【英美概况】【课堂笔记】高校排名The Times Higher Education Supplement world university Top 20
【英美概况】【课堂笔记】美国文学american literature
AMERICAN LITERATUREWe shall not cease from explorationAnd the end of all our exploringWill be to arrive where we startedAnd know the place for the first time.T.S. Eliot --- Little GiddingLiterature represents the language of a people, their culture and their tradition. But the reading of literature is more important to us than just a historical or cultural activity. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. When we enjoy the comedies and the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays, we may also grow and evolve through our literary journey with books.American literature is a literature that has recorded the stories of a search. Early explorers searched for new lands and new wealth. The puritans searched for a place that would become the ideal community, one of which God would approve. Many Americans travelled across America simply because they were restless and were searching for new experiences and opportunities. These searches can be said to be the “pursuit of happiness” and Americ an literature is the story of that pursuit.Some of the early literature was concerned with life in the cities and on the frontier. It created heroes and characters that epitomised the adventurous, the brave and the strong individual. This literature could be said to have created a history for a country which, in European eyes, had very little history!As the country expanded westwards, some authors questioned some of the beliefs and lifestyle of the established east coast communities. For instance, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a book called ‘Nature’ that questioned whether or not humans needed religion to reach a higher state of spirituality. Henry Thoreau wrote about how important it was for individuals to think for themselves, and claimed that an individua l’s conscience is more important than the demands of society. These ideas caused much controversy and discussion.Other writers of this time were writing about human imagination and emotion, rather than intellect. These novels asked the reader to understand the nature of guilt, pride and emotional repression, and to find meaning in his/her life.After the Civil War (1861-1865) many Americans became discontent with the growing materialism of society, and some writers wrote about the harsher reality which was facing some Americans in their daily lives. For instance, they wrote of poor working conditions, unsympathetic reactions by the community to someone who has committed ‘sin’, and of people findingthemselves trapped in their environment and struggling to find happiness.There were also writers like Emily Dickinson who wrote poems such as this:If I can stop one heart from breaking,I shall not live in vain;If I can ease one life the aching,Or cool one pain,Or help one fainting robinUnto his nest again,I shall not live in vain.The first half of the 20th century saw the emergence of writersc alled “Imagists” whose poems focused on strong, concrete images. An example of this style was T.S.Eliot’s poem called the ‘The Waste Land’. This poem created images for the reader to interpret. Another such writer was E. E. Cumming, who threw away the rules of punctuation, spelling and even changed the way words were placed on the page.In the 1920’s in New York there emerged of a lively, powerful form of African-American music called jazz, and at the same time African-American writers began writing about the black community and their lives. Their writings used the rhythms drawn from their African and slavery. They told the American people not only about the injustices that society inflicted upon blacks, but also about the rich cultural life of the “the new negro” who was proud of his/her racial identity. Two African-American writers of this period were Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen.Mother To Son by Langston HughesWell, son, I'll tell you:Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.It's had tacks in it,And splinters,And boards torn up,And places with no carpet on the floor—Bare.But all the timeI'se been a-climbin' on,And reachin' landin's,And turnin' corners,And sometimes goin' in the darkWhere there ain't been no light.So, boy, don't you turn back.Don't you set down on the steps.'Cause you finds it's kinder hard.Don't you fall now—For I'se still goin', honey,I'se still climbin',And life for me ain't been no crystal stair.Post World War 2 authors started to write about American society in ways that questioned the direction in which society was going. After a short period of conservatism (1940’s and 1950’s), Americans saw a significant change in their culture and lifestyle. It was the period of African-American activism/protest, the feminist movement, the sexual revolution, the peace movement, and, it was a time when many alternative lifestyles were being experimented with. Politically, the world was in the midst of the Cold War between the USA with its political allies and the USSR and communism in general.People who immigrated to America were often said to be pursuing “The American Dream”. The term “The American Dream” represented an ideal. Simply stated, it meant that in America a person could achieve anything if he/she really wanted it enough. In recent history some people started doubting the possibility of this ideal: it seemed that the ideal could not be possible while society was the way that it was. Some people wanted to change society, and said that “The Dream” should be not be so much about economic success but more about personal fulfillment and the development of a just and caring society. People wanted to feel that they had a purpose in society, where they were needed, where they could fulfill their potential and where they could develop as an individual. It can be seen that some writers expressed a sense of hopelessness about achieving “The Dream” in their books and poetry.Richard Coryby Edwin Arlington RobinsonWhenever Richard Cory went downtown,We people on the pavement looked at him:He was a gentleman from sole to crown,Clean favored, and imperially slim.And he was always quietly arrayed,And he was always human when he talked;But still he fluttered pulses when he said, “Good morning,” and he glittered when he walked. And he was rich -- yes, richer than a king,And admirably schooled in every grace:In fine, we thought that he was everythingTo make us wish that we were in his place.So on we worked, and waited for the light,And went without the meat, and cursed the bread, And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,Went home and put a bullet through his head.Books, such as the following, also reflected this era:‘Catch 22’ (Joseph Heller) portrayed war as an absurd exercise for madmen. (1961)‘Death of a Salesman’ (Arthur Miller) is a play about the com mon man pressured by society. He tries to provide for his family but ultimately he fails to achieve what he thinks (and what society thinks) he should achieve. His unfulfilled dreams lead to a tragic ending.‘Native Son’ (Richard Wright) is a novel which has a black hero, whose character has been heavily impacted upon by a violent and cruel society. (1940)‘Catcher in the Rye’ (J.D.Salinger) is a book which portrays, through the eyes of a teenage boy, the hypocrisies of the adult world. The boy feels a sense of hopelessness about his world.Toni Morrison’s poems portrayed strong black women in society, and the struggles of growing up being black in America during the 1960’s and 1970’s.‘America’ (Allen Ginsberg) is a poem of anger and rage. It expresses the feelings of the Beat writers about the state of American culture in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Th e poem rages against the traditional American values of that time.‘The Kitchen God’s Wife’ by Amy Tan (1991) is a novel about her mother, who was born in China but who later, with her American husband, moved to America. The novel shows how the author sees her mother as a slight embarrassment, because of her traditional Chinese behaviour. Her mother tells her the story of her life in China. At the end of the story the young women comes to see her mother in an entirely different way. The love for her mother is still there, but her respect for her is now immense. Amy Tan was born in America and lives with her family.Extra PoemsWhat Fifty Said by Robert Frost (1925) When I was young my teachers were the old.I gave up fire for form till I was cold.I suffered like a metal being cast.I went to school to age to learn the past.Now when I am old my teachers are the young. What can't be molded must be cracked and sprung.I strain at lessons fit to start a suture.I got to school to youth to learn the future.Hey, that's no way to say goodbye by Leonard CohenI loved you in the morning, our kisses deep and warm,your hair upon the pillow like a sleepy golden storm, yes, many loved before us, I know that we are not new,in city and in forest they smiled like me and you, but now it's come to distances and both of us must try,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.I'm not looking for another as I wander in my time, walk me to the corner, our steps will always rhyme you know my love goes with you as your love stays with me,it's just the way it changes, like the shoreline and the sea,but let's not talk of love or chains and things we can't untie,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.I loved you in the morning, our kisses deep and warm,your hair upon the pillow like a sleepy golden storm, yes many loved before us, I know that we are not new,in city and in forest they smiled like me and you, but let's not talk of love or chains and things we can't untie,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.So long, Marianne by Leonard CohenCome over to the window, my little darling,I'd like to try to read your palm.I used to think I was some kind of Gypsy boy before I let you take me home.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we beganto laugh and cry and cry and laugh about it all again.Well you know that I love to live with you,but you make me forget so very much.I forget to pray for the angelsand then the angels forget to pray for us.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...We met when we were almost youngdeep in the green lilac park.You held on to me like I was a crucifix,as we went kneeling through the dark.Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...Your letters they all say that you're beside me now. Then why do I feel alone?I'm standing on a ledge and your fine spider web is fastening my ankle to a stone.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...For now I need your hidden love.I'm cold as a new razor blade.You left when I told you I was curious,I never said that I was brave.Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...Oh, you are really such a pretty one.I see you've gone and changed your name again. And just when I climbed this whole mountainside, to wash my eyelids in the rain!Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...It Ain’t Me Babe by Bob DylanGo 'way from my window,Leave at your own chosen speed.I'm not the one you want, babe,I'm not the one you need.You say you're lookin' for someone Never weak but always strong,To protect you an' defend you Whether you are right or wrong, Someone to open each and every door, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.Go lightly from the ledge, babe,Go lightly on the ground.I'm not the one you want, babe,I will only let you down.You say you're looking' for someone Who will promise never to part, Someone to close his eyes for you, Someone to close his heart, Someone who will die for you an' more, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.Go melt back into the night, babe, Everything inside is made of stone. There's nothing in here movingAn' anyway I'm not alone.You say you're looking for someone Who'll pick you up each time you fall, To gather flowers constantlyAn' to come each time you call,A lover for your life an' nothing more, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.The Times They Are A-Changing by Bob Dylan Come gather 'round peopleWherever you roamAnd admit that the watersAround you have grownAnd accept it that soonYou'll be drenched to the bone.If your time to youIs worth savin'Then you better start swimmin'Or you'll sink like a stoneFor the times they are a-changin'.Come writers and criticsWho prophesize with your penAnd keep your eyes wideThe chance won't come againAnd don't speak too soonFor the wheel's still in spinAnd there's no tellin' whoThat it's namin'.For the loser nowWill be later to winFor the times they are a-changin'.Come senators, congressmenPlease heed the callDon't stand in the doorwayDon't block up the hallFor he that gets hurtWill be he who has stalled There's a battle outsideAnd it is ragin'.It'll soon shake your windows And rattle your wallsFor the times they are a-changin'. Come mothers and fathers Throughout the landAnd don't criticizeWhat you can't understandYour sons and your daughters Are beyond your command Your old road isRapidly agin'.Please get out of the new oneIf you can't lend your handFor the times they are a-changin'. The line it is drawnThe curse it is castThe slow one nowWill later be fastAs the present nowWill later be pastThe order isRapidly fadin'.And the first one nowWill later be lastFor the times they are a-changin'.Suzanne by Leonard CohenSuzanne takes you down to her place near the river You can hear the boats go byYou can spend the night beside herAnd you know that she's half crazyBut that's why you want to be thereAnd she feeds you tea and orangesThat come all the way fromChinaAnd just when you mean to tell herThat you have no love to give herThen she gets you on her wavelengthAnd she lets the river answerThat you've always been her loverAnd you want to travel with herAnd you want to travel blindAnd you know that she will trust youFor you've touched her perfect body with your mind.And Jesus was a sailorWhen he walked upon the waterAnd he spent a long time watchingFrom his lonely wooden towerAnd when he knew for certainOnly drowning men could see himHe said "All men will be sailors thenUntil the sea shall free them"But he himself was brokenLong before the sky would openForsaken, almost humanHe sank beneath your wisdom like a stoneAnd you want to travel with himAnd you want to travel blindAnd you think maybe you'll trust himFor he's touched your perfect body with his mind. Now Suzanne takes your handAnd she leads you to the riverShe is wearing rags and feathersFrom Salvation Army countersAnd the sun pours down like honeyOn our lady of the harbourAnd she shows you where to lookAmong the garbage and the flowersThere are heroes in the seaweedThere are children in the morningThey are leaning out for loveAnd they will lean that way foreverWhile Suzanne holds the mirrorAnd you want to travel with herAnd you want to travel blindAnd you know that you can trust herFor she's touched your perfect body with her mind.。
英美概况内容及翻译
英美概况复习此为大学英语专业考试内容，下文含翻译。
USAI. Geography1. Geographic Features1.1 The Eastern HighlandsFormed by the Appalachian Range.?1. An average elevation of 800 meters above the sea level.?2. The highest peak:? Mount Mitchell (1856 m)：the highest peak of the Appalachian Range ?3. East: the narrow Atlantic Coast plain1.2 The Central Plains1. Vast plains between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?2. Drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries?3. Usually divided into two regions:?1) the Great Plains in the west: vast treeless prairies in the west and agricultural areas in the east?2) the Central Lowland in the east: from the five Great Lakes to central Texas1.3 The Western MountainsHigh plateaus and mountainous country?1. The Rocky Mountains: over 3,000 meters above the sea level?The continental divide of the United States ?2. West of the Rockies:? the Columbia Plateau in the north ?the Colorado Plateau in the southGrand Canyon,the Great Basin in between?The Pacific Mountain System consists of three regions: The Cascade Range, the Sierra-Nevada, and the Pacific Coast Range.?The Sierras contain Mount Whitney (4421m), the highest peak in the US outside Alaska.?Death Valley in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level2. ClimateThe United States has a large size and a wide range of geographic features. Every type of climate is represented in the country: The climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semi-arid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in Coastal California, arid in the Great Basin?Extreme weather is common: the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the continental United States, primarily in the Midwest.3. RiversThe Mississippi River (Great River, Big River in Indian language) is 3,770 km long: the second longest river in the United States. It originates from Minnesota and empties into the Gulf of Mexico.?The Missouri River is 4,090 km long. It is the longest river (longest branch of the Mississippi). It is a Mississippi tributary, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin and emptying into the Mississippi River.The length of the Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson combination is approximately 6,262 km?The Arkansas River (2,364 km) is the second longest tributary of the Mississippi River. The Ohio River is the largest Mississippi tributary measured by water volume.?The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. Rising in British Columbia, Canada, it runs 3,700 km long, emptying into the Bering Sea.5 great lakesII． American History1. Where did the first Americans come from and why did they migrate to America?Book P 4-52. American Civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the “Union”), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.2.1 The CausesThe coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slaveryNorth made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die. Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s. Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor vs. slave plantations caused the Whig and “Know-Nothing” parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.2.2 Factors Affecting the Process and ResultsWhat greatly affected the process as well as the result of the war were the differences between the South and the North in their strategies, geographical features, technology, and manpower and finance.2.2.1 StrategiesAs men poured into the armies, Northern and Southern leaders discussed strategies that would achieve victory.Northern armies would have to invade the Confederacy, destroy its capacity to wage war, and crush the will of the Southern people to resist. The Confederacy could win by prolonging the war to a point where the Northern people would consider the effort too costly in lives and money to persist.The South had a compelling example in the American Revolution of a seemingly weaker power defeating a much stronger one. If the North chose not to mount a military effort to coerce the seceded states back into the Union, the Confederacy would win independence by default.Lincoln and other Northern leaders, however, had no intention of letting the Southern states go without a fight. The most prominent American military figure in the spring of 1861 was Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief of the United States Army. With a brilliant mind, Scott conceived a long-range strategy to bring Northern victory. Scott’s plan sought to apply pressure on the Confederacy from all sides. A combined force of naval and army units would sweep down the Mississippi River, d ividing the Confederacy’s eastern and western states. At the same time, the Union navy would institute a blockade to deny the Confederacy access to European manufactured goods. Should the South continue to resist evenafter the loss of the Mississippi and the closing of its ports, Scott envisioned a major invasion into the heart of the Confederacy.2.2.2 GeographyGeography played a major role in how effectively the two sides were able to carry out their strategies.The sheer size of the Confederacy posed a daunting obstacle to Northern military forces. Totaling more than 1,940,000 km2 and without a well-developed network of roads, the Southern landscape challenged the North’s ability to supply armies that maneuvered at increasing distances from Union bases.It was also almost impossible to make the North’s blockade of Southern ports completely effective because the South’s coastline stretched 5600 km and contained nearly 200 harbors and mouths of navigable rivers.The Appalachian Mountains also hindered rapid movement of Northern forces between the eastern and western areas of the Confederacy while the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia offered a protected route through which Confederate armies could invade the North.The placement of Southern rivers, however, favored the North. The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers provided excellent north-south avenues of advance for Union armies west of the Appalachians.2.2.3 TechnologyTechnological advances helped both sides deal with the great distances over which the armies fought. The Civil War was the first large conflict that featured railroads and the telegraph. Railroads rapidly moved hundreds of thousands of soldiers and vast quantities of supplies; the North contained almost twice as many miles of railroad lines as the South. Telegraphic communication permitted both governments to coordinate military movements on sprawling geographical fronts.The combatants also took advantage of numerous other recent advances in military technology. The most important was the rifle musket carried by most of the infantrymen on both sides. The rifle musket, with an effective range of 225 to 275 meters, allowed defenders to break up attacks long before they reached the defenders’ positions.Other new technologies included ironclad warships, which were used by both sides; the deployment of manned balloons for aerial reconnaissance on battlefields, used mainly by the North. The technology for all of these weapons had been present before the Civil War, but never before had armies applied the technology so widely.2.2.4 Manpower and FinanceAt the beginning of the war, state militias provided most of the troops for both Union and Confederate armies. Soon large numbers of civilianswere volunteering for military service. Throughout the war, the bulk of the forces consisted of volunteers.When the number of volunteers lagged behind the growing battle casualties, both the Northern and Southern governments resorted to drafting men into the armies. The Confederacy passed the first draft act in April 1862. The Union followed almost a year later.Although the draft itself did not produce a sufficient number