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gmat focus edition 题型-概述说明以及解释

gmat focus edition 题型-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）是全球范围内最受认可的商学院研究生入学考试之一。

GMAT考试主要评估考生在逻辑推理、阅读理解、问题解决能力和英语写作等方面的能力。

为应对GMAT考试的要求和挑战，考生需要充分了解各个题型的特点和解题技巧。

本篇文章将聚焦于GMAT考试中的不同题型，并进行详细的介绍和解析。

主要包括逻辑推理题、阅读理解题、问题解决题和英语写作题等。

通过深入分析每种题型的特点和解题技巧，帮助考生更好地应对GMAT考试。

在第二部分，我们将详细介绍每种题型的特点和解题思路。

逻辑推理题是GMAT考试中的关键部分，要求考生通过逻辑推理和分析，确定给定情况中的结论或推理出逻辑关系的规律。

阅读理解题则要求考生在一定时间内阅读一篇短文，并回答相关问题。

问题解决题主要涉及数学和逻辑推理，要求考生解决实际问题和逻辑推理题目。

英语写作题则要求考生就给定话题撰写一篇有条理和逻辑性的文章。

第三部分将对GMAT备考的启示进行总结。

通过对各个题型的学习和理解，考生能够更好地把握GMAT考试的要求和考点，从而高效备考。

同时，在总结中，我们也将对未来GMAT考试的发展进行展望，为考生提供更准确的备考建议。

通过本文的阅读和学习，读者将能够全面了解GMAT考试的题型特点和解题技巧，从而更好地应对GMAT考试挑战，取得理想的成绩。

无论是正在备考GMAT的考生，还是对GMAT考试有兴趣的人士，本文将为您提供有价值的信息和指导。

接下来，我们将首先介绍GMAT考试的大纲和结构，为后续的内容铺垫。

1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以描述整篇文章的组织架构，以及各部分的内容与目的。

在本文中，文章共分为三个部分：引言、正文和结论。

引言部分是整篇文章的开端，用于引入读者进入主题，并对文章的目的和结构进行概述。

正文部分是文章的核心内容，具体分为三个小节：题型介绍、题型解析和解题技巧。

详解GMAT考试

详解GMAT考试什么是GMAT考试？GMAT 是Graduate Management Admission Test 的缩写，中文名称为经企管理研究生入学考试。

GMAT作为一种标准化考试，目前已被广泛地用于商学院的录取评估，是当前最为可靠的测试考生是否具备顺利完成工商管理硕士项目学习能力的测试系统。

GMAT 是帮助各商学院或工商管理硕士项目评估申请人是否具备在工商管理方面继续深造学习的资格的最好工具。

在过去50多年里，GMAT考试已在世界范围内被接受，并在这个过程中不断被评估、研究和进一步完善，确保其测试结果的精确性。

每年有超过180,000人参加这一考试，并被超过1500个大学和1800个工商管理学习项目采用为入门考试。

GMAT考试采取计算机化的自适应考试形式。

作为自适应性考试，考试从多选题部分开始，考题将在考生开始考试时才被挑选出来。

考生每答完一道考题，该考题会被立即评判;电脑将根据考生完成的试题结果来决定接下来的考题内容。

因此，每个考生的考题内容都将会不同。

同时考生必须答完每一道考题方可进入下一道考题。

考试不能回查。

GMAT考试管理机构GMAT的出题机构GMAC(Graduate Management Admission Council)是总部位于美国的一个非营利性教育协会，其会员包括世界各地许多知名的商学院。

GMAC一直致力于服务全球工商管理教育机构和有潜在管理才能的学生。

GMAT与GRE申请商学院有什么区别？GMAT 考试不仅考查申请人的语言能力和数学能力，还要测试其头脑反应、逻辑思维和解决实际问题的能力。

一般来说，GMAT考试能较真实地反映应试者的以上能力，因而受到越来越多的专业和学校的重视和好评。

不论在美国还是欧洲，只要用英语教授MBA 课程的学校都采用GMAT 作为入学考试。

与GMAT 性质大致等同，GRE 作为美国研究生学院的入学考试，针对于商科及法学以外的专业。

就全球范围来看，有些商学院也接受GRE 成绩，但GRE不能取代GMAT 考试作为申请商学院的必备条件。

GMAT考试内容都有哪些

GMAT考试内容都有哪些GMAT考试内容都有哪些GMAT考试是进入美国商学院的敲门砖，而且被欧美多个国家承认并使用，不过对于新手入门的考生们来说，对GMAT考试内容是比较陌生的，为了让大家不再迷惑，下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的GMAT考试内容都有哪些，希望能给大家带来帮助!GMAT考试形式和时间GMAT考试是根据考生的能力而调整难度的计算机自适应考试。

