marketing
marketing
谈谈marketing的汉译marketing是经贸英语中最常用的词语之一。
在外贸人员的名片上我们也经常看到marketing department和marketing plan等词语。
，它们通常被译成销售部和销售计划。
在外贸函电和外贸英语教科书中，marketing常被译为“销售”。
笔者认为这种译法不够确切。
这除了有语言方面的原因外，还涉及到中外经营管理体制的不同。
我们不妨先从market作动词的含义谈起。
当market作及物动词时，意思是to carry on all activities by which transfer of title or possession of a product from seller to buyer is effected；或者是to introduce a product on the market（n.市场）。
这种含义的market及其派生的marketing的意思与sell和sale相近，可汉译为“销售”，如：The exporter wishes to market his goods in a foreign country through instrumentality of an independent agent.那个出口商想要靠一独立代理人在国外销售其货物。
The joint venture insisted on their cooperative marketing the new computers.这家合资企业坚持它们合作销售新计算机。
当market作不及物动词时，它与trade含义相同，表示在市场上进行买卖活动，它派生的marketing只能汉译为“（市场上的）交易，买卖”，而不是单一的“销售”。
例如：do our evening marketing（到夜市上去买（卖）东西）；an international marketing company（一家国际贸易公司）。
Marketing 1 市场营销1 商务英语
02 What Is
Marketed?
Scope of Marketing
1. Goods 2. Services 3. Experiences 4. Events 5. Persons
6. Places 7. Properties 8. Organizations 9. Information 10.Ideas
Industrial/Business Market: In this market, the industrial or business buyers purchase products like raw materials (iron ore, coke, crude oil etc.), components (wind-screen, tyres, picture tubes, micro-processors etc.), finished products (packaging machine, generators etc.), office supplies (computers, pens, paper etc.) and maintenance and repair items (grease, lubricating oil, broom etc.). Apart from products, due to outsourcing the industrial buyers also require a number of services like accounting services, security services, advertising, legal services etc. from the providers of these services.
Marketing名词解释
●Marketing mix-市场营销组合：是现代营销中最重要的概念之一，它指公司为使目标市场产生预期反应而整合使用的一系列可控的、策略性的营销工具。
4P，产品、价格、渠道、促销。
P49●Value delivery network-价值递送网络：由公司、供应商、分销商、最终顾客组成，彼此相互合作，共同提高整个系统的绩效。
P46●Wholesaling-批发：涉及将产品和服务出售给以转售或商业用途为目的的购买者的全部活动。
P365●Positioning-定位：是相对于竞争者的产品而言，设法使自己的产品在目标顾客的心目中占据一个清晰、独特而理想的位置。
P48●SBU-Strategic Business Unit-战略单位业务：一个战略业务单位可以是公司的一个部门、一个部门中的一条产品线、或者一个产品或品牌。
●Marketing-商场营销：企业为从顾客处获得利益回报而为顾客创造价值并与之建立稳固关系的过程。
P6●4P and 4C-市场营销组合的4P：产品、价格、渠道、促销。
4C：顾客解决之道、顾客成本、便利、沟通。
P49-50●Market segmentation-市场细分：将市场划分为独特的购买者群体（各个群体之间在需要、特征或行为上存在明显差异，需要不同的产品或市场营销计划。
）P47●Retailing-零售：包括直接向最终消费者销售产品或服务以满足个人或非商业用途的所有活动。
●Strategic planning-战略规划：在组织的目标和能力与不断变化的市场机会之间建立和维持战略适配的过程。
P37●Price：价格：是顾客为获得产品必须支付的货币数量。
P49●IMC：整合营销沟通（integrated marketing communications)公司仔细地整合各种沟通渠道，传播关于组织及其品牌的清晰、一致和有说服力的信息。
P380●Marketing environment营销环境：由影响市场营销管理者与其目标顾客建立和维持稳固关系的能力的所有外部行为者和力量构成。
Sales和Marketing的区别
Sales和Marketing到底有什么区别？（一）——你适合做销售吗？一．FMCG SALES&移动sales。
此段记录的是我曾经做过的两份实习，从中看到的做销售人的工作内容。
其实，sales可以分为两类，开拓市场和维持现有客户。
（一）FMCG sales1．FMCG销售基本分为现代通路（大卖场、超市、连锁等）和传统通路（夫妻老婆店、街边小卖部等）。
2．主要客户：大型超市（比如大润发、沃尔玛、7-11）和各种小卖部。
3．比较成熟的FMCG公司，比如宝洁等，现代通路的sales做的更多的是维持现有客户，因为公司名气已经很大，渠道铺得都差不多了，sales所要做的就是和大润发这样的客户确定进场费用、进场SKU数、促销费用、活动等等。
而传统通路sales可能比较辛苦点，刚开始可能会被派到犄角旮旯的小地方，骑着个三轮车，说服小店店主进自己的货，因此比较多是开拓市场。
4．国际性的大卖场（比如沃尔玛）在进货时比较看重科学性的数据，会根据数据（比如去年销量利润，进场费用等）来跟你谈到底进多少货，进什么货。
而local的卖场（比如农工商）比较看重人情，负责跟你谈生意的人不会跟你讲什么数据，但是你时不时地送ta点东西，给点好处，关系打好了，谈生意就比较好说话。
当然，这里所说的看重数据和看重人情也不是绝对的。
5．销售部都有些哪些职位？一般职位包括总部的和地区办事处的，现在大家关注的外企销售部MT的career path只是总部的职位，其实下面办事处还有很多种职位。
全中国FMCG从业人员是很多很多很多的。
（以现代通路为例）现代通路经理，NKA（National key account）/RKA(regional KA)客户组经理，大区经理，城市经理，客户经理，理货主管，业务代表，理货员，导购员（后两种基本上都是第三方员工）。
6．我所看到的周围sales的工作状态我所在的是总部，是现代通路team，里面的人基本是管的生意比较大，比较多，所以出差很频繁，要到全国去跑店（比如家乐福的客户经理，有必要时就要去全国各地的家乐福），只有一个女生。
Marketing市场营销(英文版)
Marketing市场营销(英文版)Marketing, also known as marketings, is a crucial aspect of any business. It involves promoting and selling products or services to customers. Effective marketing strategies help businesses expand their customer base, increase brand awareness, and ultimately drive sales.One of the key components of marketing is understanding the target market. This involves researching and analyzing the demographics, preferences, and behaviors of potential customers. With this information, businesses can develop tailored marketing campaigns to attract the right audience. By focusing on the needs and desires of their target market, companies can ensure their marketing efforts are both effective and efficient.Another important aspect of marketing is branding. Developing a strong brand identity is essential for businesses to differentiate themselves from competitors. This is done through various elements such as logos, slogans, and brand messaging. A well-defined brand helps businesses build trust and credibility with customers, leading to increased loyalty and repeat purchases.In today's digital age, online marketing has become increasingly important. With the growing use of technology and internet, businesses have unprecedented opportunities to reach a wider audience. Online marketing strategies include social media marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), content marketing, and email marketing. These tools enable businesses to connect with customers on platforms they frequently use, increasing their visibility and engagement.Another effective marketing technique is influencer marketing.This involves collaborating with influential individuals, such as celebrities or social media personalities, to promote products or services. By leveraging the popularity and credibility of these influencers, businesses can reach a larger audience and gain credibility and trust from their followers.Marketing also involves analyzing and measuring the effectiveness of marketing campaigns. This is done through metrics such as return on investment (ROI), customer acquisition cost (CAC), and customer lifetime value (CLTV). By tracking these metrics, businesses can evaluate the success of their marketing efforts and make any necessary adjustments to optimize their strategies.In conclusion, marketing plays a vital role in business success. It helps businesses understand their target market, build strong brands, and reach a wider audience through various channels. By implementing effective marketing strategies, businesses can increase their customer base, boost brand awareness, and ultimately drive sales.在一个竞争激烈的商业环境中，有效的营销策略是企业取得成功的关键。
marketing记忆方法
marketing记忆方法
要记忆“marketing”这个单词，可以采用以下几种记忆方法：
1. 语音记忆：将“marketing”拆分为音节，并重复朗读。
2. 词根记忆：将“market”和“ing”分开记忆，然后将它们组合在一起。
3. 语境记忆：将“marketing”放在短语或句子中进行记忆，例如“I am involved in marketing for my company.”。
4. 联想记忆：将“market”与购物、销售等相关的图像或场景联系起来，以便更容易记住。
5. 制作卡片：在卡片的一面写上“marketing”，另一面写上它的定义或解释。
通过反复查看这些卡片来加深记忆。
6. 制作思维导图：将“marketing”作为中心词，然后列出与其相关的词汇和概念，形成一个思维导图，以便更好地理解并记忆。
7. 制作表格：将“marketing”的相关信息整理成表格，包括定义、目标、策略、工具等，以便系统地记忆。
8. 反复复习：多次重复复习可以帮助加深记忆。
可以在学完新知识后立即复习，然后在几天后再次复习，以强化记忆。
总之，记忆方法因人而异，找到适合自己的方法，反复练习和复习是关键。
marketing方案
marketing方案一、引言在竞争激烈的市场环境下，制定一个有效的Marketing方案变得尤为重要。
本文将探讨一种全面的Marketing方案，旨在帮助企业提升品牌知名度、增加销量和提升市场份额。
二、市场分析在制定Marketing方案之前，我们首先需要进行全面的市场分析。
通过市场分析，我们可以准确了解目标市场的现状、竞争对手的状况以及潜在的市场机会。
1. 目标市场分析确定目标市场对于一个成功的Marketing方案至关重要。
我们需要细致地分析目标市场的特点、需求以及行为模式，以便更好地满足他们的需求。
2. 竞争对手分析了解竞争对手的优势和劣势是制定一个强有力的Marketing方案的前提。
我们需要深入分析竞争对手的产品、定价策略、市场份额以及品牌形象，以便在市场上找到我们的差异化竞争优势。
3. 市场机会分析市场机会是制定Marketing方案的关键。
通过全面调研市场，我们可以发现新的市场机会，并将其转化为营销策略和行动计划。
三、目标设定在制定Marketing方案的过程中，我们需要设定明确的目标，以便实现企业的长期发展计划。
1. 销售目标通过分析目标市场的需求和竞争对手的状况，我们可以合理设定销售目标。
销售目标应该具体、可衡量，并且能够与企业的长期发展目标相一致。
