marking symbols
symbols
Short form 单词缩略 ref = reference co. = company ad. = advertisement info = information usu =usually bio = biology chem = chemistry max = maximum min = minimum intro = introduction esp = especially subj = subject tel = telephone
句子简化训练原则 1. 用最少的语言来记录大量语言表达的信息, 即关键词,如名词,动词,数量词,日期,地 名,人名。 Eg: “Last Saturday my classmates and I went on a picnic.” 这句话可这样笔记 .Sat, I & classzs, picnic “China and Europe have been trading with each other for more than 2,000 years.” 可这样记 Chi & Euro, trade, >2,000 yrs.
象形符号
O 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以 这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、 全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、 协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈 判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。 如果在U内填入2××××,就可以表示 为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为 trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一 个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
Signs和Symbols之间的区别与关系
Signs和Symbols之间的区别与关系霍伟潮&王梦筝在开始这⼀次的课题之前,我们先贴上Sign和Symbol的英⽂诠释。
Sign:Noun1. a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that somethinghas happened);2. a public display of a (usually written) message;"he posted signs in all the shop windows"3. any communication that encodes a message;4. structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted;5. (astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided6. (medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease;"there were no signs of asphixiation"7. having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges);8. an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come;9. a gesture that is part of a sign language10. a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified;"The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure11. a character indicating a relation between quantities;"don't forget the minus sign"Verb1. mark with one's signature; write one's name (on);2. approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation;3. be engaged by a written agreement;4. engage by written agreement;5. communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs;6. place signs, as along a road;7. communicate in sign language;"I don't know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin"8. make the sign of the cross over someone in order to call on God for protection; consecrateAdjective1. used of the language of the deafSymbol:Noun1. an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance2. something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible;"the eagle is a symbol of the United States"可以看到,Sign的含义要⽐Symbol丰富得多。
symbols
The Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol ListScott Pakin<pakin@>∗29September2003AbstractThis document lists2826symbols and the corresponding L A T E X commands that produce them.Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L A T E X2εsystem;others require fonts and packagesthat may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed.All of the fontsand packages used to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from theComprehensive T E X Archive Network().Contents1Introduction61.1Document Usage (6)1.2Frequently Requested Symbols (6)2Body-text symbols7 Table1:L A T E X2εEscapable“Special”Characters (7)Table2:L A T E X2εCommands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode (7)Table3:Predefined L A T E X2εText-mode Commands (7)Table4:Non-ASCII Letters(Excluding Accented Letters) (8)Table5:Letters Used to Typeset African Languages (8)Table6:Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 (8)Table7:pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks (8)Table8:wasysym Phonetic Symbols (8)Table9:tipa Phonetic Symbols (8)Table10:wsuipa Phonetic Symbols (10)Table11:phonetic Phonetic Symbols (10)Table12:Text-mode Accents (11)Table13:tipa Text-mode Accents (11)Table14:wsuipa Text-mode Accents (12)Table15:phonetic Text-mode Accents (13)Table16:wsuipa Diacritics (13)Table17:textcomp Diacritics (13)Table18:textcomp Currency Symbols (13)Table19:marvosym Currency Symbols (14)Table20:wasysym Currency Symbols (14)Table21:eurosym Euro Signs (14)Table22:textcomp Legal Symbols (14)Table23:textcomp Old-style Numerals (14)Table24:Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols (15)Table25:Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols (15)Table26:A M S Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode (15)∗The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle,with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt.See Section7.6on page69for more information about who did what.13Mathematical symbols16 Table27:Binary Operators (16)Table28:A M S Binary Operators (16)Table29:stmaryrd Binary Operators (17)Table30:wasysym Binary Operators (17)Table31:txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators (17)Table32:mathabx Binary Operators (18)Table33:ulsy Geometric Binary Operators (18)Table34:mathabx Geometric Binary Operators (18)Table35:Variable-sized Math Operators (18)Table36:A M S Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table37:stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table38:wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table39:mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table40:txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators (20)Table41:esint Variable-sized Math Operators (20)Table42:Binary Relations (21)Table43:A M S Binary Relations (21)Table44:A M S Negated Binary Relations (21)Table45:stmaryrd Binary Relations (21)Table46:wasysym Binary Relations (21)Table47:txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations (22)Table48:txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations (22)Table49:mathabx Binary Relations (22)Table50:mathabx Negated Binary Relations (23)Table51:trsym Binary Relations (23)Table52:trfsigns Binary Relations (23)Table53:Subset and Superset Relations (23)Table54:A M S Subset and Superset Relations (23)Table55:stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table56:wasysym Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table57:txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table58:mathabx Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table59:Inequalities (24)Table60:A M S Inequalities (24)Table61:wasysym Inequalities (25)Table62:txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities (25)Table63:mathabx Inequalities (25)Table64:A M S Triangle Relations (25)Table65:stmaryrd Triangle Relations (25)Table66:mathabx Triangle Relations (25)Table67:Arrows (26)Table68:Harpoons (26)Table69:textcomp Text-mode Arrows (26)Table70:A M S Arrows (26)Table71:A M S Negated Arrows (26)Table72:A M S Harpoons (26)Table73:stmaryrd Arrows (27)Table74:txfonts/pxfonts Arrows (27)Table75:mathabx Arrows (27)Table76:mathabx Negated Arrows (27)Table77:mathabx Harpoons (28)Table78:chemarrow Arrows (28)Table79:ulsy Contradiction Symbols (28)Table80:Extension Characters (28)Table81:stmaryrd Extension Characters (28)Table82:txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters (28)2Table83:mathabx Extension Characters (28)Table84:Log-like Symbols (29)Table85:A M S Log-like Symbols (29)Table86:Greek Letters (29)Table87:A M S Greek Letters (29)Table88:txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters (30)Table89:upgreek Upright Greek Letters (30)Table90:txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters (30)Table91:A M S Hebrew Letters (30)Table92:Letter-like Symbols (30)Table93:A M S Letter-like Symbols (31)Table94:txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols (31)Table95:mathabx Letter-like Symbols (31)Table96:trfsigns Letter-like Symbols (31)Table97:A M S Delimiters (31)Table98:stmaryrd Delimiters (31)Table99:mathabx Delimiters (31)Table100:nath Delimiters (31)Table101:Variable-sized Delimiters (32)Table102:Large,Variable-sized Delimiters (32)Table103:Variable-sized stmaryrd Delimiters (32)Table104:mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters (32)Table105:nath Variable-sized Delimiters(Double) (33)Table106:nath Variable-sized Delimiters(Triple) (33)Table107:textcomp Text-mode Delimiters (33)Table108:Math-mode Accents (34)Table109:A M S Math-mode Accents (34)Table110:yhmath Math-mode Accents (34)Table111:trfsigns Math-mode Accents (34)Table112:Extensible Accents (35)Table113:overrightarrow Extensible Accents (35)Table114:yhmath Extensible Accents (35)Table115:A M S Extensible Accents (35)Table116:chemarr Extensible Accents (36)Table117:chemarrow Extensible Accents (36)Table118:mathabx Extensible Accents (36)Table119:esvect Extensible Accents (37)Table120:undertilde Extensible Accents (37)Table121:Dots (37)Table122:A M S Dots (37)Table123:mathdots Dots (38)Table124:yhmath Dots (38)Table125:Miscellaneous L A T E X2εSymbols (38)Table126:Miscellaneous A M S Symbols (38)Table127:Miscellaneous wasysym Symbols (38)Table128:Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols (38)Table129:Miscellaneous mathabx Symbols (39)Table130:Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols (39)Table131:mathcomp Math Symbols (39)Table132:gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode (39)Table133:mathabx Mayan Digits (39)Table134:marvosym Math Symbols (39)Table135:Math Alphabets (40)34Science and technology symbols41 Table136:wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols (41)Table137:ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols (41)Table138:ar Aspect Ratio Symbol (41)Table139:textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols (41)Table140:wasysym Astronomical Symbols (41)Table141:marvosym Astronomical Symbols (42)Table142:mathabx Astronomical Symbols (42)Table143:wasysym Astrological Symbols (42)Table144:marvosym Astrological Symbols (42)Table145:mathabx Astrological Symbols (42)Table146:wasysym APL Symbols (42)Table147:wasysym APL Modifiers (42)Table148:marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols (43)Table149:ascii Control Characters(IBM) (43)Table150:marvosym Communication Symbols (43)Table151:marvosym Engineering Symbols (43)Table152:wasysym Biological Symbols (43)Table153:marvosym Biological Symbols (43)Table154:marvosym Safety-related Symbols (44)5Dingbats45 Table155:bbding Arrows (45)Table156:pifont Arrows (45)Table157:marvosym Scissors (45)Table158:bbding Scissors (45)Table159:pifont Scissors (45)Table160:dingbat Pencils (45)Table161:bbding Pencils and Nibs (46)Table162:pifont Pencils and Nibs (46)Table163:dingbat Hands (46)Table164:bbding Hands (46)Table165:pifont Hands (46)Table166:bbding Crosses and Plusses (46)Table167:pifont Crosses and Plusses (46)Table168:bbding Xs and Check Marks (46)Table169:pifont Xs and Check Marks (47)Table170:wasysym Xs and Check Marks (47)Table171:pifont Circled Numbers (47)Table172:wasysym Stars (47)Table173:bbding Stars,Flowers,and Similar Shapes (47)Table174:pifont Stars,Flowers,and Similar Shapes (48)Table175:wasysym Geometric Shapes (48)Table176:ifsym Geometric Shapes (48)Table177:bbding Geometric Shapes (49)Table178:pifont Geometric Shapes (49)Table179:universa Geometric Shapes (49)Table180:manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols (49)Table181:skull Symbols (49)Table182:Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols (49)Table183:marvosym Information Symbols (49)Table184:Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats (50)Table185:Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats (50)Table186:Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats (50)46Other symbols51 Table187:textcomp Genealogical Symbols (51)Table188:wasysym General Symbols (51)Table189:wasysym Musical Notes (51)Table190:wasysym Circles (51)Table191:Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols (51)Table192:marvosym Navigation Symbols (52)Table193:marvosym Laundry Symbols (52)Table194:Other marvosym Symbols (52)Table195:Miscellaneous universa Symbols (52)Table196:ifsym Weather Symbols (53)Table197:ifsym Alpine Symbols (53)Table198:ifsym Clocks (53)Table199:Other ifsym Symbols (53)Table200:skak Chess Informator Symbols (54)7Additional Information557.1Symbol Name Clashes (55)7.2Where can Ifind the symbol for...? (55)7.3Math-mode spacing (64)7.4Bold mathematical symbols (65)7.5ASCII and Latin1quick reference (66)7.6About this document (69)References69 Index7151IntroductionWelcome to the Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List!This document strives to be your primary source of L A T E X symbol information:font samples,L A T E X commands,packages,usage details,caveats—everything needed to put thousands of different symbols at your disposal.All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:1.They are freely available from the Comprehensive T E X Archive Network().2.All of their symbols have L A T E X2εbindings.That is,a user should be able to access a symbol by name,not just by\char number .These are not particularly limiting criteria;the Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List contains samples of2826 symbols—quite a large number.Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L A T E X2εsystem; others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed.See /cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help with installing new fonts and packages.1.1Document UsageEach section of this document contains a number of font tables.Each table shows a set of symbols,with the corresponding L A T E X command to the right of each symbol.A table’s caption indicates what package needs to be loaded in order to access that table’s symbols.For example,the symbols in Table23,“textcomp Old-Style Numerals”,are made available by putting“\usepackage{textcomp}”in your document’s preamble.