GMAT®考试由四个部分组成——分析性写作，综合推理部分，数学部分和语文部分。

考试总时间(包括休息)大约是4小时。

GMAT考试根据个人的能力水平调整难度，不仅缩短了完成考试的时间，而且相较传统的考试能够更精确地测试考生的能力。

在每个考试部分开始时，考生会接触到中等难度的'问题。

在考生回答考题的同时，计算机会对考生的答案进行评分，并根据评分结果和考生对先前考题的回答来决定显示给考生的下一道问题。

正确的答案一般而言将增加此后出现的考题难度。

而错误的答案通常会将降低考题的难度。

这个过程将会持续到考生完成整个部分，计算机将会准确评估考生在该部分的能力水平。

在计算机自适应考试中，每次出现一道考题。

一旦考生回答了一道问题并选择继续，考生将无法退回和修改此前的答案，因为计算机需要对每一考题进行评分以选择下一道考题。

分析性写作(Analytical Writing Assessment)分析性写作包括一篇时长为30分钟的论证分析(Analysis of an Argument)GMAT考试内容有哪些?GMAT考试内容有哪些?。

考生在考试中分析的论证均为一般性题目，有些与商业相关，有些则涉及其他方面。

然而，请注意，具体的商业知识或其他领域的知识并非完成该题的前提条件。

该题仅评估考生的分析性写作能力。

考生要基于一项给定的论证，分析论证背后的推理和假设，然后对该论证的有效性进行批判性评价。

就该话题考生不需要给出自己的观点。

综合推理(Integrated Reasoning)GMAT考试综合推理部分一共由12个问题组成，题型分别为图表解读，二段式分析，表格分析，多源推理。

gmat精选词汇

gmat精选词汇在gmat考试中，词汇量的积存是非常有必要的，我们在平常要多积存与收集。

下面是我为大家整理的关于gmat精选词汇的相关资料，希望帮到大家。

gmat精选词汇篇一distort v. 扭曲assumption n. 假设irrelevant n. 不相关 adj. 无关系的pragmatic adj. 有用主义的，务实的skeptical n. 怀疑态度 adj. 多疑的 n. 怀疑论者superfluous adj. 多余的anomalous adj. 反常的cultural adj. 文化的explicit adj. 明确的，旗帜鲜亮的 adv. 明确地undermine v. 破坏; 削弱predictable adv. 可预见地 adj. 可猜测的，估计的biological adj. 生物的，生物学的contradict v. 与矛盾creation n. 创造intrigue v. 激起的兴趣、欲望或好奇心ironically adv. 讽刺地 adj. 讽刺的random adj. 任意的，随机的 n. 随机性 adv. 随便地realistic adj. 现实的 adv. 现实地suppress v. 压制，制止acknowledge v. 承认paradox n. 似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的话 adv. 自相矛盾地 adj. 自相矛盾的constitute v. 构成cynicism n. 愤世嫉俗 adj. 愤世嫉俗的 n. 愤世嫉俗者 disdain v. 蔑视diversity n. 多样性gmat精选词汇篇二Neuroscientist神经学家Ecosystem生态系统Pollinate授粉Expose暴露Organism有机物Enzyme酶Metabolize新陈代谢Attempt尝试Excavation挖掘，出土 Consumption消费Aggressive攻击性的Aggravate加剧，恶化 Dig挖掘Emerge存在，出现Erosion腐蚀Buffer缓冲Strategy策略Asset资产Proximity临近Simultaneously同时地 Celebrated有名的Activate激活planet行星Unpromising没有希望的 Tube管道Nutrient营养Random随机Cell细胞Pattern模式gmat精选词汇篇三cutback减少Render致使Outnumber数量上超过Fragment碎片Primate灵长类Unearth出土Conviction确信Static静止的Adhere to遵守Complicated复杂的Phenomenon现象Physics物理Oversupply过度供应Plunge猛跌Cash flow crisis现金流危机 Membership会员制Figure数据discharge解雇Skeptical怀疑的Schistosomiasis吸血虫病Debilitate损害Drain消耗Sagging下垂的Bolster支持Pare削减Trim削减curtail削减Shrink削减Barrel一桶以上就是gmat精选词汇的内容，希望对大家有所帮助哦。

