测控专业英语5
测控专业英语
integrated control 集中控制
drawback 缺点
length 持续时间 长度
distributed control 分散型控制 分布式控制、、
launch 提出 开创 开始
de-facto standard 事实上的标准
acronym缩写字
supervision programs 监督控制
elusive 逃避的
optimization programs 优化程序
direct digital control 直接数字控制器
soda ash 纯碱
centralise =centralize 集中
monolith 整体 单一 一致】
timer 定时器 计时器
ladder diagram 梯形图
programmable logic controller 可编程逻辑控制器
single-board computer 单板机
oem（）original equipment manufacturer 原始设备制造商
lottery 彩票
AOT analogue output card 输出
PIN pulse input card 脉冲输入卡
DIN discrete ---- 离散
DOT discrete output card 离散输出卡
RTC real time clock 实时时钟
peripheral 周边的，外围的
pulp and paper 制浆与造纸
utility 公用工程
hierarchical approach 低阶方法
测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译(1,5~10)
第1章课后Underwater Acoustic SignalIn the operation of a sonar system the operator is repeatedly faced with the problem of detecting a signal which is obscured by noise. This signal may be an echo resulting from a transmitted signal over which the operator has some control, or it may have its origin in some external source. These two modes of operation arise in radar surveillance and in disciplines for techniques and for illustrations of the basic principles.Since there are many ways in which one can think about signal detection , it is desirable to define a term to denote special cases . The word detection will be used when the question to be answered is, …Are one or more signals present?‟ when the system is designed to provide an answered to this question , either deterministic or probabilistic, one speaks of hypothesis testing. The case of a single signal occurs so often that many system are designed to provide only two answers, …Yes , a signal is present,‟ or …No, there is no signal.‟ One can make the p roblem more complicated by endeavoring to classify the signal into categories. Decisions of this latter kind will be referred to as target classification.Normally a piece of detection equipment is designed to operate in a fixed mode and the parameters such as integrating time of rectifier circuits or persistence of the oscilloscope tube for visual detection cannot be changed readily. There will always be some uncertain signals, which the observer will be hesitant to reject or accept. In these cases the operator might have the feeling that if the integrating time of the detector or the persistence of the oscilloscope tube were longer, he could reach a decision about the existence of the signal. Wald(1950) has formulated this intuitive feeling into a theory of detection. When one is able to vary deliberately the interval over which one stores data in the reception system in order to achieve a certain level of certainty, one speaks of sequential detection. Frequently it is desirable to determine not only the presence or absence of the signal but also one or more parameters associated with the signal . The parameters of interest can vary widely from a simple quantity such as time of arrival or target bearing to the recovery of the complete waveform . When a system is designed to recover one or more parameters associated with the signal , one speaks of signal extraction.The word signal was not defined and it was assumed that the reader had an intuitive felling for the word. Some elaboration may be in order since the definition of signal subjective and depends on the application . One may say that …signal‟ is what one wants to observe and noise is anything that obscures the observation. Thus, a tuna fisherman who is searching the ocean with the aid of sonar equipment will be overjoyed with sounds that are impairing the performance of a nearby sonar system engaged in tracking a submarine. Quite literally, one man‟s signal is another man‟s noise.Signals come in all shapes and forms. In active sonar system one may use simple sinusoidal signals of fixed duration and modulations thereof. There are impulsive signals such as those made with explosions or thumpers. At the other extreme one may make use of pseudorandom signals. In passive systems, the signals whose detection is sought may be noise in the conventional meaning of the word; noise produced by propellers or underwater swimmers, for example. It should be evident that one of our problem will be the formulation of mathematical techniques that can be used to describe the signal. Although the source in an active sonar search system may be designed to transmit a signal known shape, there is no guarantee that the return signal whose detection is sought will be similar. In fact , there are many factors to change the signal. The amplitude loss associated with inverse spherical spreading is most unfortunate for the detection system nut it does not entail any distortion of the wave shape . (Incidentally, where the wave can be approximated locally as a plane wave.) The acoustic medium has an attenuation factor , which depends on the frequency . This produces a slight distortion of the wave shape and a corresponding change in the energy spectrum of the pulse. The major changes in the waveform result from acoustic boundaries and inhomogeneities in the medium.When echoes are produced by extended targets such as submarines, there are two distinct ways in which echo structure is affected. First, there is the interference between reflections from the different leads to a target strength that fluctuates rapidly with changes in the aspect. Secondly, there is theelongation of the composite echo due to the distribution of reflecting features along the submarines. This means that the duration of the composite echo is dependent in a simple manner on the aspect angle. If T is the duration of the echo from a point scatterer, and L is the length of the submarine, the duration of the returned echo will be T=(2L/c)cosA ,where A is the acute angle between the major axis of the submarine and the line joining the source and the submarine. C is the velocity of sound in the water. Of course, LcosA must be replaced by the beam width of the submarine when A is near.A final source of pulse distortion is the Doppler shifts produced by the relative motions between the source, and the target (or detector in passive listening) may each have a different velocity relative to the bottom, the variety of effects may be quite large.水下声波信号在声纳操作过程中，操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波。
专业英语(测控专业)
Lession 1Function in use•normal probability function 概率正态分布函数•orthonormal function 正交函数•self-correlation function 自相关函数•trigonometrical function 三角函数•unbounded function 无界函数•unit step function 单位阶跃函数•zero Bessel function 零次贝塞尔函数•function of first degree 一次函数•function of many variables 多元函数•function of random variable 随机变量函数Periodic signals 周期信号Time-domain description 时域描述Polynomial expansion 多项式Taylor series 泰勒级数Fourier series 傅里叶级数Frequency-domain description 频域描述Orthogonal function 正交函数Vectors 矢量Description in dictionary•描述：描述的行为，过程或技术•声明，叙述：描述某事的声明或叙述•用画表示：•一种，一类：Description in text•A discussion of orthogonal functions and of their value for the description of signals may be conveniently introduced by considering the analogy between signals and vectors.•通过分析信号和矢量之间的相似之处，引入用来描述信号的正交函数概念。
Description in use•published a description of her travels; gave a vivid description of the game•出版她的游记；关于这场比赛的生动描述•Monet's ethereal descriptions of haystacks and water lilies.•莫内关于干干草垛和睡莲的精妙描绘•cars of every size and description.•各种大小和类型的小汽车Function in dictionary•作用，功能•职务，职责•角色，工作•重大聚会，庆典•函数：功能：•操作：子程序•Function in text•The fact that great majority of functions which may usefully be considered as signals are functions of lends justification to the treatment of signal theory in terms of time and of frequency.•借助于时间和频率的信号处理理论，许多常被看作是信号的函数都用来进行信号处理。
测控仪器专业英语单词
hover 盘旋
Human control 人工控制
Human dialogue 人对话，交互
Hydraulic tube 水力线
Hypothalamus 丘脑下部
Crank 曲柄
crossover point 交叉点
customizing computer 用户化计算机
Cutter 刀具，切割机，快艇
D
damper 阻尼闸
Data routing 数据路由
derivative mode 微分模型
Boolean programming method 布尔编程方法
bumpless ransfer 无扰动切换
C
Calibration curve 标定曲线
Calibration procedure 标定过程，检验方法
cascade control 串级控制
condense 精简
conductivity 传导性，传导率
Confirmation 证实，确认
conformance testing 相似测试，一致性测试
construction drawing 结构图 us 连续的
air to open 气开
Allowable bandwidth 允许的带宽
amplifier 放大器
Analog 模拟的
annunciate 告示，通知
area controller 装置控制器
area level 装置级
communicating equipment 通信设备
Communication 通信混合系统
测控技术与仪器专业英语作业
专业英语大作业题目：A Review on Measurement and Control Technology 系部：信息与控制工程学院专业：测控技术与仪器班级：一班学生姓名: 学号:2017年10 月18 日A Review on Measurement and Control TechnologyAbstract: With the rapid development of science and technology, high-tech gradually into the people's lives and a variety of production processes, measurement and control technology is no longer just measuring technology and control technology, but a complex integration of computer technology, Control technology, intelligent technology of the advanced areas. This makes the application of measurement and control technology and instrument technology in practice more important, it as an important tool to collect information and control, effectively use it can significantly reduce the control personnel control difficulty.