战略管理翻译
一级教材《企业人力资源管理师》
第一章人力资源规划第一节企业人力资源战略规划第一单元战略性人力资源管理【学习目标】通过学习掌握现代企业人力资源管理各个历史发展阶段的特点,战略性人力资源管理的概念、特征和衡量的标准。
【知识要求】一、正确界定战略性人力资源管理的基本概念“战略人力资源管理”一词,实际上就是“战略性人力资源管理"或者“战略上的人力资源管理”,如从英文原意看,后者的翻译也是比较确切的。
与此有关的术语还有“人力资源战略管理(Human Resource Strategic Man-agement)”或者“人力资源策略管理",以及“人力资源战略(Human Re-source Strategy)”。
首先,应当明确“战略”与“策略"两个基本概念的差异性。
战略和策略都是军事上常用的专业术语,战略是指导战争全局的计划或规划,是事关全局发展的大政方针,而策略则是指根据形势发展变化而制定的行动方针和斗争方式。
很显然,战略是策略的上位概念,这说明一些港台人力资源管理专家将“strategic”一词译为“策略(性)”要比“战略(性)”更确切一些,因为人力资源战略毕竟是企业总体战略的重要部分。
其次,人力资源战略(规划)与战略性人力资源管理的概念内涵是完全不同的,人力资源战略是企业总体战略的下属概念,它是指企业在对所处的内外部环境和条件以及各种相关因素进行全面系统分析的基础上,从企业全局利益和发展目标出发,就企业人力资源开发与管理所作出的总体策划。
人力资源战略管理就是对人力资源战略及其规划进行全方位的指挥、监督、协调和控制的过程。
对战略性人力资源管理概念的理解,有的学者认为,它是“通过人实现可持续的竞争优势而设计的组织系统";有的专家认为,它是“为促进企业实现目标的规划性部署与活动方式";还有人认为,它是“把人力资源实践活动与业务战略联系起来的过程”,它包括识别实施业务战略所需配备的人力资源能力和保障这些能力而专门设计的政策和实践做法。
企业战略管理英文概念
企业战略管理英文概念
English:
Enterprise strategic management refers to the process of setting goals, determining actions to achieve those goals, and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. It involves analyzing the competitive environment, formulating strategies that align with the organization's mission and vision, and implementing those strategies to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic management also involves monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and making adjustments as needed to stay competitive in the ever-changing business landscape.
中文翻译:
企业战略管理是指设定目标、确定实施目标的行动以及动用资源执行这些行动的过程。
它涉及对竞争环境的分析,制定与组织使命和愿景相一致的战略,并实施这些战略以达到可持续的竞争优势。
战略管理还涉及监测和评估战略的有效性,并根据需要进行调整,以在不断变化的商业环境中保持竞争力。
归纳Strategic Management(战略管理-中英文).ppt
Market entry: 市场进入 •Across borders 跨国 •Alliances 联盟
•Entrepreneurship 创业
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Strategic Management Process 战略管理过程
Vision 愿景 Leadership 领导
Environments: 环境 •Internal内部 •External 外部
Strategic Management 战略管理
Leadership in Enterprise for Asian Development 亚洲发展中的企业领导
Leonard D. Van Drunen June 2008
..........
1
What Is Strategic Management? 什么是战略管理
4
Strategic Leadership 战略领导
– Developing a vision for the firm – 为企业制定愿景 – Designing strategic actions to achieve this vision – 设计战略行动来达成愿景 – Empowering others to carry out those strategic
Vision 愿景 Leadership 领导
Environments: 环境 •Internal内部 •External 外部
Competing via 竞争方
式…
Rivalry: 竞争 •Business level strategies 经营层次战略 •Multiproduct strategies 产品多元化战略
•Mergers & acquisitions 并购
战略管理(英文版)
战略管理(英文版)Strategic Management: An OverviewIntroductionIn today's fast-paced and highly competitive business environment, companies must adopt effective strategies to ensure their long-term success and sustainable growth. Strategic management plays a crucial role in helping organizations align their resources, capabilities, and objectives to achieve their strategic goals. This article provides an overview of strategic management, its key components, and the benefits it offers in an increasingly dynamic and complex marketplace.1. Definition of Strategic ManagementStrategic management is the process of formulating and implementing strategies that enable organizations to fulfill their missions and achieve their objectives. It involves analyzing the external environment, identifying internal strengths and weaknesses, setting objectives, formulating strategies, implementing plans, and monitoring progress to ensure strategic goals are met.2. Key Components of Strategic Management2.1 Environmental AnalysisEnvironmental analysis involves assessing the external factors that influence an organization's performance and success. This includes macro-environmental factors such as political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) factors, as well as industry-specificfactors. Understanding the external environment helps organizations identify opportunities and threats and make informed strategic decisions.2.2 Internal AnalysisInternal analysis focuses on assessing an organization's internal strengths and weaknesses. This includes evaluating its resources, capabilities, and core competencies. By understanding its internal strengths, an organization can leverage them to gain a competitive advantage. Similarly, identifying weaknesses helps organizations address potential areas of improvement and overcome challenges.2.3 Strategy FormulationStrategy formulation involves developing a comprehensive plan to achieve an organization's objectives and competitive advantage. This includes defining the mission and vision, setting strategic objectives, and selecting appropriate strategies. Strategies can be categorized into corporate, business, and functional levels, depending on the scope and focus of the organization's activities.2.4 Strategy ImplementationStrategy implementation is the process of translating strategic plans into actions and ensuring their effective execution. It involves allocating resources, coordinating activities, and monitoring progress. Effective implementation requires strong leadership, effective communication, and a supportive organizational culture.2.5 Evaluation and ControlEvaluation and control involve monitoring and reviewing the progress of strategic initiatives and making necessary adjustments. This includes establishing key performance indicators, conducting regular performance assessments, and taking corrective actions to ensure strategic goals are being achieved. Evaluation and control help organizations stay on track and make informed decisions throughout the strategic management process.3. Benefits of Strategic ManagementStrategic management offers several benefits to organizations:3.1 Clear DirectionBy formulating a clear strategy, organizations establish a sense of direction and purpose. This enables employees to align their efforts and work towards common goals, enhancing overall organizational performance.3.2 Competitive AdvantageStrategic management helps organizations identify unique value propositions and differentiate themselves from competitors. By leveraging their strengths and focusing on key opportunities, organizations can gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace.3.3 Adaptability to ChangeIn today's rapidly evolving business landscape, agility and adaptability are essential for success. Strategic management enables organizations to anticipate and respond to changes in the external environment, ensuring their long-term viability in a dynamic marketplace.3.4 Resource AllocationStrategic management facilitates effective resource allocation by aligning financial, human, and technological resources with strategic objectives. This ensures optimal utilization of resources and maximizes the organization's ability to achieve its goals.3.5 Performance MeasurementBy implementing strategic objectives and monitoring progress, organizations can measure their performance and identify areas for improvement. This allows for continuous learning and ongoing improvement, enhancing overall organizational effectiveness.ConclusionStrategic management is a fundamental process that enables organizations to navigate the complexities of the modern business landscape. By analyzing the external environment, assessing internal capabilities, formulating effective strategies, implementing plans, and evaluating performance, organizations can achieve their objectives and thrive in a highly competitive marketplace. Embracing strategic management is essential for long-term success and sustainability.。