“A M S”means to use the A M S packages,viz.amssymb and/or amsmath.Notes below a table provide additionalinformation about some or all the symbols in that table.One note that appears a few times in this document,particularly in Section2,indicates that certain symbols do not exist in the OT1font encoding(Donald Knuth’s original,7-bit font encoding,which is the default font encoding for L A T E X)and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding,such as T1 (a common8-bit font encoding).That means that you should put“\usepackage[ encoding ]{fontenc}”in your document’s preamble,where encoding is,e.g.,T1or LY1.To limit the change in font encoding to the current group,use“\fontencoding{ encoding }\selectfont”.Section7contains some additional information about the symbols in this document.It shows which symbol names are not unique across packages,gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols, explains how symbols are spaced in math mode,presents a L A T E X ASCII and Latin1tables,and provides some information about this document itself.The Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List ends with an index of all the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.1.2Frequently Requested SymbolsThere are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex.If you’re looking for such a symbol the following list will help youfind it quickly.,as in“Spaces significant.” (7)´ı,`ı,¯ı,ˆı,etc.(versus´i,`i,¯i,andˆi) (11)¢ (13)e (14)©,®,and™ (14)‰ (15) (20)∴ (21)and (22)and (24)... (38)°,as in“180°”or“15℃” (39)L,F,etc (40)N,Z,R,etc (40)−R (58)´¯a,`ˆe,etc.(i.e.,several accents per character)60 <,>,and|(instead of¡,¿,and—) (66)ˆand˜(or∼) (67)62Body-text symbolsThis section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text,such as punctuation marks,accents, ligatures,and currency symbols.Table1:L A T E X2εEscapable“Special”Characters$\$%\%\_∗}\}&\&#\#{\{∗The underscore package redefines“_”to produce an underscore in text mode(i.e.,itmakes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).Table2:L A T E X2εCommands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode$\$\_‡\ddag{\{¶\P c○©\copyright...\dots}\}§\S†\dag£\poundsWhere two symbols are present,the left one is the“faked”symbol that L A T E X2εprovides by default,and the right one is the“true”symbol that textcomp makesavailable.Table3:Predefined L A T E X2εText-mode Commandsˆ\textasciicircum<\textless˜\textasciitilde aª\textordfeminine∗\textasteriskcentered oº\textordmasculine\\textbackslash¶\textparagraph|\textbar·\textperiodcentered{\textbraceleft¿\textquestiondown}\textbraceright“\textquotedblleft•\textbullet”\textquotedblrightc○©\textcopyright‘\textquoteleft†\textdagger’\textquoteright‡\textdaggerdbl r○®\textregistered$\textdollar§\textsection...\textellipsis£\textsterling—\textemdash TM™\texttrademark–\textendash\textunderscore¡\textexclamdown\textvisiblespace>\textgreaterWhere two symbols are present,the left one is the“faked”symbol that L A T E X2εprovides by default,and the right one is the“true”symbol that textcomp makesavailable.7Table4:Non-ASCII Letters(Excluding Accented Letters)˚a\aaÐ\DH∗ L\Lø\oß\ss˚A\AAð\dh∗ l\lØ\O SS\SSÆ\AEÐ\DJ∗Ŋ\NG∗Œ\OEÞ\TH∗æ\aeđ\dj∗ŋ\ng∗œ\oeþ\th∗∗Not available in the OT1font e the fontenc package to select analternate font encoding,such as T1.Table5:Letters Used to Typeset African LanguagesÐ\B{D}°\m{c}¤\m{f}¨\m{k}»\M{t} \m{Z}\B{d} \m{D} \m{F} \m{N} \M{T}Â\T{E}\B{H}ð\M{d} \m{G}\m{n}º\m{t}â\T{e}§\B{h}Ð\M{D}¦\m{g}ª\m{o} \m{T}Å\T{O}·\B{t}¡\m{d}À\m{I} \m{O}®\m{u}∗å\T{o}\B{T} \m{E}à\m{i} \m{P} \m{U}∗\m{b}¢\m{e} \m{J}±\m{p} \m{Y}\m{B} \M{E}©\m{j}¬\m{s}¯\m{y}\m{C}£\M{e} \m{K} \m{S}¶\m{z}These characters all need the T4font encoding,which is provided by the fc package.∗\m{v}and\m{V}are synonyms for\m{u}and\m{U}.Table6:Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1«\guillemotleft‹\guilsinglleft…\quotedblbase"\textquotedbl »\guillemotright›\guilsinglright‚\quotesinglbaseTo get these symbols,use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.Table7:pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks❛\ding{123}❝\ding{125}❡\ding{161}❣\ding{163}❜\ding{124}❞\ding{126}❢\ding{162}Table8:wasysym Phonetic SymbolsD\DH \dh \openoÞ\Thorn \inveþ\thornTable9:tipa Phonetic Symbols8È\textbabygamma P\textglotstopï\textrtailnb\textbarb;\texthalflengthó\textrtailrc\textbarc»\texthardsignù\textrtailsd\textbard#\texthooktopú\textrtailté\textbardotlessjá\texthtbü\textrtailzg\textbargê\texthtbardotlessj$\textrthookÜ\textbarglotstopÁ\texthtcÀ\textsca1\textbariâ\texthtdà\textscbª\textbarlä\texthtg¤\textsce8\textbaro H\texththå\textscgÝ\textbarrevglotstopÊ\texththengË\textsch0\textbaruÎ\texthtk@\textschwaì\textbeltlÒ\texthtp I\textsciB\textbetaÓ\texthtq¨\textscjò\textbullseye£\texthtrtaildÏ\textscl \textceltpalÉ\texthtscgð\textscnX\textchiÖ\texthtt×\textscoeligÅ\textcloseepsilonÿ\texthvlig±\textscomegaÑ\textcloseomegaÛ\textinvglotstopö\textscrÆ\textcloserevepsilon K\textinvscr A\textscriptaÞ\textcommatailzÌ\textiota g\textscriptg^\textcorner«\textlambda V\textscriptv\textcrb:\textlengthmarkÚ\textscu¡\textcrd³\textlhookt Y\textscyg\textcrg¦\textlhtlongi \textsecstressè\textcrh¶\textlhtlongyº\textsoftsignÛ\textcrinvglotstopÔ\textlonglegrÂ\textstretchc¬\textcrlambda½\textlptr t C\texttctclig2\textcrtwo M\textltailmÙ\textteshligC\textctcñ\textltailn T\texttheta¢\textctdë\textltildeþ\textthorn¢ý\textctdctzligÐ\textlyoghlig¿\texttoneletterstem ²\textcteshÍ\textObardotlessjµ\texttsligJ\textctj\textOlyoghlig5\textturna®\textctn°\textomega¯\textturncelig´\textctt_\textopencorner4\textturnh´C\textcttctclig O\textopeno©\textturnk¸\textctyogh%\textpalhookÕ\textturnlonglegr ý\textctz F\textphi W\textturnmdý\textdctzlig|\textpipeî\textturnmrlegS\textdoublebaresh"\textprimstressô\textturnr}\textdoublebarpipe¼\textraiseglotstopõ\textturnrrtail=/\textdoublebarslash§\textraisevibyi6\textturnscripta {\textdoublepipe7\textramshornsØ\textturnt\textdoublevertline\\textrevapostrophe2\textturnv\textdownstep9\textreveû\textturnwÃ\textdyoghlig3\textrevepsilon L\textturnyd z\textdzlig Q\textrevglotstop U\textupsilonE\textepsilon¹\textrevyogh \textupstepS\texteshÇ\textrhookrevepsilon \textvertlineR\textfishhookrÄ\textrhookschwa§\textvibyi¥\textg~\textrhoticity·\textvibyyG\textgamma¾\textrptrß\textwynn\textglobfallã\textrtaild Z\textyogh(continued on next page)9(continued from previous page)\textglobrise í\textrtailltipa defines shortcut characters for many of the above.It also defines a command \tone for denoting tone letters (pitches).See the tipa documentation for more information.Table 10:wsuipa Phonetic Symbols3\babygamma V \eng R \labdentalnas !\schwa ¦\barb "\er G \latfric B \sci \bard w \esh T \legm X \scn 9\bari \eth i \legr t \scrF \barl h \flapr I \lz¡\scripta `\baro \glotstop ¢\nialpha (\scriptg e \barp ¨\hookb ©\nibeta \scriptv C \barsci \hookd \nichi\scu \barscu )\hookg $\niepsilon \scy \baru 6\hookh 1\nigamma §\slashb Y \clickb 7\hookhengA \niiota \slashc \clickc &\hookrevepsilon P \nilambda \slashd \clickt4\hv b \niomega \slashu c \closedniomega \inva g \niphi \taild '\closedrevepsilon D \invfy \nisigma r \tailinvr ¥\crossb d \invglotstop \nitheta H \taill \crossd 8\invh \niupsilon W \tailn 5\crosshs \invlegr U \nj p \tailr Q \crossnilambda S \invm d \oo v \tails \curlyc q \invr a \openo \tailt x \curlyesh u \invscr#\reve\tailz \curlyyogh £\invscripta f \reveject \tesh \curlyz ¤\invv %\revepsilon f \thorn @\dlbari \invw \revglotstop E \tildel \dz\invy\scd\yoghe\ejective2\ipagamma\scgTable 11:phonetic Phonetic Symbolsj \barjf \flap i ¯\ibar e \rotvara i \vari¡\barlambda c \glottal \openo w \rotw ¨\varomega w \emgma f \hausaB ¯h \planck y \roty g \varopeno n \engma \hausab \pwedge e \schwa v ˚\vodx \enya h \hausad ¢\revD p \thorn h \voicedh 4\epsi \hausaD \riota u \ubar x\yoghs \esh k \hausak m \rotmu \udesc d \eth u \hausaK \rotOmega \vara p\fjh\hookdr\rotr q\varg10Table 12:Text-mode Accents¨A¨a \"{A}\"{a}`A`a \‘{A}\‘{a}˝A˝a \H{A}\H{a}˘A˘a \u{A}\u{a}´A´a \’{A}\’{a}A ¯a ¯\b{A}\b{a}Ąą\k{A}\k{a}†ˇAˇa \v{A}\v{a}˙A˙a \.{A}\.{a}A ¸¸a \c{A}\c{a}˚A ˚a \r{A}\r{a}˜A˜a \~{A}\~{a}¯A¯a \={A}\={a}A .a .\d{A}\d{a} A a \t{A}\t{a}ˆAˆa \^{A}\^{a} A a\G{A}\G{a}‡¼A¼a \U{A}\U{a}‡ Aa \newtie{A}\newtie{a}∗A ○a ○\textcircled{A}\textcircled{a}∗Requires the textcomp package.†Not available in the OT1font e the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.‡Requires the T4font encoding,provided by the fc package.Also note the existence of \i and \j ,which produce dotless versions of “i”and “j”(viz.,“ı”and “j”).These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot.For example,“na\"{\i}ve ”produces a correct “na¨ıve”,while “na\"{i}ve ”would yield the rather odd-looking “na ¨ive”.(“na\"{i}ve ”does work in encodingsother than OT1,however.)Table 13:tipa Text-mode Accents¡©A ¡©a \textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a}¡§A ¡§a \textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a}A 0a 0\textadvancing{A}\textadvancing{a}A `a `\textbottomtiebar{A}\textbottomtiebar{a}¨©A ¨©a \textbrevemacron{A}\textbrevemacron{a} A a \textcircumacute{A}\textcircumacute{a}¢ A ¢ a \textcircumdot{A}\textcircumdot{a} A a \textdotacute{A}\textdotacute{a} ¨A ¨a\textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a}¨A ¨a \textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a}A a \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a}A a \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a} A a \textgravecircum{A}\textgravecircum{a} A a \textgravedot{A}\textgravedot{a}©A ©a \textgravemacron{A}\textgravemacron{a} A a \textgravemid{A}\textgravemid{a}A a \textinvsubbridge{A}\textinvsubbridge{a}A )a )\textlowering{A}\textlowering{a} A a \textmidacute{A}\textmidacute{a}$A $a\textovercross{A}\textovercross{a}(continued on next page)(continued from previous page)" A "a\textoverw{A}\textoverw{a}A a \textpolhook{A}\textpolhook{a}A(a(\textraising{A}\textraising{a}A1a1\textretracting{A}\textretracting{a}¦©A¦©a\textringmacron{A}\textringmacron{a} A a\textroundcap{A}\textroundcap{a}A#a#\textseagull{A}\textseagull{a}A a\textsubacute{A}\textsubacute{a}A a\textsubarch{A}\textsubarch{a}A©a©\textsubbar{A}\textsubbar{a}A a \textsubbridge{A}\textsubbridge{a}A ¢a¢\textsubcircum{A}\textsubcircum{a}A a\textsubdot{A}\textsubdot{a}A a\textsubgrave{A}\textsubgrave{a}A!a!\textsublhalfring{A}\textsublhalfring{a} A'a'\textsubplus{A}\textsubplus{a}A a\textsubrhalfring{A}\textsubrhalfring{a}A ¦a¦\textsubring{A}\textsubring{a}A a \textsubsquare{A}\textsubsquare{a}A £a£\textsubtilde{A}\textsubtilde{a}A ¤a¤\textsubumlaut{A}\textsubumlaut{a}A"a"\textsubw{A}\textsubw{a}A §a§\textsubwedge{A}\textsubwedge{a}A8a8\textsuperimposetilde{A}\textsuperimposetilde{a}A 4a4\textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a}£ A£ a\texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a}bA b a\texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a}A a\textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}tipa defines shortcut sequences for many of the above.See the tipa documentation for more information.Table14:wsuipa Text-mode AccentsA g a g\dental{A}\dental{a}A a \underarch{A}\underarch{a}Table 15:phonetic Text-mode AccentsA {a {\hill{A}\hill{a}©A ©a \rc{A}\rc{a}A ˜a˜\ut{A}\ut{a}A ˚a ˚\od{A}\od{a}Aa \syl{A}\syl{a}{A {a\ohill{A}\ohill{a}A ..a ..\td{A}\td{a}The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents.\acbar and \acarc compose characters with multiple accents;for example,\acbar{\’}{a}produces “´¯a ”and \acarc{\"}{e}produces “¨¯e ”.\labvel joinstwo characters with an arc:\labvel{mn}→“ mn”.\upbar is intended to gobetween characters as in “x\upbar{}y’’→“x y”.Lastly,\uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses a smaller font.Contrast “p\uplett{h}’’→“p h ”with “p\textsuperscript{h}’’→“p h ”.Table 16:wsuipa Diacriticss \ain v \leftp x \overring h \stress }\underwedge k \corner n \leftt ~\polishhook j \syllabic t \upp u \downp q \length w \rightp r \underdots l\uptm \downt{\midtilde o \rightt y \underring p\halflengthz\openi\secstress|\undertildeThe wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters,not as accents.However,it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands,which are used to compose diacritics with other characters.For example,\diatop[\overring|a]produces “x a ”,and \diaunder[\underdots|a]produces “r a ”.See the wsuipa doc-umentation for more information.Table 17:textcomp Diacritics˝\textacutedbl ˇ\textasciicaron ¯\textasciimacron ´\textasciiacute ¨\textasciidieresis ̏\textgravedbl˘\textasciibreve`\textasciigraveThe textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters,not as accents.Table 18:textcomp Currency Symbols฿\textbaht $\textdollar\textguarani ₩\textwon ¢\textcent$\textdollaroldstyle ₤\textlira ¥\textyen¢\textcentoldstyle ₫\textdong ₦\textnaira ₡\textcolonmonetary €\texteuro \textpeso¤\textcurrencyƒ\textflorin£\textsterlingTable19:marvosym Currency Symbols¢\Denarius e\EUR D\EURdig e\EURtm£\Pfund\Ecommerce d\EURcr c\EURhv¦\EyesDollar¡\Shilling The different euro signs are meant to be compatible with different fonts—Courier (\EURcr),Helvetica(\EURhv),Times(\EURtm),and the marvosym digits listed in Table134(\EURdig).Table20:wasysym Currency Symbols¢\cent¤\currencyTable21:eurosym Euro SignsA C\geneuroB C\geneuronarrow C\geneurowide e\officialeuro\euro is automatically mapped to one of the above—by default,\officialeuro—based on a eurosym package option.See the eurosym documentation for more information.The\geneuro...characters are generated from the current body font’s“C”character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.Table22:textcomp Legal Symbols℗\textcircledP c○©\textcopyright℠\textservicemark \textcopyleft r○®\textregistered TM™\texttrademarkWhere two symbols are present,the left one is the“faked”symbol that L A T E X2εprovides by default,and the right one is the“true”symbol that textcomp makes available.See /cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solu-tions to common problems that occur when using these symbols(e.g.,getting a“r○”when you expected to get a“®”).Table23:textcomp Old-style Numerals0\textzerooldstyle4\textfouroldstyle8\texteightoldstyle1\textoneoldstyle5\textfiveoldstyle9\textnineoldstyle2\texttwooldstyle6\textsixoldstyle3\textthreeoldstyle7\textsevenoldstyleRather than use the bulky\textoneoldstyle,\texttwooldstyle,mands shown above,consider using\oldstylenums{...}to typeset an old-style number.。
Chapter 3
II.Factors influencing types of cargo packing
2. Transport 1) the nature of transport ocean transport ,containers, air or palletization transport, Pallet(kind of portable platforms intended to handling, storing or moving materials and packages), containerization, Unit transportation
VI . Stowage of cargo
Factors to consider in the stowage of cargo 1.The best possible use of the available dead weight or cubic capacity to keep broken stowage to minimum.By saving space, we can reduce the stowage cost of and the risk of damage to the goods.