[1] At present, more and more areas are gradually beginning to pay attention to the application of measurement and control technology and equipment in practice.This paper combines the professional and long-term knowledge accumulation of measurement and control technology and instrument, and draws lessons from the relevant literature Measurement and control technology and equipment in different industries and applications.Key words: measurement and control technology and instrument; technology; application1 IntroductionDevelopment of intelligent instrument Measurement and control technology and instrument specialty is the acquisition and processing of information, as well as to the related theory and technology factor model control withthe continuous development of computer technology and microelectronics technology,That is, virtual objects retain the original features of appliance operation without losing high-technical and home-automation utilization on it. In this paper, we will design a virtual object being friendly human-machine interaction to control the music playback service in smart home. The virtual object is called virtual compact disc (CD) album, Virtual-CD. The residents can take a Virtual-CD, and do some operating gestures and entity movements on it, and then the music will be played, paused, and stopped according to various operations of virtual object in smart home. It has now been mature application in measurement and control system, the typical representative of intelligent instrument is the application.[2]2Application of Measurement and Control Technology and Instrument in Practice2.1 Aerospace, agriculture and other fields of applicationMeasurement and control technology in aerospace agriculture has an important use, it is involved in the flightThe development of aerospace technology plays a great role in promoting the use of measurement and control technology to achieve spaceReal-time monitoring of the aircraft and the understanding of its flight status, but also for some data collectionSet up to facilitate the engineering staff to modify the data control, which for China's aerospace technologyDevelopment will be an indispensable part.China's agricultural production will be applied to the measurement and control technology and equipment related to the technical knowKnowledge,[3]through its application of agricultural production will be able to achieve digital management, can effectively improveProducers to manage the efficiency of agricultural production, but also more intelligent and agricultural production,Real-time monitoring of production data, but also for producers to provide effective reference data to help people to make timely adjustments to improve production efficiency and quality.[4]2.2 The application of new sensor technologyIn the current social environment, modern measurement and control technology and instrument technology are well developed, among them The use of new sensor technology is also more, the new sensor is divided into two types, the numberWord sensor and integrated sensor,[5]usually integrated sensor used in the number of According to the measurement, such as temperature, pressure and other data can be used to monitor the integrated sensor,Digital sensors are mainly used in the monitoring system and so on.[6]In recent years development of newType sensor technology has been a great development, many areas are applied to the new sensor technology surgery, which makes the new sensor technology reflects a huge practical value and practical significance.[7]The new sensor technology provides a great convenience for life and is present in the future with a strong potential and meaning.2.3 Remote monitoring and control technology applicationsAt present, China's industrial production and life, for the use of monitoring and control technology and equipment also there are remote monitoring and control technology,[8]remote monitoring and control technology in many aspects have practical use become an important technical means of industrial activities, and now more commonly used remote measurement control technology mainly telephone network remote monitoring and control technology, green remote monitoring and control technology and wireless communications.[9]The use of these remote monitoring and control technology can be used in the inspection of certain equipment,Water, electricity, gas and other aspects of pipeline failure to repair. government’s interference is not always useful because the possibility of government failure is existed.[10]The government failure act as invalid, that is, the range and power is not enough or the method of the choice is defeated of the government’s macro adjustments and controls and the method does not offset the market failure and maintain the market system run well,[11]the other representation is that the government’s interference is overabundance, that is, the range and power of the government’s interf erence is over the reasonable demand offsetting the market failure and maintain the market system run well or both the direction of the interference and the form of the choice are not right.[12]It is very effective to reduce the difficulty of manual maintenance and human waste to achieve the effect ofefficient operation,[13] there Effectively reduce the remote management and other technologies in the use of the existing management problems.[14]3The idea from administration to service3.1The notion from authority to abilityManagement is equal to service.[15]Government must turn into service government and service for market. The absence of the function of service has been the primary reason that Chinese regional government has the low efficiency on service management and public service.[16]From “administration” to “service” is not only the literal change but also the adjustment of government idea, the reformation and advancement on administration purpose, manner and system and the embodiment of all ranks of government and functional sections working for people.[17]From “administration” to “service” is not only a kind of transposition but also the government function’s renewed orientation. Under the condition of planned economy, the government only has the management function and hasn’t the service function,So, the government’s right structure has come into being egregious concentration.[18] The structure affects every aspect of social life. Through segmenting the right, government also controls the each field of society.[19]Representing the interests of the public instead of being the dominating part in the market that has more economical resources and power and owns sectional or group interest that results in corruptness to cause people's hatred. [20]3.2The notion from officer standard to citizen standardThe government organization becomes the “almighty government”, “infinite government”.[21] The governmental management scope includes market, society and enterprises’ management function. Especially, using the status of state-owner, the government manages enterprises.[22]This status brings on much confusion. For example, the governmental department exerts enterprise directorate’s function, the planned department masters the right of investment policy decision, SETC holds the examining and approving of techno-alteration,[23]the price department holds the right of making products’ price, and the ministry of labor controls the examining and approving right of employment. Some professional economic administrative department directly controls the managing right of entire industry.The problem of traditional administration system is over its managing scope and intervenes marke t and society’s managing scope.[24]The government excessively intervenes and participates in manufacture and exchange on “private goods”.[25]And the government doesn’t deal with the supply of public goods and couldn’t offer good social public service.[26]4ConclusionChina is focusing on the construction of innovative countries, the school test control industry students,In the transformation period of the government, some problems are urgently to be solved .The following are the problems. The systemicbarrier in the transformation period is standing out.The mode of social management lags far behind seriously failure of Government.Public information sharing is not smooththe disadvantaged group is in a devil of a hole.[27] we must seriously study the measurement and control technology and equipment. Especially in contemporary China on the use of measurement and control technology and the increasing demand for large backKing, the community for the manipulation of the demand for talent is also increasing. Whether it is for the national construction or their own development needs, the relevant monitoring and control of professional students have to earnestly study the relevant knowledge.With the continuous integration of global information, common development, phaseLetter as long as the relevant technical staff and scholars continue to work, The use of these remote monitoring and control technology can be used in the inspection of certain equipment, Water, electricity, gas and other aspects of pipeline failure to repair.continue to explore, continuous research,We can find the technical and instrumentation of professional and technical information and a major discovery, I believe measurement and control technology and equipment will also have great room for development and prospects.References[1]Sun Yunshan，Zhang Liyi, GengYanxiang. Research principle of communication, virtual experiment simulation system [J].Laboratory science,2010,13(6):101-103.[2]Ling Lin,SuJie，Jin Chun. The application of the software simulation in experiment teaching of communication principle [J]. The experiment technology and management，2011,28(4):83-85.[3]ZhangLanyong. The LabVIEW program design basis[M]. Beijing machinery industry,2012.[4]Zhang Hui，Cao Lina. Modern communication principle and technology [M].2. Xian university of science and technology press,2008.[5]Ren Jun，Zhang Hongyan. Using the virtual simulation experiment reform the experiment teaching of communication principle [J]. The experiment technology and management，2014,31(3);95-97,104.[6]Lin Jing，Lin Zhenyu，ZhengFuren. The LabVIEW virtual instrument application study [M]. Beijing people's posts and telecommunications publishing house，2010. [7]Sun Qiuye，Liu Ang，Wang Yunshuang. LabVIEW8.5 quickly learn and master [M]. xi 'an jiaotong university club，2009.