心理学专业外语：The humanistic approach to psychology

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Humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHumanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century, drawing on the work of early pioneers like Carl Rogers and the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology. It adopts a holistic approach to human existence through investigations of meaning, values, freedom, tragedy, personal responsibility, human potential, spirituality, and self-actualization.[1][2]Contents[hide]∙ 1 Conceptual origins∙ 2 Development of the field∙ 3 Counseling and therapy∙ 4 Humanistic psychology and social issues∙ 5 Criticism∙ 6 See also∙7 References∙8 External links∙9 Further reading[edit] Conceptual originsThe humanistic approach has its roots in phenomenological and existentialist thought [3] (see Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre). Eastern philosophy and psychology also play a central role in humanistic psychology, as each shares similar concerns about the nature of human existence and consciousness.[2]It is also sometimes understood within the context of the three different forces of psychology: behaviorism, psychoanalysis and humanism. Behaviorism grew out of Ivan Pavlov's work with the conditioned reflex, and laid the foundations for academic psychology in the United States associated with the names of John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. This school was later called the science of behavior. Abraham Maslow later gave behaviorism the name "the second force". The "first force" came out of Freud's research of psychoanalysis, and the psychologies of Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Otto Rank, Melanie Klein, Harry Stack Sullivan, and others. These theorists and practitioners, although basing their observations on extensive clinical data, primarily focused on the depth or "unconscious" aspects of human existence [4]In the late 1950s, psychologists concerned with advancing a more holistic vision of psychology convened two meetings in Detroit, Michigan. These psychologists, including Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Clark Moustakas, were interested in founding a professional association dedicated to a psychology that focused on uniquely human issues, such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning—that is, a concrete understanding of human existence.[edit] Development of the fieldThese preliminary meetings eventually led to other developments, which culminated in the description of humanistic psychology as a recognizable "third force" in psychology (along with behaviorism and psychoanalysis). Significant developments included the formation of the Association for Humanistic Psychology (AHP) in 1961 and the launch of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology (originally "The Phoenix") in 1961.Subsequently, graduate programs in Humanistic Psychology at institutions of higher learning grew in number and enrollment. In 1971, humanistic psychology as a field was recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) and granted its own division (Division 32) within the APA. Division 32 publishes its own academic journal called The Humanistic Psychologist.[2]The major theorists considered to have prepared the ground for Humanistic Psychology are Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and Rollo May. Maslow was heavily influenced by Kurt Goldstein during their years together at Brandeis University. Psychoanalytic writers also influenced humanistic psychology. Maslow himself famously acknowledged his "indebtedness to Freud" in Towards a Psychology of Being[5]Other psychoanalytic influences include the work of Wilhelm Reich, who discussed an essentially 'good', healthy core self and Character Analysis (1933), and Carl Gustav Jung's mythological and archetypal emphasis. Other noteworthy inspirations for and leaders of the movement include Roberto Assagioli, Gordon Allport, Medard Boss, Martin Buber (close to Jacob L. Moreno), James Bugental, Victor Frankl, Erich Fromm, Hans-Werner Gessmann, Amedeo Giorgi, Kurt Goldstein, Sidney Jourard, R. D. Laing, Clark Moustakas, Lewis Mumford, Fritz Perls, Anthony Sutich, Thomas Szasz, and Ken Wilber.[2][6]A human science view is not opposed to quantitative methods, but, following Edmund Husserl: 1) favors letting the methods be derived from the subject matter and not uncritically adopting the methods of natural science[7], and 2) advocates for methodological pluralism. Consequently,much of the subject matter of psychology lends itself to qualitative approaches (e.g., the lived experience of grief) , and quantitative methods are mainly appropriate when something can be counted without leveling the phenomena (e.g., the length of time spent crying).[edit] Counseling and therapyHumanistic psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Among the earliest approaches we find the developmental theory of Abraham Maslow, emphazising a hierarchy of needs and motivations; the existential psychology of Rollo May acknowledging human choice and the tragic aspects of human existence; and the person-centered orclient-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered on the clients' capacity for self-direction and understanding of his/her own development.[8]Other approaches to humanistic counseling and therapy include Gestalt therapy, humanistic psychotherapy, depth therapy, holistic health, encounter groups, sensitivity training, marital and family therapies, body work, and the existential psychotherapy of Medard Boss.[2] Existential-integrative psychotherapy, developed by Kirk Schneider (2008), is a relatively new development within humanistic and existential therapy.Self-help is also included in humanistic psychology: Sheila Ernst and Lucy Goodison have described using some of the main humanistic approaches in self-help groups.[9][citation needed]Co-counselling, which is a purely self-help approach, is regarded as coming within humanistic psychology (see John Rowan's Guide to Humanistic Psychology). Humanistic theory has had a strong influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins' Re-evaluation Counselling and the work of Carl Rogers.Humanistic psychology tends to look beyond the medical model of psychology in order to open up a nonpathologizing view of the person.[8]This usually implies that the therapist downplays the pathological aspects of a person's life in favour of the healthy aspects. A key ingredient in this approach is the meeting between therapist and client and the possibilities for dialogue. The aim of much humanistic therapy is to help the client approach a stronger and more healthy sense of self, also calledself-actualization.[2][8] All this is part of humanistic psychology's motivation to be a science of human experience, focusing on the actual lived experience of persons.