IV. Types of packing
1.Bale 2. Bags 3.barrel/drum 4.Box/case 5.Glass Container 6. Carton 7. Crate/skeleton case
IV. Types of packing
Choose the correct types of packing Cotton, fertilizer, daily consumer products, garment, acid liquid(alkali liquid, vehicle, wool, hardware, vegetable, tea, etc.
85键
钩头楔键联接
The two sides of the key are not working faces. Clearance should be maintained between them and the wo sides of the keyway.
钩头楔键顶面和底面同为 工作面, 工作面, 与槽底没有间隙
Round end parallel key
导向型平键
Round end parallel key(Type A) key(
圆头普通平键(A型) 圆头普通平键(
b=16mm, h=10mm, =100mm b=16mm, h=10mm, l =100mm 1096— 16×100 Key GB/T 1096—2003 Woodruff key 半圆键 b=6mm, h=10mm, d1=25mm b=6mm, h=10mm, =25mm 6×25 Key GB/T 1099—2003 1099— Gib-head key 钩头楔键 Gibb=16mm, h=10mm, =100mm b=16mm, h=10mm, l =100mm 6×100 key GB/T 1565—2003 1565—
请点击相应标题显示其内容
Functions
键的用途
A key joint is a removable joint. It goes through the shaft and the hub’s keyway, joining the shaft with the rotors (gears, pulleys and clutch), and transferring torques.
轴上的平键槽和半圆 轮毂孔中的键槽用 插刀在插床上加工 键槽在铣床上加工
汽车塑料件橡胶件和热塑性弹性体件的材料标识与标记
汽车塑料件、橡胶件和热塑性弹性体件的材料标识与标记Material identification and marking of automotiveplastic, rubber and thermoplastic elastomerparts1 范围本标准规定了汽车塑料件、橡胶件和热塑性弹性体件的材料标识与标记要求。
本标准适用于整车中质量大于(包括)100 g 的汽车塑料件、质量大于(包括)200 g的橡胶件和热塑性弹性体件。
1 ScopeThis standard defines material identification and marking requirements of automotive plastic, rubber and thermoplastic elastomer parts.This standard applies to the plastic parts of more than or equal to 100g and the rubber parts as well as the thermoplastic elastomer parts of more than or equal to 200g used on whole vehicles.2 规范性引用文件 2 Normative references下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。
凡是注日期的引用文件,其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本标准,然而,鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。
凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本适用于本标准。
The following documents contain provisions which,through reference in this text,constitute provisions of this national standard.For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However,parties to agreements based on this national standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the document referred to applies.GB/T 1844.1-1844.3 塑料及树脂缩写代号第1部分:基础聚合物及其特征性能,第2部分:填充及增强材料和第3部分:增塑剂GB/T 1844.1-1844.3 Symbols of plastics and resins—Part 1: Basic polymers and their special characteristics, Part 2: Fillers and reinforcing materials and Part 3: Plasticizers.ISO 1043.1-1043.4 塑料及树脂缩写代号第1部分:基础聚合物及其特征性能,第2部分:填充及增强材料,第3部分:增塑剂和第4部分:阻燃剂ISO 1043.1-1043.4Symbols of plastics and resins—Part 1: Basic polymers and their special characteristics, Part 2: Fillers and reinforcing materials, Part 3: Plasticizers and Part 4: Flame retardantsGB/T 2035 塑料术语及其定义GB/T 2035 Terms and definitions forplasticsISO 472 塑料术语及其定义ISO 472 Terms and definitions for plastics GB/T 5576 橡胶与胶乳命名法GB/T 5576 Rubbers and latticesNomenclatureISO 1629 橡胶与胶乳命名法ISO 1629 Rubbers and latticesNomenclatureGB 5577 合成橡胶牌号规定GB5577 Codification of types forsynthetic rubbers.ISO 18064 热塑性弹性体符号与缩略语ISO 18064 Thermoplastic elastomers—Nomenclature and abbreviated terms.3 术语及定义GB/T 2035、GB/T 5576、GB 5577、ISO 18064中确立的术语和定义适用于本标准。
中英文地理信息系统(GIS)英语词汇表
accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件ArcIMS 它是个强大的,基于标准的工具,让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中,ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。
它包含ArcView和ArcEditor 所有功能,并加上高级空间处理和数据转换ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道,是一个空间数据引擎ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件,提供数据可视化,查询,分析和集成功能,以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA 计算机网(美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网)aspatial data 非空间数据?Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性,类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brianbest fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚,再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析Borrough, PeterBusiness and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping 石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划(零售)应用business drivers 业务驱动business, GIS as 业务,地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbaracadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martincannibalizing 调拨Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />>> Commom object request broker architecture (CORBA) 公共对象请求代理体系结构Community, GIS 社区,地理信息系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价,>>Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cresswell, PaulCustomer support 客户支持Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影> >Dangermond, Jack 美国ESRI总裁>> dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图>>data 数据>>automation 自动化>>capture costs 获取代价>>capture project 获取工程>>collection workflow 采集工作流>> compression 压缩>>conversion 转换>>definition 定义>>geographic, nature of 地理数据,数据的性质>> GIS 地理信息系统>>industry 产业>>integration 集成>>mining 挖掘>>transfer 迁移>>translation 转化>>data model 数据模型>> definition 定义>>levels of abstraction 提取等级>> in practice 实际上>>types 类型>>database 数据库>>definition 定义>>design 设计>>generalization 综合>>global 全球的>>index 索引>>multi-user editing 多用户编辑>> structuring 结构>>database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统>>capabilities 能力>>data storage 数据存储>>geographic extensions 地理扩展>>types 类型>>Dayton Accord 达顿协定,1995年12月达顿协定(DAYTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家>>decision support 决策支持>>deductive reasoning 演绎推理>>definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义>>degrees of freedom 自由度>>density estimation 密度估算>>dependence in space 空间依赖>>desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统>>desktop paradigms 桌面范例>>Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图>>digital divide 数字鸿沟>>Digital Earth 数字地球>>Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型>>Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图>>Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图>>Digital representation 数字表现>>Digital terrain models 数字地形模型>>Digitizing 数字化>>DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统>> Dine CARE >>Discrete objects 离散对象>>Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法,一种矢量数据抽稀算法>>Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准>>Dynamic segmentation 动态分割>>Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型>>> >Easting 朝东方>>Ecological fallacy 生态谬误>>e-commerce 电子商业>>editing 编辑>>education 教育>>electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱>>ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪>>of rotation 旋转的>>emergency evacuation 应急撤退>>encapsulation 封装>>environmental applications 环境应用>>environmental impact 环境影响>>epidemiology 流行病学>>equal area property 等面积特性>>Equator 赤道>>ERDAS ERDAS公司是世界上最大的专业遥感图像处理软件公司,用户遍布100多个国家,软件套数超过17000套。
二维码基础知识
Increase the effective density of the encoding: more data in a smaller space Portable database (rather than just a database key): encode complete data files in an optically readable symbol and so … … extend the potential market for AUTO-ID
Additional characters to provide error detection/correction
Special characters to sign
number of rows row number of the individual row
Readable by raster laser scanners, linear CCD devices or matrix cameras.
Vertically Redundancy: same information repeated in Y-axis tolerates printing dropout Made up of one series of bars and spaces of different width (not only binary modulation) Machine readable “licence plate”: key into a data base containing detailed information BUT ...
ES01000-00E (Symbol Marking Standardization) 10.07.29 Rev_f
3.MS 201-01
BY SIGNED H.S.KIM
BY SIGNED J.S.GO
BY SIGNED I.G.LEE
######### ######### 2010-07-19
리어코리아(유)경주공장 / 김영철 / 2011-10-18 16:36/ 본 문서는 현대기아자동차의 정보자산이므로 무단으로 전재 및 복제할 수 없으며, 이를 위반할 시에는 당사 사규 및 관련 법규에 의해 제재를 받을 수 있습니다.
' A'
'B'
' C'
R emark
Size 1
2
2
3
Dimension : mm
Size 2
2
2
3
Size 3
2
2
5
Size 4
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Lettering ty pe
Gothic
1. Creating HMC sy mbols and HY UNDAI logo are comply ing with HY UNDAI MO TO R CO RPO RATE IDENTIFICATIO N MANUAL Vol.1 A-1-1-1/A-1-2-1
PREPARED BY REFERENCE
PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED
1999.4.26 ORIGINAL FILED AT
IPIS
(ES/MS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
1.Vol.1 HYUNDAI MOTOR CORPORATE IDENTIFICATION MANUAL
颜色和设备识别
Colour Code and Equipment Identification颜色编码和设备识别1.0Purpose目的The purpose of this procedure is to aid in the prevention of accidents by identifying emergency situations, hazardous objects, pipelines, and electrical equipment by means of words, universal symbols, and color codes.本程序的目的是通过词句,通用符号和颜色编码识别紧急状况,有害物体,管线和电气设备来防止事故的发生.2.0RulePersonnel charged with operating facilities comprising electrical equipment, pipelines, and work areas must be able to identify the nature and contents of such facilities. Color is used to supplement word and number identification but should not stand alone for fear of causing misunderstanding. National Codes are the bases of this procedure.掌管运转设备包括电气设备,管道和工作区域的人员必须能够识别这些设备的种类和内容物.颜色是语句和数字识别的补充而不可单独使用以免引起误解。
本程序的基础是国家编码。
3.0Procedure程序3.1 Apparatus and Equipment Identification仪器和设备标识• Processing equipment should be identified by equipment name and numbers from P&I diagram or their equivalent. If the equipment name can not indicate the material the equipment regularly contains, the full or abbreviated name of contents should be added.工艺设备由P&ID图上的设备名称和位号进行识别,如果设备名称不能反映设备中的物料,则必须添加物料的全称或简称以作识别。
IEC Standard
IEC 60062 Marking codes for resistors and capacitors
IEC 60063 Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors
IEC 60099 Surge arresters
IEC 60134 Absolute maximum and design ratings of tube and semiconductor devices
IEC 60137 Bushings for alternating voltages above 1000V
IEC 60065 Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus - Safety requirements
IEC 60068 Environmental Testing
IEC 60071 Insulation Co-ordination
IEC 60073 Basic Safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification
IEC 60601 Medical Electrical Equipment
IEC 60603 Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz for use with printed boards
IEC 60617 Graphical symbols for diagrams
IEC 60287 Calculation of permissible current in cables at steady state rating
JEDEC JESD97
PLEASE!
DON’T VIOLATE THE LAW!
This document is copyrighted by JEDEC and may not be reproduced without permission.