2. 品牌知名度目标提高品牌知名度是一个持续的过程，需要通过多种渠道进行推广和宣传。
在制定Marketing方案时，我们需要设定明确的品牌知名度目标，并制定相应的营销策略。
3. 市场占有率目标市场占有率是衡量企业竞争力的重要指标之一。
我们需要设定合理的市场占有率目标，并采取相应的市场推广措施来实现这一目标。
四、营销策略在制定Marketing方案时，我们需要确定一系列的营销策略，以实现设定的目标。
1. 产品策略产品是市场竞争的核心。
我们需要通过研发和改进产品，以满足目标市场的需求，并与竞争对手建立差异化竞争优势。
2. 定价策略定价策略直接影响到消费者的购买决策。
商务英语Marketing 优质课件
television, magazines. Internet, radio, videos, posters, cinema, direct mail, exhibitions and trade fairs, advertising in stadiums, and outdoor advertising such as billboards
Advertisonal communication of information paid for by an identified sponsor such as an individual or an organization
Modes of advertising
Product
A good is a physical object that can be purchased. A radio, a house, and a car are examples of a good. A service is an action or activity done for others for a fee. A product is a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes including packaging, colour, and brand, plus the services and even the reputation of the seller.
marketing专业词汇 中英文对照
市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表Marketing Management营销管理New Products Development新产品开发Service Industry Marketing服务业营销Advertising广告Business Negotiation商业谈判International Marketing国际市场营销Sales Channels销售渠道Public Relationship公共关系Consumer Behavior消费者行为Systems of Management Information管理信息系统Marketing Research营销调研accesibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略positioning定位additions to existing product lines 现有产品线的增加administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直营销系统market segmentation市场细分sales promotion销售促进advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising message 广告信息advertising source 广告信息来源agent middleman 代理商allowance 折让alteration 退换American Marketing Association 美国营销协会annual marketing plan 年度营销计划assurance 保证attitudes of consumers 消费者态度availability 可获得性/供货能力awareness （产品）知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行为分析behavioural hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔驰billing 帐单birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试blue collars 蓝领bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度breath or diversity of product lines 产品线的宽度或多样性bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局busines strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单位战略buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性buying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying power indes (BPI) 购买力指数buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道choice criteria 选择标准closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业）道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contributrion margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性Cool Whip 清凉维普co-operative advertising 合作性广告co-ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决co-production 合作生产core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司（经营）范围corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本countertrade 对等贸易coupons 优惠券courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知customers' preferences 顾客偏好customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度customizing 定制data collection 数据收集data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制derived demand 衍生需求descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反应differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略differentiated marketing 差异化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminant analysis 差异分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private lables) brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利dogs 瘦狗类domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统duplication （媒体）重复DuPont 杜邦公司durability 耐用性early vs late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素economic power 经济权economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率emergency goods 急需品emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering （产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit （公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures （顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value 期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究expert power 专长权exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构farm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法focus strategy 集中战略followers 追随者Ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 国外中间商forestry 林业formalization 形式/规范化formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡垒战略Fortune 《财富》杂志forward integration 向前一体化franchise systems 特许系统franchising 特许经营free call numbers 免费电话号码free goods 免费商品freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法fringe benefits 小额津贴frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配functional efficiency 职能效率functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组织销售队伍functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构functional performance 功能性能functional strategy 职能战略games 比赛gap 差距gatekeepers 信息传递者general behavioral descriptors 一般行为变量General Electric (GE) 通用电气General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大众商品折扣连锁店General Motors 通用汽车geodemographics 区域人口统计特征geographic adjustments 地理调整geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍Gillette 吉列剔须刀global adjustments 全球调整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场global expansion 全球扩张global marketing control 全球营销控制global markets 全球市场global niche strategy 全球机会战略global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略global teenage segment 全球青少年市场globalization 全球化global-market expansion 全球市场扩张goals 总目标going-rate/competitive parity pricing 竞争性平价定价法goods producers 产品制造商Goodyear 固特异轮胎government agencies 政府机构government buyers 政府采购者government market 政府市场government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 温室效应grey market 灰色市场gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值gross margin 毛利gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值gross profit 毛利gross rating points (GRPs) 总级别指数group/category product manager 类别产品经理growing markets 成长市场growth rate of market 市场增长率growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段growth-extension strategies 增长扩张战略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略growth-market strategy 成长性市场战略growth-market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略guarantee/warranty 保证/担保guarantees 保证Gucci 古琦（世界著名时装品牌）Haagen-Dazs 哈根达斯hard technology 硬技术Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》harvest 收获harvesting pricing 收获定价法harvesting strategy 收获战略health care 医疗保健health maintenance organizations (HMOs) （美国）卫生保健组织heavy buyer 大客户Heileman Brewing CompanyHeinz 亨氏食品helpfulness 有益性Henkel 汉高Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头）Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略high-contact service system 高接触服务系统high-involvement product 高参与产品high-involvement purchase 高参与购买hight market share 高市场份额战略Hilton 希尔顿Holiday Inns 假日旅馆homogeneous market 同质市场Honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技术idea generation 创意的产生/生成ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想idea-screening process 创意筛选过程identification of segments 识别细分市场Illinois Tool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂image pricing 形象定价imitative positioning 模仿定位imitative strategy 模仿战略impact evaluation 影响评估impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源implementation