GMAT数学--黄金80题+超全解析

77. 2)x 除以 4 的余数是 0 x=4b 4
4
4
余数为 1
78. 【答案 D】
79. 80. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81.
【解释】
23. 10 到 99 之间能被 3 整除得有：(99/3)-(10/3)=30
24. 10 到 99 之间能被 7 整除得有：（99/7）-（10/7）=13
25. 10 到 99 之间能被 21 整除得有: (99/21)-(10/21)=4
26. 所以一共有 30＋13－4＝39 个！
64. 【解释】 65. (1) a=5k+1, b=5k+2, c=5k+3 66. n=15k+6=5*(3k+1)+1 余 1 S 67. (2) x=5k+1, y=5k+2, z=5k+3 68. n= (5k+1)(5k+2)(5k+3)=175k3+150k2+60k+9=整除+整除+整除+1 余 4 S 69. D 70. 71. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
114.先把 3 4 拿出来，剩下四个数继续改写排序 2，3，2，4,
115.那么剩下只需要比较 3 4 和 3 的大小
116. 3 4 和 3 6 16、6 27

2013年考研英语(一)、(二)真题、答案及解析[完整版]

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgment which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorized that a judges 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviews had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five .This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or herDr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.1.[A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2.[A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D]external3.[A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]moment4.[A]For example [B]On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5.[A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D]thoughtless6.[A]in [B]on [C]to [D]for7.[A]if [B]until [C]though [D]unless8.[A]promote [B]emphasize [C]share [D]test9.[A]decision [B]quality [C]status [D]success10.[A]chosen [B]studied [C]found [D]identified11. [A]exceptional [B]defensible [C]replaceable [D]otherwise12. [A]inspired [B]expressed [C]conducted [D]secured13. [A]assigned [B]rated [C]matched [D]arranged14. [A]put [B]got [C]gave [D]took15. [A]instead [B]then [C]ever [D]rather16. [A]selected [B]passed [C]marked [D]introduced17. [A]before [B]after [C]above [D]below18. [A]jump [B]flat [C]drop [D]fluctuate19. [A]achieve [B]undo [C]maintain [D]disregard20. [A]promising [B]possible [C]necessary [D]helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposal— meant to last only a wash or two, alth ough they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ______.[A] poor bargaining skill [B] insensitivity to fashion[C] obsession with high fashion [D] lack of imagination22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ______.[A] combat unnecessary waste [B] shut out the feverish fashion world[C] resist the influence of advertisements [D] shop for their garments more frequently23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] V anity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before.Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to ______.[A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to ______.[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ______.[A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers [D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ______.[A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciation [D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ______.[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are ______.[A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to ______.[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past [D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote，the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Construction, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset. The balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v United States ，the majority overturned three of the four contested provision of Arizena’s controversial plan plan to have states and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Construction principles that Washington alone has power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede states laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state polices that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthory Kennedy，joined by Chief Justice John Robrts and the Court’s liberals，ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. on the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However，the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement .That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities ,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter .In effect, the White House claimed that it claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. The provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ______.[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers[B]disturbed the power balance between different states[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?[A]Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information[B]States’ independence from federal immigration law[C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ______.[A]violated the Constitution [B]undermined the states’ interests[C]supported the federal statute [D]stood in favor of the states39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement ______.[A] Outweighs that held by the states [B] Is dependent on the states’ support[C] Is established by federal statutes [D] Rarely goes against state laws40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a millionprofessional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)__________ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)__________This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004, (43)__________ When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)__________ this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) __________That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem- oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate-varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which isa distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New Y ork City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an email of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5. ADCAB 6-10. BADDA 11-15. DCBDB 16-20. CACBCSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points) 21-25. BDADC 26-30. BDCAD 31-35. BADCC 36-40. CCDAD Part B (10 points) 41-45. EFBGCSection ⅢTranslation (10 points)46. 然而，当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们能会深深的震撼。

gmat考试科目

gmat考试科目摘要：1.GMAT考试简介2.GMAT考试的四个科目3.科目一：分析性写作4.科目二：量化推理5.科目三：词汇6.科目四：综合推理7.考试形式与时长8.备考建议正文：GMAT考试，全称Graduate Management Admission Test，是专为商科和管理类研究生项目设置的标准化考试，旨在评估考生的商科逻辑思维和分析能力。