JEDEC STANDARD
Marking, Symbols, and Labels for Identification of Lead (Pb) Free Assemblies, Components, and Devices
JESD97
MAY 2004
JEDEC SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION
Arlington, Virginia 22201-3834 or call (703) 907-7559
JEDEC Standard No. 97 MARKING, SYMBOLS AND LABELS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF LEAD (Pb) FREE
ASSEMBLIES, COMPONENTS AND DEVICES Foreword Certain electronic components and systems are required to be lead (Pb) free as one element of the conditions for meeting the 'Restriction of Hazardous Substances' (RoHS) European directive by July 2006.. There are certain product and solder exemptions to the RoHS legislation that allow the continued use of lead (Pb) thus complicating this standard. As a result there are several lead-free alloys and materials being promoted for the various soldering operations in electronics. Each of these alloys may require different process parameters, including temperatures for manufacturing, assembly, and rework. Some means of communicating the identity of the lead-free material must be provided so that those performing assembly, rework, and recycling operations are aware of the capabilities and limitations of these materials. The requirements set forth in this standard are considered minimal and additional information may be supplied using other labels or marking schemes.
symbolism象征主义
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The introduction
▪ Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent things such as ideas
and emotions. Symbolism is sometimes used to refer specifically to totemic symbols that stand on their own, as opposed to linguistic
organization, and connections between symbols. Jung and Freud diverged on the issue of common cognitive symbol systems and whether they exist within the individual mind or among other minds, whether cognitive symbolism was innate or defined by the environment. ▪ Symbolism is important to religion. Some religious oracles divine by
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▪ Similarly, near the beginning of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby, there is the famous scene of the Valley of Ashes where Tom Buchanan's mistress Myrtle lives. Although Fitzgerald never says so, it is clear that the Valley of Ashes represents the real state of Tom's soul; although to the outside world his residence is in a mansion on the beautiful bay at East Egg, where everything is opulent and expensive and tasteful, the inwardly rotten, spiritually desiccated Tom really "lives" where his "heart" does, in a grim ashen valley presided over by a billboard decorated with a huge pair of bespectacled eyes. The eyes represent God, who sees Tom's actions and knows the interior of his heart, but ominously seems powerless to intervene. Other famous symbols are Melville's great white whale in Moby Dick; Dante's journey into the underworld in The Inferno; and Coleridge's albatross in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner." All these concrete objects or places carry within them a wide range of associations that stand for something so ineffable it would spoil the magic to explain it. Symbolism, therefore, is an integral component of fiction, because it enriches the narrative by pulling its message down to the level of our unconscious and anchoring it there.
1_145_marking_tools服装制作工艺-标记工具
MarkingToolsPage 1Chalk or SoapChalk is easily removed on most smooth fabrics.Test first to see if the chalk mark is visible and if it can be removed by brushing the fabric between the thumbs.If the chalk is still visible,only use it on the fabric wrong side.The chalk should show up on the fabric,but it shouldn’t leave a lasting residue.Some “chalks”have a waxy binder so the chalk can molded into a pencil or a “chip.”Always test-press chalk on a scrap of the project fabric to see if a wax stain remains.Chalk isavailable in a small,cake-like chip;pencil;pencil cartridge;or dispenser and in a variety of colors (1).Pencil cartridgescome with chalks in up to eight colors.Some have a brush for “erasing”the marks.Sharpen pencils with a handheld pencil sharpener.If the chalk lead is too sharp,the point breaks easily.A chalk dispenser leaves a fine powdered line as you roll it over the fabric (2).Use a double-wheeledcartridge for marking seam allowances or parallel lines,adjusting the space between the wheels as necessary.In a pinch for a marking tool?Use a sliver of white hand soap.Marks from hand soap don’t brush away but will wash out when the fabric is sponged or laundered.Only use white soap,and periodically sharpen the edge by whittling the edges with a sharp knife or rubbing the edges on a sandpaper or concrete.Fabric-Marking PensThese pens come in two varieties:water-and air-soluble.Their blue or pink inks disappear either by themselves or when dampened with e water-soluble pens on fabrics that won’t water spot or distort when dampened.Sometimes the mark faintly reappears after pressing or after the fabric dries.If this occurs,wet it again.Use air-soluble pens on fabrics that can’t be washed or dampened.Because the marks evaporate within 24to 48hours,sew the project shortly after marking,or seal the marked fabric in a plastic bag with the air squeezed out.If you need to “erase”the marks and can’t wait for them to disappear,dab the marks with a cotton swab soaked in rubbing alcohol.Be sure you erase the marks before laundering the project;detergent can permanently set the ink.Also,quiltingauthorities report that the chemicals in air-and water-soluble inks deteriorate fabrics over time.Don’t use them on heirloom projects.1.145Marking Tools &MethodsThe printed symbols and markings on patterns must be transferred to the fabric toaccurately match seams and position pockets,folds,buttonholes,darts,tucks and pleats.The object is to create precise marks that don’t remain permanently or mar the fabric but are visible during construction.It’s imperative to always pretest marking tools.12MarkingToolsPage 2For precise placement when marking with chalk,soap or fabric-marking pens,stab a pin vertically through the pattern and the fabric layers.If the fabric is folded with wrong sides together,spread the fabric slightly and mark next to the pin (3).If the fabric is folded with the right sides together,lift the pattern slightly from the fabric,and mark next to the pin.Then flip the fabric to the other side,and mark where the pin protrudes.To mark a straight line,mark several points along the line,remove the pattern,and connectthe dots with a ruler.Tracing Paper &WheelTracing paper is sold in packages with several sheetsand colors of coated paper (4).Choose a color that can be seen but doesn’t show through the fabric.Tracing-paper marks “erase”with water.Some papers leave marks that evaporate after a few hours of air exposure.Test to make certain.Always mark on the wrong side of the fabric.If marks are needed on the fabric right side,choose another marking method.Use a serrated tracing wheel to mark tightly woven fabrics;the wheel leaves a dotted e a smooth wheel on fabrics that snag easily or on textured fabrics where a dotted line won’t show.To mark with tracing paper,place it under the pattern with the coated side of the paper against the wrong side of the fabric.Roll the tracing wheel along the pattern marks to transfer the markings to the fabric.Move the tracing paper as needed for marks that are longer than the paper.To mark a dot,square or dartpoint,make a small X with the wheel.When using a serrated tracing wheel,protect your work surface by placing a cutting board or a piece of tag board underneath the fabric.Tailor’s TacksTailor’s tacks are thread markings hand stitched with contrasting thread.They’re easily removed and are especially effective for marking fabrics that stain with pens,chalks or tracing paper.Although any thread will work,six-strand embroidery floss or darning thread stays put better than smoother threads.Prior to using,check the embroidery floss to be sure it’s colorfast.Thread a needle,but don’t knot the thread.(If using regular sewing thread,double it.)Insert the needle through the pattern and both layers of fabric.Bring the needle up about 1/8"from the insertion point,and pull the thread up.Clip the thread leaving 2"tails on each end.Repeat for additional marks.Remove the pins and the pattern without pulling out the threads.Spread the fabric layers about 1",and snip all threads in half.Clip thread tails to 1/4"or 1/2"(5).Marking With ScissorsSince rotary cutters are frequently used,cutting around notches is neither practical nor accurate.Cut off notches along the cutting line.Then,with sharp scissor points,snip 1/8"into the center of the e snip-marks to mark the ends,or “legs,”of darts,tucks and pleats if they end in a seamline.When sewing,simply match up the snips.1.1459/05435。
Symbols_May_2015
Symbol Unit°CAA, B, C-A/F st-a0-a1-A2A4A6A8AA'A front m2ASG flg-a urbana wota wot,refBBbarBB'c-C FCC/LOC1C2H6C3H8CAP Ahc b ppm/Vol per cent CC'C cap Fc d ppm/Vol per cent C d-C drag-c gas ppm/Vol per cent CH4COCO2CPc w ppm/Vol per centd mD-DDD0m3/sdB(A)D pm m3D RD RD t sDt syncindi sd V m Dyno measured-Dyno settings-Dyno target-e VE CO2per cent E E per cent E flywheel Je gas g/kWh E H2O per cent E M per cent E NOx per cent e PM g/kWh e r g/kWhe w g/kWhf HzFFF1, F2, F3f a-f amp-f pump NmF roadload Nf roll-F s-g m/s2GG-1, G-2, G-3HH2OH a g/kgH d g/kg hrsHz Hertz i-I-1,…., I-6i aux AIEC-i em AJ kgm2JJ aux kgm2J cl,1 / J cl,2kgm2J em kgm2J fg kgm2J flywheel kgm2J gear kgm2J p / J t kgm2J pm kgm2J powertrain kgm2J retarder kgm2J spur kgm2J tot kgm2J wheel kgm2kKk c-k f,d m3/kg fuel k f,w m3/kg fuel kgk h,D-k h,G-K K-kmkm/hk pK P, K I, K D-k r,d-k r,u-K V-k w,a-k w,d-k w,e-k w,r-lLLL1l PALS-1,….., LS-4mM NmMM/CM+S, M.S or M&SM a g/molM aero Nmm b mgM cl NmM cl,maxtorque Nm M CVT Nm m d kgM d g/mol M drive Nm M e g/mol m ed kgm edf kgM em Nm m ew kgm f mg M f Nm M flywheel,loss Wm gas gM gas g/mol M grav Nm M ice Nm min-1minsm kerbmlmmM mech,aux Nm M mech_brake Nm m p mg M p / M t Nm m PM gM pm Nm M r Nm M retarder Nm M roll Nm m se kgm sed kgm sep kgm ssd kgM start Nm m tM tc,loss Nm m vehicle kgm vehicle,0kgn-n min-1 nNNn act min-1 n final min-1 n hi min-1n idlen init min-1 n lo min-1 NONO2NO xn p r/s n pref min-1 n r-n s / n p-n wot(i)P kW P kW Pp a kPa p acc Pa p b kPa p d kPa pedal accelerator-pedal brake-pedal clutch-pedal limit-P el,aux kW P el,em kW P em kW P f kW p gas Pa P ice,loss WP loss,bat WP loss,em kW P mech,aux kW P np p kPa PP’p r kPa P r kW P rated kW p res Pa p s kPa Qq m ad kg/s q m aw kg/s q m Ce kg/s q m Cf kg/s q m Cp kg/s q m dew kg/s q m dw kg/s q m edf kg/sq m ew kg/sq m ex kg/sq m f kg/sq m p kg/sQ pm m3/sq v CVS m³/sq v s dm³/min q v t cm³/min r kg/m³RRR-1,….., R-4r2-R bat,th K/Wr CVT-r d-r D-r e kg/m³R em,th K/Wr fg-r gear-r h-R iΩR i0, RΩr m-r p-rpmr s-r spur-r wheel ms-SSSSG flg-slip limit rad/s SOC-t sT KTTt10st50st90sT a KT act(n act)NmT bat KT bat,cool KT capacitor KT clutch sT em KT em,cool KT ice,oil KT max(n act)Nm T norm-T startgear su-u VUUu C Vu cl-U final Vu in / u out VU init Vu req VvVVV0m3/r V CV C,min/max VV gas m3 v max km/h V nominal VV s dm³v testv vehicle m/s WW act kWh w ALF-w BET-w DEL-w EPS-w GAM-W ice_HILS kWh W ice_test kWh W ref kWh W sys kWh W sys_HILS kWh W sys_test kWh x--XX0m3/r x DCDC-YZRα-ααroad rad γ-γ-δ-ΔAh Ah ΔE kWh ΔE HILS kWh ΔE test kWh ε-ηCVT-ηDCDC-ηem-ηfg-ηgear-ηpm-ηspur-ηvpm-λ-ρa kg/m3τ1-τbat,heat J/K τclose sτdriveaway sτem,heat J/K τopen sΩωrad/s ωp / ωt rad/srad/s2Symbols in Vehicle RegulationsTerm Regulation Degrees Celsius R63Tyre to rim fitment configuration R30Chassis dynamometer polynomial coefficientsStoichiometric air to fuel ratioy intercept of the regressionSlope of the regressionTyre with max speed rating of 10 km/h R106Tyre with max speed rating of 20 km/h R106Tyre with max speed rating of 30 km/h R106Tyre with max speed rating of 40 km/h R106Virtual line on the test track R41, R63Vehicle frontal areaAutomatic start gear detection flagPrescribed target acceleration R41Calculated acceleration R41Prescribed reference acceleration R41Bias-belted tyre R30, R75, R106, R108,R109 Tyre with max speed rating of 50 km/h R75, R106Barometric pressure R63Virtual line on the test track R41, R63Tuning constant for hyperbolic functionCapacitanceRim diameter marking and Tyre to rim fitment configuration R54, R109Centreplane of occupant R16Carbon 1 equivalent hydrocarbonEthanePropaneBattery coulomb capacityBackground concentrationVirtual line on the test track R41, R63Rated capacitance of capacitorConcentration on dry basisDischarge coefficient of SSVVehicle air drag coefficientConcentration of the gaseous componentsMethaneCarbon monoxideCarbon dioxideRim diameter marking and Tyre to rim fitment configuration R54, R109 Concentration on wet basisDiameterDilution factorDiagonal (bias ply) tyre R30, R54, R106, R109 Tyre with max speed rating of 65 km/h R106PDP calibration interceptA weighted Decibels R63Hydraulic pump/motor displacementMaximum theoretical density of concrete R41Maximum theoretical density of the concrete R9, R63Time intervalClutch synchronization indicationThroat diameter of venturiChassis dynamometer A, B, C measured parametersChassis dynamometer A, B, C parameter settingChassis dynamometer A, B, C target parametersBattery open-circuit voltageCO2 quench of NO x analyzerEthane efficiencyFlywheel kinetic energySpecific emission of gaseous componentsWater quench of NO x analyzerMethane efficiencyEfficiency of NO x converterSpecific emission of particulatesSpecific emission during regenerationWeighted specific emissionData sampling rateRun flat/Self supporting tyre R30Tyre with max speed rating of 80 km/h R54, R75, R109Tractor steering wheel tyre R106Laboratory atmospheric factorTorque converter mapped torque amplificationTorque converter mapped pump torqueChassis dynamometer road loadTyre rolling resistance coefficientStoichiometric factorGravitational coefficientTyre with max speed rating of 90 km/h R54, R75, R109Garden tractor tyres R106Tyre with max speed rating of 210 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 WaterAbsolute humidity of the intake airAbsolute humidity of the diluentHours