and control of marketing programs 营销计划的执行和控制implementation 实施improvements in or revisions of existing products 现有产品的改良或修正impulse buying 冲动购买impulse goods 冲动购买品incentives 激励income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析individual brand 个别品牌individual value 个人价值industrial goods & services 工业产品和服务industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道industry attractiveness 行业吸引力industry attractiveness-business position matrix 行业吸引力-业务地位矩阵industry dynamics 产业动态industry evaluation 产业评估industry evolution 产业演变inelastic 缺乏价格弹性influencers 影响者infocommunications industry 信息通信行业infomercials 商业信息广告information age 信息时代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技术information 信息informative 告知性的ingredient 成份in-home personal interview 个人家庭访谈in-house use tests 内部使用测试innovation 创新innovativeness 创新性installation 设施in-store display 店内展示in-store positioning 店内布局in-store promotion 店内促销intangibles 无形integrated marketing communication plan (IMC) 整合营销传播计划integration of perception 感知整合integration 整合Intel 因特尔intensity of market position 市场地位的集中程度intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分销interactions across multiple target markets 多目标市场间的相互作用interactive media 交互式媒体interest rates 利率internal data sources 内部数据来源internal marketing 内部营销internal organizational structure 内部组织结构international advertising 国际广告international channels 国际分销渠道international division 国际分部international marketing 国际营销international organizational design 国际组织设计internationalization of services 服务的国际化introductory stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的推出阶段inventory level 库存水平investor relations advertising 投资关系广告issue advertising 观点广告jobbers 批发商Johnson & Johnson 强生joint ventures 合资jury of executive opinion 行政管理人员群体意见法just noticeable difference (JND) 恰巧注意到的差异just-in-time (JIT) management system 准时制管理体系just-in-time purchasing arrangements 及key account management 主要客户管理key accounts 关键客户key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 确定主要的环境问题key variables 关键变量key/house accounts 关键/机构客户laboratory tests 实验室测试leapfrog strategy 蛙跳战略learning hierarchy 学习层级结构legal services 法律服务legislation 立法legitimate power 法定权level of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技术的复杂程度Levi Strauss 李维·史特劳斯Levi's 列维斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 词典编纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited-service wholesalers 有限服务的批发商line extension 产品线扩展line filling 产品线填充line stretching 产品线延伸list price 订价Lloyd's of London 伦敦劳埃德保险公司localizaiton strategy 本地化战略location pricing 场所定价location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤联盟long-term memory 长期记忆lost customer 失去的顾客Louis Vuitton 路易·威登（法国著名时尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接触服务系统low-cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低参与程度层级结构macro risks 宏观风险macroenvironment 宏观环境macrosegmentation 宏观细分mail-order retailers 邮购零售商maintaining market share 保持市场份额maintenance strategy 保持战略management overhead 管理费mandatory adaptation 强制性适应manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表manufacturers' export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构manufacturing process 制造过程manufacturing 制造业market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circumstances 市场环境market demorgraphics 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略market exclusion 市场排斥market expansion strategy 市场扩张战略market factors 市场因素market followers 市场跟随者market growth rate 市场增长率market hirarchy 市场等级market inclusion 市场纳入market leaders 市场领导者market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析market oriented 以市场为导向的market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析market potential measurements 市场潜力测度market research 市场研究market segment 细分市场market segmentation 市场细分market share 市场份额market targeting 目标市场选择market 市场marketability 市场开拓能力market-entry strategies 市场进入战略marketing action plan 营销行动计划marketing audit 营销审计marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范marketing communication 营销沟通/传播marketing concept 营销观念marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems (MDSS) 营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of 对营销的影响marketing information system 营销信息系统marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理marketing message 营销信息marketing mix 营销组合marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components 营销计划内容marketing program 营销计划/方案marketing relationship 营销关系marketing research 营销研究marketing strategy 营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark-up price 产品/溢价价格Marlboro 万宝路Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略mass-market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构Matsushita 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS (Marketing-Decision Support System) 市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性measure or index 测量指标measurement criteria 计量标准media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Servicesmemory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商merchant wholesalers 商业批发商message structure 信息结构Michael Porter 迈克尔-波特micro risks 微观风险microsegmentatioin 微观细分Miller Tyding ACT, USA 米勒·泰丁法案minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) 明尼苏达矿业和制造公司Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工modified rebuy 调整再购monosegment positioning 单一细分市场定位Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法multilevel selling 多级销售multinational coporations (MNCs) 跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场multiple-brand strategy 多品牌战略multiple-factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位mutual trust 相互信任national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司natural products 天然产品NEC 日本电子Nescafé 雀巢咖啡Nestlé 雀巢net sales 净销售额network computer (NC) 网络计算机new business selling 新业务销售new buy 购入新产品new entrants 新进入者new markets 新市场new materials 新材料New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new product lines 新产品线new products 新产品new-product development 新产品开发new-product ideas 新产品创意Newsweek 《新闻周刊》new-task buying 全新采购new-to-the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche-market strategy 壁龛市场战略Nike 耐克Nissan 尼桑no-brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称no-frills product 无虚饰产品noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音non-financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施non-probability sampling 非概率抽样non-profit organization 非盈利组织non-store retailing 无店铺零售业number of stockouts 迟滞数目object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标-任务促销预算法objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计objectives 具体目标observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本occupation/position 职业/职位odd pricing 奇/余数定价法OEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商oeverall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣offsets 抵消交易Omega 欧米加on-air testing 广播测试OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships 建立关系operating supplies 生产供应品operational excellence 运作管理水平opinion leaders 意见领导者opportunity cost 机会成本opportunity identification 机会识别opportunity/threat matrix 机会/威胁矩阵order cycle time 订货周期order processing 订单处理organisational level 组织层次organizaitonal requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit 组织领域的审计organization buying center 组织采购中心organizational customer 组织顾客organizational