在我国，越来越多的学生选择参加GMAT考试以申请国外的商学院。

GMAT考试共分为四个科目，分别是分析性写作、量化推理、词汇和综合推理。

接下来我们将逐一介绍这四个科目。

首先，分析性写作（Analytical Writing）部分主要考察考生的逻辑思维和表达能力。

这部分要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇论证分析文章。

考生需要阅读一篇论证文章，然后对其进行批判性分析。

评分主要根据文章的结构、论据、逻辑和语言表达等方面进行。

其次，量化推理（Quantitative Reasoning）部分主要考察考生的数学和数据分析能力。

这部分包括两个部分，共计37道题目，需要在75分钟内完成。

题目涉及算术、代数、几何、概率和统计等多个方面。

接下来是词汇（Verbal Reasoning）部分，主要考察考生的词汇、阅读和理解能力。

这部分包括36道题目，需要在75分钟内完成。

题目类型包括阅读理解、逻辑填空和句子改错等。

最后是综合推理（Integrated Reasoning）部分，旨在考察考生的综合分析和解决问题的能力。

这部分共有12道题目，需要在60分钟内完成。

题目类型包括图表分析、二段式分析、表格分析和多源推理等。

整个GMAT考试的形式为计算机自适应测试，即考生的作答情况会直接影响后续题目的难度。

考试总时长为3小时30分钟。

成绩包括一个总分（800分）和一个四个科目的单独分数。

针对GMAT考试的备考，建议考生首先了解考试内容和题型，制定合适的备考计划。

其次，通过大量练习提高自己的解题速度和准确率。

(word完整版)GMAT词以类记 word list1-5

梯形
triangle
三角形
triple
三倍于
variable
变量，可变的，变化无常的
variance
方差，差异，不一致
vector
矢量，向量
vertex
顶，角的顶点
vertex angle
顶角
vertical
垂直的
vertical angle
对顶角
whole number
整数
width
宽
word list 3 经济
矩形棱柱体
regular polygon
正多边形
remainder
差数，余数，剩余物
rhombus
菱形
right angle
直角
right triangle
直角三角形
salient
凸角,显著的，主要的
scalene triangle
不等边三角形
semicircular
半圆的
side
侧面，边
spatial
bronze
青铜
buffer
缓冲器，起缓冲作用的人货物，缓冲剂,缓冲，减轻
caffeine
breadth
宽度,宽容
calculator
计算机
calculus
微积分，结石，牙垢
center
圆心
chord
弦
coefficient
系数，分数，率，折算率
common devisor
公约数
compositenumber
合数
concentric
同一中心的
concentric circle
同心圆
cone

2013年考研英语(一)、(二)真题、答案及解析[完整版]