R63R63Subscript denoting an instantaneous measurement (e.g. 1 Hz)Agricultural implement tyres R106Electric auxiliary currentInternal Combustion EngineElectric machine currentRotating inertiaTyre with max speed rating of 100 km/h R54, R75, R109 Mechanical auxiliary load inertiaClutch rotational inertiasElectric machine rotational inertiaFinal gear rotational inertiaFlywheel inertiaTransmission gear rotational inertiaTorque converter pump / turbine rotational inertiaHydraulic pump/motor rotational inertiaTotal powertrain rotational inertiaRetarder rotational inertiaSpur gear rotational inertiaTotal vehicle powertrain inertiaWheel rotational inertiaGear weighting factor R41Tyre with max speed rating of 110 km/h R54, R75, R109Carbon specific factorCombustion additional volume of dry exhaustCombustion additional volume of wet exhaustKilogram R63Humidity correction factor for NO x for CI enginesHumidity correction factor for NO x for PI enginesProportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) anti-windup parameterKilometre R63Kilometre per hour R63Partial power factor R41PID controller parametersDownward regeneration adjustment factorUpward regeneration adjustment factorCFV calibration functionDry to wet correction factor for the intake airDry to wet correction factor for the diluentDry to wet correction factor for the diluted exhaust gasDry to wet correction factor for the raw exhaust gasLitre R63Sound pressure level R41Tyre with max speed rating of 120 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Two-wheeled moped R63Pre-acceleration length R41Logging and forestry service tyres R106Metre R63TorqueTyre with max speed rating of 130 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Motorcycle tyre fitted to rims with a diameter ≥330mm R75Snow tyre R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Molar mass of the intake airAerodynamic drag torqueParticulate sample mass of the diluent collectedClutch torqueMaximum clutch torqueCVT torqueMass of the diluent sample passed through the particulate sampling filtersMolar mass of the diluentDrive torqueMolar mass of the exhaustTotal diluted exhaust mass over the cycleMass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas over the test cycleElectric machine torqueTotal exhaust mass over the cycleParticulate sampling filter massTorque absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be fittedFlywheel torque lossMass of gaseous emissions over the test cycleMolar mass of gaseous componentsGravitational torqueEngine torquePer minute R63Minutes R63Kerb mass of the vehicle R41Millilitre R63Millimetre R63Mechanical auxiliary load torqueMechanical friction brake torqueParticulate sample mass collectedTorque converter pump / turbine torqueMass of particulate emissions over the test cycleHydraulic pump/motor torqueTorque absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be removedRetarder torqueRolling resistance torqueExhaust sample mass over the test cycleMass of diluted exhaust gas passing the dilution tunnelMass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filtersMass of secondary diluentICE starter motor torqueTest mass of the vehicle R41Torque converter torque loss during lock-upVehicle test massVehicle curb massNumber of measurementsEngine rotational speedMeasured engine speed R41Newton R63Tyre with max speed rating of 140 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Actual engine speedFinal speed at end of testHigh engine speedEngine speed at idle R41Initial speed at start of testLow engine speedNitric oxideNitrogen dioxideOxides of nitrogenPDP pump speedPreferred engine speedNumber of measurements with regenerationNumber of series / parallel cellsn PP' corresponding to L wot(i)R41Power(hybrid system) rated powerTyre with max speed rating of 150 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Saturation vapour pressure of engine intake airHydraulic accumulator pressureTotal atmospheric pressureSaturation vapour pressure of the diluentAccelerator pedal positionBrake pedal positionClutch pedal positionClutch pedal thresholdElectric auxiliary powerElectric machine electrical powerElectric machine mechanical powerPower absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be fittedAccumulator gas pressureICE power lossBattery power lossElectric machine power lossMechanical auxiliary load powerRated maximum net power R41Absolute pressureVirtual line on the test track R41, R63Water vapour pressure after cooling bathPower absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be removed(hybrid system) rated powerHydraulic accumulator sump pressureDry atmospheric pressureTyre with max speed rating of 160 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Intake air mass flow rate on dry basisIntake air mass flow rate on wet basisCarbon mass flow rate in the raw exhaust gasCarbon mass flow rate into the engineCarbon mass flow rate in the partial flow dilution systemDiluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basisDiluent mass flow rate on wet basisEquivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basisExhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basisSample mass flow rate extracted from dilution tunnelFuel mass flow rateSample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution systemHydraulic pump/motor volumetric flowCVS volume rateSystem flow rate of exhaust analyzer systemTracer gas flow rateDensityRadial ply tyre R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Tyre with max speed rating of 170 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108 Agricultural tractor drive wheel tyres R106Coefficient of determinationBattery thermal resistanceCVT ratioDilution ratioDiameter ratio of SSVExhaust gas densityThermal resistance for electric machineFinal gear ratioTransmission gear ratioHydrocarbon response factor of the FIDCapacitor internal resistanceBattery internal resistanceMethanol response factor of the FIDPressure ratio of SSVRevolution per minute R63Average sample ratioSpur gear ratioWheel radiusStandard deviationRated engine speed R9, R41, R63Tyre with max speed rating of 180 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Engine speed at which the engine produces its max. power R9Skip gear flagClutch speed thresholdState-of-chargeTimeAbsolute temperatureTyre with max speed rating of 190 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Marking for Temporary Use Spare Tyre R30Time between step input and 10 per cent of final readingTime between step input and 50 per cent of final readingTime between step input and 90 per cent of final readingAbsolute temperature of the intake airActual engine torque at actual engine speedBattery temperatureBattery coolant temperatureCapacitor temperatureClutch timeElectric machine temperatureElectric machine coolant temperatureICE oil temperatureMaximum engine torque at actual engine speedNormalized duty cycle torque valueGear shift time prior to driveawayRatio between densities of gas component and exhaust gasVoltageTyre to rim fitment configuration R30Tyre with max speed rating of 200 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Capacitor voltageClutch pedal actuationFinal voltage at end of testInput / output voltageInitial voltage at start of testRequested voltageMeasured vehicle speed R41Tyre with max speed rating of 240 km/h R30, R75, R108Residual voids content of the test track paving mixture R9PDP gas volume pumped per revolutionResidual Voids Content R41, R63Capacitor minimum / maximum voltageAccumulator gas volumeMaximum vehicle speed R41Rated nominal voltage for REESSSystem volume of exhaust analyzer benchPrescribed test speed R41Vehicle speedTyre with max speed rating of 270 km/h R30, R75, R108Actual engine workHydrogen content of fuel, per cent massCarbon content of fuel, per cent massNitrogen content of fuel, per cent massOxygen content of fuel, per cent massSulphur content of fuel, per cent massEngine work in the HILS simulated runEngine work in chassis dynamometer testReference cycle work of the test cycleHybrid system workHybrid system work in the HILS simulated runHybrid system work in powertrain testControl signalSuffix used to denote a non-standard coupling of certain classes R55PDP calibration functionDC/DC converter control signalTyre with max speed rating of 300 km/h R30, R108Radial ply tyre suitable for speeds between 240km/h and 300 km/h R30, R75 Molar hydrogen ratio (H/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγSound absorption coefficient R63 Road gradientMolar sulphur ratio (S/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγAdiabatic indexMolar nitrogen ratio (N/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγNet change of REESS coulombic chargeNet energy change of RESSNet energy change of RESS in HILS simulated runningNet energy change of RESS in testMolar oxygen ratio (O/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγCVT efficiencyDC/DC converter efficiencyElectric machine efficiencyFinal gear efficiencyTransmission gear efficiencyHydraulic pump/motor mechanical efficiencySpur gear efficiencyHydraulic pump/motor volumetric efficiencyExcess air ratioAir densityFirst order time response constantBattery thermal capacityClutch closing time constantClutch closing time constant for driveawayThermal capacity for electric machine massClutch opening time constantRegroovable tyre R54, R109 Shaft rotational speedTorque converter pump / turbine speedRotational accelerationParent GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRSGGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF。
Plastictypemarkingcode(塑料种类的标志代码)
Plastic type marking code(塑料种类的标志代码)Plastic type marking codeThe United States Plastics Industry Association (Society of Plastics Industry, SPI) made use of plastic products of plastic type sign code, is composed of representatives of the circular triangle in the middle of the three arrows mark, plus the numbers, they will recover triangle marking attached to the plastic products, and with the numbers 1 to 7 and English abbreviations to refer to the use of plastic resin type generation. As a result, the identification of plastic varieties has become simple and easy, and the cost of recycling has been substantially reduced. Today, many countries in the world have adopted the SPI logo scheme. China enacted almost identical labeling standards in 1996.The first goal of plastic packaging waste treatment is to recycle and reuse containers and other resources, so as to protect the limited resources and complete the recycling of packaging containers. Among them, carbonated drinks with PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle 28% can be recycled, PE-HD milk bottles (HDPE), PE-HD bottles can also be effectively recycled.In order to facilitate the regeneration of various post consumer plastic products will need to use different kinds of plastic sorting, because the plastic consumption channels and more complex, some post consumer plastic and it is difficult to simply be distinguished by the appearance, therefore, the best in the plastic products marked material varieties. You ask, what are the different codes, what are their advantages anddisadvantages? The following will help you understand this:Abbreviations and symbols - code and the corresponding plastic name as shown below:Polyester - 01 - PET (bottle) such as mineral water, carbonated beverage bottlesDo not use hot water in the beverage bottleUse: heat resistance to 70 degrees, only suitable for warm drinks or frozen drinks, high temperature liquid, or heating, it is easy to deformation, there are harmful substances melting. And, scientists have found that after 1 months of use of plastic, may release a carcinogen, DEHP, which is toxic to the testes.As a result, when the bottle is used up, it is thrown away. It should not be used as a water cup, or used as a storage container to carry other articles, so as not to cause health problems.HDPE - 02 - HDPE, such as cleaning products and bath products Cleaning is not thorough, it is recommended not to recycleUsage: can be reused after careful cleaning, but these containers are usually not good cleaning, residual original cleaning supplies, become a hotbed of bacteria, you'd better not recycle.Polyvinyl chloride - - 03 - PVC, such as: some decorative materialsUse: this material is easy to produce harmful substances at high temperatures, and even in the process of manufacturing it will be released, toxic substances into the human body with food, may cause breast cancer, neonatal congenital defects and other diseases. At present, this kind of material has few containers for packing food. Never use it if it is in use.Low density polyethylene - 04 - LDPE, such as: plastic film, plastic film, etc.Keep the plastic wrap on the surface of the foodUse: heat resistance is not strong, usually qualified PE cling film in case of temperature over 110 degrees of hot melt phenomenon, will leave some of the body can not be decomposed plastic preparations. And wrap the food with plastic wrap to heat it. The grease in the food easily dissolves the harmful substances in the preservative film. Therefore, the food into the microwave oven, it is necessary to remove the wrapped plastic wrap.Polypropylene - - - 05 - PP (capable of more than 100 degrees of temperature), such as: microwave oven boxesPut the lid off when you put it in the microwave ovenUse: the only plastic box that can be placed in a microwave oven. It can be reused after careful cleaning. Special attention should be paid to some microwave oven boxes. The box is made of No. 5 PP, but the box cover is made of No. 1 PE. Because thePE can not withstand high temperature, it can not be put into the microwave oven with the box. For insurance purposes, put the container in front of the microwave oven and remove the lid first.Polystyrene - - 06 - PS (heat resistant 60-70 degrees, hot drinks will produce toxins,Combustion will release styrene, such as: bowl, instant noodles box, snack boxDon't microwave a bowl of instant noodlesUsage: heat resistant and cold resistant, but not put into microwave oven, so as not to release chemicals because of excessive temperature. And can not be used for loading strong acid (such as Liu Chengzhi), strong