direct selling 组织直销organizational markets 组织市场organizational purchasing 组织采购organzational structure 组织结构outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者out-of-home media 户外广告媒体overall cost leadership 全面成本领先overheads 日常开支overseas direct investment 海外直接投资ownership of new product 新产品所有权packaging 包装panel of experts 专家小组parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方payment terms 支付条款pay-off control 支出控制penetration pricing 渗透定价Pepsi-Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值perceived quality 感知到的质量perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual (product) pisitioning 感知（产品）定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕performance dimension 业绩标准performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures 表现/业绩测度performance objective 绩效目标performance standards 绩效标准performance 功能perishability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息来源personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical (product) positioning 物理（产品）定位physical descriptors 物理变量physical distribution 实物分销Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞pioneers 先入者Pizza Hut 必胜客place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息point-of-purhcase (POP) promotion 采购点促销point-of-sales (POS) data 销售点数据pontificator 保守派popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式position intensity 地位集中程度positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post-purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调post-purchase evaluation 购买后评估post-purchase/after-sale service 售后服务potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场potential target market 潜在目标市场power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销price quotation 报价price sensitivity 价格敏感度price structure 价格结构price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略pricing 定价primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM (Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identificatioin 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter & Gamble (P&G) 宝洁公司product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额product leadership 产品领导能力product life cycle (PLC) 产品生命周期product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计product offering 供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product policies 产品策略product positioning 产品定位product quality 产品质量product scope 产品范围product space 产品位置product specifications 产品规格product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型product usage 产品用途product 产品product(ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织production 生产product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use testing 产品使用测试pro-environment 环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略project-company resource compatibility 项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and-loss statement 预计损益表projective tests 投影测试promotion decisions 促销决策promotion mix 促销组合promotion policies 促销策略promotion 促销promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力promotional pricing 促销定价promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客psychographics 心理统计特征psychological cost 心理成本。
marketing部门组织结构
marketing部门组织结构市场营销部门的组织结构可以根据不同公司的规模、行业和战略目标而有所不同。
以下是一个常见的市场营销部门组织结构，包括不同职能和职位的描述：1. 市场营销总监/副总裁：负责整个市场营销部门的战略规划、目标设定和执行。
负责与高层管理层沟通，并协调与其他部门的合作。
2. 市场营销经理：负责管理市场营销团队，制定和执行市场营销策略。
负责市场调研、竞争分析、产品定位和定价策略等。
3. 市场营销专员/助理：协助市场营销经理执行市场营销活动，包括市场调研、数据分析、活动策划和推广。
4. 品牌经理：负责公司品牌的管理和推广。
制定品牌战略，包括品牌定位、品牌形象和品牌传播。
5. 市场推广经理：负责制定和执行市场推广计划，包括广告、宣传、促销和公关活动。
与广告代理公司合作，并监控广告效果。
6. 数字营销经理：负责制定和执行数字营销策略，包括搜索引擎优化（SEO）、搜索引擎营销（SEM）、社交媒体营销和电子邮件营销等。
7. 产品经理：负责产品的市场定位、规划和推广。
与研发团队合作，了解市场需求，制定产品开发计划。
8. 市场研究分析师：负责市场调研和数据分析，收集和分析市场数据，评估市场趋势和竞争对手的动态。
9. 客户关系经理：负责与客户建立和维护良好的关系，了解客户需求，提供满足客户需求的解决方案。
10. 市场营销协调员：协助市场营销团队的日常工作，包括会议安排、文件管理和报告撰写等。
请注意，以上仅为一种可能的市场营销部门组织结构，具体的组织结构可能会因公司的特定需求和战略而有所不同。
Marketing市场营销(英文版)
Marketing市场营销(英文版)Marketing is a critical aspect of any business. It involves promoting and selling products or services to customers through various strategies and channels. In today's competitive market, effective marketing techniques are essential to differentiate a company from its competitors and maximize its potential for success.One of the primary goals of marketing is to understand customer needs and wants. By conducting market research and gathering data, companies can identify their target audience and tailor their marketing efforts accordingly. This customer-centric approach allows businesses to create products or services that meet customer demands and exceed their expectations.Marketing involves developing an effective marketing mix, which includes the product, price, promotion, and place. The product refers to the goods or services being offered and must meet customer needs and preferences. Setting the right price is crucial to ensure the product's affordability and value. Promotion involves the various strategies used to communicate with potential customers and create awareness about the product or service. Lastly, ensuring the product is available at the right place and time is essential to enable customers to access and purchase it conveniently.Digital marketing has become an integral part of successful marketing campaigns. With the widespread use of the internet and social media, companies need to embrace online marketing techniques to reach a broader audience. Digital marketingstrategies include search engine optimization (SEO), content marketing, social media advertising, email marketing, and influencer marketing. These methods help businesses connect with potential customers, increase brand visibility, and generate leads.Another critical aspect of marketing is building and maintaining strong customer relationships. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a strategy that helps companies track and analyze customer interactions to improve their overall experience. By understanding customer preferences, addressing their concerns, and providing excellent customer service, companies can build loyalty and retain customers in the long run.In today's fast-paced and highly competitive market, companies need to stay ahead of their competitors by continuously enhancing their marketing strategies. This requires staying updated with the latest marketing trends and technologies, monitoring competitor activities, and adapting accordingly. Additionally, companies must be flexible and willing to adjust their marketing efforts as market conditions and customer preferences change.In conclusion, marketing plays a vital role in the success of any business. By understanding customer needs, developing an effective marketing mix, embracing digital marketing techniques, and building strong customer relationships, companies can maximize their potential and stay ahead of the competition. It is crucial for businesses to continuously improve their marketing strategies to remain relevant and meet the evolving demands of their target audience.继续发展相关主题-内容营销：内容营销是当下营销领域的一个重要策略。
什么是营销
营销学中使用的主要概念有哪些?
如何概括营销的主要过程?
营销的主要过程有：(1)机会的辨识(opportunity identification);(2)新产品开发(new product development);(3)对客户的吸引(customer attraction);(4)保留客户，培养忠诚 (customer retention and loyalty building);(5)订单执行(order fulfillment)。这些流程都能够处理得好的话，营销通常都是成功的。如果哪个环节出了问题的话，企业就会面临生存危机。
营销的任务是什么?