of soldiers, the threat of being drafted led many to volunteer and collect a bounty, which was paid to volunteers. Some soldiers were unscrupulous enough to enlist, desert, and reenlist to collect the bounty more than once.The Civil War, like all wars, called for great sums of money to pay troops and supply them with equipment. At the outset of the war the Confederacy depended on loans, but this source of finance soon disappeared as Southerners began to be affected financially by the cost of the war and unable to buy bonds. Instead it relied on paper money, freely printed. The Confederacy suffered greatly from severe inflation and debt throughout the war. The Confederate rate of inflation was about 9200%.The Union financed its armies by loans and taxes to a much greater degree than the Confederacy, even resorting to an income tax. The people of the North were more prosperous than those of the South. A national banking system was established by Congress to stimulate sales of U.S. bonds. Northerners had savings with which they could buy the bonds and had earnings from which taxes could be taken.2.3 The Process2.6.1 Eastern Theater (1861-1863)2.6.3 Western Theater (1861-1863)2.6.4 Trans-Mississippi Theater (1861-1865)3. America in World War IWorld War I, military conflict, from August 1914 to November 1918, that involved many of the countries of Europe as well as the United States and other nations throughout the world.World War I was one of the most violent and destructive wars in European history.Of the 65 million men who were mobilized, more than 10 million were killed and more than 20 million wounded.The term World War I did not come into general use until a second worldwide conflict broke out in 1939. Before that year, the war was known as the Great War or the World War.1.1 Coalitions InvolvedThe war began as a clash between two coalitions of European countries.The first coalition, known as the Allied Powers, included the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Russian Empire.The Central Powers, which opposed them, consisted of the empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary.1.2 The Immediate CauseThe immediate cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian nationalist.The fundamental causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply in the European history of the previous century, particularly in the political and economic policies that prevailed in Europe after 1871, the year that Germany emerged as a major European power.2. The Great DepressionOn October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.However, the post-war industrial boom and the prosperity were soon to vanish. The Great Depression in the United States, worst and longest economic collapse in the history of the modern industrial world, began from the end of 1929 until the early 1940s.2.1 The CausesThe depression was caused by a number of serious weaknesses in the economy.It is a common misconception that the stock market crash of October 1929 was the cause of the Great Depression. The two events were closely related, but both were the results of deep problems in the modern economy that were building up through the “prosperity decade” of the 1920s.As is typical of post-war periods, Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away from international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism.The self-centered attitudes of the 1920s seemed to fit nicely with the needs of the economy. Modern industry had the capacity to produce vast quantities of consumer goods, but this created a fundamental problem: Prosperity could continue only if demand was made to grow as rapidly as supply. Accordingly, people had to be persuaded to abandon such traditional values as saving, postponing pleasures and purchases, and buying only what they needed. Advertising methods were used to persuade people to buy such relatively new products as automobiles and such completely new ones as radios and household appliances. The resulting mass consumption kept the economy going through most of the 1920s.But there was an underlying economic problem: Income was distributed very unevenly, and the portion going to the wealthiest Americans grew larger as the decade proceeded. This was due largely to two factors: While businesses showed remarkable gains in productivity during the 1920s, workers got a relatively small share of the wealth this produced. Between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per person-hour increased by 32 percent, but workers’ wages grew by only 8 percent. Corporate profits shot up by 65 percent in the same period.As a result of these trends, in 1929 the top 0.1 percent of American families had a total income equal to that of the bottom 42 percent. This meant that many people who were willing to purchase new products did not have enough money to do so. To get around this difficulty, the 1920s produced another innovation—“credit,” an attractive name for consumer debt. People were allowed to “buy now, pay later.”International problems also weakened the economy. After World War I the United States became the world’s chief creditor as European countries struggled to pay war debts and reparations. Many American bankers were not ready for this new role. They lent heavily and unwisely to borrowers in Europe, especially Germany, who would have difficulty repaying the loans, particularly if there was a serious economic downturn. These huge debts made the international banking structure extremely unstable by the late 1920s.In addition, the United States maintained high tariffs on goods imported from other countries, at the same time that it was making foreign loans and trying to export products. This combination could not be sustained: If other nations could not sell their goods in the United States, they could not make enough money to buy American products or repay American loans.The rising incomes of the wealthiest Americans fueled rapid growth in the stock market, especially between 1927 and 1929. Soon the prices of stocks were rising far beyond the worth of the shares of the companies they represented. People were willing to pay inflated prices because they believed the stock prices would continue to rise and they could soon sell their stocks at a profit.In 1928 the Dow Jones industrial average, an index that tracks the stock prices of key industrial companies, doubled in value in less than two years. But the stock boom could not last. The great bull market of the late 1920s was a classic example of a specul ative “bubble” scheme. In the fall of 1929 confidence that prices would keep rising faltered, then failed.Starting in late October the market plummeted as investors began selling stocks. On October 29, known as Black Tuesday, the worst day of the panic, stocks lost $10 billion to $15 billion in value. By mid-November almost all of the gains of the previous two years had been wiped out, withlosses estimated at $30 billion.The stock market crash announced the beginning of the Great Depression.2.3 R oosevelt’s New DealThe initial government response to the Great Depression was ineffective, as President Hoover insisted that the economy was sound and that prosperity would soon return.But business owners saw no reason to increase production while unsold goods clogged their shelves. By 1932 investment had dropped to less than 5 percent of its 1929 level. By the election year of 1932, the depression had made Hoover so unpopular that the election of the Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt was all but assured. Shortly after his inauguration in 1933, Roosevelt quickly lifted the nation’s spirits with the rapid and unprecedented actions of the New Deal.The New Deal produced a wide variety of programs to reduce unemployment, assist businesses and agriculture, regulate banking and the stock market, and provide security for the needy, elderly, and disabled. The basic idea of early New Deal programs was to lower the supply of goods to the current, depressed level of consumption. The government sought to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow surplus crops and to create codes for many industries that regulated competition while guaranteeing minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The New Deal also tried to increase demand, pumping large amounts of money into the economy through public works programs and relief measures.Public works projects not only provided jobs but built schools, dams, and roads. The New Deal helped people to survive the depression. Unemployment was reduced, but remained high through the 1930s. Farm income rose from a low of $1.9 billion in 1932 to $4.2 billion in 1940. The demands of the depression led the United States to institute social-security programs and accept labor unions, measures that had been taken decades earlier in many European nations.3.2.1 US and Japanese ConflictIn the final result, however, the United States had little choice in the matter. When France had fallen to Germany, Japan had begun to move into French Indo-China, which had been France's source of rubber and was thought to be rich in oil. The United States government had no desire to see Japan in possession of its own stocks of these essential resources and so threatened to place an embargo on these goods. The Japanese responded in an unexpected way. On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Japanese naval aircraft attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at anchor at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian islands. The Pearl Harbor Attack brought the United States into the war on December 8. Germany and Italy declared war on the United Stateson DecemberThe CongressThe United StatesCongress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election.As provided by the United States Constitution, each of the 435 members of the House of Representatives represents a district and serves a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. The 100 Senators serve staggered six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. Every two years, approximately one-third of the Senate is elected.checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.What is American General Education?见书English2.1 The Iberians1) They are the earliest settlers on the British Isles.2.2 The Celts1) From 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.2) The fair-haired Celts imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland.3) These people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west.4) At least two big waves of Celtic invasion can be distinguished: first the Gaels or Goidels, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C.; secondly the Cymric and Brythons, still found in Wales, come over before 300 B.C.3. Roman Britain3.1 Roman InvasionRoman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France. They gave some help in the struggle to resist the Roman invasion of France. As a result, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in 55 BC. He landed in Kent with several thousand Roman troops, but meeting resistance and bad weather, the Roman withdrew soon after. In the following year, Julius Caesar and the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. Julius Caesar and his soldiers did not stay long in England before they withdrew again. The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history because Julius Caesar kept a diary and wrote down what he saw in England. The successful invasion of England by the Romans did not take place until nearly a century later, in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Claudius I. The Romans did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now England by driving many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales. The Romans failed to conquer Scotland, they built two great walls, the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent the Picts in Scotland from invading England.3.2 Influences of Roman InvasionThe 3d and 4th centuries witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain.1. Roman urban civilization, baths and amphitheaters, as well Hadrian’s Wall. People who spoke Latin and wore togas. Numerous villas——vast estates worked by slaves and featuring sumptuous noble dwellings—were also established. Beyond these, the countryside remained Celtic.2. A network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;3. A number of towns. They introduced a system of organized government and built a network of towns, mostly walled. These town used names ending with “ster”, “cester”, or “shire” -- Leicester, Worcester and Yorkshire—deriving from castra, the Latin word for camp; the Roman capital was London.4. Christianity; the Romans brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, we proclaimed in 306 AD.5. Water and sewage systems.1.1 Anglo-SaxonSoon after the Romans left, a band of new invaders landed in the southern part of England, in what is now the country of Kent. They were known in history as the Jutes. Other Germanic tribes came trooping after them. This continued for many years. The Saxons came from northern Germany and established their kingdoms in Essex (East Saxow), Succes (South Saxon) and Wessex (West Saxon). In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, also from northern Germans, came and settled in the east part of England. After the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as England, the movement, know in history as the Anglo-Saxon Conquest, was complete. But we must bear in mind that theses Germanic tribes never obtained possession of what we now call Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The inhabitants of these countries were still Celts.The England was divided into seven principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy in English history: Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain.The influence of Anglo-Saxon?The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law.?They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. In this system, the arable land around a village was divided into three hedgeless (open) big fields. These fields were divided into narrow strips which were shared out among the villagers. Good land was thus fairly distributed. One great field was left “fallow” each year so that its soil could recover its richness after two years’ cultivation.?They set up the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. There were wastelands, known as commons, which were used by villagers to graze livestock and get firewood. This system was the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. It helped to shape the English community life and the Anglo-Saxon concept of equality.?They created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.2. Viking Invasion (800–1066)In the 8th century, the Vikings from theScandinavian countries of northern Europe, Norway and Denmark, began to attack the English coast. In the process of resisting the Vikings, the 7 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England gradually became united under Alfred the Great.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He was not only an able warrior but also adedicated scholar and a wise ruler. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system.After the death of Alfred, his successors were not as capable as he had been. Taking advantage of the situation, more Dane came and set about taking possession of the entire country. The Anglo-Saxon king didn’t care for fighting, but he dreamed of buying off the Danes. As a result, more invaders came. In 1016, the Witan chose Canute, the Danish leader, as king of England. Canute, who made England part of a Scandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.3. Norman Conquest3.1 Norman Conquest: CauseAfter the death of Canute’s son, the crown was passed to Edward the Confessor, the last Anglo-Saxon king.When Edward was on his death-bed, several men laid claim to the English throne, the king of Norway, the Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousi n), and Harold Godwinson( a brother of Edward’s wife).William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed the Edward had promised the crown to him before his death. He became very angry when he heard that Harold had taken the crown. Harold knew that William would come to measure swords with him. he was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. He was abiding his time. When the harvest time in England came, ma ny of Harold’s soliders went back home to gather in the crops/. The coast was thus left undefended.William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England in Sep. 1066. Harold, who had been fighting in the north, hurried back with the exhausted troops. They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. It was a close battle at first, but in the final hours William’s superiority in cavalry and archers proved decisive. Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine, and the English army fled.William became known as William the Conqueror, the first Anglo-Norman king of England.3.2 Control of EnglandAfter Willam became the king, he took a few measures to control England Soldiers rewarded: The Normans received from William lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion.All land was the king’s: William claimed ultimate possession of。
2022年伦敦国王学院times世界排名多少
2022年伦敦国王学院times世界排名多少英国名校的留学申请，需要大家筛选合适的目标，了解学校的实力可以参考泰晤士排名，方便大家进行对比。
跟着来一起看看2022年伦敦国王学院times世界排名多少？泰晤士高等教育（Times Higher Education）世界大学排名是四项权威全球大学排行榜之一（其余三项为QS、、ARWU软科），是众多学生择校时的重要参考。
2022年泰晤士高等教育排名共包括了99个国家和地区的1600余所大学，其中包含英国的138所高等院校。
伦敦国王学院times世界排名：在2022times世界大学排名中，伦敦国王学院排名世界35、英国排名第7。
与中国的北京大学（世界排名16）、清华大学（世界排名16）、香港大学（世界排名30）、香港中文大学（世界排名49）排名最为接近。
在此次排名中，伦敦大学国王学院综合得分76分，各单项得分情况如下：①教学T eaching：57.6②研究Research：71.2③引文引用Citations：96.9④行业收入industry income：43.7⑤国际视野International Outlook：95.9伦敦国王学院简称KCL，为伦敦大学联盟创始学校、罗素集团创始成员，与剑桥大学、牛津大学、帝国理工学院、伦敦大学学院和伦敦政治经济学院并称为金三角名校。
伦敦国王学院是英国久负盛名的公立综合性研究型大学，众多学科都是英国领先水平。
伦敦国王学院的王牌专业有通信工程、计算机、传媒、法学、护理学、牙科、哲学、心理学、教育学等等。
伦敦大学国王学院不接受中国高考成绩直接申请本科，需要先完成预科课程，之后再升读本科；申请预科课程需完成高中三年课程且均分达到80%以上，雅思需达到6.0分。
申请伦敦国王学院硕士需取得认可大学学士学位且均分达到75%-85%，雅思至少需达到6.5分。
学校有世界上最古老的护理学院，开设的临床护理专业在英国数一数二，不仅课程设置全面，所有课程均由国际知名的临床医生和学者进行授课，更能提供临床实习机会，毕业生供不应求，就业前景非常好。
2019年Times英国大学综合排名
9
华威大学
University of Warwick
11
10
利兹大学
University of Leeds
12
14
埃克塞特大学
University of Exeter
13
12
巴斯大学
University of Bath
14
15
伯明翰大学
University of Birmingham
15
13
东英吉利大学
40
32
雷丁大学
University of Reading
2019年Times英国大学综合排名评估参考指标：
1、学生满意度(studentsatisfaction)
2、教学质量及办学经验( teaching quality and the wider university experience)
3、科研水平( research quality)
19=
25
曼彻斯特大学
University of Manchester
21
26
纽卡斯尔大学
Newcastle University
22
16
约克大学
University of York
23
19
萨里大学
University of Surrey
24
28
伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院
Royal Holloway, University of London
University of East Anglia
16
18
诺丁汉大学
University of Nottingham
17
英美概况笔记(中英文对照整理版)[1]
![英美概况笔记(中英文对照整理版)[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/497d6ac0102de2bd96058871.png)
英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
【最新文档】关于Times英国大学排名-word范文 (2页)
【最新文档】关于Times英国大学排名-word范文
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关于Times英国大学排名
001剑桥大学University of Cambridge
001牛津大学University of Oxford
003圣安德鲁斯大学University of St Andrews
004帝国理工学院Imperial College London
005伦敦政治经济学院The London School of Economics and Political Science
006杜伦大学Durham University
007埃克塞特大学University of Exeter
008华威大学The University of Warwick
009伦敦大学学院University College London
010巴斯大学The University of Bath
011萨里大学University of Surrey
012兰卡斯特大学Lancaster University
013拉夫堡大学Loughborough University
014东英吉利亚大学University of East Anglia
015伯明翰大学University of Birmingham
016约克大学(英国)The University of York
017利兹大学University of Leeds
018南安普顿大学University of Southampton。
2022年伦敦大学学院times世界排名一览表
2022年伦敦大学学院times世界排名一览表泰晤士排名是需要大家认真了解的内容，小编在准备阶段，必须要确认好学校的综合实力情况。
今天和小编来一起看看2022年伦敦大学学院times世界排名一览表，欢迎阅读。
泰晤士高等教育（Times Higher Education）世界大学排名是四项权威全球大学排行榜之一（其余三项为QS、、ARWU软科），是众多学生择校时的重要参考。
2022年泰晤士高等教育排名共包括了99个国家和地区的1600余所大学，其中包含英国的138所高等院校。
在2022times世界大学排名中，伦敦大学学院排名世界15、英国第4。
在此次排名中，伦敦大学学院综合得分87.1分，各单项得分情况如下：①教学Teaching：77.8②研究Research：88.7③引文引用Citations：96.1④行业收入industry income：42.7⑤国际视野International Outlook：96.2伦敦大学学院简称UCL，为伦敦大学联盟创始院校，也是英国“G5超级精英大学”之一，英国罗素大学集团成员。
伦敦大学学院是世界顶尖的公立研究型大学，拥有英国国家医学研究所、马德拉空间科学实验室、盖茨比计算机科学中心和英国国家计算金融中心等前沿机构，并且在英国高校中享有最多的科研经费。
伦敦大学学院以其多元、尖端的学科设置著称，该校的王牌专业有考古学、建筑学、化学、化学工程、土木工程、计算机科学、经济学、心理学、地理学、法学、教育学、哲学等等。
伦敦大学学院不接受中国高考成绩或高中文凭直接申请，需要先完成预科课程，之后再升读本科；申请预科课程要求取得高中毕业证书且均分达到80%及以上，雅思至少达到5.5分。
申请伦敦大学学院硕士需取得认可大学学士学位且均分达到80%-85%以上，雅思至少需6.5分。
研究生学历要求：国内大学本科毕业，获得学士学位；中国大陆985或211院校；在校加权均分85分（国内985大学）或 90分（国内211大学）。
英美概况笔记
Chapter 1 The Land1. The official name, national flag, national anthem, and national capital of the country 1.1The Official Name of the Country1The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927)2Great Britain is the largest island of the British Isles, comprised of Scotland. Wales and England, the biggest island in Europe3About 84 percent of the total population of the UK lives in England.4Strictly, “Britain” refers to the largest island in the British Isles, However, the term “Britain” is more commonly used as a political term5“The United Kingdom” came into use in 19226The "British Isles" is a geographical term for a group of islands consisting of Great Britain7The British Isles are the largest group of islands in Europe1.2The National Flag of the Country1The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jack21707 during the reign of queen anne, the first union flag was, by royal proclamation34The current design of the union flag dates from the union of Great Britain and Ireland on Jan. 1st, 1801, making it one of the oldest flags in the world, one of the mostrecognizable flags in the world.5Why doesn’t the Welsh flag appear on the Union Flag?Because Wales had already been united to England when the first version of the Union Flag was designed in 1606. However, the dragon flag is in common use today, flying proudly over public and private buildings throughout Wales.1.3The National Anthem of the Country1GOD SAVE THE QUEEN2Originated in a patriotic song first performed in 1745.3No authorized version of the National Anthem, as the words are a matter of tradition. 4The words used are those sung in 1745.5Substitute “Queen” for “King” where appropriat e.6Also used in a number of Commonwealth realms and British Crown Dependencies.7On official occasions, only the first verse is usually sung.89if there is a King and a Queen at the same time what gender will be in the national anthem?The anthem reflects the gender of the RULER.1.4The National Capital of the Country1LONDON2Facts & Figures of London:a) A history of more than 2000 years, going back to its founding by the Romans.b)Today, the largest city in the UK.c)The largest urban zone in the EU.d)The most populous city in the EU.e)An international city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, finance, education,entertainment, fashion, healthcare, media, tourism and transport.f) A city of a wide range of peoples, cultures and religions.g) A city of more than 300 languages spoken.h) A city drawing the most international visitors to its various attractions.i)Its Chinatown is the largest in Europe.j) A sister city with Beijing since 2006.k)The first city in 2012 hosting the Summer Olympics three times.2. The location and size of the country2.1 The location of the country1Situated on the British Isles — a large group of islands lying off the north-western coast of Europe.2Separated from the European continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover in the south and the North Sea in the east.2.2 The size of the country1Approximately 245,000 square kilometers (94,600 square miles)2The size of England: 130,410 square kilometers (50,350 square miles), accounting for just over half the total area of the UK. The largest part3The size of Scotland: 78,772 square kilometers (30,410 square miles), occupying the northern third of Great Britain. The second largest4The size of Wales: 20,779 square kilometers (8,023 square miles, accounting for less than a tenth of the total area of the UK.5The size of Northern Ireland: 14,160 square kilometers (5,470 square miles), covering about a sixth of the total area of the island of Ireland.3. The terrain, rivers and mountains of the country3.1 The terrain of the country1The highland area --- in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainous regions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales. (Movie Flood) 2The lowland area --- especially in the east and south of England.3.2 The major rivers, lake and mountains of the country1Among the most important rivers is the Thames, which is second longest but is the2table on the next pages.3The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland which covers an area of 396 km2.4The highest mountain is Ben Nevis in Scotland, with a height of 1,344 meters4. The natural resources of the country1Including coal, oil, natural gas, Petroleum, wind power…5. The Climate of the Country1Four features of British Climate:1. more rainy days than sunny days (Shakespeare: Sonnet 18- Shall I compare thee to asummer’s day?)结合十四行诗论述英国气候特点2. temperature does not go extremes (not too hot in Summer or too cold in Winter-Queen EII needs to use reserve to pay for the gas bill)3. fog, mist and overcast skies frequent (in winter)4. changeability and instability (Britain has no climate but weather- that’s why Britishgentlemen always carry an umbrella)6. Major Cities and Scenic Spots6.1 Major Cities1Londona)The capital of both England and the UKb)Has 4 World Heritage Sites: Palace of Westminster, the Tower of London, thehistoric settlement of Greenwich, and Royal Botanic Gardens.c)Guildhall and St. Paul’s Cathedral are two of the city’s landmarks.d)University of London2Edinburgha)Capital of Scotlandb)The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites in 1995.c)One of the important financial and transportation centers in Britain.3Cardiffa)The capital and largest city of wales, located in southeastern wales. The Europe’syoungest capital city4BelfastThe capital of Northern Ireland5BirminghamLocated in England, the second-largest city economy in the UK (the Second City)6GlasgowThe largest city in Scotland7ManchesterLocated in England, one of the oldest cities in Britain8LiverpoolThe fourth largest city in the UK, the third largest in EnglandLiverpool Maritime Mercantile City-- World Heritage Sites Status by UNESCO in 20046.2 Major Scenic SpotsWestminster Palace, Westminster Abbey, the British Museum, Tower of London, the House of Parliament, Buckingham Palace, Hyde Park, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Greenwich Royal Observatory, the River Thames, Lake District of Cumbria, Scottish Highlands, Millennium Stadium, Giants Causeway and Causeway Coast, and Canterbury Cathedral.Westminster Palace: aka the Palace of Westminster or the House of ParliamentChapter 2 The People and Their Culture1.Populationa)The population in the UK was 66,000,000 today.b)There were about 52 million people in England. 84%c)million in Wales 8.5%d) 5.2 million in Scotland 5%e)About 1.8 million in Northern Ireland 3%nguage1Nationalities in Britain2Three Celtic tribes: Gaels, Britons, and Belgic tribesThree germantic tribes: Angles, Saxons and jutesa)England（Anglo-Saxon)-English people speak English: Most British arechildren of Anglo-Saxons.i.The characteristic of the English are谨慎细心cautious, 沉默寡言silent, 讲究服从deferent , 有点保守conservative, and 有侵略性aggressive.b)Scotland (Gaels)-Scots speaks Scottish Gaelici.The characteristic of the Scots are serious, cautious谨慎, and thrifty [`Өrifti]节俭people. They are hospitable, generous and friendly.c)Wales (Welsh, descendants of Briton)-Welshi.The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are proud of their pastand welcome friends.d)N. Ireland (Irish in the past) Irish speak Irish Gaelici.Northern Ireland became mainly Protestant and the rest of Ireland remainedRoman Catholic.ii.Character: The Irish are known for their charm and vivacity [vi`væsiti] 活泼, 有魅力as well as for the beauty of their girls.e)Cornish, a few thousand speak the old Celtic language in west England.2 The major languages spoken in Britain are English, Gaelic (Scottish and Irish) and Welsh.3 English is the official language of the country and is spoken by most of the population.4 One fourth welsh people in Wales speak welsh language.3.Religion1Roman Catholic Church-Catholicisma)Official in 4th c. in Roman Empireb)So influential in the Middle Ages-Dark Ages in west part of Roman Empire2Eastern Orthodox Church正教-“orthodox-right belief正统”a)Established when Roman Empire broke into two , in Constantinople (today’sIstanbul)- leader: Eastern Roman Emperorb)Major doctrines: virgin birth- Maria, icons-worship(Jesus, Maria, saints), cancommunicate with God; marriage allowed; holy Communion(red wine-blood,bread-body of Jesus);3Protestantism-protest against Rome (抗罗宗、基督新教)45The Church of Englanda)Position: most important denomination in U.K.; established Church;b)Governor of the church (Only God can be the head)Queen Elizabeth II, defender of the faithc)Spiritual leaderThe Archbishop of Canterburyd)Political function (special, symbolic)Many (26) senior church officials also sit in the House of Lordse)Time of establishment16th Century in the Reformation (1534)f)FeatureBoth Catholic and Protestantg)Role●Many members are involved in a wide range of public bodies. It has the mostfollowers of any denomination in Britain today.●More than 16,000 churches●42 cathedrals64.Traditions and Customs1Conservatisma)Definition: dislike change and slow in accepting and adopting new things; or apolitical belief that society should change as little as possible; Conservatism isunwillingness to accept changes and new ideasb)Several aspects of British conservatism1. Politics: Royal family, the Constitutional monarchy and the Upper House;peerage; noble titles; Conservative Party-oldest in UK2. Economy: free market economy; least intervention; refused to join the Eurozoneuntil after 1960s; refuse to reform its currency until 1971(pound, shilling, penny);after that 1P=100 pence;3. language: understatement; use easy, short words for description;4. living habits: keeping(appreciating) old things; seldom talk in public transport;working people for long without knowing them very well;5. culture: accept new things slowly, attachment to old things (old houses, olditems from ancestors, ); used to bring familiar things (English food even duringtravels)/ keep fireplaces even if they are no long in use/as a symbol only/6. Manners: polite, quiet (aloof), not complaining, not showing their emotions inpublic; stiff upper lip (reserved, not showing emotional); putting on a brave facewhen they’re anxious (showing emotions is a sign of weakness)7. measurements: pound, ounce, mile, gallon, etc.; instead of metric system used inmost countries;8. Body Language: The British are not back slappers or touchers and generally donot display affection in public. Hugging, kissing and touching is usually reservedfor family members and very close friends. The British like a certain amount ofpersonal space. Do not stand too close to another person or put your arm aroundsomeone's shoulder.2 Talking About the Weather3 PunctualityTime-conscious and make great effort to be on time5Three “don’ts” and three “-ings”a)Don’t jump the queue, ask personal or intimate question, try to bargain in Britainwhen doing shoppingb)British people like betting for fun, drinking in the pub and tipping the waiter orwaitress for their good service.6Royal traditionsThe most traditional ceremonies and most popular attractions are Trooping the Color and the Changing of the Guard.5.Important Holidays1Religious Festivalsa)Christmas -ChristianityChristians celebrate it as the anniversary of the birth of Jesus Christb)Easter -ChristianityA Christian holy day while Christmas remembers the death of Christ and hisresurrection to lifec)Lent -Christianityd)HallowenAn ancient festival for the Celtse)Passover -Judaism (Egytians)f)Ramadam -Muslim2National Holidaysa)New Yearb)Remembrance Day-remember people who were killed during the two World Wars and other conflictsc)Boxing Day-a bank or public holiday, for employers and employees, family-friends-neighbors,sports events6.Social Welfare1Health Service2Social Security3Unemployment Benefits4Housing Benefits5Retirement Pension6Sickness Benefits7Family Allowances8Education Benefitscation(也要看课件！！)1Education is compulsory, but attending school is not2About 94 per cent of pupils (under 17) in England, and the rest of the UK, receive free education from public funds (state schools)3Two school systems for compulsory school education（key）a)State Schools国立学校at two levels (primary schools and secondary schools-Comprehensive schools as they are now called)b)Independent Schools私立学校(at two levels: Preparatory schools（小学阶段-称为公学预科）and “public” schools (中学阶段-称为公学，实质为私立学校的初高中阶段private secondary school).4Educational ladder(key)●Schools can also be divided according to the educational ladder(school years):●First stage: Primary schools,●2nd stage: secondary schools,●3rd stage: post-secondary schools(相当于中国的高中its names include six-formschool, six-form college, further education school/college) and●4th stage: higher education-colleges and universities. (There is only one privateuniversity)●Refer to chart on next page5State SchoolsIn the UK 93% of the children in England and Wales go to "state schools, non-fee-paying for compulsory educationa)State School-Level 1 --Primary schools (5 - 11-year-old)mixed sex, and usually located close to the child’s homeb)State Schools-Level 2 --Secondary schools (11 – 16/18 olds)usually to their nearest secondary schoolc)Most secondary schools cater for both sexes.d)Nearly 88 per cent of secondary school pupils in England go to comprehensiveschoolse)All children in Scotland go to non-selective schools.f)Comprehensive schools are not selective, but grammar schools usually areGrammar Schools are selectiveGrammar schools are single sexed schools6 Fee Paying Schools- Independent Schoolsa)Independent schools are known as preparatory schools and public schools(私立学校)b) A preparatory school is a school to prepare pupils to go to a public school.A public school (is actually a private schoolc)d)Education stages:●Nursery Schools 3-4 years old●Primary Schools 5-11 years old●Foundation Stage - Nursery, Reception,(Infants)Key Stage 1 - Years 1 and 2 (Infants)●Key Stage 2 -Years 3 - 6 (Juniors)SecondarySchools12-18 years old Years 7-13 (Key Stage3, 4 & 5)6Around 30% of the 18 to 19 years old enter full-timehigher education.7GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education)8.Sports1Football 起源于中国2Tennis 起源于法国3CricketOne of the oldest games in Britain, invented 750 years ago, is a true gentleman’s game.1300年左右的英格兰便有爱德华一世之子爱德华王子进行一种叫做“creag”运动4Golf 起源于苏格兰5Rugby1823 Rugby School 拉格比是英国中部的一座城市，那里有一所拉格比公学是橄榄球运动的诞生地。
英美概况英国部分复习重点
●The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland●Full name （Official Name）:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K) ●Geographical name：The British Isles, Great Britain and England●Nick name ：John Bull●The Union Flag(米字旗) also known as the ―Union Jack ‖●The National Anthem----God Save the Queen (King)●The National Flower----Rose●Erithacus rubecula / Robin（知更鸟）Redbreast (红襟鸟)●British IslesGreat BritainEngland (S) -----The largest (60% & 85%) &most developed / Capital---LondonScotland (N) ------ The second largest (30% & 1/3) / Capital---EdinburghWales (SW) ----The smallest of the three (9% & 5%)/ Capital---Cardiff IrelandNorthern Ireland------Capital---Belfast●Position：Be Situated in Northwestern Europe, lying to the north of France and the west of Netherlands and Denmark.Be separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east●Geographic Features :The Highland Zone in the north and westThe Lowland Zone in the south and southeastThe dividing line runs from the mouth of the River Exe埃克斯河in the southwest to near the mouth of River Tees蒂斯河in the northeast●The Highland Zone:a) The Highlands of ScotlandBen Nevis本尼维斯山, the highest mountain in Britain, stands in North Scotlandb) The Central Lowlands (Middle Valley) of ScotlandEdinburghc) The Southern Uplandsd) The Pennies奔宁山脉The Backbone of Englande) The Lake District of CambriaThe home of Lake Poets 湖畔诗人,Three English poets-----Robert Southey, Samuel Coleridge, William Wordsworthf) The Welsh Massif 高地The Lowland Zone●Climate and Weather1.Maritime climate海洋性（Moderated by the Atlantic Ocean）2.Changeable weather3.More than one half of the days are cloudy. More rainy days, less sunny days. More fogs &smog in winter.●Inland WaterThe largest river---the Severn River塞汶河(empties into the Bristol Strait布里斯托尔海峡）The second largest river & most important river---the Thames River泰晤士河（London issituated on it）Clyde River克莱德河---in ScotlandLake District---most important lakes●PeopleA population of 59.6million (2001)Urban areas---90%Rural areas---10%●Invaders ContributionIberians ?Celts/Gaels Scottish and Irish race and cultureBritons Welsh race and cultureRomans. Latin alphabet and civilizationAnglo-Saxons English race and languageDanes Some peculiarities of dialect in North and East EnglandNorman Final unification of England. Great administrative progress.(French-speaking) Foundation of aristocracy贵族●English people (P11)Welsh --- WelshScottish --- Gaelic languageIrish --- Gaelic language & Irish●CharacterExclusivenessConservativenessPolitenessLove of PrivacyStiff Upper LipSense of Humor (self-deprecating)•Official language---English•Indo-European language family•The development of English1. Old English (5th-12th century)2. Middle English (12th-15th centuries)After the Norman Conquest in 10663. Modern English (15th century-now)●ReligionThe British law protests religious freedomMajority believe Christianity基督教The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597The state has two established churches:the Church of England( the Anglican Church)英国国教/圣公会The Church of Scotland●The British Government●The seat of the British government is in the Houses of Parliament, officially the New Palace ofWestminster. (built in the mid-19th century)●It is the founder of the system known as the constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.（the head ofthe state is a monarch with limited powers. The monarch reigns, but not rule.）●The real power of government is invested with Parliament and elective officials.●It is a unitary country with its government composed of 3 tires-the central government (themonarch, Parliament, the cabinet), the county government, and the district government.●Basic Structure of UK Central Government：Monarch (non-political)⏹Legislature---ParliamentHouse of Commons (political)下院House of Lords (semi-political)上院⏹ExecutivePrime Minister& Cabinet (political)Ministers& Civil service (non-political)⏹Judiciary (no-political)Supreme CourtCourt of Appeal●Monarch (Sovereign, Crown)⏹Head of state,Armed forcesJudiciaryEstablished Church⏹Hereditary⏹Reign but not rule⏹Not be a Roman Catholic or marry a Roman Catholic⏹On the death of a monarch, The oldest male heir⏹The national day---the birthday of the Sovereign●Queen’s duties1.Opening each new session of Parliament2.Dissolving Parliament before a general election3.Approving Orders and Proclamations through the Privy council枢密院4. A living symbol of national unity●Buckingham Palace：The official London residence of the Britain sovereign. (open duringAugust and September)●The Queen‘s husband can get the title known as Duke of Edinburgh●The first son of the Queen, whose title is Prince of Wales●Parliament：A place for argument and debateParliament is the highest legislative authority in the United Kingdom –the institution responsible for making and repealing UK lawAnd it is also responsible for checking the work of the Government.●Functions of Parliament ：1.To provide (by voting for taxation) the means of carrying on the work of government2.To check government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure支出3.To debate the major issues of the day4.To pass laws●Components of The Parliament：1. The monarch (King or Queen)2. The House of Lords (Upper House)3. The House of Commons (Lower House)Each parliament is five years which is divided into five sessions, each lasting one year.●The House of Lords：They are not elected, but appointedThey are only representing themselves not populationIt exercises the supreme judicial powerIt stands for the Aristocratic nobility贵族It composes of the lords temporal世俗的, the lords spiritual神职人员（26 church leaders）, the law lords高级法官.The full membership is 660.The person who presides over the debate of the house is known as Lord Chancellor●Currently there are 4 types of Lords:Life Peers(当世贵族、后封贵族) / Law Lords（chief judges) / Bishops(主教) / Hereditary peers(世袭贵族)●What do the House of Lords do?Making Laws / Checking the Government / Providing independent expertise专门知识/Carrying out judicial work●The house of Commons (Lower House)：1.The source of real political power2.The House of commons consists of 659 Members of Parliament (MPs) who aredemocratically elected by voters (the ‗electorate‘) to each represent an area of the UK known as a constituency选民or seat.3.The chairman who conducts debates in the Lower House is officially called Speaker, who iselected by the Commons4.The party that won the majority of seats in the House of Commons will form the government.5. A session of Parliament lasts for 5 years unless the prime minister dissolves Parliament.6.The political party which wins the most seats in the House of Commons at general election isknown as the government party and its leader becomes the Prime Minister. The second largest party is known as the Official. Opposition and its leader is the Leader of the Opposition. All other parties are known as opposition parties在野党(shadow cabinet) even though some of them will support the governing party.7.Theoretically the two Houses are equally important. But the upper house does not exercisethe dominant constitutional influence.8.The upper house has no power to prevent the passing of legislation or bills approved by theHouse of Commons.9.The work of Lords is largely complementary to that of the Commons: hold debates, putquestions to ministers, make proposals, examine and revise bills.●The Government & The Cabinet：Parliamentary government 议会政体Responsible to parliamentCannot govern without the support of the majority of parliamentNo. 10 Downing Street●The Cabinet：Members of the Cabinet are senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. Heads of government departments and senior figures such as the Lord Chancellor will be included in the Cabinet. There is no set number for the size of the cabinet but it must be large enough to include all senior ministers yet small enough to allow for constructive discussion.The Prime Minister lives and works in official residence, NO.10 Downing Street.The Cabinet: appointed by PMThe Cabinet Ministers: 15-20Shadow Cabinet: oppositionsCollective responsibility: the Cabinet acting unanimously全体一致的as a single unitMinisterial responsibility: the ministers responsible for the work of their own department and answerable负责to parliament about it（mistakes-resignation辞职）Cabinet ―reshuffles‖改组：PM reassigning responsibilities or dropping members●Civil Servants：Government employees. Permanent, well-educated elite精英，dominated byOxbridge(75%) & politically neutral●Three-tier system:Central government./County government (45)./District government●Local government:County郡level：education and social service (full-time specialist officials)District councils区自治会: rubbish collection, disposal (full-time specialist officials)Community or parish councils行政堂区委员会:may affect decisionsCouncilors议员:local council members（3years）Major: the chairman of a city council●Politics and Law●Political Parties：A two-party systemThe two major parties：the Conservative Party & the Labor PartyThe minor party●In the 1800s the Whigs merged结合with other parties interested in social reform to formthe Liberal Party自由党. The Tories took on the additional name of the Conservative Party 保守党in the 1830s in order to appeal to呼吁a broader electorate选区. The Liberal Party evolved into发展为the Liberal Democrat Party自由民主党, the third most popular party in Britain.●The Labor Party：Created by the growing trade union工会movement at the end of 19th century.The newest party and one of the two biggest partyA socialist party社会党(high taxes)They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the part of the role government i s to act as ―redistributive重新分配agent‖Also they see the government as the right body to provide a range of public services available to all, such as health, education and public transportation.●The Conservative Party：Spend most time in power (1979-1997)Protect the individual‘s right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, and so favoring economic policies which businessmen prefer, such as low taxes.●The Liberal Democrats：The 3rd biggest partyA party of the ―middle‖, occupying the ideological意识形态的ground between the two main parties.Comparatively flexible灵活and pragmatics in their balance of the individual and the social.Emphasizing the need to make government more democratic民主and accountable有责任.●What is a general election?The election of all Members of Parliament (MPs) for each constituency (local area) is called a general election.●General elections have to take place at least every 5 years and are called by the Prime Minister(the leader of the Government).●Justice and the Law：There is no single system in the United Kingdom.The English law comprises three elements:Acts of Parliament,Common law习惯法,The European Union law●The court systemCivil branch民事criminal branch刑事Supreme Court最高法院↑↑Court of Appeal上诉法院Court of Appeal↑↑High court高等法院Crown court↑↑County court Magistrates‘ court地方法庭●Police ForceBobby‖ ―peeler‖The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis. There are 43 police forces in England and Wales, 8 in Scotland and 1 in Northern Ireland.Scotland Yard苏格兰场（伦敦警察厅）or New Scotland Yard, is the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police Service, responsible for policing Greater London.●National Economy and CitiesBy the 1880s, the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, and half its cotton.But by 1900, the UK has been overtaken by both the United States and Germany.The second industrial revolution in the United States meant the US had begun to challenge Britain’s role as the leader of the global economy.The extensive war efforts of both World Wars in the 20th century and the dismantlement of the British Empire also weakened the UK economy in global terms, and by that time Britain had beensuperseded by the United States as the chief player in the global economy.From 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.●North Sea oil and gas supply most of the UK’s energy needs●London is the world’s largest financial center with the London Stock Exchange, the LondonInternational Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd’s of London insurance market all based in the city of London.●London has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world, with HSBC汇丰银行and Barclays巴克莱Bank relocating their head offices there.●The bank of England, the central bank of UK.●Cultural and Social Life●Traditionally speaking, the British culture has a reputation for its requirement of decency andcivility in doing things.●British society is considered to be divided into three main groups of classes:1.the Upper Class people with incomes from rents and property payments2.the Middle Class those who were educated and dealt with paper in business or in aprofession3.the Lower or Working Class those who did manual labour 体力劳动●The Upper Class：•The upper landed class----nobility & aristocracy•The lower upper class-----knights, squires, gentry & country gentlemen●The Middle ClassRelied on their knowledge and skills to make money, placed great emphasis on freedom an的the education of their children.●The British families patterns①the parents and married children live close together but in separate houses②the parents and married children live further apart③nuclear family— two adults and their unmarried children●Typical British family：It consists of a married couple. Neither of them has been married before.They have two or three children of their won. The husband works full-time but the wife probably does not. The wife does most of the housework although the husband may help occasionally. Lastly, all its members are happy.●According to the British law, no one is allowed to marry under the age of 16. Marriage between the age of 16 and 18 must have the parents’consent. But when one is over 18, he enjoys complete freedom of choosing a spouse.●British people like to drink tea.The laboring class-high tea with hot dishes at 5:00 pmMiddle class- light tea at 4:00 or 5:00 pm●British dinnerIt normally consists of three courses:•Soup and salad as a first course•Beef, mutton, carrots, peas and beans as the main course•The dessert or sweet as the last course.●The Literacy rate（识字率）in Britain is one of the highest in the world at over 99%.●Britain is the second largest exporter of intellectual property rights（知识产权）.●Britain's first Act providing for state-financed primary education was passed in 1870.●The education act of 1944 established free(完全免费) and compulsory(强制性) secondaryeducation.●The education reform Act passed in 1988 established a national curriculum(全国通用教材).●British education tends to segregate pupils on the basis of academic ability.【按学习能力分校】●British schools are required to provide religious education（宗教教育）and daily collectiveworship（日常礼拜）.●School-ages(5~16)●Those who get high marks in the “eleven plus”are admitted into grammar schools.●Grammar schools emphasize academic studies and require their students to study a wide range ofsubjects.●They have fine teachers and good equipment.●Grammar schools prepare pupils to get the GCSE at “A”level, which entitles them to highereducation.●Secondary Modern SchoolSecondary Modern Schools are suppsed to be of lower academic levels because the pupils are from among those who fail to get high marks in the “eleven plus”examination.They give students general education just as grammar schools do.They make a point of giving practical instructions.Then can legally leave school and look for full-time paid jobs.“A stream”aims to enable pupils to win the GCSE at “O”level (ordinary). Then students can transfer to grammar schools to study another two years to reach the “A”level.●Comprehensive Secondary SchoolsInstitutes before 1960, has developing rapidly.The “eleven plus”is no longer required.Then can legally leave school and look for full-time paid jobs.Then students can transfer to grammar schools to study another two years to reach the “A”level.●GCSE（普通中等教育证书）---General Certificate of Secondary Education●USA 公立学校public school私立学校free-paying school, private school●UK 公立学校state school, county school, council school私立学校public school （open to the public）●The old universities: Oxford & (founded before 1600)Cambridge※The four Scottish universities: the university of St. Andrews，Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh※The middle-aged universities: 1830-1930※The new universities：(founded after the Second World War)※Open universities●English universities are called private institutions.●The ratio of staff to students is about 1:9.●There are also many polytechnics.●Each university has its own governing council.●Chancellor who is usually prominent public person.●The effective chief is the Vice-Chancellor.●grants towards the cost of university education(大学教育费用资助金)●the university‘s halls of residence(大学生宿舍)●12 national daily newspapers●9 Sunday newspapers●More than 100 regional morning, evening & Sunday newspapers●Two types of national newspapers：Quality newspapers （broadsheets）严肃报纸、Popular●The Times --- the most famous & oldest /--- Conservative Party●The Guardian --- Labor Party●The Daily Telegraph --- Conservative Party●Daily Mirror --- Labor Party●Morning Star --- Communist Party●Financial Times --- Communist Party●The British Broadcasting Corporation (B.B.C)●The Independent Television Commission (I.T.C)●The Radio Authority●The BBC Broadcasts from: 2 national TV channels / 5 national radio services / 39 local radiostations / regional radio services in Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland●BBC World Service radio & TV●Sports: Cricket 板球– the most English House racing●Association football (soccer, football)英式足球●Rugby football橄榄Golf Fishing Shooting and Hunting●●●●●●●●Cave men & stone age men– Land bridge for Europe-(6000-5000B.C)Iberians- Mediterranean lands---(3000 B.C)Celtics- Europe- (750B.C)●The Native Celts：The Celts, who began to arrive about 750.BC, may originally have come fromeastern and central Europe including present-day France, Belgium and southern Germany.●The first – Gaels (750 B.C)盖尔人●The second – Britons (500 B.C) - numerous●The third – Gaul (100 B.C)高卢人Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh.●The Roman Occupation (55 B.C –410 A.D)：The Roman army commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in 55 B.C and 54 B.C.The successful invasion of England headed by the Emperor Claudius was in 43 A.D.They divided many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales.They built two great walls, the Hadrian‘s Wall & the Antoine Wall.Significance：They introduced the Roman civilization into England.They introduced a system of organized government and built network of towns.They brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.●Anglo-Saxon Times(410-871) ：Jutes, Saxons, Angles are invited to defend against the Celts (Picts & Scots).King Arthur and the Excalibur圣剑Celts fled to Wales, Scotland and IrelandEngland – seven principal kingdoms –Heptarchy七国之乱829- Wessex- wonKing of Wessex (Egbert)- King of the EnglishSignificance：Increased the process of feudalismEstablished a strong monarchy in EnglandDoomsday Book: an extensive survey of the land and population (1086)Retained most of the old English customs of governmentBrought about changes in the churchFrench languageThe last invasion of England by foreigners●The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament●Henry I (1100-1135)：Invaded FranceUnited Normandy and EnglandNo male heir●Henry II (1154-1189)：Henry I’s grandsonHis wife –a French princessFounder of the first king of the House of Plantagenet金雀花( House of Anjou)安茹王朝●Henry II’s reform：Strengthened the Great Council大议会Administrators & judgesChief member-ChancellorReplaced the traditional taxReform the law courtsEstablished Circuit Courts 巡回法院Established the Common LawEstablished the jury systemPlanned to reform the church courtsThomas Becket Archbishop of CanterburyChaucer-The Canterbury Tales●1189-1199 Richard I (Henry II’s son)：•Known as Richard the Lion-Hearted•Henry II’s eldest son•Crusader十字军战士•He was away in Europe leading the Crusades•Ruled for 10 years- but was only in England for 10 months●John I (Henry II’s youngest son)：John Lackland ―无地王约翰‖Most hated king in England history●1215.6.15-the Magna Carta (Great Charter)：Content：The Great Council of barons forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his power.•The king was not to exact extra payments from the feudal vassals without their consent.•The laws were not to be modified修改by the arbitrary action of the king.•Should the king attempt to free himself from the law, the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.Significance：•The first step of constitutional experiment and rule of law•Tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations•Paved the way for new-born bourgeoisie to get political power•Laid down the basic rules for the English and American legal system•Represented a turning point in the development of English history●Henry III (John I’s 9-year-old son)•At first, controlled by noblemen. Later, took over the power and ruled in his own way. Like father, like son.•Tried to fight a war against France to regain his father‘s lost land but opposed by the Great Council because disobeying the Magna Carta.•In 1264, Simon de Montfort (King’s brother-in-law) fought with the King, the defeated his army, and imprisoned the King.●Beginning of Parliament1265 de Montfort and the Great Council made changes and established the first Parliament(called the All Estates各阶层Parliament)In addition to lords and nobles, 2 knights from each county and 2 citizens from each town wereinvited to join the discussionsLater they split into 2 groups Lords and Commons1295 Model Parliament Established2 Houses –House of Lords & House of Commons●Edward I (Henry III’s son )Long Shank (长腿爱德华) ,“苏格兰之锤‖, ―残忍的爱德华‖Conquered Wales 1284Gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales●Decline of FeudalismFeudalism came into being in England with the Norman Conquest in the 11th century and showed clear signs of declining in the 14th century.The Normans mixed up with Anglo-Saxons.The English serf奴隶system came to an end.The English middle class (the bourgeoisie) grew strength.●The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)A war between France and England.Ups and downs for both sides.Ended in victory for the French.Cause: territorial disputes竞争/economic disputes /suspected France gave aid to ScotsDirect cause: the dispute over succession to the French throne.Edward III (grandson of Henry III)Claimed to be king of France because his mother was a sister of the late French King.The French nobles denied.England won the victories & naval victory1348 - the Black Death - almost ½of the population died- truce停战10years1356- England invaded again-put the French King into the prison1377- Edward died- English lost the land again- war stopped because both sides were exhausted.●the Black Death （1348-1349）Deadly bubonic plague 淋巴腺鼠疫Started in Italy then spread to the whole EuropeShortage of labour●1377-1399 Richard II (grandson of Edward III) became king at age of 11.●1381- Peasant Uprising- serf system came to an end●Causes: natural disasters and social problems●Wat Tyler-leader●1389- Made 15-year peace treaty with France and married King of France’s 7-year-old daughter.●1415- Henry V renewed the war●1420- he was recognized to the French throne●1422- turning point- Henry V died Good for France - Joan of Arc●1453- France had won back the land (with gunpowder火药)Significance:•Paved the way for the development of separate English and French national identities国家认同. Normans began to regard England as their home country & themselves as belong tothe English nation.•English as the official language.•Textile industry纺织业–more profitable•Sped up the decline of feudalism in England.●Wycliffe and the Lollards•Lollards (a group of Oxford reformers) Most are poor priests牧师and itinerant preachers 传教士•Wycliffe-leader-the equality of men before God•They produced the first English translation of the Bible and told believers to communicate with God by reading the Bible.•Pave the way for the appearance of Puritanism●The War of the Roses (1455-1485)Civil warsRival factions of nobles, returning from 100 Year War in France fight for powerHouse of Lancaster –red roseHouse of York –white roseMany nobles killedHouse of Tudor wonEnd of the Middle Ages & beginning of the modern world history●The Tudor Monarchy and The Rising Bourgeoisie●The New MonarchyThe Tudors (1485-1603)-a new monarchCapitalism replaces feudalismTextile industryEnclosure Movement-cheap laborForeign trade and colonialism growFound AmericaFound vacant land to plant new coloniesFought with Spain and Portugal over New World●Enclosure Movement: In the end of 15th century the manufacture woolen cloth in England becamean important source of wealth and major export. The cloth industry increased the value of wool.Raising sheep became more profitable. This encouraged the landlords to covert arable land and the ―Commons‖ into pastures牧草. Later some of land were fenced without any warning to the peasants.●Henry VII：First king of the Tudor MonarchForbad nobles to keep excessive powerGave England peace at home and abroadBuilt up navy and foreign tradeParliament – king had to consult if he wanted to get money●Henry VIII and The Reformation：Henry VIII-son of Henry VII (1509-1547)•Strengthened control over remote border areas and local government gentry---responsible to the king on friendly terms---France & Spain•Started the reform of the Church in England•The immediate cause-Henry VIII‘s divorce case●First Queen：•Marry Catherine of Aragon (1509)To maintain ties with SpainShe is his elder brother‘s widowAlso a Spain princess•Henry VIII decided to divorce Catherine.(she has given him only one child-a daughter (Mary).) he loves the 16 year-old Anne Boleyn who is the sister of his mistressSpain is becoming too powerful and he wants to team up with合作France VS. Spain●Founder of Church of England•1533-Ask pope for permission to divorce•The Pope is a friend with King of Spain (Catherine‘s uncle), so Pope refuses.•Henry issues Act of Supremacy最高权力法令Church of England is independent of Roman PopeKing of England is head of the Church of EnglandThe Catholic Church in England is reformed into the Church of England•As head of Church of England, Henry gave himself permission to divorce Catherine and marry Anne.●Second Queen:Marry Anne Boleyn in 1535They had a daughter (Elizabeth)。
【天道独家】解析《TIMES》英国大学排行榜
解析《TIMES》英国大学排行榜英国最早的大学排名就是由《TIMES》在1992年发布的，由于其悠久的历史和完备的数据，《TIMES》发布的英国大学排名一直被大多数中国留学生当做重要的参考材料。
从1992年至今，英国大学排名不断更新、完善，各类指标层出不穷。
那么大家对于《TIMES》排名了解多少? 《TIMES》发布的排名有哪些依据?天道留学为大家解读英国《TIMES》排行榜。
这是一份《TIMES》公布的2015年英国大学排名TOP10，从排名可以看出，传统“G5”依旧强势。
《TIMES》发布的2015年英国大学排名TOP10：1.牛津大学2.剑桥大学3.伦敦政经学院4.帝国理工5.伦敦大学学院6.杜伦大学7.圣安德鲁斯大学8.华威大学9.兰卡斯特大学10.艾克赛特大学那么《TIMES》发布的大学排行榜有哪些标准?这些数据从何而来?排名标准：Student Satisfaction：学生满意度Research quality：学术研究质量Entry standards：入学标准Student-staff ratio：师生比Library and Computing spending：用于图书馆及计算机上的费用Completion：学生完成其学业的百分比Good honours：获得Good honours学位学生的百分比Graduate prospects：毕业前景Score ：总得分那么每一项的数据又是从何而来呢?1、 Student Satisfaction学生满意度英国学校学生毕业前都会被要求对学校进行一个评分，学生需要对学校的课程教学、评估和反馈、学术支持、组织和管理、学习资源以及对个人发展的帮助等几个方面进行评分，还有一个总体满意度的特殊问题。
学生对学校的满意度高，学校得到的分数自然也就比较高。
2、 Research Quality研究质量数据的主要来源是2008年的RAE(Research Assessment Exercise)排名的数据。
自考英语国家概况笔记(三)全
自考英语国家概况笔记（三）全1） Parliamentary Electoral System议会选举制A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.Britis h citizens,together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the Irish Republic resid ent in Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 or over,2)included in the annual register of electors f or the constituency,and 3)not subject to any disqualification.A candidate must deposit 500 pound.大选每5年一次，且经常不足5年就举行。
英国公民包括其他英联邦国家公民和爱尔兰共和国在英国的居民都有选举权。
选举条件1）18或18以上，2）选区全体选民的每年选民登记册上登记注册者 3）有资格参选者。
候选人必须交纳500英镑保证金。
2）The Political Party System政党体制Since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held power.自1945年以来，一直由保守党或工党轮流执政。
Chapter 9第九章Social Affairs英国社会III. Religion 宗教1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. (He may believe in any church or none at all.) He may change his religion at will may man ifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Ca tholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。
2020年Times热门学科领域英国美国加拿大大学排名情况一览.doc
2020年Times热门学科领域英国美国加拿大大学排名情况一览今年的Times高等教育排名出来了，美国大学总是在世界大学排行榜上占据主导地位，英国的大学则紧随其后，而亚洲大学的排名表现则有所上升。
为了帮助大家知晓相关内容，我整理了以下内容，请看。
前言：《泰晤士报高等教育大学排行榜2020》收录了来自92个国家近1400所大学，为学生提供了一个比较和评估全球教育机构的资源。
同样值得注意的重要方面是，每年的排名变化总是很小，在评估大学时，包括地点、俱乐部和社团、课程项目和教学设施等等在内，总有许多其他因素值得考虑。
在这篇文章中，将主要关注英国、美国和加拿大的大学作为顶级留学目的地的地位，并特别关注热门学科即医学和牙科、计算机科学和工程学的教学质量。
英国让我们从英国开始。
牛津大学再次登顶，连续四年蝉联榜首。
《泰晤士报高等教育》（THE）的一项分析显示，伦敦帝国理工学院（Imperial College London）、剑桥大学（University of Cambridge）、伦敦政治经济学院（London School of Economics and Political Science）、伦敦大学学院（UCL）和爱丁堡大学（University of Edinburgh）等英国顶尖学府的排名今年都下降了一位。
总的来看，28所英国大学中有18所排名较低。
同样的分析表明，导致这一下降的可能原因是由于英国机构比其他领先的研究目的地拥有更少的资金，因此研究和增长的空间更小。
医科和牙科医学和牙科一直是世界各地学生喜爱的热门学科。
在英国，以下院校在2020年的教学排名中拔得头筹：（1）剑桥大学（University of Cambridge）、（2）牛津大学（University of Oxford）、（3）伦敦帝国理工学院（Imperial College London）、（4）伦敦大学学院（UCL）和（5）爱丁堡大学（University of Edinburgh）。
2022THE泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名前10强
2022THE泰晤⼠⾼等教育世界⼤学排名前10强 THE2022年的最新排名已经公布了，相信想要店铺的学⽣是⾮常关注的。
以下是由店铺⼩编为⼤家精⼼带来的“2022THE 泰晤⼠⾼等教育世界⼤学排名前10强”，仅供⼤家参加，希望能够帮到⼤家。
2022THE世界⼤学排名前⼗名 排名亮点 今年共有来⾃99个国家和地区的1662所⼤学上榜（相较去年增加了136所⼤学和6个国家和地区）是迄今为⽌规模最⼤的世界⼤学排名榜单 英国⽜津⼤学连续6年蝉联排名第⼀；剑桥⼤学上升1名，位列第5位；帝国理⼯学院排在第12位；伦敦⼤学学院排在第18；伦敦政治经济学院与去年持平，排在第27名。
美国加州理⼯⼤学和普林斯顿⼤学均上升2名，分别位列全球TOP2和TOP7；剑桥⼤学上升1名，位列TOP5。
Top20中美国⼤学有12所，美国⼤学继续在THE排名中占据主导地位。
加拿⼤前⼗名的⾼校中，共有5所进⼊世界前100，分别是多伦多⼤学（18）、英属哥伦⽐亚⼤学（37）、麦吉尔⼤学（44）、麦克马斯特⼤学（80）、蒙特利尔⼤学（88）。
澳⼤利亚院校中，共有6所进⼊世界前100名。
其中，墨尔本⼤学位列世界第33名，稳居澳洲⾼校榜⾸。
Top100的其余5所⾼校分别是澳⼤利亚国⽴⼤学（54）、昆⼠兰⼤学（54）、蒙纳⼠⼤学（57）、悉尼⼤学（58）、新南威尔⼠⼤学（70）。
有175所⼤学⾸次上榜，刚刚合并的法国巴黎理⼯学院（排名第95位）在⾸次上榜的⼤学中排名最⾼。
店铺建议：如何为新学习环境做准备 1.提前熟悉环境 根据你将要学习和居住新地⽅的细节来充实⾃⼰。
研究这个地⽅的环境，找出离你住的地⽅和学习区域靠近的地⽅。
例如：餐馆、便利店、警察局、诊所、杂货店等。
这样做的话，⼀些能在新住处买到的东西，你就可以留在家⾥，避免带⼀屋⼦的东西出国。
2.⽂化研究 ⼤多数时候，⼈们发现很难适应⼀个新环境的原因是因为他们经历了⼀系列的⽂化冲击。
times higher education排名依据
times higher education排名依据近年来，随着全球高等教育水平的提高，各大高校也开始竞相争夺排名的头衔。
而最受关注和影响力最大的排名之一就是“Times Higher Education（THE）”排名，广受世界各地学生和教育界人士的关注和追捧。
那么，THE排名的依据是什么呢？根据THE官网发布的介绍，THE排名的重点考察的是综合学术实力和研究能力，这也是大部分排名中都会考虑的因素。
具体来说，THE 排名主要综合考虑以下五个方面的指标：1. 学术声誉（Academic Reputation, AR）：即用于评估学校国际学术声誉的指标，主要数据来源于全球学术同行的问卷调查，包括学术领袖、行业专家、教师、公共部门官员等。
2. 雇主声誉（Employer Reputation, ER）：用于评估学校毕业生的就业表现和雇主们对毕业生的认可程度。
数据来源于全球雇主的问卷调查。
3. 学术资源（Academic Resources, ARS）：考察学校教学和研究基础设施的完备程度，包括拥有的图书馆资源、师资力量、教学与研究经费以及学生设施。
4. 教学质量（Teaching Quality, TQ）：反映学校的教学水平和教学质量，包括学生的满意度、教师-学生比例、教学质量的稳定性等因素。
5. 研究成果（Research）：主要考察学校的研究质量、国际合作以及研究能力等，包括学校的作用、研究论文发表总量、研究论文被引用量等指标。
需要注意的是，这些指标的权重不同，其中学术声誉和雇主声誉所占的比重最大，达到了30%。
而其他指标的权重则在10%-20%之间。
同时，THE排名展示的不仅是全球大学的排名，也有专门为某一学科设立的排名，从而让各个领域的大学更公平地竞争。
总的来说，THE排名对高等教育界的影响还是非常大的，它不仅是广大学生选择大学的重要参考标准，同时也影响着高校的战略规划和发展目标。
因此，各个高校也应该不断地提升自身的学术实力和研究能力，争取更好的排名。
大学英美概况总结
英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral 在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
格拉斯哥大学2022年times世界排名多少
格拉斯哥大学2022年times世界排名多少英国名校格拉斯哥大学，受到了越来越多的关注，留学生申请一定要做好认真的准备，了解最新的排名情况。
接下来和来一起看看格拉斯哥大学2022年times世界排名多少？泰晤士高等教育（Times Higher Education）世界大学排名是四项权威全球大学排行榜之一（其余三项为QS、、ARWU软科），是众多学生择校时的重要参考。
2022年泰晤士高等教育排名共包括了99个国家和地区的1600余所大学，其中包含英国的138所高等院校。
格拉斯哥大学times世界排名：在2022年times世界大学排名中，格拉斯哥大学排名世界86、英国排名第10。
与中国的浙江大学（世界排名75）、上海交通大学（世界排名84）、中国科学技术大学（世界排名88）、南京大学（世界排名105）排名最为接近。
在此次排名中，格拉斯哥大学综合得分63.7分，各单项得分情况如下：①教学T eaching：41.9②研究Research：49.9③引文引用Citations：94④行业收入industry income：40.7⑤国际视野International Outlook：93.1格拉斯哥大学地处英国苏格兰格拉斯哥市中心附近，坐落于环境幽雅的居民区。
格拉斯哥是英国第四大城市，苏格兰第一大城市，也是英国最主要的华人聚居区之一。
格拉斯哥大学是英语世界国家第四古老的大学，也是罗素大学集团成员，在QS世界大学排名中连续多年名列全球前百，在欧洲乃至世界都享有极高声誉。
在格拉斯哥大学读书一年花费大概在35-40万元左右。
主要有以下几个方面的开销：一、住宿费用学校附近的学生宿舍一般是120-130镑/周；校外租房或与人合租价格会相对较低，价格在80-90镑/周。
二、伙食费用便宜餐馆一顿在12镑左右；自己去比较便宜的超市买菜做饭，例如Lidl，Aldi，Iceland二十镑的食物够吃一周。
一年花费在3000镑左右。
赴英国留学的学生看过来：英国学府步入全球教育领先旗手行列
赴英国留学的学生看过来：英国学府步入全球教育领先旗手行列英国当地时间2016年9月21日，泰晤士高等教育（Times Higher Education）发布了最新的2016-2017世界大学排名。
泰晤士高等教育发布的世界大学排名之所以独一无二，是因为它们能够全面综合地考量一所学校。
本次泰晤士报高等教育世界大学排名经过独立审计，由普华永道（PricewaterhouseCoopers）以前所未有的透明度对评比过程和计算进行签证。
赴英国留学的学生看过来，英国学府步入全球教育领先旗手行列。
泰晤士高等教育宣布牛津大学问鼎世界第一学府，这是自2004年世界大学排名创立以来，英国学校首次取代美国学校占据第一的宝座，牛津大学由此吸引了全世界媒体的目光。
这所拥有800多年历史的英国顶级学府，在所有核心指标中的表现都有长足进步。
学校在职工学生比率方面进步十分明显，成功地吸引了众多国际人才（包括学者和学生），并比去年多吸引大约10%的资金。
这也成功助力牛津打败美国的竞争学校，如哈佛、斯坦福和加州理工学院。
作为新晋世界第一学府，成为焦点的牛津大学也是一个国家成功的体现--英国拥有世界上最先进的高等教育系统之一，实力全面而强劲，这也是近年来，英国留学生会越来越多的原因。
泰晤士高等教育此次公布的2016-17世界大学排名中，有来自79个国家约1000所学校入围，而英国是除美国外入围学校最多的国家。
英国共有91所学校上榜，欧洲强国德国41所，英国国际学生的主要竞争者澳大利亚有35所上榜。
世界前十学府中英国独占三元（剑桥第4位，帝国理工学院第8位），前50位中英国占据7席，前200位中英国占据32席。
赴英国留学优势一：英国学校类型丰富，质量高此次全球排名中英国之所以举世瞩目，是因为进入排名的学校类型丰富，从古代学府（牛津和剑桥），到维多利亚时代的红砖大学（如排名55位的曼彻斯特大学），到20世纪60年代的平板玻璃大学（如排名82位的华威大学），再到前身曾是理工学院，直至1992年才正式成为大学的学府（如安格利亚鲁金斯大学、普利茅斯大学和牛津布鲁克斯大学）。
2022年英国大学TIMES排名top10
2022年英国大学TIMES排名top10TIMES排名是世界四大大学排名之一，2022年的最新TIMES排名也出来了，今天店铺小编就给大家介绍影响英国大学排名的top10吧。
TIMES排名指标THE泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名是世界四大权威大学排名之一，另外3个分别是QS世界大学排名、USNews世界大学排名、ARWU 世界大学学术排名。
泰晤士世界大学排名是全球唯一对研究密集型大学的所有核心任务进行评判的全球绩效表，这些核心任务包括教学、科研、论文引用、产业收入和国际化等五个范畴，共计13个绩效指标，提供最全面、最平衡的比较，深受学生、学者、大学领导、行业和政府的信任。
2022年英国大学TIMES排名top10与2021年排名相比，榜单前五位大学不变，只是名次发生了变化，圣安德鲁斯大学今年超越牛津和剑桥大学，首次升至榜首，剑桥大学下降2位，位居第3，第4和第5依旧为帝国理工学院和伦敦政治经济学院，只是位置互换了下。
榜单Top6-10，杜伦大学排名不变，位居第6，UCL上升一位，居第7位，华威大学则上升2个名词，位居第8位，第9名依旧是巴斯大学，拉夫堡大学下降3个名次，居第10位。
去年与华威大学并列第10位的兰卡斯特大学今年下降一位，居第11位。
在TIMES开办以来的30多年，今年是圣安德鲁斯大学首次成为榜首，排行榜官方称：这完全是得益于疫情期间所调整的教学安排。
该大学在疫情期间将小班教学转为在线授课，其学生满意度仅略微下降，而其他大学基本上则呈现“断崖式下滑”，包括牛津和剑桥大学的学生满意度也下滑不少。
另外，圣安德鲁斯大学在学术研究方面也占有一定优势，特别是和爱丁堡大学在化学和物理方面的合作尤为出色。
1、圣安德鲁斯大学2、牛津大学3、剑桥大学4、帝国理工大学5、伦敦政治经济学院6、杜伦大学7、伦敦大学学院8、华威大学9、巴斯大学10、拉夫堡大学10、兰卡斯特大学。