alkaline material, because it will decompose the human body bad polystyrene, easy to cause cancer. So try to avoid hot food packed in a snack bar.Other plastic codes - 07 - Others, such as water bottles, water bottles, bottlesPC rubber meets bisphenol AUse: a widely used material, especially in bottles, which is controversial because of bisphenol A. Department of biology and chemistry, City University Hong Kong associate professor Lin Hanhua said, in theory, as long as in the process of making PC, bisphenol A 100 into plastic products structure, said no bisphenol A, not to mention the release. However, if a smallamount of bisphenol A is not converted into a plastic structure of PC, it may be released into the food or drink. Therefore, be careful and pay more attention to the use of this plastic container.Cleaning measures against bisphenol A:Bisphenol A residues in PC, the higher the temperature, the faster speed of release. Therefore, hot water should not be used in PC bottles to avoid increasing the speed and concentration of bisphenol A (if any). If your kettle is numbered 7, the following methods can reduce the risk:Don't heat it when using.Clean the kettle without using a dishwasher or a bowl machine.Keep the kettle out of direct sunlight.before using for the first time, rinse with baking soda and warm water and dry naturally at room temperature. Because bisphenol A will be released more often for the first time and for long term use.if the container has any falls or breakage, it is recommended to discontinue use, because it is easy to trap bacteria if there are fine pits on the surface of the plastic.Avoid repeated use of aged plastic appliances.The PP, PE, and PVC are abbreviations of the English names. TheChinese names are polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. The English full name is polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride respectivelySome of our usual old slippers are made of PVC. They are tough in the summer and soft in winter, which is closely related to the temperature sensitivity of PVC. PVC decomposes toxic gases at high temperatures - chlorine. The density of PVC is the largest among the three.Ordinary plastic bags are made of PE, and its toughness is better, PE is also divided into HDPE (HDPE) and LDPE(low-density polyethylene), the density of different, leading to some of its properties are very different.PP is plastic more secure plastic, general food packaging bag is to use it to do, of course, PP also has grade, packaging food must be used for food grade. PP is the least dense of the three and floats above the surface.As these materials generally can be modified for some other materials, which in its overall performance or in a superior performance for special purposes, of course, the modified price sometimes greatly improved.Toxic and nontoxic plastic bags can be tested in the following ways:Sensory test: non-toxic plastic bags are milky white, translucent, or colorless transparent, flexible, feel lubrication, surface like wax; toxic plastic bag color iscloudy or pale yellow, feel sticky.Water test: the plastic bag is placed in the water and pressed into the bottom of the water. The small proportion of non-toxic plastic bags can rise to the surface, and the poisonous plastic bags are more important and sink.Shake detection: grab the plastic bag with one hand, shake it at one end, make clear and sound, non-toxic; sound stuffy, toxic.Fire detection method: non-toxic polyethylene plastic bags are flammable, the flame was blue, the top yellow, like the burning candle tears like dropping, paraffin wax taste, less smoke; PVC plastic bags toxic, non flammable, the fire is out, the flame was yellow, the bottom green, softening drawing, hydrochloric acid is excitant odour.。
symbolism
SymbolismFocus of SymbolsSymbols are images that have meaning beyond themselves. In a short story, a symbol is a de-tail, a character, or an incident that has meaning beyond itsliteral role in the narrative. When a flower, the moon, or afountain is used as a symbol, it comes to mean more thanthe bloom of a plant, a source of light at night, or a devicethat recycles water. It is pregnant with a larger significance;it means something beyond itself. The moon for instancemay stand for change, uncertainty, lack of continuity. Or thepale moon may stand for the ‘night’ side of our existence,for the hidden part of our character that shuns daylight.Symbolic language gives expression to the artof thinking in images. A symbol is an image that is notpresented for its own sake. Imaginative literature involves us in sensory, sensuous experience that often seems richer than what our blunted senses take in from day to day. As we read, the mind’s eye takes in images -vividly imagine details, shapes, textures. But often we sense that there is more there than meets the eye. Something tells us: “The sun in this story is not just a physical fact. It becomes overpowering, threatening. It leaves the landscape parched; it dries up sources of life-giving water. Itmeans something -it tells us something, if only we knew howto read between the lines.”When we reach the climatic incidents in Bowen’s “TearsIdle Tears” we can read them on a literal level: the boys meets agirl in the park and he watches a duck move into the pond. Hefinally stops crying. However, as we watch how the boy inter-acts with the girl on the bench and how he attempts to capturethe duck before it enters the pond, we already sense that this isno routine incident for the boy. It’s not just another day in thelife of Frederick. This is the first time that he is able to talk toa woman onequal grounds and to stand up for himself. When wethink about the girl we begin to realize how differentshe is from Frederick’s mother. Both Frederick andthe girl appear to be rebelling against what seems toFrederick’s idle tears. The girl becomes a symbol onmany levels helping Frederick to break away from hismother’s domination and tyranny. As Frederick breaksaway he sees the duck once again floating freely on thelake, its head erect. The duck becomes a symbol ofFrederick’s release from shame and guilt. He is nowable to stand up for himself (it is only the duck that heremember years later). When his mother returns, she focuses on the swan (another symbol in the ugly duckling story).Symbols are concrete and tangible first. The literal-minded reader therefore may see only their physical surface. Not all readers may sense a larger symbolic significance, and different readers mayread the same symbol differently. However, to respond fully to a story, the reader must become sensi-tive to possible symbolic overtones and implications.The Language of SymbolsMuch of what imaginative literature tells the reader it does not say in so many words. Although symbols in fiction come to you through the medium of language, they are in a way a nonverbal language. Like the gestures of the actor, or the drumbeats of a symphony, they do not put verbal labels on what they communicate. The reader has to decode, interpret, put into words what the images seem to tell him. Responding to symbols is a way of reading between the lines.A literary symbol is something which means more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action, or some other item, which has a literal meaning in the story but suggests or repre-sents other meanings as well. For example, most names are simple labels. Seldom does a name tell anything about the person to whom it is attached. In a story, however, the author may choose names for his characters which serve not only to label them but also to suggest something about them. A charac-ter named Mr. Black may come to represent something dark or evil while Miss White might represent the virtues of the virgin. Symbolic use of object and actions is also important. Creatures also assume representative significance.As one interprets the language of symbols, he should keep the following in mind:•some symbols come into a story from a shared language of symbols(Much in human experience has traditional symbolic associations: the dawn withhope, the dark forest with evil, clay with death, water with fertility. Light is oftenthe symbol for knowledge, for enlightenment.)•some symbols have a special personal meaning for the writer and their meaningmay come into focus as they return again and again in the writer’s wordsliterary symbols are rich in associations; but they do not merely signal one shortmessage (The skull and bones that say poison have a clear message -danger.Literary symbols do not just say “danger”. One of the oldest symbols in Westernliterature is the garden. It brings with it a wealth of associations: the Garden ofEden with its innocence and happiness before the fall -a symbol of naturefruitful and life-sustaining. It also might suggest the oasis in the desert or a retreatfrom the intrigues of daily life, business, or politics -we retreat there to createour own garden. But it can represent a place of combat where one strugglesagainst weeds and pests.•symbols acquire their full meaning in the context of the story (Remember thenature of the duck in Tears, Idle Tears and the ugly duckling story.)•to be called a symbol, an item must suggest a meaning different in kind from itsliteral meaning; a symbol is something more than the representative of a class ortype•symbols may be ambiguous(The whale in Moby Dick appears to representboth good and bad -to the captain it represents everything that is destructive; butfor some it represents everything that is serene and beautiful in nature.)The Central SymbolOften a central symbol becomes the focal point of a story. A central symbol focuses the reader’s attention. It provides a tangible object for the reader’s emotions -since many of us find it hard to anchor our feelings to disembodied ideas. Rather than reinforcing and adding to the meaning of the story, a central symbol carries the meaning. A central symbol becomes the hub for meaning and associations. It may slowly evolve, acquiring full meaning as the story as a whole takes shape. In “A Japanese Quince” the rich central symbol of the tree with the blackbird in it helps give shape to the story as a whole. Watch how its appearance slowly changes and shifts evolving as the central symbol in the story. Decoding SymbolsHere is what you should look for when focusing on the role of symbolism in a story:•explore the full range of possible associations of a symbol ( a snake may symbolize danger but it may also symbolize guileness or alienation)•trace the full meaning of a gradually evolving central symbol (the rocking horse)•look for secondary symbols that echo the major theme of the story (the train in Paul’s Case)•look for contrasts or polarities (the two women in Tears, Idle Tears)•relate key terms specifically to the story•look for the personal connectionClassification of SymbolsThere are two basic types of symbols we encounter:1. Arbitrary Symbols (those we use in everyday life and include such thingsas the Canadian National Anthem, the Canadian flag, hand gestures)2. Literary Symbols (those used in literature)a. Universal Symbols (defined by K. Jung as part of our collective unconsciousand that we use all the time) -the wolf, the jungle, etc.b. Defined Symbols specific to be a piece of literature (pre-selected by thewriter and given meaning within the context of the story)-the rocking horse, the Japanese quinze, the swan, the bull。
装配图的标注
指引线应从零、部件的可见轮廓线内用细实 线引出,端部画一小圆点,也可用箭头指向其轮廓线。
the contour with an arrow. 3) The leader cannot be intercrossed or parallel to the section lines. When necessary, a leader
2. External dimensions 外形尺寸
The dimensions that represent the general length, width, and height are useful for packing, distribution and transportation. 表示机 器长、宽、高的总体尺寸,供装箱、存储和运输时参考。
尺寸标注
1. Characteristic and specification dimensions 特性尺寸
The dimensions that represent machine specifications or service behaviors are the foundation on which users choose the right products, such as travel distances, calibers and threads. 表示机器规格或工作 性能的尺寸,是用户选用产品的依据。如:行程、口径及螺纹等。
零件序号应注写在指引线的水平线上或圆圈内,字号比图中的 尺寸数字高大一号或二号。
2) A leader shall be drawn from the visible contour of the part or subassembly with a thin solid line. The end of the leader shall have a small dot. If it is not easy to draw a dot, one can point to
德国食品标准(DIN)