关于这个问题，至少有三种回答。最早的回答是营销的任务是负责把企业的全部产品销售给无论任何人。接下来的回答思考就深入了一些，认为营销应以满足目标市场未被满足的需要为任务。最后一种则具有哲学上的意义，认为营销的任务是在世界范围内提高物质生活的标准和质量。
营销的角色是感知人们未被满足的需要，创建新的有吸引力的解决方案。现代厨房及其附属用具就是一个很好的例子，展示了营销是如何把家庭主妇从繁重的家务劳动中解放出来，在更高的层次发展自己的。
营销的定义是什么?
营销这个字的英文原文是Marketing，由于营销本身千变万化，牵涉供需双方的互动，亦包含了实体、虚拟、产品、心里等问题，所以世界各国学者对于营销这门学问由各种角度给予不同的定义，我们将常见的定义整理如下：
美国市场营销学会对营销的定义是：规划并实施商品、理念或服务的定价、促销、分销，并创造交易来满足个人或组织的目的的过程。
营销到底是一门艺术、技术还是科学?答案是所有这些因素共同构成了营销。
营销是一门应用科学吗?
如同工程学从诸如物理学、化学等基础学科中汲取营养一样，营销学也植根于几门基础学科，包括经济学、心理学、社会学、组织科学和决策科学等。营销学随着这些学科的进展而不断发展。我相信营销学最终会演化成一门需求管理学科，包括更加全面的关于需求驱动和需求优化的理论。
【商务英语】市场营销(中英)
1.Marketing 市场营销：通过方案和执行关于产物、效劳和电子的订价、促销和分销，从而缔造交换，以实现个人和组织的目标的过程〕The process of planning and executing 〔执行、实行〕the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods, services and ideas to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.——the definition emphasizes the diverse activities marketers perform.(强调市场商人不同的行为活动)❖Deciding what products to offer❖Setting prices❖Developing sales promotions and advertising campaigns❖Making products readily available to customers2. The marketing Concepts(市场营销不雅念：企业阐发消费者需求，制定比竞争对后更好的决策来满足这些需求的哲学)❖The Production Concept 出产不雅念❖The Selling Concept 推销不雅念❖The Marketing Concept 市场营销不雅念The Production Concept 出产不雅念The idea that a firm should focus on those products that it could produce most efficiently and that the low-cost products would create the demand for those products.The Selling Concept / sales concept 推销不雅念(操纵广告这种重要方式来与其顾客沟通从而获取他们的订单)The Marketing Concept市场营销不雅念Difference between Selling and Marketing发卖与营销的区别3.The Marketing Mix / The 4P’s of Marketing市场营销组合1)Product〔产物：有形和无形，包罗包装、色彩、品牌、效劳，甚至发卖商的声誉〕Consumer products消费品：produced for and purchased byhouseholds for their use.Industrial products 工业产物：are sold primarily for use inproducing other products.2)Price〔价格：消费者为获得产物所必需支付的金额〕Refers to the value or worth of a product that attracts the buyer to exchange money or something of value for the product.Loss Leader Pricing(亏本出售商品〕selling things in its lower price than its cost price in order to attract customers to purchase the products.Penetration Pricing (渗透订价法---心理订价策略〕设定最初低价，以便迅速和深入地进入市场，从而快速吸引来大量的购置者，博得较大的市场份赖。
Marketing市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表
市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表Marketing Management营销管理New Products Development新产品开发Service Industry Marketing服务业营销Advertising广告Business Negotiation商业谈判International Marketing国际市场营销Sales Channels销售渠道Public Relationship公共关系Consumer Behavior消费者行为Systems of Management Information管理信息系统Marketing Research营销调研accessibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略positioning定位market segmentation市场细分sales promotion销售促进advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising message 广告信息advertising source 广告信息来源agent middleman 代理商allowance 折让alteration 退换American Marketing Association 美国营销协会annual marketing plan 年度营销计划assurance 保证attitudes of consumers 消费者态度availability 可获得性/供货能力awareness （产品）知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行为分析behavioural hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔驰billing 帐单birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试blue collars 蓝领bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局business strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单位战略buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性buying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道choice criteria 选择标准closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业）道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contribution margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本counter trade 对等贸易courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反应differentiated marketing 差异化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminant analysis 差异分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private labels) brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统durability 耐用性early vs late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素economic power 经济权economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率emergency goods 急需品emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering （产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit （公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures （顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value 期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究expert power 专长权exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构farm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法focus strategy 集中战略followers 追随者Ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 国外中间商forestry 林业formalization 形式/规范化formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡垒战略Fortune 《财富》杂志forward integration 向前一体化franchise systems 特许系统franchising 特许经营free call numbers 免费电话号码free goods 免费商品freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法fringe benefits 小额津贴frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配functional efficiency 职能效率functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组织销售队伍functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构functional performance 功能性能functional strategy 职能战略games 比赛gap 差距gatekeepers 信息传递者general behavioral descriptors 一般行为变量General Electric (GE) 通用电气General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大众商品折扣连锁店General Motors 通用汽车geodemographics 区域人口统计特征geographic adjustments 地理调整geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍Gillette 吉列剔须刀global adjustments 全球调整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场global expansion 全球扩张global marketing control 全球营销控制global markets 全球市场global niche strategy 全球机会战略global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略global teenage segment 全球青少年市场globalization 全球化global-market expansion 全球市场扩张goals 总目标going-rate/competitive parity pricing 竞争性平价定价法goods producers 产品制造商Goodyear 固特异轮胎government agencies 政府机构government buyers 政府采购者government market 政府市场government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 温室效应grey market 灰色市场gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值gross margin 毛利gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值gross profit 毛利gross rating points (GRPs) 总级别指数group/category product manager 类别产品经理growing markets 成长市场growth rate of market 市场增长率growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段growth-extension strategies 增长扩张战略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略growth-market strategy 成长性市场战略growth-market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略guarantee/warranty 保证/担保guarantees 保证Gucci 古琦（世界着名时装品牌）Haagen-Dazs 哈根达斯hard technology 硬技术Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》harvest 收获harvesting pricing 收获定价法harvesting strategy 收获战略health care 医疗保健health maintenance organizations (HMOs) （美国）卫生保健组织heavy buyer 大客户Heileman Brewing CompanyHeinz 亨氏食品helpfulness 有益性Henkel 汉高Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头）Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略high-contact service system 高接触服务系统high-involvement product 高参与产品high-involvement purchase 高参与购买hight market share 高市场份额战略Hilton 希尔顿Holiday Inns 假日旅馆homogeneous market 同质市场Honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技术idea generation 创意的产生/生成ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想idea-screening process 创意筛选过程identification of segments 识别细分市场Illinois Tool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂image pricing 形象定价imitative positioning 模仿定位imitative strategy 模仿战略impact evaluation 影响评估impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源implementation and control of marketing programs 营销计划的执行和控制implementation 实施improvements in or revisions of existing products 现有产品的改良或修正impulse