动态能力和战略管理1997Teece文献翻译
动态能力和战略管理DAVID J.TEECE1*,GARY PISANO2 and AMY SHUEN3动态能力结构分析了技术快速变革环境中由个体经营的个体企业公司所获取的可以赢利的资源和方法。
人们认为,公司的竞争优势是在特定过程(协同和合并)基础上建立的,并由公司特有的资产定位(例如公司中相对不易交换的知识资本及其他互补资产的结构)和已采纳或继承的发展方式中形成的。
路径依赖的重要性在于详述持续赢利能力条件的存在方式。
一个企业的竞争优势能否以及何种程度上被削弱取决于市场需求的稳定性以及其自身在内部被传播和被竞争中模仿的难易程度。
若假设成立,这个结构认为在技术快速变革体质下一个个体的赢利能力很大程度上取决于公司内部技术发展、组织和管理的过程。
简言之,识别新机会、有效组织以及两者的高效结合在通常情况下比战略更加重要。
战略意味着开发新的商业产品服务以打破竞争对手的平衡、提高竞争对手的成本、驱逐新进入者。
1997by John Wiley &Sosns.ltd.引言在战略管理领域中,最基本的问题是企业如何获得并保持竞争优势。
我们在此用动态能力(既企业得以赢利的资源)观点来探讨这个问题。
对这个结构的发展源于作者的一个发现,即战略原理在分析公司层次上分析如何保持和防护现存竞争优势上非常圆满,但在对帮助理解一个公司为何以及怎样在快速变化的体制中建立竞争优势上稍显逊色。
我们的方法是与基于创新的竞争、价格质量对抗、持续盈利、“富有创造性摧毁”现存竞争的社会中紧密相关的。
这个观点试图解释在公司层次上的失败。
我们对为公司表现建立一个更好的理论以及告知经理实践两者都有兴趣。
为使我们的分析在一定程度上和现存方法展现出异同点,我们从简短回顾以往的战略管理中所采取的结构开始。
我们试图挖掘出其中暗含的假设,并且识别现在的竞争状况(作为对竞争战略即是一种有用描述工具优势标准理论的每个典范观点都会展现出一些比较优势)。
在1980年主流的观点是由波特(1980)发展的竞争力量模型。
薪酬管理 专业术语及英文翻译
第一章薪酬管理总论报酬reward薪酬compensation总薪酬total compensation薪酬管理compensation administration直接薪酬direct compensation间接薪酬indirect compensation基本薪酬basic pay可变薪酬variable pay员工福利employee benefit人力资源管理human resource management第二章战略性薪酬管理经营战略business strategy竞争战略competition strategy战略性薪酬管理strategic compensation administration全面薪酬战略total compensation strategy全面报酬战略total reward strategy第三章职位薪酬体系与职位评价职位薪酬job-based pay职位分析job analysis职位描述job description职位规范job specification职位评价job evaluation报酬要素compensable factor排序法ranking method分类法classification method要素计点法point -factor method职位结构job structure要素比较法factor comparison method第四章技能和能力薪酬体系深度技能depth skill广度技能breadth skill工作设计job design技能等级skill level技能认证skill certification技能薪酬体系skill-based pay system胜任能力competency胜任能力模型competency model能力薪酬competency-based pay第五章薪酬水平及其外部竞争性薪酬水平pay level外部竞争性external competitiveness薪酬领袖政策lead policy市场追随政策match policy拖后政策lag policy混合政策hybrid policy劳动力市场labor market薪酬调查total compensation survey工作搜寻理论job search theory信号模型理论signaling theory补偿性工资差别理论compensating differentials theory 效率工资理论efficiency wage theory保留工资理论reservation wage theory第六章薪酬结构设计薪酬结构pay structure薪酬内部一致性internal consistency薪酬区间中值midpoint of grade薪酬比较比率compa-ratio薪酬区间渗透度range penetration薪酬区间叠幅range overlap薪酬中值极差midpoint difference宽带型薪酬结构broad-banding structure薪酬变动范围(区间)salary range第七章绩效奖励与认可计划利润分享计划profit sharing plans收益分享计划gain sharing plans成功分享计划success sharing plans股票所有权计划stock owns plans标准工时计划standard hour plan员工持股计划ESOP绩效加薪merit pay一次性奖金lump sum bonus绩效奖励计划pay for performance plans个人绩效奖励计划individual incentive plans群体绩效奖励计划group incentive plans提案建议制度suggestion system特殊绩效认可计划special performance recognizing plans 直接计件工资计划straight piece rate plan差额计件工资计划differential piece rate plan第八章员工福利管理员工福利employee benefit法定社会保险social insurance养老保险pension benefit失业保险unemployment insurance医疗保险medical insurance工伤保险injury insurance员工服务福利employee services弹性福利计划flexible benefit plans福利规划benefit planning福利沟通benefit communication生育保险maternity insurance福利管理benefit administration生育保险maternity insurance福利管理benefit administration企业补充养老金计划complementary pension plans团体人寿保险计划group life insurance plans健康医疗保险计划health care insurance plans第九章特殊员工群体的薪酬管理特殊员工群体special groups销售人员sales force专业技术人员professionals外派员工expatriate管理人员manager佣金制commission system成熟曲线maturity curve双重职业发展通道dual career path第十章薪酬预算、控制与沟通薪酬预算total compensation budget宏观接近法macro-approach method微观接近法micro-approach method薪酬控制compensation control薪酬沟通compensation communication。
战略管理(英文版)
名词解释:1、Strategy: An integrated and coordinated set of commitments & actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage.2、Strategic Management: Strategic Management is the process through which organizations analyze and learn from their internal and external environments, establish strategic direction, create strategies that are intended to help achieve established goals, and execute those strategies, all in an effort to satisfy key organizational stakeholders.3、Strategic Management consists of the analysis, decisions and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages.4、The strategic management process includes the activities of internal and external analysis, establishment of strategic direction, development of strategies for the corporate and business levels of the organization, development and execution of an implementation plan, and the establishment of strategic controls.5、Vertical integration: The term is used to describe the extent to which a firm is involved in several stages of the industry supply chain.6、Horizontal integration: The process of acquiring or merging with industry competitors to achieve the competitive advantages that arise from a large size and scope of operations.7、Diversification strategy describes the scope of the firm in terms of the industries and markets in which it competes.8、Related diversification implies organizational involvement in activities that are somehow related to the dominant or “core” business of the organization, often through common markets or similar technologies.9、Unrelated diversification does not depend on any pattern of relatedness. Unrelated diversification has lower profitability and higher risks than those pursuing other corporate-level strategies such as concentration or related diversification.10、Organizational fit: When two organizations or business units are merged or acquisition happened, and the organizational management processes, cultures, system, and structures are matching(similar), this is organizational fit.11、Marketing strategy: Marketing strategy is the plan for investing marketing efforts and resources (advertising, branding, distribution, etc.)to achieve business goals.To support growth strategiesTo support a stability or retrenchment strategy12、Economies of scale: Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. "Economies of scale" is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase.(1)Economies of scale. Unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output •Larger production runs•Larger facilities•Allocating fixed costs(2)Diseconomies of scale. Unit cost increases associated with a large scale of output•Increased bureaucracy associated with large-scale enterprises•Resulting managerial inefficiencies13、True economies of scale are cost advantages associated with large-sized facilities rather than with increased volume through an existing facility.14、Life cycle of an industry: Refers to the stages of Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline, portrays how salesvolume for a product or an entire industry changes over its lifetime and helps to understand the dynamic nature of strategy.15、So-called product life cycle: Refers to the product from entering the market ,the market cycle, until final out of the market experience.简答论述:一、潜在竞争者出现面临的障碍都有哪些障碍并举例(Potential competitors∕Entry Barriers P31)Potential competitors∕Entry Barriers: Forces that keep new entrants out, providing a level of protection for existing competitors, are called entry barriers.Examples of entry barriers commonly found in many industries include the following:1、Economies of scale, which occur when it is more efficient to produce a product in a large facility at higher volume.2、Large capital requirements,also known as start-up costs ,can prevent a small competitor from entering an industry.3、High levels of products differentiation ,which means that some firms enjoy a loyal customer base, making it harder for a new firm to draw away customers.4、High switching costs ,applying not only to suppliers, can be used to preserve established firms in an industry.5、Limited access to distribution channels,which may prevent new companies from getting their products to market.6、Government policies and regulations that limit entry into industry,effectively preventing new competition.7、Existing firm procession of resources that are difficult to duplicate in the short term. Such as patents, favorable locations, proprietary product technology, government subsidies, or access to scarce raw materials.(Cost disadvantages independent of scale)8、A past history of aggressive retaliation by industry competitors toward new entrants.(Threat of new entries)二、什么样资源、能力能使企业形成持续核心竞争力?(Sustainable competitive advantage P46 )Internal resources and capabilities fall into five: human, physical, financial, knowledge, and organizational.In general, capabilities and resource become strengths with the potential to create a competitive advantage if two conditions are met.1.The resource or capabilities are value.2.The resource or capabilities are unique.In addition, a unique and valuable resources or capability actually becomes a competitive advantage if the following additional conditions are met:1.The organization is suited to exploitation of the resourceor capability.2.T he firm’s managers are aware of the potential of theresource or capability to lead to a competitive advantageand have taken steps to realize the advantage.Finally, a resource or capability can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage if two additional conditions are met:1.The resource or capabilities are difficult or expensive to imitate.2.No readily available substitutes exist.三、企业的社会责任感的概念以及包含哪些重点内容?(Social responsibility P15上课补充的)Social responsibility:the expectation that businesses or individuals will strive to improve the overall welfare of society.1、Economic responsibility. Such as the obligation to beproductive and profitable and meet the consumer needs of society.2、Legal responsibility.To achieve economic goals withinthe confines of established laws.3、Moral obligations. To abide by unwritten codes, norms,and values implicitly derived from society.4、Discretionary responsibility. Volitional or philanthropicin nature.四、怎么实现低成本战略?How to Realize the Low-costStrategy (Cost leadership P95)Low-cost leadership allows a firm to compete by lowering prices when needed without becoming unprofitable.Firms pursuing a low-cost strategy will typically employ one or more of the following factors to create their low-cost position:1.High capacity utilization.When customer demand is highand the firm’s capacity is full utilized, fixed costs are spread over more units, lowering unit cost.2.Economic of scale. True economies of scale are costadvantages associated with large-sized facilities rather than with increased volume through an existing facility.3.Technological panies making investments incost-saving technologies are often trading an increase in fixed costs for a reduction in variable costs.4.Learning/experience effects.The learning curve effect saysthat the time required to complete a task will decrease as a predictable function of the number of times the task is repeated.Experience effects are the same thing as learning effects but relate to indirect labor as well as direct production labor.五、功能性(职能)战略的概念,发展比较好应具备什么特点?(Functional strategies P137)Functional strategies: Functional strategies are the plans for matching those skills, resources, and capabilities to the business and corporate strategies of the organization.The well-developed Functional strategies should have the following Characters:1.Decisions made within each function will be consistent with each other.2.Decisions made within one function will be consistent with those in other functions.3.Decisions made within functions will be consistent with the strategies of the business.六、改善组织学习质量、提高组织学习数量,控制系统应该具备什么特征?(To enhance the quality of organizational learning ,these control systems should have the following characters )a) Information generated by the control system should be an important and recurring item to be addressed by the highest levels of management.b) The control process should also be given frequent and regular attention from operating managers at all levels of the organization.c) Data from the system should be interpreted and discussed inface-to-face meeting among superiors and subordinates.d) The success of the control process relies on the continual challenge and debate of underlying data, assumptions, and strategies.小论文:多元化战略,结合实际认识,优缺点,对企业发展的影响。
战略管理(中英文)
Components of a Mission Statement
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The Strategic Management Process (cont.)