[2][edit] Humanistic psychology and social issuesAlthough social transformation may not have been the primary focus in the past, a large percentage of contemporary humanistic psychologists currently investigate pressing social, cultural, and gender issues [10]. Even the earliest writers who were associated with and inspired psychological humanism[2] explored topics as diverse as the political nature of "normal" and everyday experience (RD Laing), the disintegration of the capacity to love in modern consumerist society (Erich Fromm)[11], the growing technological dominance over human life (Medard Boss), and the question of evil (Rollo May-Carl Rogers debate). In addition, Maureen O’Hara, who worked with both Carl Rogers and Paolo Freire, has pointed to a convergence between the two thinkers given their distinct but mutually related focus on developing critical consciousness of situations which oppress and dehumanize.[12][edit] CriticismThe neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see thediscussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this messageuntil the dispute is resolved.(December 2010)Critics of the field point out that it tends to ignore social change research. Isaac Prilleltensky, a self-described radical who champions community and feminist psychology, has argued for years that humanistic psychology inadvertently contributes to systemic injustice.[13]Further, it has been argued that the early incarnations of humanistic psychology lacked a cumulative empirical base,[14] and the architects of the movement endorsed an "unembarrassed denial of human reciprocity and community."[15] However, according to contemporary humanistic thinkers, humanistic psychology need not be understood to promote such ideas as narcissism, egotism, or selfishness.[16]The association of humanistic discourse with narcissistic and overly optimistic worldviews is a misreading of humanistic theory. In their response to Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi(2000), Bohart and Greening (2001) note that along with pieces on self-actualization and individual fulfillment, humanistic psychologists have also published papers on a wide range of social issues and topics, such as the promotion of international peace and understanding, awareness of the holocaust, thereduction of violence, and the promotion of social welfare and justice for all.[16]Criticisms that humanistic psychology lacks an “empirical base” have tended to rely on allegedly "restricted views" of what constitutes “empirical,” an uncritical adoption of natural science methods (as opposed to human science methods), and an out right neglect of Rogers’ own empirical work [17]. To the contrary, humanistic psychology has a long history of empirical research [18], including but not limited to the work of Maslow, Amedeo Giorgi and David Elkins [19]. In fact, humanistic psychology research traces its origins all the way back to American psychology pioneer William James’masterpiece, “Varieties of Religious Experience”[18][edit] See also∙Saybrook University∙Institute of Transpersonal Psychology∙Personal development∙Organismic theory∙Phenomenology (psychology)[edit] References1.^"humanistic psychology n." A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by AndrewM. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. 25 May 2010 [1]2.^ a b c d e f g h Aanstoos, C. Serlin, I., & Greening, T. (2000). A Historyof Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) of the American Psychological Association. In D. Dewsbury (Ed.), Unification through division:Histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association, Vol. V. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.3.^Humanistic Psychology, APA4.^ AHP History, About Humanistic Psychology5.^ Maslow, A. (1998).Towards a psychology of being, 3rd ed. New York:Wiley.6.^ Moss, D. (2001). The roots and geneaology of humanistic psychology.In K.J. Schneider, J.F.T. Bugental & J.F. Pierson (Eds.) The handbook of humanistic psychology: Leading edges in theory, research and practice (pp. 5-20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications7.^Giorgi, Amedeo (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method inpsychology: A modified Husserlian approach. Pittsburgh, PA: DuquesneUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-8207-0418-08.^ a b c Clay, Rebecca A. (September 2002). "A renaissance for humanisticpsychology. The field explores new niches while building on its past."American Psychological Association Monitor, 33(8).9.^Ernst, Sheila & Goodison, Lucy (1981). In our own hands: A book of selfhelp therapy. London: The Women's Press. ISBN 0-7043-3841-610.^ Hoffman, Louis, et al. (2009). Existential psychology East-West.Colorado Springs: University of the Rockies Press. ISBN978-0-8207-0418-011.^ Fromm, E. (1956).The art of loving. New York: Harper & Row.12.^ O'Hara, M. (1989). Person-centered a pproach as conscientização: Theworks of Carl Rogers and Paulo Freire. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 29(1), 11-35. doi:10.1177/0022167889291002.13.^See Prilleltensky, Isaac (Autumn 1992). "Humanistic Psychology, HumanWelfare and the Social Order". The Journal of Mind and Behaviour 13 (4): 315–327.14.^ Seligman, Martin; Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (January 2000). "Positivepsychology: An introduction". American Psychologist 55 (1): 5–14.15.^ Marin, Peter (October 1975). "The New Narcissism". Harper's Magazine,45–56. /archive/1975/10/0022323.16.^ a b Bohart, Arthur C. & Greening, Thomas (January 2001). "Comment:Humanistic Psychology and Positive Psychology". American Psychologist, 56(1): 81–82.17.^Robbins, B. (2008). What is the Good Life: Positive psychology and therenaissance of humanistic psychology. The Humanistic Psychologist,36,96–11218.^ a b Wertz, F.J. (2001). Humanistic psychology and the qualitativeresearch tradition. In K.J. Schneider, J.F.T. Bugental & J.F. Pierson (Eds.) The handbook of humanistic psychology: Leading edges in theory, research and practice(pp. 231-246). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications19.^ Elkins, David (2009). Humanistic psychology: A clinical manifesto.Colorado Springs: University of the Rockies Press.[edit] External links∙Association for Humanistic Psychology∙Society for Humanistic Psychology, Division 32 of the American Psychological Association[edit] Further reading∙Bugental, J.F.T (1964). "The Third Force in Psychology". Journal of Humanistic Psychology 4 (1): 19–25.doi:10.1177/002216786400400102.∙Rowan, John (2001). Ordinary Ecstasy: The Dialectics of Humanistic Psychology (3rd ed.). Brunner-Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23633-9∙Schneider, K.J.; Bugental, J.F.T.; Pierson, J.F., eds (2001). The handbook of humanistic psychology : leading edges in theory,research, and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-2121-4∙Schneider, K.J., ed (2007). Existential-integrative Psychotherapy: Guideposts to the Core of Practice. New York: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-95471-6Retrieved from "/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" Categories: Humanistic psychology | Psychological schools | ExistentialismHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements| Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | NPOV disputes from December 2010 | All NPOV disputes | Use dmy dates from October 2010。

心理学专业英语

心理学专业英语一、引言心理学作为一门学科，旨在研究人类的思维、行为和情感。

本文档将介绍心理学专业中常用的英语术语和词汇。

二、研究方法1. 实验研究（Experimental Research）- 自变量（Independent Variable）：在实验中被操作的变量，其对因变量产生影响。

- 因变量（Dependent Variable）：在实验中被衡量的变量，受自变量的影响。

- 随机分组（Random Assignment）：将参与者随机分配到不同的实验条件中，以减小实验结果的偏倚。

2.调查研究（Survey Research）- 样本（Sample）：从总体中抽取的一部分个体，用于代表整个群体。

- 问卷调查（Questionnaire Survey）：一种常见的数据收集方法，参与者通过填写问卷来提供信息。

三、主要理论1.行为主义（Behaviorism）- 刺激-反应（Stimulus-Response）：行为主义认为，行为是对刺激的直接反应。

2.认知心理学（Cognitive Psychology）- 情绪（Emotion）：主观体验和生理反应的一种状态，通常与特定刺激有关。

- 记忆（Memory）：对于信息的编码、存储和检索能力。

- 研究（Learning）：通过经验和实践获取知识和技能的过程。

四、发展领域1.临床心理学（Clinical Psychology）- 临床评估（Clinical Assessment）：通过各种测试和观察手段，评估个体的心理状况。

- 治疗（Therapy）：利用心理和行为干预手段，帮助个体解决心理困扰。

2.社会心理学（Social Psychology）- 社会认知（Social Cognition）：研究个体如何感知、记忆和思考与他人相关的信息。

五、结论本文档提供了心理学专业常用英语术语和词汇的简要介绍，希望能帮助读者更好地理解和研究心理学领域的知识。

参考文献：- Smith, J. (2010). Introduction to Psychology. Publisher.- Johnson, L. (2015). Key Concepts in Cognitive Psychology. Publisher.。

p21心理学专业外语第21页

‘A nation of morons’Gould (1982)AIMTO describe one part of the early history ofintelligence testing as a way of discussing thefollowing issues in psychology: ● The problematic nature of psychometric testing ingeneral and the measurement of intelligence inparticular. ● The problem of theoretical bias influencing researchin psychology , in particular how psychologicaltheories on the inherited nature of intelligence and the prejudice a of a society can dramatically distort theobjectivity of intelligence testing.● The problem of the political and ethical implications of research, in this case the use of biased data todiscriminate between people in suitability foroccupation and even admission to a country . THE HISTOR Y OF YERKES’ TESTING OF INTELLIGENCEWhat did Y erkes aim to do? Y erkes aimed to● show that psychology could prove itself as a respectable science by using intelligence testing to aid recruitment, and ● find support for the hereditarian view of intelligence (that intellectual ability was inherited through the genes). How did Y erkes test intelligence?Y erkes tested 1.75 million army recruits during the First World War, using three intelligence tests:● Army alpha –a written exam for literate recruits● Army beta- pictorial exam for illiterate recruits and those who failed the alpha● Individual exam –for those who failed the beta一个低能儿的国度古尔德 1982 目的为了描述智商测试早期历史的一部分，智商测试是讨论下列心理学课题的一种方法。

心理学专业英语总结(完整)

心理学专业英语总结——HXY随意传阅·顺颂试安注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词）5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门●What is psychology? 心理学是什么Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究Psychology come from: ①philosophy, ②biology ③physics.心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline.形成于：1879年，作为独立学科History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach.历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。

●The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory.历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。

Thehumanisticapproachtopersonality.ppt

Abraham Maslow
Initially sold on behaviorism Questioned when he read Freud Everything changed after the birth of his first child, he looked beyond both Decided that we spend too much time on the mentally ill to understand mental health Focus on the strong. Want to run fast? Don’t study cripples.
Carl Rogers 1902-1987
Conservative background Postconventional experiences at Madison A career blessed with success Continuous work as a therapist – 15 to 20 hrs/week for decades
fundamentals
We are rational – but we don’t always act that way We are aware, we know what we want We have a self-concept which filters our perceptions Everything is fine if our self-concept lines up with reality If not, trouble
Eleanor Roosevelt Gandhi Jefferson Lincoln
So few, changed from a destination to a path.

心理学专业外语翻译第12页

The nature-nurture debate in psychologyNATUREAPPROACHRoots of the approach-nativist philosophy,biology(physiology and genetics),evolutionary theory.Causes of behaviour-genetic determinism;inheritedinfluence,maturationalblueprint,neurochemical and hormonal influences,brain activity.Methods employed-gene/chromosome mapping,twin and adoption studies,brain scanning,brain stimulation or damage studies,drug testing.Implications-due to biological determinism,behaviour can only be changed through physical means,such as selective breeding(eugenics),gene therapy,brain surgery,or durgs. Criticisms-reductionist,may neglect environmental influences.AREAS OF EXPLANATION Perception-Research conducted by Fanz,Bower,and Gibson and Walk on new-born babies indicated pattern detection,size constancy and depth perception are innate abilities. Aggression-The ethologist Lorenz and psychoanalyst Freud believed aggression is an innate drive.Bio-psychologists have examined the role of hormones and brain areas in aggression.Sex-role behaviour-Bio-psychologists propose gender identity is a direct result of genetic and hormonal influences. Abnormality-the biomedical approach 心理学的先天与后天教养遗传决定论研究方法理论根源：自然主义哲学、生物学（心理与遗传学）、进化论.决定行为的因素：基因决定、遗传决定、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。

心理学专业外语

parallel:平行的；类似的，相同的 physician:医师；内科医师 temperament:气质；性情；性格 fluid:流体；液体 blood:血；血液；血统 bile:胆汁；愤怒
The biological approach to psychological matters has integrated with and run parallel to the rest of psychological thought since early Greek times-the Greek physician Galen suggested that personality and temperament may be linked to the levels of body fluids such as blood and bile in the body.
心理问题的生物学研究方法已经与自希腊早期以来的其余心理学思想融合而且并行存在，希腊医生盖伦认为人的个性和气质可能与体液水平相关联，如人体内的血液和胆汁的不同配合。
As knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and medicine developed, important insights for human behaviour and experience were gained.
orientate:朝向；面向；定向 reside:住，居住；属于
生物学取向的心理学家假定：所有心理的东西首先起源于生理的-这是因为，自从人类意识在大脑中出现，所有的思维、情感和行为最终都可以归结为生理/ 生物学的原因。
human genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behaviour to the environment. Therefore, much behaviour will have a genetic basis

心理学专业外语：Idiographic VS. nomothetic approaches to psychology

Idiographic VS. nomothetic approaches to psychology心理学之特殊规律与一般规律研究法Nomothetic approach VS Idiographic approach一般（普遍）规律研究法VS特殊规律研究法Definitions 定义Assumptions&methods 研究假设和研究方法Examples from psychology 心理学实例Advantages 优点Disadvantages 缺点Compromise 折衷Nomothetic approach - DefinitionsThe approach of investigating large groups of people to try to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone.此研究方法通过调查大群体的人，试图找到适用于每个人的普遍行为规律。

Idiographic approach - DefinitionsThe approach of investigating individuals in personal, in-depth, detail to achieve a unique understanding of them.此研究方法通过对个体进行个人的、深入的、详细的调查，以获得关于他们的独特理解。

Nomothetic approach-Assumptions&MethodsThe nomothetic approach (from the Greek word ‘nomos’ meaning ‘law’) assumes that since individuals are merely complex combinations of manyuniversal laws, people are best studied by large scale, preferably experimental, methods to identify those laws.一般规律研究法（源自希腊词汇‘nomos’,意思是‘规律’）假设，既然个体只是许多普遍规律的复杂结合体，那么在对人们进行研究时最好通过大规模的、更适宜的实验方法来证实这些规律。

心理学专业英语单词

心理学专业英语单词心理学（Psychology）是一门涵盖广泛，理论丰富，且与日常生活息息相关的学科。

本文将列举一些心理学专业中常见的英语单词，以便读者能更好地理解和应用这一学科。

1、Conditioning（条件反射）：这是一种通过建立刺激和反应之间的来形成新的行为模式的过程。

2、Emotional Intelligence（情绪智力）：指个体感知、理解、管理和表达自己及他人情绪的能力。

3、Id（潜意识）：弗洛伊德心理学理论中的一个概念，指那些被压抑的欲望和本能。

4、Superego（超我）：也是弗洛伊德心理学理论中的一个概念，指由父母和社会规范塑造的道德和良知。

5、Defense Mechanism（防御机制）：指个体在面对压力或焦虑时，无意识采用的自我保护策略。

6、Humanistic Theory（人本主义理论）：该理论强调人的主观性、自我实现和意义建构。

7、Behaviorism（行为主义）：该理论强调可观察的行为是心理学研究的合适对象。

8、Cognitive Behavioral Therapy（认知行为疗法）：一种心理治疗方法，帮助个体识别和改变其消极的思维模式和行为习惯。

9、Psychodynamic Theory（精神分析理论）：一种心理学的理论框架，强调潜意识和动机在人类行为中的决定作用。

10、Social Learning Theory（社会学习理论）：该理论强调观察和模仿他人行为以获得新的行为模式。

以上仅是心理学专业英语单词的一部分，但通过理解和运用这些词汇，我们可以更好地理解和探索人类心理的奥秘。

电气专业英语单词在电气领域，英语单词的应用是非常重要的。

它不仅是一种语言工具，更是国际交流和知识共享的基础。

以下是一些电气专业英语单词的示例，这些词汇在日常工作中非常常见。

1、Voltage（电压）：在电路中，电压是电位差，它驱动电流流动。

通常用伏特（V）表示。

2、Current（电流）：流动的电荷称为电流。

THEHUMANISTICAPPROACH-McGraw-Hill人本主义-麦格劳山

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACHContentsIntroduction to the Humanistic ApproachCarl RogersAbraham MaslowExistential PsychologyExtending the Humanistic ApproachApplying the Concepts: Maslow's Hierarchy in the WorkplacePublications Related to the Humanistic ApproachIntroduction to the Humanistic ApproachThe Humanistic Approach began in response to concerns by therapists against perceived limitations of Psychodynamic theories, especially psychoanalysis. Individuals like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow felt existing (psychodynamic) theories failed to adequately address issues like the meaning of behaviour, and the nature of healthy growth. However, the result was not simply new variations on psychodynamic theory, but rather a fundamentally new approach.There are several factors which distinguish the Humanistic Approach from other approaches within psychology, including the emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection of determinism, and a concern for positive growth rather than pathology. While one might argue that some psychodynamic theories provide a vision of healthy growth (including Jung's concept of individuation), the other characteristics distinguish the Humanistic Approach from every other approach within psychology (and sometimes lead theorists from other approaches to say the Humanistic Approach is not a science at all). Most psychologists believe that behaviour can only be understood objectively (by an impartial observer), but the humanists argue that this results in concluding that an individual is incapable of understanding their own behaviour – a view which they see as both paradoxical and dangerous to well-being. Instead, humanists like Rogers argue that the meaning of behaviour is essentially personal and subjective; they further argue that accepting this idea is not unscientific, because ultimately all individuals are subjective: what makes science reliable is not that scientists are purely objective, but that the nature of observed events can be agreed upon by different observers (a process Rogers calls intersubjective verification).The issues underlying the Humanistic Approach, and its differences from other approaches, are discussed more fully in the text, but the sources below provide usefulsupplementary information. One point worth noting: if you want to fully grasp the nature of the Humanistic Approach, you cannot consider it in abstract terms. Instead, you must consider if and how the ideas connect to your own experience – for that is how the meaning of behaviour is derived!ResourcesAbout Humanistic PsychologyIntroductory discussion of history and nature of the humanistic approach, by the Association for Humanistic PsychologyA Guide to Humanistic PsychologyExtensive introduction, broken into chapters by topic, by John Rowan, Assoc. for Humanistic Psychology; chapters include bibliographies for further reading.Carl RogersCarl Rogers was not only one of the founders of the Humanistic Approach, but also arguably the most influential therapist in the 20th century: a number of surveys, including several done after his death, found that more therapists cited Rogers as a major influence on their thinking and clinical practice than any other person in psychology (including Freud). To understand this, one must know something about Rogers as a person, as well as his theoretical ideas.I never met him, but have seen several videos of him, and have read a number of accounts, both biographical and anecdotal, by individuals who know him well. Consistently, what comes across is a person who was caring and respectful of others, a man who found value in all people, yet was humble about his own achievements – in many ways, he represented the fully functioning person which his theory describes! In terms of his theory, there are two fundamental ideas which are particularly worth noting. (For a more complete discussion, see the text.) First, Rogers talked about healthy development in terms of how the individual perceived their own being. A healthy individual will tend to see congruence between their sense of who they are (self) and who they feel they should be (ideal self). While no one tends to experience perfect congruence at all times, the relative degree of congruence is an indicator of health. Some researchers have tried to measure congruence by using a self-assessment technique called a Q-Sort. (If you are interested in exploring this, click here for a version of a Q-sort I've created.)The second fundamental idea is Rogers's concept of the conditions for healthy growth, and the role of a therapist in fostering healthy growth. Through a process Rogers called person-centred therapy, the therapist seeks to provide empathy, openness, and unconditional positive regard. These conditions for growth are discussed further in the text; for information on person-centred therapy, see the links below. (Onenote about person-centred therapy: originally, Rogers called his technique non-directive therapy, based on the concept that the therapist is simply a ‘mirror’ who reflects the individual's thoughts and feelings. As his own research showed, no therapist is truly non-directive – and if they were, it would likely be poor therapy, as the following joke illustrates!)ResourcesCarl RogersBiography and other material, on site maintained by his daughter, Natalie Rogers (who is also trained as a therapist).Carl Rogers and EducationSite providing biographical information as well as examination of Rogers's ideas about education.Introduction to Person-Centred CounsellingA clear overview by Dr. Greg Mulhauser, on .Abraham MaslowLike Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow is widely regarded as one of the founders of the Humanistic Approach. While less influential among therapists than Rogers, Maslow may actually be better known to the general public, because of his interest in applying psychological principles to areas like behaviour in business settings. In this regard, his hierarchy of needs has been a basic concept in human resources and organisational behaviour for several decades.Maslow coined the term "the Third Force" to describe the Humanistic Approach, to emphasise how it differed from the Psychodynamic and Behaviourist Approaches, which dominated psychology (at least in North America) in the 1950s. His theory emphasises motivation as the key to understanding human behaviour (an emphasis which is somewhat reminiscent of Freud's theory, though the two models focus on very different types of motives). Nonetheless, it becomes the basis of a theory of personality (as discussed in the text, talking about motives implies a person who experiences those motives!), and ends up describing the characteristics of healthy growth in ways that are very similar to Rogers's "fully functioning person".One difference between Maslow and Rogers is the emphasis that Maslow gave to peak experiences. Peak experiences are moments in life which take us beyond our ordinary perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. Typically, the individual feels energised, more‘alive’. In some ways, peak experiences are similar to the Zen concept of satori (literally ‘enlightenment’), which, like a peak experience, comes unexpectedly, and transforms the individual's understanding of themselves and the world. Because of the ‘mystical’ natureof peak experiences, some psychologists are less comfortable with Maslow's theory than with Rogers's, which uses concepts more easily related to ‘mainstream’ psychology. Possibly, this accounts for Maslow being viewed as less influential among therapists. In any case, there is no doubt that Maslow's ideas about motivation have become widely known and used, as the links below help to illustrate.ResourcesAbraham Provides full listing of his publications, and links to other Maslow-related sites.People and Discoveries: Abraham MaslowBrief biography from A Science Odyssey, PBS series on famous discoverers. Abraham MaslowChapter from Dr. George Boeree's online personality textbook.Revisiting MaslowDiscussion of relevance of Maslow's ideas for education and living; part of New Horizons for Learning website.Existential PsychologyAs in many areas of psychology, there are close linkages between the Humanistic Approach and philosophy. For example, Rogers's concept of the phenomenal field as the basis of defining the self can be linked to the ideas of phenomenological philosophers like Edmund Husserl. Similarly, the existentialist tradition began with European philosophers like Soren Kierkegaard and Jean-Paul Sartre. While its roots extend back to the turn of the 20th century (and some would say even earlier), it really gained momentum as a result of World War II, whose devastation and destruction gave a sense of immediacy to questions about the purpose of living. (For example, Albert Camus, a leading existentialist writer, was a member of the French Resistance.) Existentialists start from the premise that there is no absolute meaning to life, and hence that life in a purely rational sense is without purpose. Interestingly, however, from this bleak beginning, many arrive at interpretations that nonetheless affirm a value to life. Asking about what life means to an individual provides an overlapping area of concern between existentialism and humanistic psychology, since the humanists seek to identify a positive model for human growth. As a result, while some psychologists prefer one term over the other, the theories often share a focus on similar kinds of issues, especially the questions of what an individual finds meaningful in life, and how individuals deal with the prospect of death. Among the psychologists who have developed theories related to existential ideas are Rollo May, Ernest Becker, and ViktorFrankl. Of these, Frankl is arguably the best known to the general public; his best-known book, Man's Search for Meaning, went through multiple editions and reprintings, and was translated into dozens of languages. Frankl, who began as a doctor and therapist in Vienna, was a prisoner in various Nazi concentration camps during the war, and it was partly his exposure to the horrors of the camps that contributed to his existentialist orientation. To learn more about him and other existential psychologists, and how their ideas relate to humanistic theories more generally, see the text or the following links.ResourcesMeaningful TherapyBasic introduction to existential forms of therapy, with links to material on particular therapists/theorists, including Frankl; part of International Network on Personal Meaning site, in Vancouver, Canada.Viktor Frankl InstituteOfficial website for Institute founded by Frankl; contains biography, videos, and other material on Frankl and his work.Viktor FranklBiography, discussion of Frankl's ideas, and large set of links to other sites on Frankl and existentialism; by Boston psychotherapist Tracy Marks.The Existential PrimerProvides a variety of material related to