buying 冲动购买impulse goods 冲动购买品incentives 激励income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析individual brand 个别品牌individual value 个人价值industrial goods & services 工业产品和服务industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道industry attractiveness 行业吸引力industry attractiveness-business position matrix 行业吸引力-业务地位矩阵industry dynamics 产业动态industry evaluation 产业评估industry evolution 产业演变inelastic 缺乏价格弹性influences 影响者info-communications industry 信息通信行业infomercials 商业信息广告information age 信息时代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技术information 信息informative 告知性的ingredient 成份in-home personal interview 个人家庭访谈in-house use tests 内部使用测试innovation 创新innovativeness 创新性installation 设施in-store display 店内展示in-store positioning 店内布局in-store promotion 店内促销intangibles 无形integrated marketing communication plan (IMC) 整合营销传播计划integration of perception 感知整合integration 整合Intel 因特尔intensity of market position 市场地位的集中程度intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分销interactions across multiple target markets 多目标市场间的相互作用interactive media 交互式媒体interest rates 利率internal data sources 内部数据来源internal marketing 内部营销internal organizational structure 内部组织结构international advertising 国际广告international channels 国际分销渠道international division 国际分部international marketing 国际营销international organizational design 国际组织设计internationalization of services 服务的国际化introductory stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的推出阶段inventory level 库存水平investor relations advertising 投资关系广告issue advertising 观点广告jobbers 批发商Johnson & Johnson 强生joint ventures 合资jury of executive opinion 行政管理人员群体意见法just noticeable difference (JND) 恰巧注意到的差异just-in-time (JIT) management system 准时制管理体系just-in-time purchasing arrangements 及key account management 主要客户管理key accounts 关键客户key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 确定主要的环境问题key variables 关键变量key/house accounts 关键/机构客户laboratory tests 实验室测试leapfrog strategy 蛙跳战略learning hierarchy 学习层级结构legal services 法律服务legislation 立法legitimate power 法定权level of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技术的复杂程度Levi Strauss 李维·史特劳斯Levi's 列维斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 词典编纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited-service wholesalers 有限服务的批发商line extension 产品线扩展line filling 产品线填充line stretching 产品线延伸list price 订价Loyd's of London 伦敦劳埃德保险公司localization strategy 本地化战略location pricing 场所定价location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤联盟long-term memory 长期记忆lost customer 失去的顾客Louis Vuitton 路易·威登（法国着名时尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接触服务系统low-cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低参与程度层级结构macro risks 宏观风险macro-environment 宏观环境macro-segmentation 宏观细分mail-order retailers 邮购零售商maintaining market share 保持市场份额maintenance strategy 保持战略management overhead 管理费mandatory adaptation 强制性适应manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表manufacturers' export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构manufacturing process 制造过程manufacturing 制造业market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circumstances 市场环境market demographics 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略market exclusion 市场排斥market expansion strategy 市场扩张战略market factors 市场因素market followers 市场跟随者market growth rate 市场增长率market hierarchy 市场等级market inclusion 市场纳入market leaders 市场领导者market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析market oriented 以市场为导向的market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析market potential measurements 市场潜力测度market research 市场研究market segment 细分市场market segmentation 市场细分market share 市场份额market targeting 目标市场选择market 市场marketability 市场开拓能力market-entry strategies 市场进入战略marketing action plan 营销行动计划marketing audit 营销审计marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范marketing communication 营销沟通/传播marketing concept 营销观念marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems (MDSS) 营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of 对营销的影响marketing information system 营销信息系统marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理marketing message 营销信息marketing mix 营销组合marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components 营销计划内容marketing program 营销计划/方案marketing relationship 营销关系marketing research 营销研究marketing strategy 营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark-up price 产品/溢价价格Marlboro 万宝路Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略mass-market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构Mitsubishi 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS (Marketing-Decision Support System) 市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性measure or index 测量指标measurement criteria 计量标准media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Servicesmemory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商merchant wholesalers 商业批发商message structure 信息结构Michael Porter 迈克尔-波特micro risks 微观风险microsegmentation 微观细分Miller Tyding ACT, USA 米勒·泰丁法案minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) 明尼苏达矿业和制造公司Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工modified rebuy 调整再购mono segment positioning 单一细分市场定位Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法multilevel selling 多级销售multinational corporations (MNCs) 跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场multiple-brand strategy 多品牌战略multiple-factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位mutual trust 相互信任national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司natural products 天然产品NEC 日本电子Nescafé 雀巢咖啡Nestlé 雀巢net sales 净销售额network computer (NC) 网络计算机new business selling 新业务销售new buy 购入新产品new entrants 新进入者new markets 新市场new materials 新材料New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new product lines 新产品线new products 新产品new-product development 新产品开发new-product ideas 新产品创意Newsweek 《新闻周刊》new-task buying 全新采购new-to-the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche-market strategy 壁龛市场战略Nike 耐克Nissan 尼桑no-brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称no-frills product 无虚饰产品noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音non-financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施non-probability sampling 非概率抽样non-profit organization 非盈利组织non-store retailing 无店铺零售业number of stock-outs 迟滞数目object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标-任务促销预算法objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计objectives 具体目标observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本occupation/position 职业/职位odd pricing 奇/余数定价法OEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商overall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣offsets 抵消交易Omega 欧米加on-air testing 广播测试OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships 建立关系operating supplies 生产供应品operational excellence 运作管理水平opinion leaders 意见领导者opportunity cost 机会成本opportunity identification 机会识别opportunity/threat matrix 机会/威胁矩阵order cycle time 订货周期order processing 订单处理organizational level 组织层次organizational requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit 组织领域的审计organization buying center 组织采购中心organizational customer 组织顾客organizational direct selling 组织直销organizational markets 组织市场organizational purchasing 组织采购organizational structure 组织结构outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者out-of-home media 户外广告媒体overall cost leadership 全面成本领先overheads 日常开支overseas direct investment 海外直接投资ownership of new product 新产品所有权packaging 包装panel of experts 专家小组parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方payment terms 支付条款pay-off control 支出控制penetration pricing 渗透定价Pepsi-Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值perceived quality 感知到的质量perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual (product) positioning 感知（产品）定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕performance dimension 业绩标准performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures 表现/业绩测度performance objective 绩效目标performance standards 绩效标准performance 功能perish ability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息来源personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical (product) positioning 物理（产品）定位physical descriptors 物理变量physical distribution 实物分销Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞pioneers 先入者Pizza Hut 必胜客place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息point-of-purhcase (POP) promotion 采购点促销point-of-sales (POS) data 销售点数据pontificator 保守派popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式position intensity 地位集中程度positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post-purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调post-purchase evaluation 购买后评估post-purchase/after-sale service 售后服务potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场potential target market 潜在目标市场power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销price quotation 报价price sensitivity 价格敏感度price structure 价格结构price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略pricing 定价primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM (Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identification 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter & Gamble (P&G) 宝洁公司product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额product leadership 产品领导能力product life cycle (PLC) 产品生命周期product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计product offering 供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product policies 产品策略product positioning 产品定位product quality 产品质量product scope 产品范围product space 产品位置product specifications 产品规格product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型product usage 产品用途product 产品product(ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织production 生产product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use testing 产品使用测试pro-environment 环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略project-company resource compatibility 项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and-loss statement 预计损益表projective tests 投影测试promotion decisions 促销决策promotion mix 促销组合promotion policies 促销策略promotion 促销promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力promotional pricing 促销定价promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客psycho-graphics 心理统计特征psychological cost 心理成本psychological pricing 心理定价法public organization 公共组织public relations 公共关系public utilities 公共设施publicity 公共宣传pull strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupil dilation 瞳孔扩张purchase predisposition 购买倾向purchasing agent 采购代理purchasing contract 采购合同purchasing manager/agent 采购经理／代理purchasing power parity (PPP) 购买力平价指数push money/spiffs 佣金push strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略qualifying prospects 审查潜在顾客资格quality dimensions 质量维度quality 质量quantity discount 数量折扣question marks 问题类questioning 询问法quotas 定额R & D expenditure 研究开发战略race and ethnic origin 种族和民族rack jobbers 供应超级市场的批发商radio 无线电广播rank ordering 排序rate of adoption 采购率rate-of-return/target return pricing 回报率/目标回报定价法rational appeals 理性诉求rationale 基本原理raw materials 原材料reactive and proactive responses 反应及前摄策略reactive new-product development strategy reactor strategy 反应型战略real estate 房地产rebates 回扣recall tests 记忆测试receiver 接收者reciprocity 利益互惠recognition of problem/need 发现问题/需求recognition tests 认知测试recreation 娱乐业recruitment and selection 招聘与选拔recycling of packaging 包装回收（利用）Reebok 锐步reference group 参照群体referent power 参照权refocus 巩固refunds 退款refusal to deal 拒绝经营regression analysis 回归分析法regulation 管制related/concentric diversification 相关/同心多元化relational VMSs 相关式垂直营销系统relative attractiveness of declining markets 衰退市场的相对吸引力relative market potential 相对市场潜力relative market share 相对市场份额reliability 可靠性repeat purchase behavior 重复购买行为repetition 重复repositionings 重新定位产品requirements planning 需求计划re-seller 中间商resident buyers 常驻采购员resource allocation/deployment 资源配置response strategies 反应策略response to communication 传播响应responsive strategy 反应型新产品开发战略responsiveness 响应性retail coverage strategy 零售范围战略Retail Index 零售指数retail outlets 零售店retail sales 零售额retailer co-operatives 零售商合作社retailer 零售商retailing trends 零售趋势Return on Equity (ROE) 权益回报率Return on Investment (ROI) 投资回报率Return on Net Assets (RONA) 净资产回报率reverse engineering 反向工程reward systems 奖励系统rivalry determinants 竞争决定因素rivalry 竞争对手Robert Miles 罗伯特·迈尔斯Rockwell 洛克威尔Rolex 劳力士Rolls-Royce 劳斯莱斯roster 名册。
Marketing与Sales的区别
营销（marketing）与销售（sales）的区别屡屡见到对于“营销”和“销售”的具体区别和实质的探讨、争论，现就此作一下剖析，供大家讨论。
很多观点声称“销售过气”，“营销为王”，甚至对于营销还有“营销”和“行销”的功能性争论。
个人认为，既是同属“marketing”，营销和行销的实质应是一样的，都是为了更好的为顾客服务，扩大企业利益的职能部门称呼，还是要看不同地区或者不同企业所针对市场状况和组织结构建设的具体情况而定。
这个不算作讨论对象，还是回到营销与销售的话题上来。
其实，营销（marketing）和销售（sales）属于不同市场环境下的“市场营销”观念。
既不应简单的指斥“销售”的简单，也不应盲目崇拜“营销”的复杂；营销是销售的高级阶段，而销售是实施营销策略的必要手段。
没有销售，营销的各种策略就无法有效实施，营销也就变成了空中楼阁而显得苍白无力；反之，没有营销，那么，销售在现今的市场环境中，会浪费更多的资源，也没有针对性，无法达到更高的销售额以及销售利润。
只有二者联系得更加紧密，配合更加顺畅，才会使顾客需求、企业利润乃至社会利益得到最大满足。
一、销售和营销在观念上的区别既然要对二者作出比较，那就需要先对此二者观念的产生和含义作出解释。
销售和营销同属“市场营销哲学观念”，西方学者把市场营销管理哲学的演变划分为六个阶段：1，生产观念：在市场经济初步繁荣的时代，很多企业产品供不应求，品种、型号、规格甚至颜色较为单一，但对于消费者有极大地吸引力。
企业对生产过程不断改进，以求生产数量尽可能多、价格尽可能低，来满足人们对产品旺盛的需求。
所以，企业经营的重点在于扩大产能，降低价格；2，产品观念：在市场中出现了越来越多的同质化竞争者之后，企业对产品不断改良，认为只有更完美的产品才能获得更多的消费者的青睐；3，推销观念：买方市场由于企业产品质量提高、产能不断扩大而形成。
此时，企业为了抢占更多的市场份额和利润，自然希望销售掉更多的产品，于是，“推销观念”就此形成。
market的意思用法总结
market的意思用法总结market有交易,市集,需求,交易情况，行情的意思。
那你们想知道market的用法吗?今天给大家带来了market的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。
market的意思n. 交易,市集,需求,交易情况，行情vt. 在市场上出售某物,推销vi.变形：过去式: marketed; 现在分词：marketing; 过去分词：marketed;market用法market可以用作名词market作“集市,市场”解,是可数名词; 作“行情”解,常用单数形式。
market也可作“需求,销路”解,是不可数名词,还可作“销售地区”解,是可数名词,其后常接介词for。
market有时可用于其他名词前作定语。
market用作名词的用法例句The market is rather depressed at the moment.目前的市场相当萧条。
The sales manager wants to open up new markets in the Far East.销售经理想在远东开辟新市场。
I bought a coconut in the market.我在集市上买了一个椰子。
market可以用作动词market用作及物动词时,作“销售”解,后面常接名词或代词作宾语,不可接从句或不定式。
market用作动词的用法例句The inventor is trying to market his new product.发明者正想销售他的新产品。
If our product is properly marketed, it shall sell very well.如果我们的产品适当加以推销,销路应该很好。
We marketed for a special Sunday dinner.我们为星期天的特别晚餐买了一些菜market用法例句1、Like a good businessman, Stewart identified a gap in the market.像精明的商人一样，斯图尔特发现了市场上的一个空白。
Marketing和Sales到底有啥联系区别
给市场部，这样不同区域，不同市场的信息经过众多销售人员的反馈，汇总到市场
部，就完成了一个“由点到面”的市场信息收集与分析过程。加上市场部门自己的
市场分析，竞争分析和用户分析资料，就能把一个表面上看起来很模糊的市场需求
具体化，为产品定义提供充实的依据。而在市场开发的过程中，市场部是为销售部
前的战略规划与战术设计。市场开发通常是在产品问世前后的一段时间里按照预先
选定的目标市场制订促销战略，以激发现有用户和潜在用户的需求，其中包括新产
品推广，市场宣传与促销，重点客户开发等，目的是尽快地启动市场，为销售部的
工作打好基础，这项工作叫做OUT－BOUND MARKETING。
明白了市场部的职能以后谈论市场与销售之间的关系就简单多了。在产品定义
市场部配合销售人员尽快完成重点客户的开发工作，让这些有影响的客户尝到甜头
，成为口碑效应的传播者，进而产生辐射效应，成为其他用户的参照物（REFERENC
E SITE〕。
如果我们从销售漏斗的角度来看，更便于理解市场与销售之间的关系，可以说
市场部的职能是将漏斗上面填满，而销售部的职能是将市场部激发出来的潜在需求
如果外部环境比较好，整个行业比较景气，企业还能随着大潮往前走，能够盈利，
可是一旦环境恶化，企业就失去了主动权，甚至威胁到企业的生存。当然没有销售
部企业同样无法生存，再好的市场战略也无法实施，只能是纸上谈兵，这一点不用
多说，因为大多数企业都非常重视销售。”
人员的业绩铺平了道路。在这里不详细论述。
如果一个企业没有市场部或市场部的职能不完善，销售就会非常盲目，既没有
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Q1: Marketing is the process which creates, communicates, delivers the value to the customer, it was not only selling goods or service to customer, and it is used to identify the customer, satisfy the customer, and keep the relationship with customers.Compare and contrast the product concept and marketing concept:Marketing has many different concepts. A company can focus on different things in marketing and those focuses are also calls concepts.Sameness:so the product concept and marketing concept are all organization and the calls concepts of marketing; and they have the same target: gain the profit for the company and meet the customers need to make customers satisfied.They still have some differences: Product concept is just about everything from when you first get an idea of a new product to it actually being on the shop shelves. It focuses on the product and then concerned about the customers. The produce concept’s process is a wa y form internal to external. While The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of being more effective than competitors in integrating marketing activities toward determining and satisfying the needs and wants of customers, which is a process from outside to inside that make the meet customers ‘need in first and the product on the second.Q2 Product mix: Product mix is the variety of products a company sells. And it also known as product assortment refers to the total number of product lines that a company offers to its customers. (The product of this company is toys, with the time, types of toys in this company become more and more, in 1986 the company’s target is the pre-school market to produce the wooden toys. In 1980 the company gets the peak to product the “CC” range toys. And it still product the wooden toys. The target stills the pre-school children .CC still the necessitated while the company starts to product more types of bears and other creatures and large toys. And turn their target to, playgroups, nurseries and even local authorities. A new series of pre-school books and self reading books have been product. The target turns to the local authorities for their school or libraries.)P164的图产品部分周期！Introduction: Landel Company focuses on production wooden toys and target to pre-school children.Growth: product the CC range production in 1986 gets the peakMaturity: when the CC drop down, the selling of the company keep satiable, and have a little decrease Saturation /decline: after several years, the selling of the company still decrease.Price：When the CC performance the company never need to does advertisement, but the CC drop down, the market of CC copied less percentage .The Company need do some strategies to keep their percentage. One is the price, the price is the customer’s prefect, and the unreasonable price will affect the selling. Now it is disadvantage for the company, it needs to decrease the price to keep the percentage .even though, make the other company brand for their own product. Making the low price to keep the percentage and when the demand increased, they can improve the price.Promotion mix: the advertising, public relations, sales promotion, direct mail, and trade show that are utilized in promoting a good or service. The appropriate mix is uniting that produces the best results for a given budget. Advertising: Landel Company has less advertising, mainly rely on CC.Sales promotion: after CC drop down, the company may use it to increase the demand.Public relationship: when CC performance; there are lots of people to buy it.Sales team: they have their own sales teams; it can save the cost of capital. CC has their own sales team to sale the books and keeps the good relationship with customers. And it also can help the company sold product in risk. Direct marketing: from the case , the Landel company ues main order to sent their product.Place: Place refers to the means by which your customer acquires your product. The distribution can include: the shop, the telephone, the web page, the warehouse.The company only uses retailers to sell. When CC drop, theretailers do not want to sell them again. So the company needs to distribution the sales channels like, the sales traders, join-in store and so on.Q3，compare the sports club and spars:7p(分析spots 或spars 稍加LAND 分析)Product: the sport club can offer a kind of high quality service for customers as their product not the real goods. From the case, the Land Company is offering the toys as their production.Place: the sport club can get the right location to attract the customers to expense so much money to enjoy the services. The sport club can invention the customers to take part in or watch their marches in some different place by sent free tickets, or invention to their company to do the physical training. Lanel company’ toys are the good must be sold to customers, it different from the service of the sports club.Promotion: the sports club can make advertisement or hold the promotion activities to attract targets. There are also many different other ways can be used by the club: the free take part in activates, sent the cash notes and so on. In the case, Land Company have the CC help them to promoted, they believe don’t need to do promote activities at first.Price: the sport club offers the good service with fewer competitors, so they can make a high pricing. The Land Company also can make high price at first, while they face more competitors, they have to make low price to selling.People：The Fitness coacher can help the customers make the good training in the sport club. They should have the same uniform and must be kind to their customers. They also should have enough knowledge for their job. The registers must be very kind to their customers and have the good qualities. The Landel Company has their own sale terms to sole the product for their company.Process: once the customers coming into the company, the receptionist or trainers can make the process fluently and offer service very well. From the product to sell even though the sold service, the Landel Company has the fluently process.Physical evidence:In sports club can offer the good training facilities or the different sports and they can also hold variety of matches for customers. The Landel Company also can provide physical evidence to selling, just like door-to-door service or mail order.Q4: marketing environment include the Macro environment and Micro environment.Macro environment include the Politic, Economic, Social and Technology. Policy not only includes the marketing strategies but also includes the future changes, likely the government policies which will impact the people to buy the toys to children. The economic also can effect the marketing environment. Just like, if family income is decreased and the cost will fall down, then there are little people buy the toys from Land. The social also can make effect to the company, if there are little children birthed, and then the company wills loss their targets after several years. Lastly, talking about the technology, if the company product more toy with high technology, it will attract more children and parents eyes .Micro environment :There is also some Micro environment effect the marketing environment. The competitor which runs up newly will affect the marketing and take the Land Company more process. And the suppliers also can effect the marketing environment is the suppliers, if the suppliers make a high price to solders , then the solders will increase the price to customers which will lead to the customers demand less. Consumers demand is the other influence for the marketing environment, consumers demand decrease will make the market negatives. The marketing make:product: make more various kind of product to attracted more group as their target. Especially, producing the manufactures with technological. Landel Company can improve the price to gain more profit. When talk about the promotion of the company, Landel Company can make more advertisement or more sales promote activities. About the place, Land company only sale traders not have their own sale shops; they should distribute their own sale teams to sell their own product.。