[8]Zhang Xi，Lei Yong. Networked remote laboratory system based on virtual instrument technology [J]. Laboratory research and exploration，2005.24(3):49-51.[9]ZhengLifeng. Design and implementation of virtual instrument laboratory. Chengdu southwest jiaotong university master's degree thesis，2002(1):42-46. [10] Li Xinguo. A brief discussion on modern measurement and control technology and its application [J] Management and technology of application，2015（16）：18-21[11]Zhi-gang liu. The development of modern measurement and control technology and its application [D] Tianjin：Tianjin university of technology.2012[12] Sunliang. Development and application of modern measurement and control technology [J] Electronic quality，2006（10）:56-58[13]Chenming，Zhangpeng. The development trend of modern measurement and control technology [R] Seminar on measurement and testing of academic exchange and radio calibration technology in 2008，Hohhot，2008[14] Ding Cuihuan，Li Mengxue. The development of modern measurement and control technology and its application research [J] Chinese high-tech enterprises，2016（29）22-25[15] Zhang Meimei，Zhou Xianghua. To explore the development and practice of modern measurement and control technology [J] Electronic technology and software engineering，2014（8）:53-57[16] Ouwen. The development of modern measurement and control technology and its application research [D]Taiyuan：University of north，2014[17]Lichao. Development and application analysis of modern measurement and control technology [J] Urban geography，2015（10）：143[18] Yan Lele. The development and application of modern measurement and control technology [J] Shandong industrial technology，2015（10）：42[19]JiangWuxue. The development of campus network based on LabVIEW virtual laboratory [J]. Journal of zhejiangwanlicollege.2005(4):46-48.[20]Zhangronghui. Configuration and configuration analysis of automatic control system based on PLC [J]. Technology and innovation,2015,15(23):83-84.[21] Wu xianliang. The configuration and configuration of automatic control system based on PLC [J]. Technology and enterprise,2016,16(10):79-80.[22] Yu wensong, qi zhiwu. Application of intelligent technology of measurement and control technology and apparatus [J]. Equipment technology,2017,15(03):12-13.[23] Yang wujie. Application of the intelligent technology of measurement and control technology and apparatus [J]. Shandong industrial technology,2016,16(03),113-119.[24] Guonari. Application of measurement and control technology and apparatus inpractice [J]. Electronic test,2016,15(12):117-118.[25] Sun daobao, zhumengzhen, shenjunhao. Application of measurement and control technology and apparatus in practice [J]. Application of electromechanical technology,2017,13(97):102-103.[26] Zhang yujie. Application of mechanical automation in mechanical manufacturing [J]. Technology prospect.2016,16(06):46-48.[27] Zhang yujie. Application of mechanical automation in mechanical manufacturing [J]. Technology prospect.2015,26(18):45-46.。
【测控专业英语】Calibration and Operating Characteristic 校准及运行特性.
测控技术与仪器专业英语
9
Unit 4
Calibration
The calibration procedure and instrument performance 3.1 checks are generally specified by the instrument manufacturer in the manuals that are provided with the instrument． 校准过程和仪器性能检查通常由仪器厂商在随仪器提供 的手册中指定或设置。 Frequent unnecessary adjustments may also interfere 3.6 with the records for an instrument and accelerate progressive drift in values. 频繁不必要调整可能会影响仪器的记录，并加速数值的 逐渐地漂移。
4
Unit 4
Calibration
Calibration refers to the comparison of a measurement 1.1 instrument to a standard or other instrument of known accuracy in order to bring the instrument into substantial agreement with an established standard. 校准是指为了使仪器与已有标准完全一致（匹配）而将 一个测量仪器与一个标准的或其他已知准确度的仪器相 比较的过程。
测控技术与仪器专业英语
16
1 Measurement
When the measured variable is continuously varied over 2.2 the range, some measuring instruments change their output in discrete steps rather than in a continuous manner. The resolution of this type of measuring instrument is a single step of the output. 当被测量在测量范围内连续变化时，某些测量仪器以离 散的阶跃形式改变其输出，而非连续方式。这类测量仪 器的分辨率即是输出的一次阶跃。
测控技术与仪器专业英语课文以及单词
? One can measure thickness on many scales .The galaxy is sphick.. 你可以测量厚度,在许多尺度螺旋星系的约100 Em(1020m磁盘)深
? 3.Distance measurement 3。距离测量
? The tools and techniques of distance measurement are possibly one of humankind's longest-running inventive pursuits .This chapter concerns itself with methods to measure a relatively small segment of this range-from centimeters to kilometers .Even within this limited segment ,it would hardly be possible to list ,much less describe ,all of the distance measurement approaches that have been devised .Nevertheless ,the small sampling of technologies that are covered here should be of help to a broad range of readers.