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgment which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorized that a judges 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviews had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five .This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or herDr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.1.[A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2.[A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D]external3.[A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]moment4.[A]For example [B]On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5.[A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D]thoughtless6.[A]in [B]on [C]to [D]for7.[A]if [B]until [C]though [D]unless8.[A]promote [B]emphasize [C]share [D]test9.[A]decision [B]quality [C]status [D]success10.[A]chosen [B]studied [C]found [D]identified11. [A]exceptional [B]defensible [C]replaceable [D]otherwise12. [A]inspired [B]expressed [C]conducted [D]secured13. [A]assigned [B]rated [C]matched [D]arranged14. [A]put [B]got [C]gave [D]took15. [A]instead [B]then [C]ever [D]rather16. [A]selected [B]passed [C]marked [D]introduced17. [A]before [B]after [C]above [D]below18. [A]jump [B]flat [C]drop [D]fluctuate19. [A]achieve [B]undo [C]maintain [D]disregard20. [A]promising [B]possible [C]necessary [D]helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposal— meant to last only a wash or two, alth ough they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ______.[A] poor bargaining skill [B] insensitivity to fashion[C] obsession with high fashion [D] lack of imagination22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ______.[A] combat unnecessary waste [B] shut out the feverish fashion world[C] resist the influence of advertisements [D] shop for their garments more frequently23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] V anity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before.Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to ______.[A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to ______.[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ______.[A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers [D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ______.[A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciation [D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ______.[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are ______.[A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to ______.[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past [D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote，the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Construction, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset. The balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v United States ，the majority overturned three of the four contested provision of Arizena’s controversial plan plan to have states and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Construction principles that Washington alone has power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede states laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state polices that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthory Kennedy，joined by Chief Justice John Robrts and the Court’s liberals，ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. on the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However，the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement .That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities ,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter .In effect, the White House claimed that it claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. The provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ______.[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers[B]disturbed the power balance between different states[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?[A]Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information[B]States’ independence from federal immigration law[C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ______.[A]violated the Constitution [B]undermined the states’ interests[C]supported the federal statute [D]stood in favor of the states39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement ______.[A] Outweighs that held by the states [B] Is dependent on the states’ support[C] Is established by federal statutes [D] Rarely goes against state laws40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a millionprofessional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)__________ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)__________This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004, (43)__________ When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)__________ this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) __________That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem- oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate-varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which isa distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New Y ork City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an email of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5. ADCAB 6-10. BADDA 11-15. DCBDB 16-20. CACBCSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points) 21-25. BDADC 26-30. BDCAD 31-35. BADCC 36-40. CCDAD Part B (10 points) 41-45. EFBGCSection ⅢTranslation (10 points)46. 然而，当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们能会深深的震撼。

GMAT考试新题型有哪些

GMAT考试新题型有哪些出国留学就会关注与之对应的考试GMAT考试，如果你时刻关注GMAT考试的新动态，就该知道GMAT改革之后的新内容GMAT考试新题型又出现了哪些呢?一、GMAT新题型的由来1、考虑到GRE开始向商学院渗透，新GMAT考试将为商学院招生提供更多的检验指标，考察学生综合能力，这一新题型叫做：integrated reasoning，简称IR。

2012年6月开始正式使用。

名师指点GMAT考试PACE练习方法时间不够用全靠答题节奏来补救2、GMAT改革生效后，成绩单将包含五个部分：语文，数学，总分，写作，综合逻辑。

总分800分部分仍然只包括语文和数学，题目内容和形式维持原状，在商学院申请中占主体地位。

写作只剩argument，取消issue。

综合逻辑单独算分。

3、新的IR(综合逻辑)部分在头一年的作用只是过渡，真正发生效用应该在一年以后，也就是说，申请2012年商学院入学的考生暂时不用担心新题型带来的影响，但是2013年开始，有IR成绩的考生会比没有IR的考生更有竞争优势。

二、GMAT考试新题型的意义1、根据GMAC，当今商业组织需要拥有以下能力的职业经理人：做出正确决定的能力;辨识规律的能力;将语言与数学推理能力结合以解决问题的能力。

而新加入的IR部分恰恰是针对上述能力进行考查的测试。

2、由于现今世界充斥着各种数据，IR部分的测试要求考生具备评价来自多源、多格式信息的能力。

最终，根据对全球740位管理学教育者的调查，GMAC明确了GMAT考试改革中需要考查的能力和技巧，并将其作为独立的IR部分加入了新GMAT考试中。

三、GMAT考试新题型1、GMAT考试新题型的考察能力1)摄取信息(assimilate)：综合以图表、文字与数字形式给出的信息。

2)解读信息(interpret)：分析来自不同来源的相关信息。

3)转换信息(convert data)：组织信息以发现其间联系，并解决多个相互关联的问题。

GMAT数学1

Algebra 代数
• 例 The sequence a1,a2,…,an,…is such that an=2a(n-1)-X for all positive integers n>=2 and for certain number x,if a5=99 and a3=27,what is the value of X • A 3 B 9 C 18 D 36 E 45
• • • • • • • 三坐标几何重点词汇 Coordinate Slope Intercept Axis Origin
Geometry 几何
• • • • 直线方程的相关公式两点间的距离公式中点公式圆方程的相关公式
Geometry 几何
• 例 In the rectangular coordinate system,if P,not shown,is a point on AB and if the x-coordinate of P is 1,what is the y-coordinate of P? • A 4/3 B 3/2 C 7/3 D 5/2 E 8/3
arithmetic 算术
• • • • • • • • 二分数相关问题重点词汇 Fraction Numerator Denominator Proper fraction Improper fraction Ratio
arithmetic 算术
• • • • a half/one half Three fifth Plus three and a half Four point three two
Algebra 代数
• 一代数式与方程 • 因式分解的相关公式 • 方程求解的相关方法

GMAT考试IR部分解析

GMAT考试IR部分解析GMAT考试中IR指的是综合推理部分，此部分一共12个大题目，每个大题目下面有3-4个小题目，满分为8分,一个大题目记为一分;考生需要答对大题目下所有小题目才能够得满一分；其中四个大题目为测试性题目，错了不会记分数，但是考生在考试过程中并不知道哪一个是测试性题目，考试时间为30分钟。

IR部分重在考察学生对图表、报表、多重资料的解析、推理能力，一般有四种题型：a.图表题：主要就是考读图，看图的能力，背景文章是帮助理解的，因为有的题只看图会忽略一些细节导致做错题，但一般图例都会把图表说得比较清楚。

这里面有个熟悉与不熟悉的问题，假如遇到我们常见的折线饼图柱状图，我们就很容易做出来，如果遇到双坐标，泡泡之类的不常见的图，有可能就要费很多时间去做。

b. 表格题：主要考统计学的基本常识，包括平均值，中位数，特殊值等(有的需计算有的不需要)。

这类题也不难，关键也是细心，一般是三个小题YES/NO。

把OG50做一遍完全可以应付实战的难度，这类题往往涉及计算，比如计算某一列的中位数，或者需要用两列的数值去计算另外一个数。

c. two parts：两种形式，一个是考数学，另一个是考逻辑推理。

考逻辑推理的文章，以两个纵坐标为变量，考察ABCDE五个选项与变量的对应关系，读背景文章前，先看两个纵坐标变量。

第一段文章是关键，第二段文章往往是重复无新的信息。

题目考察以同义替换为主，一般就是考加强削弱，比Verbal要简单许多，做题方法就是找关键词，与关键词无关的信息，全部是无关信息。

还有一种需要画图理解的题目会稍微简单一些，遇到这种题不要慌，一步一步把图画出来是最有效的方法，细心读第一段每一句话。

d. 多源推理：主要考察读文章和读图结合的推理能力。

这部分主要考两种，一种是读文章，一种是读表。

不建议跳过此题，因为一般读一遍题干，后面几道题就会省下时间，多源推理平均下来不会比其他题更浪费时间的!这种题实战的难度远远小于OG和prep，大家大可放心。

GMAT自适应考试如何拿高分？GMAT零基础备考攻略

>>GMAT550分可以申报哪些美国大学留学
GMAT考试零基段明确分类，在每个阶段只做该做的事情，严格遵守备考阶段时间表，GMAT小白+语言零基础的同学在一个完整的备考阶段中大约需要三个月时间。
第一阶段
此阶段以背单词为主，大约需要10天。
利用各种单词APP，例如读完并熟记扇贝单词APP中关于GMAT的书;将题目中遇到的高频单词单独摘抄出来作为重点记忆对象;另外还要注意数学词汇的记忆和长难句的理解。
揭秘：错误。GMAT自适应考试的算法实在是太过复杂。在官方至今未公布算法的情况下，没有人能够说自己已经破解了考试的规律。所以考生大可不必去进行关于某类题型出现几率有多少之类的揣测和摸索，因为这么做毫无意义。正确做法是提升自身实力，并尽力做好每一道题目，一旦完成一题就立刻丢在脑后理清思路接着完成下一道题。
第二阶段
重点解决长难句，只需两天。
准备好已熟读的长难句TOP50，首先在第一天进行一遍精翻，第二天，抓住句子的关键信息。
第三阶段
这一阶段需要25天左右，使用最新版的OG刷题。
先完成OG第三章的自测章，用时3小时，以熟悉题型为主。之后的25天中进行真题模拟：SC 20题25分钟+CR 20题40分钟+RC3篇25分钟(长篇第4题停，短篇第3题停)+Q 20题40分钟=共2小时10分钟左右，最好将用时控制在3小时以内。
其中写作部分又分为句子改错(SC)、批判性推理(CR)和阅读理解(RC)，三者的重要性排序为SC>CR>RC。
考试总分为800分，由数学和语文构成，官方称数学和语文各自满分为60分，但普遍默认两部分满分为51分。
为什么51+51=800?
因为GMAT的分数需要换算，换算方法见表：

GMAT逻辑取非 (1)

GMAT 逻辑如何取非在做GMAT 逻辑中的assumption 题型时，经常需要对选项取非。

如果取非以后的选项可以削弱结论，则为正确选项，即常说的assumption 题“取非削弱”。

今天我们重点讲解一下，如何对逻辑选项取非。

一. 基本概念从集合的角度来说，对集合A 取非之后，即为A 集合的非集，记作 A C从命题的角度来说，对命题A 取非之后，即为命题A 的非命题，记作非A 无论从集合还是命题的角度，对于取非没有实质的影响。

下面我们统一将集合记为A，A 取非记为A C. ，当且仅当它们满足以下两个条件时， A c 为A 的非集：通过以上定义还可以发现：A 与A c 互为非集，即A 的非集为A c , A c 的非集(A c )c 为A. 判断以下两个命题是否互为非集：例一： A. 小红3岁； B. 小红4岁不成立：虽然满足mutually exclusive, 但是不满足 collectively exhaustive 例二： A. 小红大于3岁；B. 小红小于4岁不成立，虽然满足collectively exhaustive，但是不满足 mutually excusive 例三： A. 小明很帅；B. 小明很丑不成立，虽然满足 mutually exclusive, 但是不满足 collectively exhaustive 例四： A. 明天会下雨；B. 明天不会下雨成立，既满足mutually exclusive, 也满足 collectively exhaustive 二. 取非的难点一般来说，取非很简单——没有not 的命题加上not, 有not 的命题将not 去掉。

但是在实际操作中很容易出错，具体分为以下3个难点。

1. 随意替换形容词原句： The task is difficult. 正确取非：The task is not difficult. 或者 The task is easy or medium. 错误取非：The task is easy. ★★★很多同学认为difficult 的反面就是easy，这里只满足了mutually exclusive 但是并不满足 collectively exhaustive. Difficult 的反面是not difficult, 包括难度一般和简单两种情况。

2022年GMAT考试必知规则

2022年GMAT考试必知规则1.GMAT适用申请专业?GMAT考试对专业背景要求高吗?GMAT是报考所有研究生商科类专业，比如会计，金融等专业的学生都要参加的研究生入学考试。

虽然是商科研究生入学考试，但是本身的考试内容并不会涉及深奥的商科专业知识，考的都是考生的思维，根据考试情况看考生是否适合进入商学院学习的潜力，所以所有试题都是考生能够根据试题本身信息就可以做出来的。

2.GMAT 有哪几部分?总分是多少?GMAT由AWA、IR、ATIVE、VERBAL四部分组成。

AWA满分6分，IR满分8分，不计入总分;ATIVE满分51分，VERBAL满分51分，ATIVE+VERBAL满分800分3.GMAT的考试流程是什么样的?AWA(30分钟)→IR(30分钟)→ATIVE(75分钟)→VERBAL(75分钟)4.什么是自适应考试?GMAT为计算机自适应考试。

在GMAT考试中，用到计算机自适应式的部分是语文和数学两个部分。

起初，计算机会给出中等难度的题目，如果考生答对了，就会一步步地往更高难度的题目调整。

反之，如果考生答题效果不是很理想，计算机就会选择较简单的习题。

在多次反复适应中调整到最能检测考生水平的题群。

这种方法的好处一方面可以防止考生因挫折感太大而放弃考试，最终得出一个没有使用和参考价值的分数，另一方面也可以更准确地测试考生的水平，克服了以往考试固定题目造成的题目出得太难了或是太简单，没有区分度的弊病。

5.GMAT考试需要准备多久时间在准备考试时需要有一个明确的考试时间，这样才会更加有动力和紧迫感，否则容易一拖再拖，考不出成绩。

根据每个人情况，在有效复习的前提下2-3个月左右可以参加考试;如果上过培训班，1-2个月可考试。

6.GMAT在哪报名?以下为GMAT官方报名地址，注册成功之后即可报名。

注意报名名字姓和名不能写错。

7.考试时间和地点考试地点：目前在北京、上海、广州，每周一至周五均会举办考试，其他城市的考点在每月3日以后的特定工作日将举行考试;每个考生每隔16天可以参加一次考试，在连续的12个月内最多可参加5次GMAT考试。