(3) p pA pB 5.369 1.344 6.713kPa
(4) yA

pA p

5.369 6.713
0.7998 0.80 , yB
1 yA
1 0.80 0.20
(答:(1)5.36 kPa;(2)1.35 kPa;(3)6.71 kPa;(4)0.80,0.20)
解:1mol
气体
NH3 的化学势: (g)

(g,T)
RT
ln
p p
,(
p

p )
(NH3, g,T ) (NH3, g,T ) RT ln
pNH3 p
,( pNH3

p )
溶液中,溶质 NH3 的化学势:
(NH3, l,T )

(NH3, g,T )

NH3
x
A
p
* A
x
A
pB* (1 xA )

193.3 0.274
193.3 0.2740 66.6 0.726

行政职业能力测试-数字推理(四)

行政职业能力测试-数字推理(四)

行政职业能力测试-数字推理(四)(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数:50,分数:100.00)1.5,4,______,。

A.7B.C.D.(分数:2.00)A.B. √C.D.解析:[解析] 本数列可转化为。

观察该数列可知分母是公比为2的等比数列,分子是公差为3的等差数列,故空缺项的分子为8+3=11,分母为4,选B。

2.1,4,9,25,64,______。

(分数:2.00)A.81B.100C.121D.169 √解析:[解析] 该数列可转化为1 2,2 2,3 2,5 2,8 2,______,观察1,2,3,5,8,…可知1+2=3,2+3=5,3+5=8,即为递推和数列,则空缺项为(5+8) 2 =169,故选D。

3.-6,-4,2,20,______。

(分数:2.00)A.42B.56C.67D.74 √解析:[解析] 本题为等比数列的变式,即-6=3 0 -7,-4=3 1 -7,2=3 2 -7,20=3 3 -7,故空缺项应为3 4 -7=74,因此本题正确答案为D。

4.12,3,4,2,2,1,______。

(分数:2.00)A.4B.8C.1D.2 √解析:[解析] 本数列为递推商数列,第一项与第二项之商等于第三项,第三项与第四项之商等于第五项,第五项与第六项之商等于第七项,故空缺项为2÷1=2。

本题正确答案为D。

5.。

A.B.C.D.(分数:2.00)A. √B.C.D.解析:[解析] 将数列化为,可以看出,分母构成以2为首项,公差为3的等差数列,而分子构成以2为首项,公比为2。

故选A。

6.36,18,12,6,4,______,24,2。

(分数:2.00)A.2B.12C.36D.1 √解析:[解析] 这是一个分段组合数列,每两项为一组,前项除以后项后构成二级等差数列,即故空缺项应为1。

选D。

7.。

A.B.2C.D.0(分数:2.00)A.B.C.D. √解析:[解析] 这是一个无理式数列,因为,可知2,4,6,…,10为等差数列;1,2,4,…,16,选D。

工程流体力学课后习题答案4-7章

工程流体力学课后习题答案4-7章

第四章 流体动力学【4-1】直径d =100mm 的虹吸管,位置如图所示。

求流量和2、3点的压力(不计水头损失)。

【解】列1、4点所在断面的伯努利方程,以过4点的水平面为基准面。

24500 0029.8v ++=++⨯得 4 =9.9 m/s v 2234 3.140.19.90.078 m /s 44π==⨯⨯=Q d v列1、2点所在断面的伯努利方程,以过1点的水平面为基准面222000 02p v g gρ++=++ (v 2=v 4)得 2242210009.9 4.910Pa 22ρ⨯=-=-=-⨯v p列1、3点所在断面的伯努利方程,以过1点的水平面为基准面233000 22p v g gρ++=++ (v 3=v 4)得 2439.9298001000 6.8610Pa 2=-⨯-⨯=-⨯p【4-2】一个倒置的U 形测压管,上部为相对密度0.8的油,用来测定水管中点的速度。

若读数△h =200mm ,求管中流速u =?【解】选取如图所示1-1、2-2断面列伯努利方程,以水管轴线为基准线212 0 002w w p p u g g gρρ++=++其中:p 1和p 2分别为1-1、2-2断面轴线上的压力。

设U 形测压管中油的最低液面到轴线的距离为x ,选取U 形测压管中油的最高液面为等压面,则12()w o w p gx g h p g x h ρρρ--∆=-+∆题 4-1图21()w o p p g h ρρ-=-∆则0.885m/s u ==【4-3】图示为一文丘里管和压力计,试推导体积流量和压力计读数之间的关系式。

当z 1=z 2时,ρ=1000kg/m 3,ρH =13.6×103kg/m 3,d 1=500mm ,d 2=50mm ,H =0.4m ,流量系数α=0.9时,求Q =? 【解】列1-1、2-2断面的伯努利方程、以过1-1断面中心点的水平线为基准线。

F16半物理仿真实验指导书(4)

F16半物理仿真实验指导书(4)

相关术语:状态变量: V T ——总速度,m/s α ——迎角,rad β ——侧滑角,rad φ ——滚转角,rad θ ——俯仰角,rad ψ ——偏航角,radp——机体轴滚转角速率,rad/s q——机体轴俯仰角速率,rad/s r——机体轴偏航角速率,rad/s E x ——关于地球的x 轴,m E y ——关于地球的y 轴,m E z ——关于地球的z 轴,m pow——功率设定,%控制变量: e δ ——升降舵偏转角,rad a δ ——副翼偏转角,rad r δ ——方向舵偏转角,rad参数: ρ ——大气密度,kg/m 3b ——参考翼展,mc ——平均气动弦长,m lT C ——总滚转力矩系数 mT C ——总俯仰力矩系数 nT C ——总偏航力矩系数 T X C ——总轴向力系数 T Y C——总侧力系数 T Z C——总升力系数T F ——总发动机推力,Ng ——重力加速度,m/s 2E h ——发动机角动量,kg.m 2/sx I——滚转转动惯量,kg.m 2y I——俯仰转动惯量,kg.m2z I——偏航转动惯量,kg.m2I——惯性积,kg.m2xzI——惯性积,kg.m2xyI——惯性积,kg.m2yzL——滚转力矩,N.mM——俯仰力矩,N.mN——偏航力矩,N.mm——飞机总质量,kgM——马赫数p——静压,Pasq——动压,PaS——机翼参考面积,m2u——沿机体轴x方向的速度分量,m/s v——沿机体轴y方向的速度分量,m/s w——沿机体轴z方向的速度分量,m/s T——温度,Kx——飞机重心位置,mcgx——参考重心位置,mcgrX——轴向力分量,NY——侧力分量,NZ——垂直力分量,N第一章飞机模型描述1.1飞机动力学本节推导出了F-16战斗机的非线性动态模型。

表1-2提供了有关质量和几何数据。

这些推导的基础是[Blakelock,1991],[Cook,1997],[Lewis and Stevens,1992]。

4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准

4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准

4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷(英文缩写:BAPP)是一种有机化合物,通常被用作某种化学物质的标准。

本文将介绍关于4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准的相关信息。

1. 4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷的概述4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷是一种有机化合物,化学式为C15H16N2,分子量为224.3克/摩尔。