? The altitude information at air traffic control (ATC) centers is based on pressure altitude measurement that the aircraft transponder system sends after it receives an appropriate interrogation——known as mode C interrogation——transmitted by a secondary surveillance radar. Actually, the altitude information is an atmospheric pressure measurement transformed to altitude indication through a formula expressing the pressure/altitude relationship. When a flight level is cleared for an aircraft, it actually means that the pilot must keep flying on an isobaric surface. However, the altimetry system may present systematic errors (biases) that are different for each airplane, and that significantly affect safety. Thus, the altimetry system performance as well as the aircraft height keeping performance must be monitored by an independent radar or satellite system. 信息的高度,在空中交通管制中心(ATC)根据压高度测量,飞机的应答机系统发给后都把它珍藏一个适当的审讯——被称为模式C讯问——通过二级监视雷达。实际上,高度的大气压力测量信息转化为高度通过公式显示表达压力/高度的关系。当一个飞行高度是允许飞机时,实际上就意味着飞行员必须不停地飞在一个isobaric表面。然而,altimetry系统系统误差可能出现偏差)(飞机的不同而有所区别,明显影响安全。因此,altimetry系统性能以及飞机高度保持性能均须由独立的雷达或卫星电视系统
测控技术和仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译
第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled，large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such，iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a mean value.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the truevalue. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the precedingsection·the maximum deviation i、士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量。
因此,它每个复制的观察。
如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同。
散射的数据值可以评估。
散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值。
准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值。
如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料。
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句中cause-effect意为“因果” ， uniform treatment意为“统 一处理” 。
An Introduction to Automatic Control
2. History of Automatic Control The use of feedback to control a system has had a fascinating history. The first applications of feedback control appeared in the development of float regulator mechanisms in Greece in the period 300 to 1 B.C. The first feedback system invented in modern Europe is the temperature regulator of Cornelis Drebbel(1572-1633)of Holland. The first automatic feedback controller used in an industrial process is generally agreed to be James Watt’s flyball governor, developed in 1769 for controlling the speed of a steam engine.
句中flyball governor意为“飞球调速器” 。
An Introduction to Automatic Control
2. History of Automatic Control The all mechanical device, shown in Figure 5.1, measures the speed of the output shaft and utilizes the movement of the flyball with speed to control the valve and therefore the amount of steam entering the engine. As the speed increases, the ball weights rise and move away from the shaft axis, thus closing the valve. The flyweights require power from the engine to turn and therefore cause the speed measurement to be 1ess accurate.
An Introduction to Automatic Control
1. Introduction In dealing with control systems, particularly engineering control systems, we will deal with a variety of components, indicating that the subject is an interdisciplinary one. The control engineer needs a working knowledge of mechanics, electronics, electrical machines, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, structures, material properties, and so on. Obviously not every control system contains elements from more than one discipline.
句中 impetus 意为“动力”， gun-positioning systems, radar antenna control systems意为“枪定位系统、雷达天线控制系 统” 。
An Introduction to Automatic Control
2. History of Automatic Control Frequency-domain techniques continued to dominate the field of control following World War Ⅱ with the increased use of the Laplace transform and the complex frequency plane. During tile 1950s, the emphasis in control engineering theory was on the development and use of the s-plane methods and, particularly, the root locus approach. Furthermore, during the 1980s, the utilization of digital computers for control components became routine. The technology of these new control elements to perform accurate and rapid calculations was formerly unavailable to control engineers.
译为：在研究控制系统，尤其是工程控制系统时，会涉及到各 种不同的学科，这表明控制学科是一个交叉学科。
句中mechanics意为“力学” ，fluid mechanics意为“流体力 学” thermodynamics意为“热力学” 。
An Introduction to Automatic Control
Unit 5 Control
An Introduction to Automatic Control
1. Introduction Engineering is concerned with understanding and controlling the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of humankind. Control system engineers are concerned with understanding and controlling segments of ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้heir environment, to provide useful products for society. Control engineering is based on the foundations of feedback theory and linear system analysis. It is not limited to any engineering discipline but is equally applicable to aeronautical, chemical, mechanical, environmental, civil, and electrical engineering.
Figure 5.1 Watt’s flyball governor
An Introduction to Automatic Control
2. History of Automatic Control A large impetus to the history and practice of automatic control occurred during World War Ⅱ when it became necessary to design and construct automatic airplane pilots, gun-positioning systems, radar antenna control systems, and other military systems based on the feedback control approach. The complexity and expected performance of these military systems necessitated an extension of the available contro1 techniques and fostered interest in control systems and the development of new insights and methods.
句中feedback意为“反馈”， linear system analysis意为“线 性系统分析”。
An Introduction to Automatic Control
1. Introduction A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response. The study of control systems involves not so much the development of new engineering components or machines, but taking combinations of existing hardware to achieve a predetermined goal. Control systems operate in almost every aspect of human activity, including walking, talking, and handling objects. In addition, control systems exist that require no human interaction, such as aircraft automatic pilots and automobile cruise control systems. 译为：对控制系统的研究，与其说是开发新的工程部件或装置， 倒不如说是组合现有的部件来达到预设的目标。