德国食品标准(DIN)德国食品标准(DIN food standards)ANSI| BS| DIN| EN| GB| ISO| JIS| NF|DIC编号中文名称英文名称DIN10113-1-1997 食品行业设备和器皿表面细菌数量测定.第1部分:定量拭子法Determination of surface colonycount on fitment and utensils infoodareas - Part 1: Quantitativeswab methodDIN10113-2-1997 食品行业设备和器皿表面细菌数量测定.第2部分:半定量拭子法Determination of surface colonycount on fitment and utensils infoodareas - Part 2:Semiquantitative swab methodDIN10113-3-1997 食品行业设备和器皿表面细菌数量测定.第3部分:使用培养基叠层提取设备的半定量分析法(冷湿敷法)Determination of surface colonycount on fitment and utensils infoodareas - Part 3:Semiquantitative method withculture media laminated takingup equipment (squeeze method)DIN 10115-1999 用阻抗法探测和测定食品中微生物的基本原则Fundamentals for detection anddetermination of microorganismsin foodstuffs withimpedance-methodDIN 10118-2004 食品的分析.动物制食品中有毒大肠杆菌的检测Analysis of foodstuffs -Detection of verotoxine-formingEscherichia (E.) coli-strains(VTEC) in food derived fromanimalsDIN 10120-2001 食品分析.用阻抗法对沙门氏菌的检测Analysis of foodstiffs -Detection of Salmonella withimpedance-methodDIN 10121-2000 利用荧光免疫测定法检测带酵素食品中的沙门氏菌属Detection of Salmonella infoodstuffs with enzyme linkedfluorescent immuno-assayDIN 10122-2005 食品分析.用阻抗法Analysis of foodstuffs -的微生物计数.嗜氧嗜温细菌菌落的测定Enumeration of microorganisms by means of impedance-method - Determination of aerobic mesophile bacterial countDIN 10480-2002 黄油和其他油脂涂抹食品中脂肪总含量的测定.使用超临界二氧化碳的萃取法Determination of the total fatcontent in butter and fatspreads - Extraction methodusing supercritical carbondioxideDIN 10500-2001 食品卫生.易变质食品用销售车辆和流动销售台.卫生要求、检验Food hygiene - Sales vehiclesand mobile sales stands forperishable foodstuffs - Hygienerequirements, testingDIN10501-1-2004 食品卫生.陈列柜.第1部分:冷冻和速冻食品(如冰淇淋)用冷藏陈列货柜.卫生要求和检验Food hygiene - Display cabinets- Part 1: Refrigerated displaycabinets for frozen and quickfrozen foodstuffs as well asicecream - Hygienerequirements, testingDIN10501-2-2004 食品卫生.陈列柜.第2部分:冷藏食品用冷藏陈列货柜.卫生要求和检验Food hygiene - Display cabinets- Part 2: Refrigerated displaycabinets for refrigeratedfoodstuffs - Hygienerequirements, testingDIN10501-3-2004 食品卫生.陈列柜.第3部分:常温销售食品用陈列柜.卫生要求和检验Food hygiene - Display cabinets- Part 3: Display containers forfoodstuffs, offered for sale atambient temperature - Hygienerequirements, testingDIN10501-4-2004 食品卫生.陈列柜.第4部分:热食品用保温陈列柜.卫生要求和检验Food hygiene - Display cabinets- Part 4: Thermal displaycabinets for hot foodstuffs;Hygiene requirements, testingDIN10501-5-2006 食品卫生.展销柜.第5部分:自助式摆放沙拉和沙拉调料的销售冷藏柜.卫生要求和试验Food hygiene - Display cabinets- Part 5: Refrigerated displaycabinets offering for salesalads and salad dressings inself service, hygienerequirements, testingDIN10502-1-2000 食品卫生学.液体、粒状和粉状食品用容器.第1部分:材料和结构特点Food hygiene - Containers forliquid, granulated and powderedfoodstuffs - Part 1: Materialsand constructive featuresDIN10502-2-2000 食品卫生学.液体、粒状和粉状食品用容器.第2部分:适用性评定Food hygiene - Containers forliquid, granulated and powderedfoodstuffs - Part 2: Evaluationof suitabilityDIN10502-3-2000 食品卫生学.液体、粒状和粉状食品用容器.第3部分:标记Food hygiene - Containers forliquid, granulated and powderedfoodstuffs - Part 3: MarkingDIN10502-4-2000 食品卫生学.液体、粒状和粉状食品用容器.第4部分:装料检验Food hygiene - Containers forliquid, granulated and powderedfoodstuffs - Part 4: Proof ofapplicationDIN10502-5-2000 食品卫生学.液体、粒状和粉状食品用容器.第5部分:识别Food hygiene - Containers forliquid, granulated and powderedfoodstuffs - Part 5:IdentificationDIN10502-6-2004 食品卫生.液体、颗粒和粉末状食品用容器.第6部分:清洁和消毒Food hygiene - Containers forliquid, granulated and powderedfoodstuffs - Part 6: Cleaningand disinfectionDIN 10503 Bb.1-2000 食品卫生学.HACCP概念中使用的流程图.符号和表示方法Food hygiene - Flow diagrams forthe utilization in theHACCP-concept - Symbols, kind ofpresentationDIN 10503-1999 食品卫生.术语Food hygiene - TerminologyDIN 10504-1996 食品卫生.肉和肉制品照射灯Food hygiene - Lamps for thelighting of meat and meatproductsDIN 10505-1996 食品卫生.食品销售点通风设备.要求Food hygiene - Ventilationequipment for salesarrangements of foodstuffs -Requirements, testingDIN 10506-2000 食品卫生学.大批量Food hygiene - Mass catering -餐食供应.公司中心 Company centreDIN 10508-2002 食品卫生学.食品的温度要求Food hygiene - Temperaturerequirements for foodstuffsDIN 10510-2001 食品卫生.商用多罐洗碗.输送式洗碗机.卫生要求、程序检测Food hygiene - Commercialdishwashing withmultitank-transportdishwashers- Hygiene requirements,procedure testingDIN 10511-1999 食品卫生.用玻璃器皿冲洗机冲洗的商用玻璃器皿.卫生要求和检验Food hygiene - Commercialglasswashing with glasswashingmachines - Hygienerequirements, testingDIN 10512-2001 食品卫生.单箱洗碗机商业洗碗.卫生要求、型号试验Food hygiene - Commercialdishwashing withonetank-dishwashers - Hygienerequirements, type testingDIN 10514-2004 食品卫生.卫生培训 Food hygiene - Hygiene trainingDIN 10516-2001 食品卫生.清洗和消毒剂Food hygiene - Cleaning anddisinfectionDIN 10518-2000 食品卫生.冰淇淋生产和立即分发到消费者的机器.卫生要求.试验Food hygiene - Machines forproduction and immediatedispense of ice-cream to theconsumer - Hygienerequirements, testingDIN 10519-2000 食品卫生.未包装食物用的自助设备.卫生要求Food hygiene - Self-serviceequipment for unpackaged food -Hygiene requirementsDIN 10523-2005 食品卫生.食品领域内的病虫害防治Food hygiene - Pest control inthe food areaDIN 10524-2004 食品卫生.食品业中的工作服Food hygiene - Work wear in foodbusinessDIN 10526-2003 食品卫生.大量给养中的留待检样品Food hygiene - Retained samplesin mass cateringDIN 10527-2004 食品卫生.自动售货机中易腐烂食品的Food hygiene - Sale ofperishable foodstuffs from销售.卫生要求vending machines - HygienerequirementsDIN 10955-2004 感官分析.食品用包装材料和包装件的检验Sensory analysis - Testing ofpackaging materials andpackages for foodstuffsDIN 10968-2003 感官分析.食品的感官最小保质期的测定和检验Sensory analysis -Determination and examinationof the sensory minimumdurability of foodstuffsDIN 10973-2006 感官分析(食品).进/出试验Sensory analysis - In/out testDIN 10975-2005 感官分析.按照食品法专家进行视觉判定Sensory analysis - Expertwitness for the judgement ofconformity with foodlawDIN 11850-1999 食品、化工和制药工业用管.不锈钢管.尺寸,材料Tubes for the food, chemical andpharmaceutical industry -Stainless steel tubes -Dimensions, materialsDIN 11851-1998 食品,化学和医药工业用管接头.不锈钢制螺纹管连接件.滚压和焊接连接的设计Fittings for food, chemical andpharmaceutical industry -Stainless steel screwed pipeconnections - Design for rollingin and welding-onDIN 11852-2000 食品和化学工业用阀门.不锈钢配件.焊合三通、弯头和异径接头Valves for food and chemicalindustries - Stainless steelfittings - Tees, bends, reducersfor welding-onDIN 11854-1991 食品工业用管配件.不锈钢制软管.带螺纹的软管接头和软管锥形接头Food industry fittings; hoseunions of stainless steel;threaded hose couplings,conical hose couplingsDIN 11887-1998 食品,化学和医药工业用管接头.圆螺纹连接件.螺纹连接件和锥形连接件的设计Fittings for food, chemical andpharmaceutical industry - Roundthread connections - Design ofthreaded and conical connectionpiecesDIN 11888-1987 食品业用管配件.双Food industry fittings; double螺纹联接器threaded couplingsDIN 11889-1987 食品业用管配件.双锥形联接器Food industry fittings; doubleconical couplingDIN 1815-2004 食品运输用有隔热储货空间的载重有篷运货汽车.要求和试验Cargo van with thermal insulatedcargo space for the transport offood - Requirements and testingDIN 18864-1999 商用橱房设备.食品运输用保温容器Equipment for commercialkitchens - Heat-insulatedcontainer for food transportDIN18865-1-2003 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第1部分:尺寸、要求和试验Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 1: Dimensions,requirements, testingDIN18865-10-2004 大型厨房设备.食品销售设备.第10部分:现金形式.要求和试验Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 10: Cash module- Requirements and testingDIN18865-2-2004 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第2部分:加热服务台Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 2: Heatedservice countersDIN18865-3-2003 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第3部分:配送桌(出售非肉非奶食品柜台)Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 3: Servicetables (neutral counters)DIN18865-4-2001 商用厨房设备.食品销售设备.第4部分:加热或不加热顶架Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 4: Top shelvesheated or not heatedDIN18865-5-2003 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第5部分:托盘滑道Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 5: Tray slidesDIN18865-6-2003 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第6部分:自动售货机Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 6: DispensersDIN18865-7-2003 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第7部分:冷藏柜Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 7: Cold storageDIN18865-8-2003 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第8部分:冷却顶架Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 8: Top shelvesrefrigeratedDIN18865-9-1997 大型厨房设备.食品配送设备.第9部分:标准型和卫生型橱房设备内部要求Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 9:Equipment-insides in basic andhygiene versionDIN18867-7-1997 大型烹饪设备.车载烹饪设备.第7部分:食品运送车Equipment for commercialkitchens - Mobile equipment -Part 7: Food conveyersDIN18867-9-2004 大型厨房设备.食品销售设备.第9部分:自动售货机Equipment for commercialkitchens - Food distributionequipment - Part 9: DispensersDIN45635-29-1980 机器空气噪声的测量.包络面法.食品、饮料和类似机器Measurement of airborne noiseemitted by machines; envelopingsurface method; food, drink andallied machineryDIN 5046-1983 肉和其它食品用悬钩.S钩Hooks for meat and other foods;S-hookDIN 5047-1983 肉和其它食品用的悬挂钩.管轨滑动挂钩Hooks for meat and other food;tubular track sliding hookDIN 5048-1984 肉和其它食品用悬挂钩.管轨滚子挂钩Hooks for meat and other food;tubular track roller hookDIN 51032-1986 陶瓷、玻璃、玻璃陶瓷、搪瓷.与食品接触使用的日用品中铅和镉逸出量的极限值Ceramics, glass, glassceramics, vitreous enamels;permissible limits for therelease of lead and cadmium fromarticles intended for use incontact with foodstuffsDIN55423-1-1994 可堆放式能重复使用的食品运输和储Reusable transport and storingcrates for food made of存用热塑塑料.第1部分:尺寸、重量、要求thermoplastic plastics, stackable - Part 1: Dimensions, weights, requirementsDIN55423-2-1994 可堆放式能重复使用的食品运输和储存用热塑塑料.第2部分:性能要求和检验Reusable transport and storingcrates for food made ofthermoplastic plastics,stackable - Part 2: Performancerequirements and testingDIN 7725-1967 与食品法相符合的由橡胶、塑料、其它聚合物、纸和纸板制造的物品.标志Articles made of Rubber,Plastics, Other Polymers, Paperand Cardboard to Conform withthe Foodstuffs Law; MarkingDIN 8956-1985 低温冷冻食品用的商用冷冻设备.术语、定义、要求和试验程序Commercial-freezers for deepfrozen foodstuffs; terms anddefinitions, requirements, testprocedureDIN 8959-2000 食品绝热运输工具.要求和试验Insulated food carriers -Requirements and testingDIN 9797-1988 食品工业机械和设备.运输推车、搬运和保护系统.测量,标识Machinery and equipment for thefood industrie; transportcarts, taking up and barsystems; measurements,designationDIN 9798-1980 食品加工机械.灌香肠机.灌料管和灌料接头Food equipment; sausagestuffers, filling horns andconnectionsDIN CEN/TS 13130-18-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第18部分:食品模拟物中1,2-苯二酚、1,3-苯二酚、1,4-苯二酚、4,4Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 18:Determination of1,2-dihydroxybenzene,1,3-dihydroxybenzene,1,4-dihydroxybenzene,4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone and4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl in foodsimulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-18:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-19-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第19部分:食品模拟物中二甲胺乙醇的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 19:Determination ofdimethylaminoethanol in foodsimulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-19:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-21-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第21部分:食品模拟物中1,2-乙二胺和己二胺的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 21:Determination ofethylenediamine andhexamethylenediamine in foodsimulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-21:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-23-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第23部分:食品模拟物中甲醛和六亚甲基四胺的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 23:Determination of formaldehydeand hexamethylenetetramine infood simulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-23:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-24-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第24部分:食品模拟物中马来酸和顺式丁烯二酸酐的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 24:Determination of maleic acid andmaleic anhydride in foodsimulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-24:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-25-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第25部分:食品模拟物中4-甲基-1-戊烯的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 25:Determination of4-methyl-1-pentene in foodsimulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-25:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-26-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第26部分:食品模拟物中1-辛烯和四氢呋喃的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 26:Determination of 1-octene andtetrahydrofuran in foodsimulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-26:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-27-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第27部分:食品模拟物中2,4,6-三氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 27:Determination of2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazinein food simulants; Germanversion CEN/TS 13130-27:2005DIN CEN/TS 13130-28-2005 接触食料的材料和物品.可塑性物质允许极限.第28部分:食品模拟物中1,1,1-三甲基丙烷的测定Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics substances subject tolimitation - Part 28:Determination of1,1,1-trimethylolpropane infood simulants; German versionCEN/TS 13130-28:2005DIN CEN/TS 14234-2003 接触食品的材料和制品.纸和纸板的聚合涂层.总迁移的条件和试验方法的选择指南Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Polymeric coatings on paper andboard - Guide to the selection ofconditions and test methods foroverall migration; Germanversion CEN/TS 14234:2002DIN CEN/TS 14235-2003 接触食品的材料和制品.金属基片的聚合涂层.全迁移条件和试验方法的选择指南; 德文版本CEN/TS 14235:2002Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Polymeric coatings on metalsubstrates - Guide to theselection of conditions and testmethods for overall migration;German version CEN/TS14235:2002DIN CEN/TS 食品.高效液相色谱Foodstuffs - Determination of14537-2003 法测定新橙皮苷-二氢查耳酮neohesperidin-dihydrochalcon by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); German version CEN/TS 14537:2003DIN CEN/TS 14577-2004 接触食品的材料和物质.塑料.聚合添加剂.1000道尔顿以下的聚合添加剂质量系数测定的试验方法Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Polymeric additives -Test method for thedetermination of the massfraction of a polymeric additivethat lies below 1000 Daltons;German version CEN/TS14577:2003DIN CEN/TS 15111-2005 食品.痕量元素的测定.用感应耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定饮食中碘含量Foodstuffs - Determination oftrace elements - Determinationof iodine in dietetic foods byICP-MS (inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry);German version CEN/TS15111:2005DIN EN 10333-2005 包装用钢.与人和动物用食品、产品和饮料接触的扁平钢制品.镀锡钢Steel for packaging - Flat steelproducts intended for use incontact with foodstuffs,products and beverages for humanand animal consumption - Tincoated steel (tinplate); Germanversion EN 10333:2005DIN EN 10334-2005 包装用钢.与人和动物用食品、产品和饮料接触的扁平钢制品.无涂覆钢(黑钢板)Steel for packaging - Flat steelproducts intended for use incontact with foodstuffs,products and beverages for humanand animal consumption -Non-coated steel (blackplate);German version EN 10334:2005DIN EN 10335-2005 包装用钢.与人和动物用食品、产品和饮料接触的扁平钢制品.非合金电解铬/氧化铬镀钢Steel for packaging - Flat steelproducts intended for use incontact with foodstuffs,products or beverages for humanand animal consumption - Nonalloyed electrolyticchromium/chromium oxide coated steel; German version EN 10335:2005DIN EN 1086-1995 食品保护运输袋.袋型选择和涉及包装物的内袋的建议;德文版本 EN 1086:1995Sacks for the transport of food aid - Recommendations on the selection of type of sack and the liner in relation to the product to be packed; German version EN 1086:1995DIN EN 1104-2005 与食品接触的纸和纸板.抗微生物成分转移的测定 Paper and board intended to comeinto contact with foodstuffs -Determination of the transfer ofantimicrobial constituents;German version EN 1104:2005 DIN EN 1183-1997 接触食品的材料和物品.温度冲击试验方法 Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs - Testmethods for thermal shockendurance; German version EN1183:1997 DIN EN 1184-1997 接触食品的材料和物品.陶瓷器件透明度试验方法 Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs - Testmethods for translucency ofceramic articles; Germanversion EN 1184:1997DIN EN1186-1-2002接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第1部分:全迁移用条件选择和试验方法指南; 德文版本 EN 1186-1:2002 Materials and articles in contact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 1: Guide to the selection of conditions and test methods for overall migration; German version EN 1186-1:2002 DIN EN1186-10-2002接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第10部分:向橄榄油全迁移的试验方法(橄榄油不能完全萃取时使用改良法); 德Materials and articles in contact with foodstuffs - Plastics - Part 10: Test methods for overall migration into olive oil (modified method for use in case where incomplete extraction of olive oil occurs); German version EN 1186-10:2002 DIN EN接触食品的材料和Materials and articles in1186-11-2002 制品.