它是一种无色结晶性固体,在常温下稳定性较高。

由于其稳定性和特殊的化学性质,4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷被广泛应用于某些领域。

2. 4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准的重要性由于4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷的特殊性质,在研究和工业生产中需要有一个准确的标准来对其进行检测和测量。

4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准起到了重要的作用,它可以确保生产过程中的质量控制,以及在实验研究中的准确性。

3. 4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准的制备方法制备4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准可以选择不同的方法,其中最常见的包括以下几种:3.1 化学合成法:通过有机化学反应合成4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷,然后对其进行提纯、确认结构,最终得到标准物质。

3.2 高效液相色谱法:利用高效液相色谱技术,根据4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷的特殊保留行为,将其与其他物质分离开来,得到纯度较高的标准物质。

3.3 气相色谱法:利用气相色谱技术,根据4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷的配体特性,将其与其他物质分离,从而得到标准样品。

4. 4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准的应用领域4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准广泛应用于下述领域:4.1 工业生产:4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷作为某些工业产品的原料或添加剂,需要对其进行准确的浓度和纯度检测,标准物质是确保产品质量的基础。

4.2 化学研究:许多科学研究需要对4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷进行分析或反应,准确的标准物质可确保实验结果的可靠性和准确性。

4.3 质量控制:4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准物质可作为质量控制样品,用于监测和调整生产过程中的关键指标,确保产品质量符合规定要求。

5. 4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准的保存和使用为确保4,4-二氨基二苯甲烷标准的稳定性和准确性,我们应该注意以下几点:5.1 应储存于干燥、通风的地方,避免降解和污染。

全国自考运筹学基础-试卷4_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

全国自考运筹学基础-试卷4_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

全国自考(运筹学基础)-试卷4(总分80, 做题时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1.“运筹帷幄”这一成语表明,在中国古代英明的军队指挥员已能运用( )SSS_SINGLE_SELA 单纯的主观判断方法B 定性决策方法C 定性决策与简单的定量决策相结合的方法D 只凭自己的经验决策的方法分值: 2答案:C解析:混合性决策:运用定性和定量两种方法才能制定的决策。

2.指数平滑预测方法是一种 ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELA 纯定量预测法B 纯定性预测法C 定性与定量相结合的方法D 既非定性也非定量分值: 2答案:C解析:指数平滑预测方法是一种定性与定量相结合的方法。

3.加权平均数预测法是一种 ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELA 纯定性预测B 定性和定量相结合的方法C 既非定性又非定量的预测法D 纯定量方法分值: 2答案:B解析:加权平均数预测法是一种定性和定量相结合的方法。

4.最大最小原则是用来解决下列哪项条件下的决策问题? ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELA 不确定B 确定C 风险D 风险或不确定分值: 2答案:A解析:不确定条件下的决策包括最大最大决策标准,最大最小决策标准,最小最大遗憾值决策标准,现实主义决策标准。

5.下列有关存货台套的说法中,错误的是 ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELA 存货台套是存货管理的单位B 某个存货台套中可以包括不同的单项存货C 存货台套法简化了库存管理的工作内容D 每个存货台套包括的单项存货在数目上一般是相同的分值: 2答案:D解析:存货台套包括的单项存货在数目上可以有多有少。

6.一元线性回归预测中,相关系数R的取值范围一般是 ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELA R≥0B Q≤R≤1C -1≤R≤1D 0.5≤R≤0.9分值: 2答案:C解析:一元线性回归中R的取值范围是:-1≤R≤1。

7.在Ft+1 =Ft+a(xt-Ft)中,a的取值范围是 ( ) SSS_SINGLE_SELA -1≤a<0B 0≤a≤1C a>1D a<-1分值: 2答案:B解析:指数平滑预测法中a的取值范围是:0≤a≤1。

4线-16线译码器

4线-16线译码器

课程设计说明书题目: 4线-16线译码器系别:电子信息工程部班级: B041301 学号: B04130111 学生姓名:指导教师:成绩:沈航北方科技学院课程设计任务书教学部:电子信息工程部专业:自动化课程设计题目: 4线-16线译码器班级: B041301 学号: B04130111 姓名:课程设计时间: 2012 年 8 月 27 日至 2012 年 9 月7日课程设计的内容及要求:(一)主要内容:1.掌握数字电路知识,设计4线-16线译码器电路2.对相关元器件及其工作原理进行详细分析3.完成课程设计论文(二)基本要求:1.掌握数字集成电路组成的组合逻辑电路的分析和设计方法,并设计4线-16线译码器的逻辑图,画出4线16线的功能表,了解74L138的引脚图和连接方法2.连接电路实现功能3.分析各个元件的功能4.撰写3000字左右的论文(三)主要参考书:1.《数字电路与系统》唐志宏韩振振编2.《数字电路实验指导书》(四)评语:(五)成绩:指导教师:年月日负责老师:年月日摘要译码器是组合逻辑电路的一个重要的器件,其可以分为:变量译码和显示译码两类。

变量译码一般是一种较少输入变为较多输出的器件,一般分为2的n 次方译码和8421BCD码译码两类。

显示译码主要解决二进制数显示成对应的十、或十六进制数的转换功能,一般其可分为驱动LED和驱动LCD两类。

译码是编码的逆过程,在编码时,每一种二进制代码,都赋予了特定的含义,即都表示了一个确定的信号或者对象。

把代码状态的特定含义“翻译”出来的过程叫做译码,实现译码操作的电路称为译码器。

或者说,译码器是可以将输入二进制代码的状态翻译成输出信号,以表示其原来含义的电路。

根据需要,输出信号可以是脉冲,也可以是高电平或者低电平。

译码器主要在通信系统学科中学到,生活中有很多信息通信的例子,包含各种编码算法。

译码器的开发和利用给我们的生产生活带来了很大程度的提高。

所以我们对译码器的研究是很有必要的。

第4章习题答案

第4章习题答案
Z g = 50Ω ,Z1 = 20Ω ,Z 2 = 30Ω 。试画出主线上电压,电流幅值的分布曲线,并计算 Z1 和 Z 2 上
的吸收功率。
λ 4
A
B
λ 4
C
D
Zg
Zc
F
Zc
E
Z1
Zc
Z2
题 4-10 图
解:先求输入端电压、电流;再计算主线上电压、电流幅值的分布。 (1)由终端逐次向输入端推进,求输入端(AA)的电压、电流。
4-6 试证明无耗传输线的负载阻抗为
Z L = Z0 K − jtan β lmin 1 − jK tan β lmin
其中 K 为行波系数; lmin 为第一个电压最小点至负载的距离。 证明:依题意 解得
Z L = Z0 K − jtan β lmin 。 1 − jK tan β lmin Z ( lmin ) = Z 0 Z L + jZ 0 tan β lmin = KZ 0 Z 0 + jZ L tan β lmin
1
Z0 =
L0 0.2 × 10−6 = ≈ 25.82Ω C0 300 × 10−12
4-4 长度为 3λ 4 ,特性阻抗为 300Ω 的双导线,端接负载阻抗 Z L = 200Ω ;其输入端电压为
300V ,试画出沿线电压、电流和阻抗的振幅分布图,并求其最小值、最大值及其对应位置。
解: Z L = 200Ω < Z 0 = 300Ω ,长线工作在行驻波状态,终端为电压波节点,终端反射系数为
第 4 章习题答案
4-1 传输线的总长为 7λ 8 ,终端开路,信号源内阻 Z g 等于特性阻抗。始端电压为 50∠45° ,试 写出始端,以及与始端相距分别为 λ 8 和 λ 2 的电压瞬时值表示式。 解: (1)求终端电压 U L 终端开路,长线工作在纯驻波状态,终端电压

2023年护理质量目标监测项目表2-4-16

2023年护理质量目标监测项目表2-4-16
每季度
护理部质控计划
3
患者手术交接质量合格率(95%)
达标率(%)=查检患者手术交接质量达标项目数/查检患者手术交接总项目数XloO%
每季度
护理部质控计划
4
危急值管理合格率(95%)
合格率(%)=查检合格项目数/查检总项目数Xlo0%
每季度
护理部质控计划
5
住院患者跌倒风险管理合格率(95%)
落实率(%)=查检预防住院患者跌倒措施落实符合项目数/查检预防住院患者跌倒措施落实总项目数Xlo0%
正确率(%);查检责任护士病情掌握正确项目数/查检责任护士病情掌握总项目数XIo0%
每季度
护理部质控计划
9
临床输血管理质量合格率(95%)
达标率(%)=查检临床输血管理质量达标项目数/查检临床输血管理总项目数XlO0%
每季度
护理部质控计划
10
中医特色健康教育知晓率(90%)
知晓率(%)=查检中医健康教育知晓项目数/查检中医健康教育总项目数XIO0%
合格率(%)=查检中医护理文书合格项目数/查检中医护理文书总项目数又100%
每季度
护理部质控计划
17
患者入院评估及护理记录单书写合格率(95%)
合格率(%)=查检患者入院评估及护理记录单书写合格项目数/查检患者入院评估及护理记录单书写总项目数XIO0%
每季度
护理部质控计划
18
实施中医护理方案合格率(95%)
护理部质控计划
21
急救仪器设备完备率(100%)
合格率(%)二查检急救物品完备项目数/查检总项目数XlO0%
每季度
护理部质控计划
22
床旁心电监护仪报警限设置正确(97%)

CET4-201612听力原文(第2套)

CET4-201612听力原文(第2套)

大学四级第二套听力原文Section ANews Report oneNew York State plans to shut off the thundering waters of Niagara Falls-gain.At least,the American side of the falls.This “once in a lifetime”event actually may take place twice in some folks’ lives.The New York State parks system wants to turn off the falls on the falls on the American side sometime in the next two to three years to replace two 115-year-old stone bridges that allow pedestrians,park vehicles and utilities access to Goat Island.The American side of the falls were shut off in 1969 to study the buildup of rock at the base of the falls.When that happened,people came from all over the world to see the falls turned off.People are want to see what’s underneath.In fact,those who first came to have a look did see something.They found millions of coins on the bottom.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.Why does New York State want to turn off Niagara Falls?2.What did people find when Niagara Falls were shut off in 1969?News Report twoThe Tunisian government said Monday that 45 people have been killed after gunmen attacked a town near the border with Libya.The Interior and Defense ministries said that the Tunisian government has closed its two border crossings with Libya because of the attack .The Tunisian military has sent reinforcements and helicopters to the area,and authorities have been hunting several attackers who were still at large.The violence came amid increasing international concern about Islamic State extremists in Libya.Officials of the Tunisian government are especially worried after dozens of tourists were killed in the attacks in Tunisia last year.Defense Minister Farhat Horchani said last week that German and American security experts were expected to come to help Tunisia devise a new electronic video supervision system on its border with Libya.Tunisia was targeted last year by three attacks that left 70 people dead and were claimed by Islamic State.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3.What did the Tunisian government do after the gunmen’s attack?4.What were German and American security experts expected to do in Tunisia?News Report threeThree university students in Santiago,Chile,have developed a plant-powered device to charge their mobile phones.The three engineering students got the idea for the device while sitting in their school’s counrtyard.Their invention is a small biological circuit they call E-Kaia.It captures the energy which plants produce during photosynthesis-a process of converting sunlight into energy.A plant uses only a small part of the energy.The device plugs into the ground and then into a mobile phone.The E-Kaia solved two problems for the engineering students.They needed an idea for a class project .They also needed an outlet to plug in their phones.One of the student inventors,Camila Rupcich ,says the device changes the energy released from the plant into low-level power to charge phones.The E-Kaia is able to fully recharge a mobile phone in less than two hours .Questions 5 and 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.What did the three university students invent?6.When did they get the idea for the invention?7.What does the speaker say about the invention?Section BConversation OneM:Good morning.What can I do for you?W:Good morning.Could I talk to Jeffry Harding please?M:Speaking.W: Hello,Jeffry.It’s Helen.I got your message on the answering machine.What’s the problem?M:Oh,Helen.Well,it’s the Grimsby plant again,I’m afraid.The robots on the Line 3 have gone wrong .And the line is at a standstill.W:Can’t you replace them with the stand-ins?M:I’m afraid not.The stand-ins are already in use on Line6.And the ones from Line 6 are being serviced.W:When did this happen,Jeff?M:Well,they’ve been making a low continuous sound for a day or two.But they finally went dead at 2:30 this afternoon.W: I see.What did you do?Have you tried the whole plant?M:No yet,Helen.I thought I’d better get your OK first.W: OK.Get on the phone to Tom,and try to get their stand-ins over tonight.We have to be back at full capacity tomorrow morning.Is it a major job to repair our robots?M:About a week.That’s what the maintenance engineer says.W: Right.Well,if you can get the ones from Tom,please ask Tom to inform Sheffield that he may need their stand-ins in case of emergency during the next week.M:OK.Thank you very much,Helen.W: You are most welcome.M:Sorry to spoil your day off.W: It doesn’t matter.Questions 8 and 11 are based on the news report you have just heard.8.What did the man do before the telephone conversation?9.What does the man say about line3 in the Grimsby plant?10.What is the man’s purpose in calling the woman?11.Where is the woman at the time of the conversation?Conversation twoW: This is Kerry Burke from New York Daily News.l'm speaking to Delroy Simmonds,an unemployed Brooklyn man who missed a job interview Tuesdayfor the best of reasons:He was saving the lifeof a 9-month-old boy who was blown into the path of an oncoming subway train by a high wind.M: Everybody is making me out to be some sort of superhero.l'm just an ordinary person,and a father of two. Anybody in that situation would have done what I did.W: You were going to an interview when the incident occurred, right?M: Yes,I was on my way to apply for a maintenance position.l've been looking for a job for a year and more.l'm looking for something to support my family.W: Tell us what happened at the station.M: There was a strong wind.It had to be 30 t0 40 miles an hour.There was a woman with four kids.One was in a pushchair.The wind blew the baby onto the tracks.W: Witnesses said people were looking on in horror as the child's mother,identified by sources as Maria Zamara,stood frozen in shock.In the distance,people could see the train rounding a bend,headed into the station.I guess you were not aware of any of these, right?M: No.l just jumped down and grabbed the baby.The train was coming around the corner as I lifted the baby from the tracks.I really wasn't thinking.W: What an amazing story.Thank you very much.Questions 12 t0 1 5are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. What did Kerry Burke from New York Daily News say about the man?13. What do we learn about the man from the conversation?14. What caused the incident?15. How did the mother react when the incident occcurred?Section CPassage OneThere's one sound that gets a big reaction from kids on a hot day,the sound of an ice-cream truck.Maria McCartney has been in the mobile ice-cream businesssince 2005."When I was a little girl,I saw an ice-cream truck and knew l wanted to have one someday,"McCartney said.During the hot days of summer,Maria and her daughter drive an ice-cream truckthrough neighborhoods and parks in Billings.lt's not about making money for this former elementary school teacher.Rather,she wants to preserve the tradition of the neighborhood ice-cream truck."Truly my favorite part is to see the kids jumping up and down and they just get so excited. lt's great to build a memory for them too.There's not a lot of these ice-cream trucks around anyone.The parents come out barefoot and screaming,ready to buy ice-cream;they remember when they were kids and they saw a truck:'she said.While the treats may be ice cold,Maria has a warm heart for little faces.Her truck features a donation bucket for kids who don't have money for ice-cream."When there are three kids and only two of them have money,I always make sure the third one gets something because I can't drive away and have that third one not have something,"she said.Questions 16 t0 18are based on the passage you have just heard.16. What does the speaker say about Maria McCartney?17. Why does Maria go into the mobile ice-cream business?18. Why does Maria put a donation bucket in her truck?Passage TwoWe know we have to pay for what we get.If we buy food,we have to pay for it.If a doctor treats us,we know there will be a bill to pay.These are private bills.But there are also public bills to be paid.They are paid by the government.In turn we get the needed services.We pay for these services through taxes.What would happen if everyone stopped paying taxes?The water supply would stop;the streets might not be cleaned;schools would be closed.We would not want to live in such a city.The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and property.More than three-fourths of government expenses are used for this purpose.The next largest amount of public money goes to teach and train our citizens.Billions of dollars each year are spent on schools and libraries.Also, a large amount of public funds is spent on roads.Most of the needed funds is raised by taxes.The law orders us to pay taxes.We have no choice in the matter.Years ago the government made money by selling public lands.But most of the best public lands have now been sold.There are still some public lands that contain oil, coaland other natural resources.They could be sold,but we want to save them for future years.So, we all must pay our share for the services that make our lives comfortable.Questions 19 t0 21are based on the passage you have just heard.19. What does the speaker mainly talk about?20. What is most of the government money used for?21. How did the government raise money to pay public bills in the past?Passage ThreeDid you know that,besides larger places like France and Germany,Europe is home to several extremely tiny countries?One of these countries contains lessthan a square mile of land.Another is surrounded on all sides by Italy.Yet each is an independent land,with its own government, trade, and customs.One of the best known of these small countries is Monaco.It is situated on the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded by France on three sides.Monaco became familiar to Americans when its ruler, Prince Rainier,married the American actress Grace Kelly.Rainier's family has ruled Monaco almost continuously since 1 297.The land has been independent for over three hundred years.Andorra,with an area of some 200 square miles,is considerably larger than Monaco.This country is located in the Pyrenees Mountains,with France on one side and Spain on the other.Potatoes and tobacco are grown in Andorra's steep mountain valleys.One of the products it exports is clothing.Andorra is also known for its excellent skiing locations Within the Alps in Central Europe is Liechtenstein,a tiny country of about 30,000 people who speak mostly German.Liechtenstein uses the same money as its neighbor Switzerland, but it has been an independent countrysince the 1 860s.Taxes are low,so many businesses have their headquarters here.The country makes and exports a lot of machinery.Other small, independent states in Europe are San Marino and Luxembourg.Each of these has unique qualities as well.Questions 22 t0 25are based on the passage you have just heard.22. What does the speaker say about Monaco?23. Why did Monaco become familiar to Americans according to the speaker?24. What is one of the products Andorra exports?25. What does the speaker mainly talk about? This is end of listening comprehension.。

《过程控制与自动化仪表(第3版)》第4章 思考题与习题

《过程控制与自动化仪表(第3版)》第4章 思考题与习题

第4章思考题与习题1.基本练习题(1)什么是被控过程的特性?什么是被控过程的数学模型?为什么要研究过程的数学模型?目前研究过程数学模型的主要方法有哪几种?答:1)过程控制特性指被控过程输入量发生变化时,过程输出量的变化规律。

2)被控过程的数学模型是描述被控过程在输入(控制输入与扰动输入)作用下,其状态和输出(被控参数)变化的数学表达式。

3)目的:○1设计过程控制系统及整定控制参数;○2指导生产工艺及其设备的设计与操作;○3对被控过程进行仿真研究;○4培训运行操作人员;○5工业过程的故障检测与诊断。

4)机理演绎法和实验辨识法。

(2)响应曲线法辨识过程数学模型时,一般应注意哪些问题?答:1)合理地选择阶跃输入信号的幅度,幅值不能过大以免对生产的正常进行产生不利影响。

但也不能太小,以防其他干扰影响的比重相对较大而影响试验结果。

一般取正常输入信号最大幅值的10%;2)试验时被控过程应处于相对稳定的工况;3)在相同条件下进行多次测试,消除非线性;4)分别做正、反方向的阶跃输入信号试验,并将两次结果进行比较,以衡量过程的非线性程度;5)每完成一次试验后,应将被控过程恢复到原来的工况并稳定一段时间再做第二次试验。

(3)怎样用最小二乘法估计模型参数,最小二乘的一次完成算法与递推算法有何区别?答:1)最小二乘法可以将待辨识过程看作“黑箱”。

利用输入输出数据来确定多项式的系数利用)hke=θ来确定模型参数。

k T+)((y k()2)区别:一次完成要知道所有的输入输出数据才能辨识参数,即只能离线辨识。

递推算法可以只知道一部分数据即进行辨识,可用于在线辨识。

(4)图4-1所示液位过程的输入量为1q ,流出量为2q 、3q ,液位为h 被控参数,C 为容量系数,并设1R 、2R 、3R 均为线性液阻。

要求:1)列写过程的微分方程组; 2)画出过程的方框图;3)求过程的传递函数01()()/()G s H s Q s =。

S7-1200 PLC应用基础课件第4章 S7-1200PLC程序设计基础

S7-1200 PLC应用基础课件第4章 S7-1200PLC程序设计基础
机械工业出版社
S7-1200 PLC应用基础
第4章 S7-1200PLC程序设计基础
摘要
ABSTRACT
本章主要介绍进行S7-1200程序设计时所需要的一些基础知识。 包括PLC编程语言概述,如语句表、梯形图;介绍了如何利用程 序编辑器生成用户程序并使用变量表、下载和调试程序;介绍了 在S7-1200PLC程序设计中的数据类型,如基本数据类型、复杂 数据类型等;简要介绍了系统存储区、物理存储区及数据存储区 的基本概念;最后通过实例介绍了用户程序结构,如组织块、数 据块、函数FC及函数块FB等。
如果想要在TIA Portal编程环境切换编程语言,可以打开项目树中PLC的“程序块” ,选中其中的某一个代码块,打开程序编辑器后,在“属性”选项卡中可以用“语 言”下拉菜单进行语言选择与切换。LAD和FBD语言可以相互切换。只能在“添加 新块”对话框中选择SCL语言。
4.2 编写用户程序
本节将通过顺序控制线路案例说明如何通 过编程软件编写和调试用户程序。
2. 功能块图FBD
功能块图是一种类似于数字逻辑门电路的编程语言。该编程语言用类似“与门” 、“或门”的方框来表示逻辑运算关系,方框的左侧为逻辑运算的输入变量,右 侧为输出变量,输入、输出端的小圆圈表示“非”运算,方框被“导线”连接在 一起,信号自左向右运动。如图4-2所示为功能块图,它与图4-1所示梯形图的控 制逻辑相同。
IEC61131-3标准详细说明了句法、语义和下述5种编程语言,既有图形化编程语言也 有文本化编程语言。
1)指令表(IL-Instruction List),2)结构化文本(ST-Structured Text),3)梯形图 (LD-Ladder Diagram),西门子PLC简称为LAD。4)功能块图(FBD-Function Block Diagram),5)顺序功能图(SFC-Sequential Function Chart)。

新标准大学英语综合教程4(unit1-6完整版)课后答案及课文翻译

新标准大学英语综合教程4(unit1-6完整版)课后答案及课文翻译

综合4unit1-6答案Unit 1Active reading (1)Looking for a job after university? First, get off the sofaReading and understandingDealing with unfamiliar words3 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 to make progress by moving to the next stage in a series of actions or events (proceed)2 the process of changing from one situation, form or state to another (transition)3 not feeling involved with someone or something in a close or emotional way (detached)4 referring to something which will happen soon (upcoming)5 to be sitting still in a position that is not upright (slump)6 to return to a previous state or way of behaving (revert)7 to say what happened (recount)4 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.It is n‘t easy to make the (1) transition from a busy university student to an unemployed young adult (2) slumped on a bar stool or half watching a mindless television show, wondering if and how their career is going to (3) proceed. Many people who have experienced a long period of inactivity like this, when (4) recounting how they felt at the time, refer to the same strange psychological effect. As the days pass, they begin to feel (5) detached from any sense of pressure to go and look for a job, and tend to regard (6) upcoming interviews as if they were not very important. Typically, back at home after three or four years away, they (7) revert to old habits, start seeing old friends, and, in many cases, become dependent again on their parents.5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 I went to a mixed-ability secondary school just outside London. (comprehensive)2 I got stopped by a policeman who asked to see my driving licence. (cop)3 Have you seen this beautiful from the air view of Oxford? (aerial)4 Isabel tightly her bag as she walked down the corridor towards the office. (clutched)5 You should speak to Toby; he‘s an supporter of flexible working hours. (advocate)6 I hurt my leg ba dly a couple of months ago, and it still hasn‘t got better completely. (healed)6 Answer the questions about the words.1 Is a dead-end job one with (a) exciting prospects, or (b) no future?2 Is a tricky problem (a) difficult, or (b) easy to solve?3 If an activity saps all your energy, do you feel (a) tired, or (b) more active than usual?4 Does a pushy person try to (a) persuade you to do something you don‘t want to, or (b) help you by listening to what you have to say?5 If you feel apathy, do you want to (a) change the world, or (b) stay at home and do nothing?7 Answer the questions about the phrases.1 Is fork out (a) a formal, or (b) an informal way of saying to pay for something?2 If you are in the same boat as another person, are you (a) making the same journey together, or (b) in the same difficult or unpleasant situation?3 If you feel you have come full circle, do you (a) feel you are back where you started, or (b) feel a sense of satisfaction because you have completed something?4 If someone takes a soft line, do they deal with a person (a) in a kind and sympathetic way, or (b) in a lazy way without making a decision?5 If you strike the right note about something, are you expressing yourself (a) well, or (b) badly?6 If you do something by all means, do you (a) try your best to do it, or (b) not care about it?7 If you nudge someone back into the saddle, are you encouraging them to (a) take responsibility again, or (b) take it easy?8 If you talk through a problem with someone, do you (a) examine it carefully and sensitively, or (b) refer to it quickly and then change the subject?Active reading (2)If you ask meDealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 funny or entertaining (amusing)2 used for emphasizing that something good has happened, especially because of good luck (fortunately)3 an amount of money that a person, business or country borrows, usually from a bank (loan)4 to take an amount or number from a total (deduct)5 the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event (highlight)6 to show that you understand someone‘s problems (sympathize)7 needing a lot of time, ability, and energy (demanding)5 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.A A fter three years at university, I‘m now quite heavily in debt.B I (1) sympathize with you, I know what it‘s like to have financial problems. But (2) fortunately I didn‘t need to take out a student (3) loan when I was at university, because I had a part-time job.A What did you do?B I worked in a restaurant at weekends.A That must have been very (4) demanding.B Yes, it was. I had to get the right balance between work and study. But the other people who worked there were good fun to be with, so it was quite (5) amusing too. The (6) highlight of the weekend was always Saturday night when we worked overtime.A But I don‘t expect you made a lot of money?B No, there wasn‘t much after they‘d (7) deducted tax and pension contributions. But it was enough to keep me going.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 When I was at college I kept all my personal things in an old cupboard.2 A lot of people who leave university before getting a degree end up in good jobs.3 I think she‘ll get a good degree, but I wouldn‘t risk my money on the exact result.4 The money I spent at college was more than what I earned in my part-time job.5 The chances of my being offered a job after that interview must be quite remote.6 Our business has done very well since we changed our advertising.7 I think telling the truth and not cheating is always the best policy.Key:(1) belongings (2) dropouts (3) gamble (4) exceeded (5) odds(6) has thrived (7) honesty7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If something is not all it’s cracked up to be, is it (a) valid and interesting, or (b) just a little bit disappointing?2 If someone keeps banging on about something, are you likely to be (a) interested in, or (b) bored by what they say?3 If there is a lot of hassle in your life, are you likely to feel (a) stressed, or (b) relaxed?4 If something happens out of the blue, is it (a) unexpected, or (b) part of your plan?5 If you say you ended up in a particular job, do you suggest that (a) you have fulfilled your ambition, or (b) it happened almost by chance?6 Are the regulars in a pub (a) the customers who come very often, or (b) the food the pub offers most often?7 If something is dead easy, is it (a) very easy, or (b) not easy at all?8 If you treat someone to something, do you (a) buy something nice for them, or (b) behave badly to them?9 If you cheer a place up, do you (a) make the place look brighter, or (b) make the people in the place happier?Reading and interpreting8 Look at the sentences from the passage and identify the style features.1 Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?This shows the informality of an incomplete sentence in the first part, the use of an informal expression (banging on) and a rhetorical question to the reader (What do I find?)2 Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?) …This has the use of an informal word (hassle), an informal exclamation (god) and a question to the reader (When will they grow up?)3 Actually, I had my eye on the course at the London School of Economics (LSE).Here there is a discourse marker typical of speech (Actually) and an informal phrase (had my eye on).4 I kind of understand it, and not just because my degree is in economics.Here ―kind of‖ is a sort of discourse marker of informal speech (showing something is general, vague or not definite).5 I wanted something in finance and investments, because you know, maybe with a job like that, Icould use my degree.This has a discourse marker of informal speech (you know).6 ... it‘s true, he really did seem to have three hands.Again here is a discourse marker of informal speech (it‘s true).7 I talked to him about ... well, about pretty well everything …This has another discourse marker of informal speech (well) and an informal phrase (pretty well). Language in useword formation: compound nouns1 Write the compound nouns which mean:1 a degree which is awarded a first class (a first-class degree)2 work in a hospital (hospital work)3 a ticket for a plane journey (a plane ticket)4 a discount for students (a student discount)5 a pass which allows you to travel on buses (a bus pass)6 a room where an interview is held (an interview room)7 a period spent in training (a training period)word formation: noun phrases2 Write the noun phrases which mean:1 a career which is rewarding from the financial point of view (a financially rewarding career)2 legislation which has been introduced recently (recently introduced legislation)3 instructions which are more complex than usual (unusually complex instructions)4 an institution which is orientated towards academic (academically orientated work)5 work which makes physical demands on you (physically demanding work)6 information which has the potential to be important (potentially important information)7 candidates who have been selected after a careful procedure (carefully selected candidates)8 a coursebook in which everything has been planned beautifully (a beautifully planned textbook)try as … might3 Rewrite the sentences us ing try as … might .1 I‘m trying to fill this last page, but I just can‘t think of anything.Try as I might to fill this last page, I just can‘t think of anything.2 I try to be friendly with Marta, but she doesn‘t seem to respond.Try as I might to be fr iendly with Marta, she doesn‘t seem to respond.3 I try hard to get to sleep, but I can‘t help thinking about my family.Try as I might to get to sleep, I can‘t help thinking about my family.4 He just doesn‘t seem to get the promotion he deserves, even th ough he keeps trying.Try as he might, he just doesn‘t seem to get the promotion he deserves. / Try as he might to get the promotion he deserves, he just doesn‘t seem to get it.5 I keep trying to remember her name, but my mind is a blank.Try as I might to remember her name, my mind is a blank.given that …4 Rewrite the sentences using given that …1 Since I know several languages, I thought I would look for work abroad.Given that I know several languages, I thought I would look for work abroad.2 Xiao Li has the best qualifications, so she should get the job.Given that Xiao Li has the best qualifications, she should get the job.3 Since we‘re all here, I think it would be a good idea to get down to some work.Given that we‘re all here, I think it would be a good idea to get down to some work.4 Since it‘s rather late, I think we should leave this last task until tomorrow.Given that it‘s rather late, I think we should leave this last task until tomorrow.clauses introduced by than5 Rewrite the sentences using clauses introduced by than .1 She‘s experienced at giving advice. I‘m more experienced.She‘s less experienced at giving advice than I am. / I‘m more experienced at giving advice than she is.2 You eat too much chocolate. It isn‘t good for you.You eat too much chocolate than is good for you.3 She worked very hard. Most part-timers don‘t work so hard.She worked harder than most part-timers do.4 You have arrived late too many times. That isn‘t acceptable.You have arrived late more times than is acceptable.5 I don‘t think you should have given so much personal information. It isn‘t wise.I think you have given more personal information than is wise.collocations6 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.1 highlight A highlight is the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event.(a) What would you like to be the highlight of your career?I would like the highlight of my student career to be to receive a national award for the best student research project.(b) How can you highlight an important sentence in a text?You can underline it in pencil or pen or you can use coloured pens or highlighters.(c) What are the edited highlights of a football match?The highlights are when someone scores a goal or prevents one from being scored.2 loan A loan is an amount of money someone borrows from someone else.(a) Have you ever taken out a loan?No, I haven‘t. But my parents have taken out several loans to buy kitchen equipment.(b) What is the best way to pay off a loan?It is best to pay a loan off quickly, although you will still have to pay some interest.(c) If you have a library book on loan, what do you have to do with it?You have to return it before the date it is due, otherwise you may have to pay a fine.3 thrive To thrive means to be very successful, happy or healthy.(a) What sort of business thrives best in your part of the country?In my part of the country, light industries and electronics companies thrive.(b) Which sort of plants thrive in a hot climate?In a hot climate you can see tropical fruit and vegetables thrive and also tropical plants and trees. (c) Why do you think some couples thrive on conflict?It is difficult to understand why some couples thrive on conflict. Maybe each one wants to compete with the other or maybe they enjoy ―kissing and making up‖ after the conflict.7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.If you ask me, real life is not all it‘s cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. It‘s just so expensive out here! Everyone wants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wants repayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electricity and my mobile bills keep coming in, and all th at‘s before I‘ve had anything to eat. And then some bright spark calls me out of the blue, asking if I‘m interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I won‘t even last till the end of the year, let alone till I‘m 60.(☞翻译时可以根据上下文增译,即增加原文暗含了但没有直接表达出来的意思。

2012数字推理解题技巧(四)

2012数字推理解题技巧(四)

简单方法巧解行测数字推理难题数字推理试题难度正逐年加大,等差数列及其变式、幂数列已成为考试的热点,考生应重点掌握。

对于数字推理不少考生都选择放弃,其实,这部分经过有效训练之后,是可以提高的。

经过多年经验的积累,专家特别总结等差及等比数列题目的解题方法。

希望考生攻克数字推理难关,踏上公务员之路。

根据公务员考试行测数字推理题目的特点,等差数列已成为近年考试的热点,以下本文主要针对二级和三级数列给考生做详细介绍。

数字推理当中的数列题目,往往都需要把数列当中子项目做数学运算才能找到一定的规律,就先拿等差数列来说,相邻两项的差为定值,然而二级等差数列是相邻两项的差组成的新数列为等差数列,由此数列再来推上级数列的每一项,下面举例给大家详细介绍。

例1:2, 5, 11, 20, 32,()A.43B.45C.47D.49此题的答案为C。

相邻两项作差,其差为等差数列。

例2:60,77, 96,(),140A.111B.117C.123D.127此题的答案为B。

原数列的后项减前项得17,19,21(23),此为等差数列。

二级等差数列主要是成单调递增或递减趋势,并且增减幅度较小。

然而三级等差数列是相邻项两两作差,得到的新数列相邻项再两两作差,得到一个等差数列,则称原数列为三级等差数列。

三级的等差数列相对来说稍难一点,大家只要仔细辨别是没有问题的。

例1:3, 8, 9, 0,-25,-72,()A.-124B. -132C.-147D.-171此题的答案为C。

对数列做两次差即可得一等差数列。

例2: 187,160, 102,60, 81,()A.40B.108C.176D.212此题的答案为D。

做两次差得:-31,16,63,此为等差数列,可反推出答案。

公务员考试专家提醒大家,在做三级等差数列题目时要注意它与二级的趋势差异,就是说他会出现有增有减的情况,但增减的幅度仍然不会很大,并且项数一定大于5。

由于竞争日益激烈,故三级数列考核的概率加大。

4-第四章 磁共振成像-课后习题答案

4-第四章 磁共振成像-课后习题答案

第四章 磁共振影像习题四解答4-1 如何理解加权图像?答: 磁共振成像是多参数成像,图像的灰度反映了各像素上MR 信号的强度,而MR 信号的强度则由成像物体的质子密度ρ、纵向弛豫时间1T 、横向弛豫时间2T 等特性参数决定。

出于分析图像的方便,我们希望一幅MR 图像的灰度主要由一个特定的成像参数决定,这就是所谓的加权图像。

例如图像灰度主要由1T 决定时,就是1T 加权图像;主要由2T 决定时,就是2T 加权图像;主要由质子密度ρ决定时,就是质子密度ρ加权图像。

通过选择不同的序列参数,可以获得同一断层组织无数种不同对比情况的加权图像,以便在最大限度上显示病灶,提高病灶组织和正常组织的对比度。

4-2 简述SE 序列时序和180°脉冲的作用。

答:(1)SE 序列时序为先发射90°射频脉冲经过时间E 12t T =后,再发射180°脉冲,当t =T E 时出现回波峰值,采集信号。

(2)90°脉冲使0M 倒向y '轴,由于0B 的不均匀性造成各个核磁矩旋进的角速度不同,相位很快散开。

经时间T I 后,在x '方向施以180°脉冲使得所有自旋磁矩都绕x '轴旋转180°,但并不改变旋进方向,所以互相远离的核磁矩变为互相汇聚的磁矩,最后汇聚于-y '轴上,使去相位状态的自旋核重新处于同相位状态,抵消了磁场不均匀造成的影响。

4-3 试分析自旋回波T 1加权、T 2 加权的条件及图像对比度形成原理。

答:(1)选择短T E 和短T R ,实现1T 加权。

选择长T E 和长T R 实现T 2加权。

(2)SE 序列T 1对比度的形成: T 1加权像的对比度主要由T R 决定,T 1大的地方I 值小,图像呈现弱信号;T 1小的地方I 值大,图像呈现强信号。

这是因为使用短的T R ,在下一个RF 时,短1T 组织纵向磁化强度矢量必定恢复的比较好,Z M 较大,在90°RF 作用下xy M 就大,信号就强。

第四章 顺控的概念及应用(辅机控制)

第四章 顺控的概念及应用(辅机控制)
风等
空预器程控流程(图4-4)
程合——投油系统——启空预器电机—开风出入挡 板——开烟入口挡板——程合完
程分呢?
二、 送引风机(P158)
风量调节方法: 轴流式调节动叶安装角度;离心式调节进口档板或转速。
1) 问题——启动功耗大、小流量风机喘振 H-Q图上风机工作点是泵特性线和管道特性线的交点。 风机特性线有一驼峰,驼峰左侧为不稳定区。 并列风机特性线用同扬程叠加法确定, 小流量时,减少风机动叶安装角,使泵特性线下移,峰
定投自动
-4 2/二/3、高加程控(P201图4-47、图4-46)
顺合:注水排气、水压合格—投水侧(出进); 投汽侧(逆止门、旁门预暖、关旁进汽(低高)))
4-2/二、/4、高加正常运行维护
1 1)监视指标(P199)——图示?意义? 2 端差、水位、汽压、出水温、 2)维护工作(P198)、 任务——调水位、调端差——高加疏水门和抽汽门 3)防腐、事故处理
六)发电机密封油系统运行(P219图4-16)
氢侧油流程:密封油泵——_冷油器——平衡阀——氢侧密封瓦———密封油箱。
空侧油流程:主油泵——射油器——冷油器—— 压力调节阀——空侧密封瓦———氢油分离器— —主油箱。
调节:1)平衡阀保证氢空两侧油压相等,压差不 大于0.98Kpa
2) 压力调节阀按氢压,调空侧油压>氢侧油压
4-2/三、除氧器系统运行
1、1、系统管路(P222图4-48) 2、运行监视(P203)——溶氧、压力、温度、水位等。 ▪ 压力、水位自动调节、排气门调整(试验确定)。 溶氧监督;7μg/L,欠热0.63使溶氧达10μg/L 变工况时切换汽源, 3、启动要求及流程(P202) 补水、辅汽加热104℃、循环加热、汽水回收 注:低负荷时除氧压力满足轴封的需要; 负荷稳定后投入自动调节,与除氧器相联的系统逐个

4线-16线-译码器

4线-16线-译码器

课程设计说明书题目: 4线-16线译码器系别:电子信息工程部班级: B041301 学号: B04130111 学生姓名:指导教师:成绩:沈航北方科技学院课程设计任务书教学部:电子信息工程部专业:自动化课程设计题目: 4线-16线译码器班级: B041301 学号: B04130111 姓名:课程设计时间: 2012 年 8 月 27 日至 2012 年 9 月7日课程设计的内容及要求:(一)主要内容:1.掌握数字电路知识,设计4线-16线译码器电路2.对相关元器件及其工作原理进行详细分析3.完成课程设计论文(二)基本要求:1.掌握数字集成电路组成的组合逻辑电路的分析和设计方法,并设计4线-16线译码器的逻辑图,画出4线16线的功能表,了解74L138的引脚图和连接方法2.连接电路实现功能3.分析各个元件的功能4.撰写3000字左右的论文(三)主要参考书:1.《数字电路与系统》唐志宏韩振振编2.《数字电路实验指导书》(四)评语:(五)成绩:指导教师:年月日负责老师:年月日摘要译码器是组合逻辑电路的一个重要的器件,其可以分为:变量译码和显示译码两类。

变量译码一般是一种较少输入变为较多输出的器件,一般分为2的n次方译码和8421BCD码译码两类。

显示译码主要解决二进制数显示成对应的十、或十六进制数的转换功能,一般其可分为驱动LED和驱动LCD两类。

译码是编码的逆过程,在编码时,每一种二进制代码,都赋予了特定的含义,即都表示了一个确定的信号或者对象。

把代码状态的特定含义“翻译”出来的过程叫做译码,实现译码操作的电路称为译码器。

或者说,译码器是可以将输入二进制代码的状态翻译成输出信号,以表示其原来含义的电路。

根据需要,输出信号可以是脉冲,也可以是高电平或者低电平。

译码器主要在通信系统学科中学到,生活中有很多信息通信的例子,包含各种编码算法。

译码器的开发和利用给我们的生产生活带来了很大程度的提高。

所以我们对译码器的研究是很有必要的。

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(2) 方程的特征方程为 λ λ 6 0 ,特征根为 λ1 3, λ 2 1 . 令 x e y ,则原方程可
2
t
化为
d 2 y ~ dy ~ p q y 2t . 由前面齐次线性方程知识和上例分析知,新方程的特征方程具 dt 2 dt
*
有零特征根且重数为 k=1,于是新方程具有如下形式特解 y t(At B) ,于是原方程具有 形式特解 x e t(At B) e (At Bt) ,
例 52. 求解微分方程 x
2
d2 y dy x y0. 2 dx dx
λ λt
解:注意到这是一个欧拉等量纲方程,令 y x e ,得到欧拉方程的特征方程为
λ(λ - 1) λ 1 0 ,解得 (λ 1) 2 0 . 于是 λ 1 为二重根.
于是得到欧拉方程的基本解组为 e , te , 返回原变量为 x , ln | x | x , 因此原欧拉方程的通 解为 y c1x c 2 xln | x |, c1 , c 2 R . 例 53 Find the general solution of the following equation: (1) x y' '3xy'10y 0 ;
2 t t 1 1
Solution (1) Let y e x ,then the associated characteristic equation of Euler equation is
λt λ
λ(λ 1) 3λ 10 0 . By solving the algebraic equation, we get λ1,2
2
2
d2y dy (2) x y' '3xy'4y 0 ; (3) x 3x 5y 0 . 2 dx dx
2. 非齐次线性微分方程特解待定系数方法求解(undetermined coefficients’ method) (1)非 齐 次 线 性 微 分 方 程 通 解 结 构 : 考 察 二 阶 非 齐 次 线 性 微 分 方 程
y c1x 1cos(3ln | x |) c 2 x 1sin(3ln | x |) ,
c1 , c 2 are two independent variables.
作业 47.
2
Find the general solution of each of the following equation: (1) x y' '2xy'12y 0 ;
* k 2
作业 48 求方程
d2y dy 2 3y 3t 1 的通解. 2 dt dt
例 55. 求解二阶非齐次方程 (1)
2
d 2 x dx d 2 x dx t ; (2) 6x 2t e 6x 2t e 3t 的通解 . dt 2 dt dt 2 dt
t
* 3t 3t 2
dx * e 3t (3At 2 3Bt 2At B) , dt
d 2 x* e 3t (9At 2 9Bt 6At 3B) e 3t (6At 3B 2A) e 3t (9At 2 (9B 12A)t 6B 2A), 2 dt
2 d2y dy dy d 2 y 2 t dt 2 t d y dt x x ( e ) x e ( 2 )- 2 ; dx 2 dx dt dt dx dt dt 2
因此,原方程化为
λt λ
d2y dy (p 1) qy 0 ,这是一个常系数线性微分方程. 2 dt dt
[教学内容] 1. 介绍欧拉方程及其解法. 2. 介绍非齐次线性方程特解的待定系数求法. 3. 介 绍非齐次线性方程特解的常数变易法. [教学重难点] 重点是知道欧拉方程的特征方程,并能获得原欧拉方程的基本解组;如何运 用待定系数法或常数变易法求解非齐次线性方程的特解; 难点是如何由非齐次线性方程中
d2x dx d2x dx . 若 为 x (t), x (t) p(t) q(t) f(t) p(t) q(t) 0 的基本解组且 x * (t) 1 2 2 2 dt dt dt dt
为原非齐次方程的一个特解, 则原 非齐次线性方程的通解为 x(t) c1x1 (t) c 2 x 2 (t) x (t)
dx * e t (At B) e t A , dt
A A 6A 2 d 2 x* e t (At B) 2e t A, 代 入 原 方 程 得 到 , ,得到 2 dt B 2A B A 6B 0
A 1/3, B 1 1 1 * t . 所 求 特 解 为 x e (- t ) . 因 此 , 原 方 程 的 通 解 为 18 3 18 1 1 x * c1e 3t c 2 e -2t e t (- t ) , c1 , c 2 R . 3 18
λt λ2t
或 e 1 , te
λt
λ1 t
,或 e cos( t ), e sin( t ) .
λ λ2
t
t
返 回 原 变 量 得 到 欧 拉 方 程 的 基 本 解 组 为 x 1,x
或 x 1 , ln | x | x
λ
λ1
, 或
x cos( ln | x |), x sin( ln | x |) .
*参见教材 P127 定理 7)
(2)待定系数方法求解非齐次方程的特解
例 54. 求解二阶非齐次方程(1)
d 2 x dx d2x ; (2) 6x 2t 2t 的一个特解. dt 2 dt dt 2
解:(1) 方程的特征方程为 6 0 ,得到 λ1 3, λ 2 2 . 猜想:原方程具有如下形
4.3 欧拉方程、非齐次高阶线性方程特解的待定系数方法
(How to Solve Euler equation, Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find particular solution to nonhomogeneous higher order Linear ODE)
证明: (1) 由函数 ( x) i ( x) 为方程 线性性质知,
d 2 d 2 i dx 2 dx 2

d d p i dx dx
q ( ( x) i ( x)) u ( x) iv( x) 。
由两个复数相等当且仅当它们的实部和虚部同时相等知,
t
2
令 y e (y x ) 代 入 方 程 得 到 , 方 程 为 e (λ (p 1)λ q) 0 ( 或 ,称 λ(λ 1) pλ q 0 为欧拉方程的特征方程. λ(λ 1) pλ q 0 ) 由此得到新方程的基本解组为 e 1 , e
3t
; (2)
d2y dy 2 3y e t (3t 1) 的通解. 2 dt dt
定理 1. 考察方程
d2y dy p qy u ( x) iv( x) ,其中 p, q 为实数, u ( x), v( x) 为两个连 2 dx dx
续实函数. 如果 ( x) i ( x) 是上述方程的解函数,则有如下结论:
d2y dy (1) 函数 y ( x) 为方程 p qy u ( x) 一个解函数; 2 dx dx
(2) 函数 y ( x) 为方程
d2y dy p qy v( x) 一个解函数。 2 dx dx d2y dy p qy u ( x) iv( x) 的解函数和求导运算 2 dx dx
解:(1) 方程的特征方程为 λ λ 6 0 ,特征根为 λ1 3, λ 2 1 . 令 x e y ,则原方 程可化为
d 2 y ~ dy ~ 于 p q y 2t . 由上例分析知,新方程具有如下形式特解 y* At B , 2 dt dt
* t
是原方程具有形式特解 x e (At B) ,
Then two dependent solutions to the
1 t t
2 i6 1 3i . 2
new equation is e cos(3t), e sin(3t) , and fundamental
1
solutions to Euler equation is x cos(3ln | x |), x sin(3ln | x |) . Therefore, the general solution is given by
2
式特解: x (t) At B (原因是 C t 经过两次求导最高次数为 0,一次求导后最高次数为
*
2
1 , 方 程 两 边 比 较 得 到 C=0 ) , 代 入 方 程 得 到 A 6At 6B 2t , 比 较 系 数 得 到
6A 2 1 1 1 1 * ,得到 A , B 。因此所求原方程的一个特解为 x (t) - t . 3 18 3 18 A 6B 0
小结:考察
d2x dx (1)若 0 不是相应齐次方 p(t) q(t) f(t) , f(t) at 2 bt c , 2 dt dt
* 2
程特征方程的特征根,则可设特解形式为 x (t) At Bt C ;(2)若 0 是微分方程的 特征方程的 k 重特征根,则可设特解形式为 x (t) t (At Bt C) .
9A - 3A 6A 0 2 代入原方程得到, 9B 12A 3B 2A 6B 2 ,得到 A 1/5, B . 所求特解为 25 6B 2A B 0
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