2. Analyzing the Environment分析环境 – successful strategies are aligned with the environment 成功的战略大多是那些与环境相适应的战略。 – examine both the specific and general environments to determine what trends and changes are occurring 必须审视具体环境和一般环境,把握即将要出现的 环境变化和发展趋势及其对组织的重要影响。 3. Identifying Opportunities and Threats发现机会和威胁 – Opportunities机会 - positive trends in the external environmental外部环境的积极的变化趋势 – Threats威胁 - negative trends in the external environment外部环境的消极变化趋势
• strong culture - new employees easily identify the organization’s core competencies 强文化——新雇员很容易识别组织的核心能力
– may serve as a barrier to accepting change具有强文化的成 功组织,可能成为它们过去成功的囚徒 • influence managers’ preferences for certain strategies 对于某些 战略,文化的价值观影响管理当局的倾向性 – SWOT analysis - analysis of the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats SWOT 分析—组织优势、 劣势、机会和威胁分析
管理学原理英文教材中文翻译精简版
一、战略管理的重要性1、什么是战略管理?战略管理是一组管理决策和行动,它决定了组织的长期绩效。
战略管理包括几乎所有的基本管理职能,也就是组织的战略必须被计划、组织、实施和控制。
2、战略管理的目的战略管理包含了许多重要的管理决策,各种商业期刊上报道的绝大多数企业当前的重大事件都涉及战略管理。
对战略计划和战略管理有效性的研究还发现,具有正式战略管理体系的公司,其财物回报要高于那些没有战略管理系统的公司。
二、战略管理过程战略管理包含6个步骤:步骤1:确定组织当前的使命、目标和战略每一个组织都需要使命,使命是对组织目的的陈述,使命回答了如下的问题,即企业存在的理由是什么?定义组织的使命会迫使管理者仔细的确定企业的产品和服务的范围。
案例:普赖姆公司是美国密苏里州的卡车运输公司,它的使命是通过向其顾客提供卓越的服务来实现公司的成长。
案例:博迪商店国际公司的使命是这样陈述的:专心致志于我们的事业,以跟上社会和环境变革的步伐。
确定一个组织的目的或存在的理由,对于非营利性组织来说也是同样重要的。
步骤2:外部因素分析外部环境对管理者是一个重要的约束。
外部因素分析是战略过程的一个关键步骤,因为组织的环境在很大程度上定义了管理者的选择范围。
成功的战略将是与环境吻合的战略。
每一个组织的管理者都需要分析环境。
例如:竞争的情况、拟议中的法律法规的影响、对地的劳动力供给情况等。
在分析外部环境时,管理者应当检查具体的、特定的和一般的环境,以发现正在发生的趋势和变化。
在分析环境之后,管理者需要评估机会和组织面临的威胁。
机会是外部环境因素的积极趋势,威胁是负面趋势。
注意:同样的环境可能对处以同一产业的不同公司意味着机会或者威胁,这是因为每家公司的资源或管理能力不一样。
步骤3:内部因素分析我们从外部环境转向考察组织的内部。
内部分析主要是对组织的资源进行评估,比如:金融资本、技术能力、熟练雇员、经验丰富的管理者等。
管理者必须要认识到,每一个组织,不管是大型的还是成功的,都在某种程度上受到它所拥有的资源和能力的限制。
战略管理(英文)
Strategy As an Emergent Process
Strategy making in an unpredictable world
❖ Creates the necessity for flexible strategic approaches.
Strategy making by lower-level managers
Engagement, explanation, and expectations
Planning for the present: Strategic Intent
❖ Recognition of the static nature of the strategic fit model. ❖ Strategic intent in focusing the organization on winning by
Success requires adapting strategy and structure to a changing world.
The feedback loop in strateБайду номын сангаасic planning.
Corporate
Operational
Business
Functional
14
Strategic Managers
Planning under uncertainty
❖ Scenario planning for dynamic environmental change
Ivory tower planning
❖ Lack of contact with operational realities ❖ The importance of involving operating managers ❖ Procedural justice in the decision-making process
战略管理翻译版
简答题举例1.The Hows That Define a Firm’s Strategy:(公司战略的定义有哪几部分组成)•H ow to grow the business(如何发展业务)•H ow to please customers(如何满足顾客)•H ow to respond to changing market conditions(如何对变幻的市场环境进行回应)•H ow to manage each functional piece of the business and develop needed organizational capabilities(如何管理每一个业务模块和发展需要的组织能力)•H ow to achieve strategic and financial objectives(如何实现战略和财务上的目标)•H ow to out-compete rivals(如何战胜对手)2.Test of A Winning Strategy(成功战略的测试标准)a)How well is strategy matched to firm’s situation?(战略要在哪种程度上匹配公司的现状)b)Does strategy lead to sustainable competitive advantage?(战略会帮助企业获得可持续的竞争优势吗?)c)Does strategy boost firm performance?(战略会促进企业的绩效吗?)So, to be a real winner, a strategy must :(因此,要成为一个真正的赢家,战略必须:)a)Fit the enterprise’s internal &external situation 与企业的内外状况相一致b)Build sustainable competitive advantage 建立可持续的竞争优势c)Improve company performance提高企业绩效3. When making decision, what should a company take into consideration of the competition?(当要做出决定时,在竞争中公司要将什么要素考虑进去?)Reputation, Core competencies, Manufacturing capacity, Product range, Product designs, Quality, Distribution, Way of doing business(声望,核心竞争力,制造能力,产品范围,产品设计,质量,分销,做生意的方式。
Strategic Management(战略管理-中英文)
storage costs固定成本高
或仓储成本高
• High exit barriers 退出壁
Industry
垒高
Environment
工业环境
a
Suppliers 供应商
Rivalry 竞争 Competitor Analysis 分析竞争对手
Buyers 买方
Subst Products 替代品
a
1
What Is Strategic Management? 什么是战略管理
The process companies use to: 企业用于达到目标的过程
Form a vision – view of how the current firm will look in the future 形成愿景—当前企业如何展望未来
Benefits of outsourcing: 外包益处 Same quality or better at a lower cost. 同等或较好的品质,但成本较低。 Higher quality because of supplier specialization.供货商专业,品质较好。 Economies of scale that the specialization produces. 专业化产生的经济比 Increased flexibility, reduced risks, decreased capital requirements. 机动性增加,风险降低,资本需求降低 Allows the firm to focus on its core competencies. 发展核心竞争力
战略管理过程
Vision 愿景 Leadership 领导
策略管理翻译完整版
The environmental changes環境的變化在第二之世界大戰後的那段期間,產品生命週期假說這股力量已慢慢擴大,已經藉由一些特別的因素來應用在以美國為基礎的企業中。
在戰後初期,美國經濟的創新還尚未開拓至海外,而創新是反應出美國市場中勞動不足、高所得的情況。
過了幾年,其他國家最後已達到所得水準和取得了較美國佔優勢的的勞動成本。
這些國家追蹤那些妨礙美國經濟的原因,他們發展了增加商品的需求。
(而這些需求是先前來適應美國的需求。
)環境提供了特別的結果和之後的產品週期有關:從美國出口mounting volume,最後建立了國外製造子公司。
但許多先進工業化國家追蹤美國的地形:他們使戰後那段期間的所得差距變小或是忘卻。
例如、在1949年德國和法國每個人的平均所得低於美國的三分之一;但在1970年的後期,這三個國家(德國、法國、美國)每個人的平均所得幾乎是相等的。
在這段期間中,日本每人的平均所得以美國水準來看從6%增加至70%。
當然這減少是因為產品生命週期假設,也就是說很多企業家明顯的面對不同到不同市場的情況。
當歐洲和日本的所得和美國所得接近時,這些差異就會減少。
而且當美國大量依賴進口原料,各種市場要素成本的差異仍將減少。
不只這些主要市場中的所得水準差異變小;在所有國家間的差異也逐漸在減少。
大部份是因為所得水準過於集中,而部份是因為歐洲共同市場的發展。
結果,有些以自己國家為基礎的企業家比以前在不同市場面對到更多更類似的情況。
因此一些產品生命週期的假說正在被討論。
它不再輕易的假定關於那些創新的企業在外國市場所面臨的情況是不變的,不論是在其他先進國家或是在已開發的地區。
他可以假定美國企業所處的環境和歐洲和日本企業所處的環境是大大不同的;雖然開發中國家和先進工業化國家間的差距仍然容易被察覺的,這些先進工業化國家的差距也縮減至極小的。
The Global Network in Operation嘗試去回答這些問題,我將多國籍公司以不成熟的方式分成三種理想型式,並且去探測他們可能有的行為。
战略管理名词解释
名词解释:1.战略:是企业为取得或保持持续的竞争优势,通过在不断变化的环境中对经营范围、核心资源与经营网络的界定,通过配置、构造、协调其在市场上的活动来确立创造价值的方式。
2.战略管理是涉及到对有关未来企业方向和范围作出决策和决策的实施。
3.企业使命:是对企业的经营范围、市场目标等的概括描述,它更加具体地表明了企业的性质和发展方向。
4.企业愿景:是企业前进的方向、意欲占领的业务位置和计划发展的能力,它具有塑造战略框架、指导管理决策的作用。
5.产业价值链分析:企业的价值链与上游供应上、中游经销商和下游客户的价值链相连而构成的。
(活动成本分析,产业利润结构分析,企业价值是整个价值系统的一部分)6.企业核心竞争力:是企业独特拥有的能为消费者带来独特效用,使企业在某一市场上具有持续性竞争优势的内在能力资源7.加强型战略:对现有核心业务的现状及其未来充满信息的体现,主要特征是扩大现有业务的规模加强其在行业中的竞争地位。
8.一体化战略是指企业充分利用自己在产品、技术、市场上的优势,根据物资流动的方向,使企业不断地向深度和广度发展的一种战略。
9.多元化战略:或多样化战略或多角化战略,是指企业在原主导产业范围以外的领域从事生产经营活动,是通过开发新产品或开展新业务来扩大产品品种或服务门类,增加企业的产量和销量,扩大规模,提高盈利水平10.联盟战略:指来自不同国家的两个或两个以上的公司参与商务活动的合作性协定。
这些活动可能包括从研发到销售和服务的任何价值链活动。
11.最优成本供应商战略:最优成本供应商战略是通过综合低成本和差异化为顾客所支付的价格提供更多的价值。
其目的在于使产品相对竞争对手的产品拥有最优的价格和特色。
12.竞争优势:就是企业拥有超过行业平均盈利水平的能力。
即一个企业能够以比别的企业更低的成本提供同样的价值(成本领先)或以同样的成本提供更高的价值(差异化),这个企业就相对于别的企业有了竞争优势。
13.公司治理:一系列用于协调,规范董事会,股东会,管理人员行为的制度安排,这种制度安排中规定了企业所有权,控制权,剩余价值索取权的分配问题,以及企业风险的承担问题,而公司治理的目标是直指企业的战略目标的。
战略管理英文版最新版教学课件第2章
LO 2-4 Critically evaluate the relationship between mission statements and competitive advantage.
• BUT…can also
➢ Trigger unethical actions
2-10
LO 2-1 Explain the role of vision, mission, and values in the strategic management process.
LO 2-2 Describe and evaluate the role of strategic intent in achieving longterm goals.
➢ Over 40,000 applicants for 4,500 jobs
TFA Video
2-4
Teach For America – Inspiring Others • What are the key issues in the opening case? • How was TFA able to successfully recruit?
❖ Japanese Government & Bell Labs both said NO
➢ Persisted with request – Finally,1953 got transistor!
❖ “Beat Bell Labs” to pocket-sized radio
战略性资产管理框架的发展【外文翻译】
外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文:DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENTFRAMEWORKAbstract: Success of an asset intensive organization is based on adoption of high quality asset management practices and systems. A strategic asset management framework (SAMF), ties an asset management organization from end to end, and is targeted at improving efficiencies, effectiveness and overall performance whilst meeting the business objectives. A SAMF relies on three critical components – People, Process and Technology (Tools and Systems). Appropriate level of maturity is required in all the three aspects to ensure consistency and sustainability of the asset management outcomes. The development and maintenance of a SAMF is a continuous process and needs to be executed over the entire life cycle of an organization. A sound approach has to be followed to ensure that an appropriate framework on asset management exists and is practiced and maintained by the organization. Apart from a thorough understanding of the business objectives, a SAMF ensures harmonious operation of an organization (consistency) and continual improvement (sustainability). This ultimately leads an organization a step closer to achieving business excellence. The paper defines a strategic asset management framework and discusses steps involved in the development and implementation of such a framework. The approach presented in this paper can be applied to any asset management organization.1 .STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENTThe term asset management has differing meanings to different organizations. The definition of asset management may vary even within the same organization. To some, asset management is just a means to an end, whilst to others it is the core mission. Asset management exists in one form or other in all aspects of life – be itmanaging one’s real estate assets or industrial assets. The term ‘strategic asset management’ is proposed instead of the more loosely used term –‘asset management’.There are various definitions to the strategic asset management. These can be found in numerous strategic asset management plans developed by building, university, utility, industrial and other infrastructure organizations. Each of these plans has defined the strategic asset management based on their organizations drivers and the needs. One of these definitions [1] is –“Strategic Asset Management can be defined as the planned alignment of physical assets with service demand. It is achieved by the systematic management of all decision-making processes taken throughout the lif e of the asset.” Most of the other definitions closely align with this definition. These definitions assume a certain maturity level of the organization, whilst may not ideally provide an environment of a complete assessment of the framework, process maturity and integration systems. This does not mean to say that there is any deficiency in this definition or associated management plans.For the purpose of this paper we define strategic asset management as –“A process of developing, creating, maintaining and disposing assets through a complex series of interlinked well-defined processes that are continually improved, over the life cycle of an organization, with an aim of achieving the objectives of the organiz ation.” This definition takes asset management beyond mere operation and maintenance, and incorporates the creation of new assets as well. Traditionally asset management is only related to managing here and now assets –but this is not adequate in terms of ensuring long-term viability of the organization. Strategic asset management is therefore beyond what is being done or how it is being done.Just like parts of a body need honing and ongoing management to ensure sustainability, asset management processes also require continual development. Strategic asset management also involves this continual improvement of the processes, by monitoring and measurement. In a nutshell, strategic asset management matches the organizations assets (physical, human and resource) to its strategic directions. It develops the relationship between the strategic directions and the operational works.2. STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (SAMF)One of the definitions on Strategic Asset Management Framework (SAMF) “Strategic Asset Management Framework (SAMF) is an integrated pol icy strategy developed to improve asset management and capital investment across the State public sector. The SAMF is designed to ensure that the Government can continue to successfully manage its capital program while meeting its financial targets.”The Strategic Asset Management Framework as discussed in this paper is considered a more enhanced version of this definition. For the purpose of this paper we define “Strategic asset management framework (SAMF) as a tool that ties an asset management organizat ion’s entire business operations from end to end. The framework forms the foundation on which the entire organiz ation operates.” The key objectives of the framework are to ensure that –• The objectives of the organi zations stakeholders (shareholders, customers, regulators, employees, contractors and the community) are met.• The pe rformance of the organization is continually improved.• Long-term viability and sustainability of the organization is ensured.• The organi zation is advancing towards a business excellence framework.The discussion below presents a very fundamental view of the SAMF. and technology (see figure 1) and on this integration resides the delivery systems of the entire organization.The balance between the people, process and technology is achieved through an adequate understanding of the three links, and ensuring that an appropriate framework exists to retain the bond between these links.People – The people aspect of the asset management framework is one of the most critical. From this comes the power of an organiz ation to ‘think’ and ‘act’. It is the people of an organization that conduct the process formulation and improvement, by applying the technology (tools and systems). Having said this, it is vital to recognize that, an organization should render its processes and systems matured enough so that it could sustain itself even when the people turn-around is high.Process – This is the second link of the SAMF. An organization should endeavorto formalize all its key processes. This should be undertaken to drive value and ensure long-term sustainability. The formalization of processes does not tend to limit the continual improvement of the organization or enforce any form of bureaucracy. It provides a common meaning and direction to its internal and external customers, whilst presenting an orderly and matured image of the organization. Formalization of process also enables a framework for formal measurement of the performance of these processes and evaluation as to when the time is opportune enough to modify the processes or retain the good performing ones.Technology –The third link of the SAMF is ‘technology’. This can also be called as ‘tools’ and/or ‘systems’. This link is made up of the tools and systems that enable the processes of the organization. The technology arm binds the people and process links and is vital to consistency and sustainability while ensuring governance and control. The various systems deployed by an organization need to be thoroughly integrated to ensure a smooth transition between the individual processes and deliver maximum efficiencies and effectiveness. The systems link is also the source of the critical information on which people of an organization rely to make their decisions. Asset Management Information System (AMIS) is the key system within this link. Growing importance of the AMIS around the globe and its increasing application and maturity levels are example of the criticality of this link.3. DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (SAMF)The complexity of the process of development of SAMF should not be underestimated. It may appear to be a simple concept, but in practice it requires careful planning, management and adequate steering to enable its success. There is no rules book to the development of the SAMF. The International Infrastructure Management Manual (IIMM) is an accepted industry ‘best practice’ guide to asset management and has been known to be a reference document adopted by regulators and many other industry participants. This manual develops some basic concepts upon which an organization can develop sound asset management fundamentals. Whilst these principles can be adopted in development of SAMF, it is to be acknowledged,that an organization over the time develops its own useful and practical approach to asset management. Various factors need to be considered and analyzed in this process.This paper presents a methodology that could be applied by organizations. The most appropriate methodology has to be decided based on a critical assessment of the present state of operations. Whilst presenting the various options (where they are known to exist), it is assumed that the organizations do not have an existing formal SAMF.An organization could embark on the development of the SAMF, regardless of its age. However, the younger organizations (with some years of operational experience) are more ideally placed to development of a SAMF. This is assuming that the organization has had a holistic experience of all aspects of its internal and external operating environment. As puts it “In the early stages of evolution, companies that have adopted the strategic asset management business model see it first as a catalyst for organizational strategic co st reduction.” For other org anizations, the case will more be of development with continual refinement until the most appropriate framework is developed. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that the framework is not static and needs continual review and refinement as operating environment changes and organizations performance/ performance driver changes. An organization that has undergone a major structural review, a strategic ownership, a major merger, strategic regulatory environment, strategic supplier/ resource environment, can also be treated as a “young” organi zation and has a greater chance of seamless introduction of a SAMF. For older organizations, (with minimal recent changes), the road to introduction of the framework may be more complex and will require deployment of m ore complex ‘strategic management’ techniques than those that may be req uired for younger organizations. This is based on an assumption that older organizations have established traditional processes that will be hard to break or change. However, this may not hold true for all older organizations.4. DELIVERY OF THE STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKAn open-learning environment within the organization is a pre-requisite to the successful implementation of an initiative like SAMF. Based on the complexity of theinitiatives resulting from development of the SAMF, the following steps are required to ensure their successful delivery –• Delivery of a formal SAMF report.• Briefing on the findings during the SAMF d evelopment to the entire organization. This briefing should include the objectives of the SAMF, information on how the SAMF was developed, the target levels for each process (and the rationale/ objective behind this improvement exercise), expected business environment (during and after the implementation of the improvement initiatives), time frames and the overall impact on the business.• A program management schedule should be prepared –with individual projects (improvement initiatives) clearly identified. Clear deliverables and expected quality levels of the deliverables must be prescribed.• During the entire program, strategic management techniques should be planned and implemented. The strategic management techniques should focus not only on the implementation phase, but also on the benefits realization phase (post implementation).• A steering committee including a program manager and associated project team structure should be set up. Ideally, the implementation team should have a greater representation from the internal staff/ end users of the process.• Monitoring of the program should ensure that the benefits are being realized during and after implementation.• It should be possible to monitor the performance of the enhanced/ new processes and such information should be fed back to include in the overall framework.4.1 Post implementation reviewsPost implementation reviews are critical for ongoing success of the SAMF. It should be remembered that, the development of SAMF is not an end of the journey. This is a never-ending journey and must involve periodic (preferred biennial) assessments of process maturity. This will ensure that best practices are continuously identified (and embraced) and any performance issues are actively addressed through feedback loop.5 .EXPERIENCES AND CONCLUSIONSThe proposed process of development of SAMF has been successfully utilized by a regulated, monopoly utility. It is acknowledged that the process is easy to use, but requires careful planning and adaptation to individual organiz ation’s environment.Development and implementation of a strategic asset management framework is critical for long-term success of asset intensive organizations. A process for development of the SAMF has been discussed in details, including the key aspects to be applied during implementation of this SAMF. This framework is based on the key concepts as discussed in the International Infrastructure Management Plan and been practically implemented in a regulated monopoly utility.Strategic Asset Management Framework development could result into useful insights to the business model (and its processes) and is a vital input to strategic business planning exercise. The SAMF development, implementation and continual review will assist organizations to unleash maximum value out of its resources and deliver best returns to its stakeholders.Source: Ankur Maheshwari.Development of a Strategic Asset Management Frame work[J].Engineering Asset Management.2006: 596-605.二、翻译文章译文:战略性资产管理框架的发展资产密集型企业的成功是基于采用高品质的资产管理方法和制度。
翻译swot分析方案
翻译SWOT分析方案引言SWOT分析是一种常用的战略管理工具,用于评估一个组织或项目的优势、劣势、机会和威胁。
它可以帮助我们了解当前情况,并制定相应的策略来应对挑战和利用机会。
本文将介绍一种翻译SWOT分析方案,以便更好地了解目标市场的优势、劣势、机会和威胁。
SWOT分析概述SWOT分析是根据组织的内外环境因素,通过评估其内部优势和劣势,以及外部机会和威胁,从而制定战略决策的一种管理工具。
SWOT代表Strengths(优势)、Weaknesses(劣势)、Opportunities(机会)和Threats(威胁)。
为了进行SWOT分析,我们需要收集相关数据和信息,对其进行分类和评估,并归纳出关键因素。
然后,我们可以制定相应的战略来利用有利的因素,弥补劣势,并应对可能的威胁。
翻译SWOT分析方案翻译SWOT分析是一种在跨文化环境中进行SWOT分析的方法。
考虑到不同文化背景和语言差异,我们需要对目标市场进行深入了解,并运用适当的翻译策略来保持分析的准确性和完整性。
以下是一个翻译SWOT分析的方案,以帮助我们更好地理解目标市场的优势、劣势、机会和威胁。
1. 收集信息首先,我们需要收集关于目标市场的相关信息和数据。
这包括市场规模、竞争对手、文化背景、消费者行为等。
信息的收集可以通过市场调研、文献研究、专家采访等方式进行。
2. 分类和评估在收集到足够的信息后,我们可以对其进行分类和评估。
根据SWOT框架,我们可以将相关信息归类为优势、劣势、机会和威胁。
然后,我们可以对每个类别进行详细评估,识别关键因素和趋势。
3. 翻译策略在进行SWOT分析的过程中,我们需要考虑目标市场的文化和语言特点,以确保准确翻译和理解。
以下是一些常用的翻译策略:•本土化翻译:将优势、劣势、机会和威胁的描述与目标市场的文化相匹配,以便更好地与当地的消费者或利益相关者沟通。
•语言转换:将SWOT分析中的关键词和概念翻译为目标市场的本土语言,以确保准确传达信息。
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案例研究
------开发获胜竞争战略
目录:
一、行政管理概述
二、研究背景
1、宏观条件
2、工业大小与市场
3、五个有利的案例
4、工业的关键成功因素
5、竞争条件
三、分析内在的商业因素
1、财经回报
2、SWOT分析
四、战略计划
1、预设
2、任务实施过程
3、价值
4、指导战略
5、功能战略
6、竞争战略
五、树立目标
1、战略目标
2、金融目标
六、计划B
七、推荐、建议
一、总述
1、回顾:
Glo—Bus是一个制造数码相机的全球性公司,这家公司成立于2005年在Hanel的1号工厂,它的零售连锁店遍及四大洲:欧、非、亚、拉丁美洲和北美洲。
在意大利米兰、新加坡、巴西、圣保罗、加拿大多伦多年度销售为2亿零六百万美元。
季度产值前三个季度为20%,第四季度为40%,以JIT为基础的产量。
2、SWOT分析:
强项:控制着顾客并定向销售。
一、在世界许多国家和地区有售;
二、对于零售者通过价格、广告成本及折扣竞争;
三、通过对顾客服务例如:担保时间、态度温和、名誉、技术支持而获得竞争实力。
弱项:在某些市场上有缺口(尤其在拉美地区)
业绩不如竞争者高,(无论在初级市场或在多功能数码相机部分)
机会:
具备开发新产品的能力
当市场在五年内以大约8%--10%的速度平稳上升时有扩展市场的可行性;
在当地销售方面,为多功能相机开拓市场。
挑战:
在不同国家法律与规章制度的影响;
市场需求具有季节性;
由于文化差异,在不同国家或许会有反动的行动。
策略:
预设:成为统领世界的数码相机制造商,用我们的数码产品和技术服务使顾客满意。
实施过程:
我们的办法是向全世界的顾客提供最先进的现代数码产品以及产品种类最多的数码相机。
用此目标来成为数码相机领域的领袖,我们将经常投入资本及技术研究,革新及应用方面,用人们满腔的激情热忱及创造力来创造高品质的产品。
战略方向:
具有产生具有利益和高ROT的能力,确保该公司在全球市场的领先地位。
功能性策略:
市场战略:
提升公司的服务质量
开发公告项目并为顾客提供直接的支持
以季度或周为单位,启动专门的营销宣传活动,按批发价算出此类宣传的折扣率。
创新策略:
集中精力致力于开发新主张和新技术投资。
竞争策略:通过提供有特色的、顾客更欢迎的服务,使用差异性作为竞争策略。
计划B:因为该地区深受西班牙和葡萄牙文化的影响,假定在某区域尤其在拉丁美洲文化方面有重大的区别。
市场策略:
进行市场调查研究,以查出文化差异及对产品的要求
组织系列活动,树立服务形象代言,把社会责任感联系在一起
通过报纸、电视、互联网大量做与区域文化相联系的广告。
财经策略:
实行不同于其他地区的市场投资战略;
投资于公众,用良好的责任感,树立公司形象。
产品策略:
以当地人们的需要和品位改善生产流程(例如,增加葡萄牙语、西班牙语,设计多数包装。
)
实施背景:
1、宏观条件:
经济的增长使价格一直下跌,有许多失业的顾客,消费群体在减少;
顾客对相机的新特点表现出更浓的兴趣;
在不同国家各种法律法规以及关税障碍也在很大程度上影响业务。
2、产业大小与市场
全球市场对数码相机的年平均增长率为9%。
3、五个有效案例
竞争强度:
相机市场竞争激烈,多数是声誉与制度的竞争
竞争的公司经常启动许多广告和宣传方案。
替代取代的挑战:
由于该产业年增长9%的强烈吸引,很快会有新成员的加入。
购买者的能力:
零售者:大约有五万名数码相机的零售商,他们通过网络或零售销售数码相机,这些零售店很明显在整个销售中占很大的比例,因此,相机生产商在很大程度上依赖他们。
终极买方:数码相机的消费者通常是有知识的,需要相机具备一定的功能和图片质量,他们在购买时很慎重,通常会比较价格及售后服务态度。
供应者实力:相机的各部件是由那些供应商按时送往工厂的基础,因此,这些供应商在是否有能力生产的影响公司的销售计划。
产业的关键成功因素:
在数码相机产业有两个关键的成功因素,包括:强势品牌、宣传及图片质量。
竞争条件:
市场是大品牌,知名商标的竞争,保持技术领先对每家公司来说都是优势,尤其对我们公司也是如此。
一旦投入了市场,一种新的技术可能对以前不容置疑的,一切从新开始。
分析内部业务资源:
1、财政宣传
该公司每年销售80万部初级相机和20万部多功能相机,去年总收入:2亿零六百万美元,纯利:2千万美元,每股收益:2美元。
2、SWOT分析
利弊:
利:有固定的消费群体,有两个产品渠道:初级相机和多功能相机打入了许多国家和地区;先进的生产线和设备;产品符合全部要求(包括生产过程和投递方式);持续提供,推陈出新,增加新功能,改良外观,提升产品;迈过给零售商价格、广告成本与折扣进行竞争;通过客户服务,例如:保修期、品牌、信誉及使用者提供技术支持,与行业竞争;在中层领导者的带领下,通过专业的有能力的团队研究并开发研制新产品、新技术、新图案;财政状况透明,公司在业务处理中规章制度分工明确;改善了在竞争中的宣传商;说服零售商在各种公开场合向公众展示产品;收集各种需求及为滞销产品宣传。
弊:没有检验客户的一览表;在某些市场尤其在拉美市场有空白;在指导市场方面缺乏经验;宣传商没有竞争者高,无论在初用者或是多功能相机用户方面;没有专门的产品及市场发展计划;给零售商发货时间长,因为要依交通方式而定。
机遇:具有开发新产品的能力,五年内产业稳定的市场增长率为8%至10%时,适合拓展市场;6到10年可以在当地商店为多功能相机开拓部分市场;产业的增长率非常乐观。
挑战:在不同地区受法律制度的影响;受关税障碍的影响,受能为竞争者创造优势的环境的影响;风险性----影响目前的商业环境;市场需求的季节性,保证关键员工(指那些在商业活动及生产中担任重要作用的人);可能会有来自多国文化差异的消极行动;竞争者的进攻而造成的损失。
战略计划:
设想:成为世界上顶尖的数码相机制造商,用我们先进的数码产品和技术服务使顾客满意。
任务:我们的任务是为顾客提供世界范围内最先进、最时尚、最多样的数码相机,始终以成为业内领头羊为目标,我们经常投资于研究、改良、投资最新的技术,让人们充满热忱、激情和创造力,创造出高品质的产品。
核心价值:对员工:对个人发展、热情及创造力提供有力的环境;对客户:友
好、紧密的伙伴;对供应者:一个长期的、可信赖的合作者;对竞争者:有利于激发发展和奉献的动机。
对社会:可以保持长期的、有价值的记忆。
策略指导:有能力产生重大的价值和高ROT,确定了公司在全球市场的领先地位。
功能性策略:
市场策略:提升公司的服务品牌;开发广告项目,向顾客提供直接的支持;以季度或周为单位启动专门的宣传推销活动;对比活动以批发价算出折扣率;建立一个当地零售商和商店的一览表;在未来五年内投资市场,拓展活动;进一步扩大零售商数量(充分利用公司的现有品牌效应)。
创新策略:把注意力集中于开发新思想和新技术投资。
人力资源策略:建立有能力的组织,明确组织体制以鼓励勤奋,启动系列活动,参与工作方法讨论,以不断激起员工的创造欲和创新欲;投资关键员工的培训。
财经策略:投资适应顾客需求变化的生产线及新技术;对研究开发新技术给予优先分配资金。
竞争策略:把差异当做竞争策略加以利用,一下业绩为基础:
更高的P/Q;各种各样的模型供选择;提高新产品质量;更先进的技术;质量和可靠地产品;更长的保修期;对顾客更多的技术支持。
树立宗旨:
1、战略目标:在未来五年内,在产品及服务质量和技术上,引领同行业;
稳定的收入增长,高于同产业的平均增长率;被公认为产品创新和技术
知识的产业巨头;可发更强势的国际销售团队和网络销售体系,
2、财政目标:年收入增长率超过9%;返点率超过10%;流动资金充足,对
新机遇可以随时拨款;在危机时保证收入稳定。
计划B:
战略计划:假定某些地区间尤其是在拉美地区,存在文化的重大差异,因为这一地区深受西班牙和葡萄牙文化的影响,当接近这一地区时,GLO—BUS在说服当地商家展示公司产品方面面临着挑战,同时,在此地区,几乎没有GLO—BUS品牌的零售商,顾客难以知道该公司的产品,因此,和剩下的三个地区相比,该地区的销售量最低;另一方面,该公司的市场战略是打入当地的零售商店,以便进一步宣传公司的产品,接下来,公司就可以为顾客提供更好的销售方式和售后服务。
市场战略:进行市场调查研究,以发现文化差别和对产品的需求,组织大型活动,树立与品牌责任感相联系的品牌形象;通过与当地文化相联系的报纸、电视、网络做广告;以客户需求和个人品味为基础,直接供应给客户;通过宣传性的活动和旅游,激发客户需求,开发专门的宣传渠道以鼓励客户的消费;延长保修期;组织直接的市场管理。
功能性战略:投资于实施不同于其它地区的市场策略;投资社会以建立良好的社会责任感的公司形象;渗透低成本政策;在价格上支持当地零售商;从长远计划看,在该地区建立装配厂,以获得廉价的劳动力。
产品战略:改革产品生产线,满足当地人群的需求与品味,例如:增加西班牙语、葡萄牙语,设计多彩的包装;保证产品的运输与储存条件;在形状、大小、特性等方面区别于竞争者的产品。
建议:在精确表达合作战略时,公司应注意地区特点或者分别开发;公司应该有长期的新产品开发计划,这种计划应致力于相机性能,P/Q质量至少达到四星
级标准。