塑料制品.第11部分:向C-14合成甘油三酯混合物全迁移的试验方法;德文版本 EN1186-11 contact with foodstuffs - Plastics - Part 11: Test methods for overall migration into mixtures of<(hoch)14>C-labelled synthetic triglycerides; German version EN 1186-11:2002DIN EN1186-12-2002 接触食品的器皿.试验的一般化学方法.第12部分:低温下全迁移的试验方法;德文版本 EN1186-12:2002Utensils in contact with food -General chemical methods of test- Part 12: Test methods foroverall migration at lowtemperature; German version EN1186-12:2002DIN EN1186-13-2002 接触食品的材料和物品.塑料.第13部分:高温下总迁移量试验方法Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 13: Test methodsfor overall migration at hightemperatures; German version EN1186-13:2002DIN EN1186-14-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第14部分:采用试验媒介异辛烷和95%乙醇对与油脂食品接触的塑料制品全迁移量Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 14: Test methodsfor 'substitute tests' foroverall migration from plasticsintended to come into contactwith fatty foodstuffs using testmedia iso-octane and 95 %ethanol; German version EN1186-14:2002DIN EN1186-15-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第15部分:采用快速析入异辛烷和/或95%乙醇法向油脂食品模拟物迁移的替换试Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 15: Alternativetest methods to migration intofatty food simulants by rapidextraction into iso-octaneand/or 95 % ethanol; Germanversion EN 1186-15:2002DIN EN1186-2-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第2部分:采用全浸渍Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 2: Test methods法向橄榄油全迁移的试验方法; 德文版本 EN1186-2:2002 for overall migration into olive oil by total immersion; German version EN 1186-2:2002DIN EN1186-3-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第3部分:采用全浸渍法向含水模拟物全迁移的试验方法;德文版本 EN1186-3:2Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 3: Test methodsfor overall migration intoaqueous simulants by totalimmersion; German version EN1186-3:2002DIN EN1186-4-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第4部分:采用电解槽法向橄榄油全迁移的试验方法; 德文版本 EN1186-4:2002Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 4: Test methodsfor overall migration into oliveoil by cell; German version EN1186-4:2002DIN EN1186-5-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品(ISO10451:2002);German version ENISO 10451:2002.第5部分:采用电解槽法Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 5: Test methodsfor overall migration intoaqueous food simulants by cell;German version EN 1186-5:2002DIN EN1186-6-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第6部分:采用袋装法向橄榄油全迁移的试验方法; 德文版本 EN 1186-6:2002Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 6: Test methodsfor overall migration into oliveoil using a pouch; Germanversion EN 1186-6:2002DIN EN1186-7-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第7部分:采用袋装法向含水模拟物全迁移的试验方法; 德文版本 EN1186-7:200Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 7: Test methodsfor overall migration intoaqueous simulants using a pouch;German version EN 1186-7:2002DIN EN 接触食品的材料和Materials and articles in1186-8-2002 制品.塑料制品.第8部分:采用物品充填法向橄榄油全迁移的试验方法; 德文版本 EN1186-8:200 contact with foodstuffs - Plastics - Part 8: Test methods for overall migration into olive oil by article filling; German version EN 1186-8:2002DIN EN1186-9-2002 接触食品的材料和制品.塑料制品.第9部分:采用物品充填法向橄榄油全迁移的试验方法; 德文版本 EN1186-9:200Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Plastics - Part 9: Test methodsfor overall migration intoaqueous simulants by articlefilling; German version EN1186-9:2002DIN EN12014-1-1999 食品.硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量测定.第1部分:一般要求Foodstuffs - Determination ofnitrate and/or nitrite content -Part 1: General considerations(including Amendment A1:1999);German version EN 12014-1:1997 +A1:1999DIN EN12014-2-1997 食品.硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量测定.第2部分:蔬菜和蔬菜制品中硝酸盐含量测定.HPLC/IC法Foodstuffs - Determination ofnitrate and/or nitrite content -Part 2: HPLC/IC method for thedetermination of nitratecontent of vegetables andvegetable products; Germanversion EN 12014-2:1997DIN EN12014-3-2005 食品.硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量测定.第3部分:硝酸盐酶催化还原成亚硝酸盐后肉制品中硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量Foodstuffs - Determination ofnitrate and/or nitrite content -Part 3: Spectrometricdetermination of nitrate andnitrite content of meat productsafter enzymatic reduction ofnitrate to nitrite; Germanversion EN 12014-3:2005DIN EN12014-4-2005 食品.硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量测定.第4部分:肉制品中硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量的离子交换色谱法Foodstuffs - Determination ofnitrate and/or nitrite content -Part 4: Ion-exchangechromatographic (IC) method forthe determination of nitrate andnitrite content of meatproducts; German version EN 12014-4:2005DIN EN12014-5-1997食品.硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量测定.第5部分:含蔬菜的婴幼儿食品中硝酸盐含量酶催测定 Foodstuffs - Determination ofnitrate and/or nitrite content - Part 5: Enzymatic determination of nitrate content ofvegetable-containing food for babies and infants; Germanversion EN 12014-5:1997 DIN EN12014-7-1998食品.硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐含量测定.第7部分:镉还原后蔬菜和蔬菜制品中硝酸盐含量测定用连续流量法 Foodstuffs - Determination ofnitrate and/or nitrite content - Part 7: Continuous flow method for the determination of nitrate content of vegetables and vegetable products after cadmium reduction; Germanversion EN 12014-7:1998 DIN EN12041-2001食品加工机械.成型机.安全和卫生要求 Food processing machinery -Moulders - Safety and hygiene requirements; German version EN12041:2000 DIN EN12043-2001食品加工机械.中间醒发成形机.安全和卫生要求Food processing machinery -Intermediate provers - Safetyand hygiene requirements;German version EN 12043:2000DIN EN 1217-1998 接触食品的材料和物品.陶瓷制品吸水性试验方法 Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs - Testmethods for water absorption ofceramic articles; Germanversion EN 1217:1998 DIN EN12267-2004食品加工机械.圆盘锯机械.安全和卫生要求Food processing machinery -Circular saw machines - Safetyand hygiene requirements;German version EN 12267:2003 DIN EN12268-2005食品加工机械.带锯机.安全和卫生要求 Food processing machinery - Bandsaw machines - Safety and hygiene requirements; Germanversion EN 12268:2003DIN EN1230-1-2002 与食品接触的纸和纸板.感官分析.第1部分:气味; 德文版本 EN1230-1:2001Paper and board intended to comeinto contact with foodstuffs -Sensory analysis - Part 1:Odour; German version EN1230-1:2001DIN EN1230-2-2002 与食品接触的纸和纸板.感官分析.第2部分:臭味(变质); 德文版本 EN1230-2:2001Paper and board intended to comeinto contact with foodstuffs -Sensory analysis - Part 2:Off-flavour (taint); Germanversion EN 1230-2:2001DIN EN 12331-2004 食品加工机械.铰肉机.安全和卫生要求Food processing machinery -Mincing machines - Safety andhygiene requirements; Germanversion EN 12331:2003DIN EN 12355-2003 食品加工机械.去皮机、剥皮机和去膜机.安全和卫生要求Food processing machinery -Derinding-, skinning- andmembrane removal machines -Safety and hygienerequirements; German version EN12355:2003DIN EN12393-1-1998 非脂肪食品.农药残流物气相色谱测定采用的多种残留法.第1部分:一般考虑因素Non-fatty foods - Multiresiduemethods for the gaschromatographic determinationof pesticide residues - Part 1:General considerations; Germanversion EN 12393-1:1998DIN EN12393-2-1998 非脂肪食品.农药残流物气相色谱测定采用的多种残留法.第2部分:萃取和净化方法Non-fatty foods - Multiresiduemethods for the gaschromatographic determinationof pesticide residues - Part 2:Methods for extraction andclean-up; German version EN12393-2:1998DIN EN12393-3-1998 非脂肪食品.残留农药气相色谱测定用多种残物留法.第2部分:测定和验证试验Non-fatty foods - Multiresiduemethods for the gaschromatographic determinationof pesticide residues - Part 3:Determination and confirmatorytests; German version EN12393-3:1998DIN EN12396-1-1998 清淡食品.二硫化基甲酸盐和二硫化四烷基秋兰姆残留物测定.第1部分:分光光度法Non-fatty foods - Determinationof dithiocarbamate and thiuramdisulfide residues - Part 1:Spectrometric method; Germanversion EN 12396-1:1998DIN EN12396-2-1998 清淡食品.二硫化基甲酸盐和二硫化四烷基秋兰姆残留物测定.第2部分:色相气谱法Non-fatty foods - Determinationof dithiocarbamate and thiuramdisulfide residues - Part 2: Gaschromatographic method; Germanversion EN 12396-2:1998DIN EN12396-3-2000 清淡食品.二硫化基甲酸盐和二硫化四烷基秋兰姆残留物测定.第3部分:紫外分光光度法Non-fatty foods - Determinationof dithiocarbamate and thiuramdisulfide residues - Part 3:UV-spectrometric xanthogenatemethod; German version EN12396-3:2000DIN EN 12463-2005 食品加工机械.填充和辅助机器.安全和卫生要求Food processing machinery -Filling machines and auxiliarymachines - Safety and hygienerequirements; German version EN12463:2004DIN EN 12505-2001 食品加工机械.食用油离心机.安全和卫生要求Food processing machinery -Centrifugal machines forprocessing edible oils and fats- Safety and hygienerequirements; German version EN12505:2000DIN EN 12546-1 Berichtigung1-2005 与食品接触的材料和物品.家用保温容器.第1部分:真空器皿、保温瓶和保温壶规范Materials and articles incontact with foodstuffs -Insulated containers fordomestic use - Part 1:Specification for vacuum ware,insulated flasks and jugs;German version EN 12546-1:2000,Corrigenda to DIN EN12546-1:2000-09; German versionEN 12546-1:2000/AC:2005DIN EN 与食品接触的材料Materials and articles in。
BS EN 1149-1-1996防护服 静电性能 第1部分表面电阻(试验方法和要求)
Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CEN No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association
Ergonomics Society Fabric Care Research Association Ltd. Heaith and Safety Executive Home Office Institub of Occupational Hygienists Instituteof Waste Management Iron and Steel “kadesConfederation London Regional lhnsport Madeup Textiles Association Minishy of Defence National Joint Council for Building Industxy (Operatives Side) Safety Equipment Association SATRA Footwear Technology Centre Textile Distributors’ Association Textile Services Association LM. M e s Union Congress
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 199509-09. CEN members are bound to comply with the CENEENELEC ink& Regulations which stipuiak the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard w+?out any alteration.
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Greek belief in nobility.
The phrase "in the process" interrupts the flow of the sentence; it should come at the beginning or the end. In addition, the modifier "almost" is placed awkwardly: it splits an infinitive, and should be closer to the verb it modifies. A more effective way to structure the sentence would be this: In the process, Cocteau almost seems to ridicule the Greek belief in nobility.
Agr (Agreement)
Subject and verb do not match, or pronoun and antecedent. The easiest way to make this error is simply to forget an "s": "The quick brown fox jump over the lazy dog." More complicated agreement problems arise with multiple subjects, intervening phrases and pronouns. See the section on agreement in the grammar section for further information.
See the full discussion on comma splices in the pages about sentences.
Dangling or Misplaced Modifier (Dgl)
A dangling modifier has been placed in a sentence where it has nothing to modify: ---Flying into Victoria, the trees looked lovely. This sentence suggests that the trees are flying. The sentence must be reworked so that the person doing the flying is mentioned. A misplaced modifier has been placed next to the wrong word: ---He attacked the dragon with a sword. The sentence suggests that it's the the dragon that has the sword. While the meaning is often clear in context, the sentence would benefit from rewriting ---He drew his sword and attacked the dragon. For more, see the discussion on dangling modifiers in the section ont (Frag)
A sentence fragment is a sentence without a verb. Usually the student is appending a phrases to a sentence, but does not understand the function of semi-colons or parentheses: semi---There ---There are a few events in the play which are important both in themselves and symbolically. The first one being the plucking of Gloucester's eyes. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb (in this case, there is no verb, only a participle ). For more, see the page on sentence fragments in the section on sentences.
Marking Symbols
Presented by Liu Tianlun (刘天伦) (刘天伦 刘天伦) English Department School of Foreign Language Studies Nanchang University
1
Index
Agr (Agreement) Amb (Ambiguity) Awk (Awkward) Colloq (Colloquial) Constr (Construction) CS (Comma Splice) Dgl (Dangling Modifier) Frag (Fragment) Id (Idiom) Para(Paragraph) ll (Parallelism) P (Pronoun
Ambiguous (Amb)
Whether the error is one of grammar or diction, the comment ambiguous means that what you have written is confusing. An example of grammatical ambiguity is the following pair of sentences: Biff is presented to us as an All-American boy. As he grows up all AllWilly can do is criticize his son. This construction implies that it is Willy who is doing the growinggrowing-up, rather than Biff. (The sentences need to be reworked: "Biff is presented to us as an All-American boy. As he grows up, Allhe receives nothing but criticism from Willy." Ambiguity can also be produced by a mistake in vocabulary (many --see, examples are dealt with in the Dictionary of Usage (45Kb) --see, for example, the entries on allusion/illusion and continual/continuous or word order (is a "big boys' school" a big school for boys or a school for big boys?).
Awkward (Awk)
This term can cover a variety of errors, but in general applies to anything unwieldy in your essay. Sentences become awkward through a combination of structural flaws, wordiness and incorrect usage. ---For King Lear, because of the one fault he makes, he pays for it
Colloquial (Colloq)
The word or phrase you have used is inappropriate in a formal essay, because it is too slangy: ---The ---The very idea of Titania falling in love with Bottom seems a tad preposterous. preposterous. Or the grammar may be too loose, too conversational: Another thing is, every sentence ends with a question mark.
dearly.
This sentence is awkward because it contains an extra phrase that does not fit grammatically ("For King Lear") and because the student uses "fault" unidiomatically (a better word would be "error"). A subordinate clause or phrase placed incorrectly can cause confusion or awkwardness: ----Besides ----Besides that of her parents, it is not until Jane arrives at Lowood that she experiences love. The opening clause should be at the end: