非谓语讲义+练习

I. 不定式(to do)在雅思写作中的运用
1）名词
•主语（句首）
To protect the environment is everyone’s duty.
=It is everyone’s duty to protect the environment.
For middle-aged men to change their jobs is difficult
=It is difficult for middle-aged men to change their jobs.
To force an employee to retire at the age of 50 is ridiculous and insulting.
=It is ridiculous and insulting to force an employee to retire at the age of 50.
•宾语（动词后）：固定搭配
Plan to do
【雅思写作中常用的后跟to do 的动词】
afford, agree, ask, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, claim, consent
decide, demand, desire, endeavour, expect, fail, fear, hate, hesitate, hinder,
intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, pledge, prefer, prepare, pretend,
refuse, resolve, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, start, want
例句：
Many multinational companies prefer to hire people with an overseas educational background.
Nowadays the young generation seems to enjoy higher social status than the elderly.
The elderly need to relax rather than earn money.
•表语（系动词后）
The first solution is to set up strict laws.
The most effective solution is to enhance the public's awareness of the rubbish problem. What the elders should do is take a rest and enjoy their late years.
1）【注意】省略to的情况
*主语位置上出现“do”
The only thing women could do in the Middle Age was give birth to children and attend to the whole family.
*感官动词：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive
Watch sb do sth
*使役动词：have, let, make
*情态动词：had better, would rather, would sooner, but, cannot help but
•同位语（名词后）
The retirement gives old people a decent reason to enjoy their late years.
Today's women enjoy the right to vote, go to university and compete with men.
•补语
Encourage sb to do
Allow sb to do
Enable sb to do
例句
From my point of view, the employees should be encouraged to retire at the age of 50 so as to create more job vacancies for younger people.
Parents always expect their children to be head and shoulders over others.
Example: It is difficult (for disabled people) to access services.
(Gerund or noun) is (easy, possible, difficult, hard)
Example: Accessing services is hard for disabled people.
(Gerund or noun) makes it (difficult, hard, easy) (for someone) to...
3）状语
*目的
To do
=in order to do
句子+to do
=To do, 句子
In order to protect the environment, we should arou se people’s awareness of environmental conservation.
[不定式与目的状语从句的互换]
The teacher spoke loudly in order that the students could hear him clearly.
=The teacher spoke loudly in order for the students to hear him clearly.
The teacher spoke loudly in order that he could be heard clearly.
=The teacher spoke loudly in order to be heard clearly.
*结果
Too+adj/adv+to do
The environmental issue is too great for individuals to deal with.
Adj/adv+enough to do
The environmental issue is great enough to need global cooperation.
II. 不定式的练习
1. Language Focus
-Using adjectives such as ‘difficult, hard, easy, possible, important…’
In English, there are some common constructions for these words:
It is (easy / hard / difficult / important) (for someone) to...
Example1: It is difficult (for disabled people) to access services.
Example2: Limiting traffic makes it hard (for businessmen) to get around quickly.
1）. Rearrange the order of these phrases to make complete sentences.
a. makes it easier / limiting the number of cars / to get around
b. by using public transport / to conserve our petrol resources / it is important
c. travelling by public transport / to carry a lot of luggage / makes it difficult
d. to move around the city / traffic congestion / it is very difficult / if there is a lot of
e. to another / by public transport / is easy / getting from one place
f. makes it very difficult / traffic congestion / in the city / to get from place to place
g. by building underground motorway networks / to reduce congestion / it is possible
h. makes it impossible / having too many cars / to keep our city air clean
i. in the inner city / to predict the result of / it is difficult / limiting cars
2）练习
Turn these notes into a paragraph using the constructions above. You will need to change
word forms OR add extra words in the brackets.
(Have) too many cars in the inner city (difficult) get around. (Limit) the number of cars (possible) travel faster from place to place, but this has some problems too. For example, (important) for disabled peopleto access some services, and if cars are limited this (harder) for them to do this. In addition, (require) businessmen to use public transport (harder) for them to do their work efficiently However, (important) control air pollution, and (restrict) car traffic (easier) to do this. (also important) reduce congestion, and (limit) cars is one way to (possible).
3）练习
-Suggesting solutions
In IELTS Task 2 essays, you are often asked to suggest solutions. Here are two useful language structures for doing this. Both of these structures do not state WHO should do the action.
Using 'to' + base form verb
Example: The first (solution) is to limit tourist numbers.
Using 'can'+ passive
Example: Special paths can be built (so that people won't damage
the ground when they walk).
4）Fill in the gaps in this paragraph to suggest solutions to the problem of air pollution in cities.
One __________________the number of cars that are allowed into the city. Another _________________________________ enforce strict rules about car exhaust fumes, so that the cars do not emit poisonous gases. For example, special tests ______________ to check car emissions, and people _____________________ to leave their cars at home on alternate days.
I.动名词的用法
Doing（V-ing）
核心思想：词性是名词，作用是动词
1.名词
3）主语（句首）
保护环境是我们每个人的责任。

Protecting the environment is everyone’s duty.
[注]与不定式的区别
To protect the environment is everyone’s duty.
*通常情况下两者可以互换
*doing：表示经常性、习惯性的动作
*to do:表示某个特定时间段内的动作，强调目的
Postmen’s duty is delivering newspapers.
My duty this month is to deliver newspapers.
4）宾语
*动词后：动词的固定搭配，如：Enjoy doing sth
【雅思写作中常用的后跟动名词的动词】
admit, appreciate, avoid, dread, excuse, forgive, permit, recall, stop
advise, consider, fancy, postpone, recollect, give up, delay, endure, involve
practive, resent, anticipate, deny, enjoy, mind, prevent, finish, dislike
escape, resist, miss, propose, suggest, forbid, risk, can't help, can't stand
例句：
1.Teleworkers can avoid wasting their precious working time.
cation departments should forbid limiting the number of female students in some majors.
3.Teleworkers may fear being forgotten for training opportunities.
*介词后t
例句：
1. Work stress has become the No.1 factor of ruining a family.
5）表语（系动词后）
Postmen’s duty is delivering newspapers.
Seeing is believing.
2.形容词（定语）
【注】与分词的区别
The sleeping baby (正在睡觉的小孩）分词：表状态
The sleeping car （用来睡觉的车）动名词：表用途
Swimming pool游泳池
3.逻辑主语
He insists reading the book.
He insists my/me reading the book.
动名词充当宾语时，其逻辑主语（有生命）既可为所有格，也可为宾格
但逻辑主语若为无生命的或者是不定代词，则只能使用宾格形式
Students’ stepping into the society too early adds greatly to the worries of their parents.
I was awakened by someone knocking the door.
II.动名词对应的练习
1.
Essential Grammar-Verb patterns: Verb+-ing
This is a common verb pattern in English.
Examples
He spends a lot of time watching TV.
I prefer playing computer games to swimming.
spend/waste time doing +
have trouble doing
Learn these verbs:
prefer/ like/hate/love doing
end up doing
练习1Turn these sentence fragments into a short paragraph. Take care with '-ing' forms. You may need to put more than one word in each gap.
Many teenagers like (play) _________, and others really enjoy (use) social____________ such as Xiaonei. They like (chat) and (put) photos on these sites, and they can__________ hours every day (do) these activities. However, if theytime (sit) at the computer, they may have trouble (get) enough exercise, and they may end up (have) health ________ such as __________. In addition, they could suffer from _________ if they spend hours (sit) in front of a _________ screen. Another ___________is schoolwork. If teenagers _________(play) on the computer, they may end up not (do) their homework or (be) late for class.
Example:
'Growing crops can be very productive for small farmers.'
Notice that gerunds are often preceded by prepositions, such as 'for', 'by' and 'on'. Example:
"We can increase food production by improving our technology.
练习2 In the sentences below, use a gerund and, if necessary, one of these prepositions:
for by on
a. Many farmers concentrate _________ (grow) ____________ crops.
b. Governments are responsible _________ (support) their own country's farmers.
c. (Improve) __________ the condition of the soil leads to increased productivity.
d. (Make) ________ sure that their crops have enough water is a concern for all farmers.
e. (Raise) _______ animals for their meat is a common style of farming in many countries.
f. World hunger will be reduced _____________ (improve) seed quality.
g. (Produce) _____________ more food is a universal concern.
h. (Distribute) ___________ food to those who need it most is also a major concern.
i. A major issue in the world today is (feed) __________ the millions of people who are hungry or starving.
分词
*现在分词doing:表主动complaining
*过去分词done：表被动complained
1.分词
1）那个站在门口的男人是个凶手。

The man standing outside the door is a murderer.
2）去年在上海举办的峰会吸引了很多国家的注意。

The summit held in Shanghai last year attracted many countries’ attention. 3）从1990年到2000年上升的数据震惊了所有人。

The figure increasing from 1990 to 2000 shocked everyone.后置定语
这个上升的数据震惊了所有人。

The increasing figure shocked everyone.前置定语
注意：分词若单独出现，放在所修饰的名词前面
广告产品advertised products
去年的广告产品products advertised last year
分词在句子中摆放的位置
1）放置在名词前或后充当前置定语或后置定语
2）表语
现在分词doing:表示事物本身特征
过去分词done:表示做这件事的态度
Some advertisements are misleading and cheating.
I am well-prepared for the post.
3）状语（见状语从句讲解）
2.分词与定语从句之间的转换
那个站在门口的男人是个凶手。

The man standing outside the door is a murderer.
= The man who is standing outside the door is a murderer.
公式一：现在分词和定语从句之间的转换
先行词+现在分词
=先行词+who(先行词为人)/which(物)+该现在分词适当的谓语形式
去年在上海举办的峰会吸引了很多国家的注意。

The summit held in Shanghai last year attracted many countries’ attention. =The summit which was held in Shanghai last year attracted…
*The summit was held in Shanghai last year.
*T he summit attracted many countries’ attention.
=The summit （which）government held in Shanghai last year attracted…*Government held the summit in Shanghai last year.
* the summit attracted many countries’ attention.
公式二：过去分词和定语从句之间的转换
先行词+过去分词
=先行词+who/which+be+过去分词
=先行词+（whom/which）+该过去分词的动作执行者+过去分词适当的谓语形式
从1990年到2000年上升的数据震惊了所有人。

The figure increasing from 1990 to 2000 shocked everyone.
= The figure which increased from 1990 to 2000 shocked everyone.
这个上升的数据震惊了所有人。

The increasing figure shocked everyone.
=The figure which increased shocked everyone.
雅思例句
那些支持死刑的人持有以下理由。

Those people who support death penalty have the following reasons.
=Those people supporting death penalty have the following reasons.
持有外国学历的学生似乎更加自信、独立和见多识广。

Students who hold a foreign degree seem to be more self-confident, independent and well-informed.
=Students holding a foreign degree seem to be more self-confident, independent and well-informed.
一些被父母倾注全部心血的留学生不懂得珍惜学习的机会。

Some overseas students whom their parents devote all the energy and love to do not cherish the opportunity to study.
那些比体育明星对社会做的贡献多的人理应获得高收入。

Those whose contribution to the society is greater than sports stars’deserve huge salary.
人类应该对这个被他们破坏的环境负责。

People should be responsible for the deteriorating environment, which was ruined by them.
=People should be responsible for the deteriorating environment ruined by them.。