existentialism, especially its philosophical origins, by a non-psychologist, Christopher Scott Wyatt.Extending the Humanistic ApproachIn recent years, a number of initiatives have appeared which, while influenced significantly by humanistic ideas and theories, have in new directions. Perhaps the most significant is positive psychology, a term coined by Dr. Martin Seligman when he was President of the American Psychological Association in 2000. Positive psychology, like the humanistic approach, focusses on enhancing human potential--but embraces research methods (e.g., surveys, group data) which humanists have traditionally avoided. Another area influenced by the humanistic approach has been coaching psychology. While the term originated in "personal coaching" in sports, it more generally refers to a focus on enhancing individual potential, and the field has gradually become a specific area within many psychology associations.ResourcesPositive Psychology Center--Website for Seligman's research group at the University of Pennsylvania; provides a variety of information and resources.Authentic Happiness--An offshoot of Seligman's work (the title comes from one of his books), but more focussed on providing resources for individuals (including a variety of self-test questionnaires).Special Group in Coaching Psychology--Site for section of British Psychological Society; includes a variety of background information, as well as on-line articles.Applying the Concepts: Maslow's Hierarchy in the Workplace Several researchers in the 1950s recognised the practical importance of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs to the working world. It was not difficult to establish that for nonmanagement workers, jobs mainly fulfilled the basic physical and security needs of the individual: if the work is done, the worker is paid and more-or-less assured of being paid for subsequent work. Higher order needs, such as social, esteem and self-actualisation needs were not considered. Lyman Porter (1961) at the University of California at Berkeley, suggested that higher needs might be of more concern on the management level of an organisation. He saw that people in most organisations received promotions from one job to another based on their technical qualifications, but nothing else. That is, it was assumed that because an individual could do the job, that job was the best one for him or her. There was no indication that anyone regarded the psychological satisfaction with a job as being an important factor. Consequently, people might sometimes be promoted out of jobs that gave them satisfaction into jobs that were less satisfying for them, potentially rendering them less effective in their work. Porter realised that for individual satisfaction and for organisational efficiency, it was necessary to discover how people perceived their jobs in terms of need satisfaction, as Maslow had outlined. Knowing this might allow organisations to match people to jobs that they were not only qualified for, but which would give them the most satisfaction as well.In order to study this, Porter sent a fixed alternative survey to 228 people in three companies. These people worked at different managerial levels, from bottom level supervisors or foremen up to middle level management who were just below vice presidency or major department head. The survey studied 15 characteristics or qualities that Porter thought were connected with management positions and were relevant to Maslow's need hierarchy. For example, to determine whether esteem needs were being met by the job, Porter asked about the prestige of a managerial position; to determine whether social needs were being met by the job, he asked about the opportunities to develop friendships on the job; to determine whether self-actualisation needs were being met by the job, he asked about feelings of self-fulfillment derived from the individual's working position. The respondents to the survey were asked to indicate on a 7-point scale (with 1 indicating the lowest amount and 7 indicating the highest amount) first, how much of that quality was connected with the individual's management position; second, how much of that quality should be connected with the individual's management position; and third, how important that quality was to the respondent. So questions on the survey might look like this:The feeling of self-esteem a person gets from being in my management position:a) How much is there now? (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (max)b) How much should there be? (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (max)c) How important is this to me? (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (max)Of the 228 people who were given the survey, 139 (61%) filled it out. While Porter attempted to give the surveys to a representative sample of low to middle management personnel, it cannot be claimed that the individuals who actually returned the survey constitute such a sample, so the results of this study must be interpreted with caution. Porter found that among these respondents, there was no difference in the amount of fulfillment of social needs, and that esteem needs are more often satisfied in middle management than in low management levels, not surprisingly. But in both low and middle management, the respondents indicated that self-actualisation needs are of great importance to them, but there were few opportunities for these needs to be fulfilled at work. It seems, then, that among the people who answered this survey, at least, their work did not offer them a sense of self-fulfillment, or an opportunity for personal growth and development or a feeling of worthwhile accomplishment. It would be expected that in higher management, the level at which policy decisions are made, there may be a greater chance to find areas of self-actualisation.What are the implications of this study? While we must be careful in making conclusions since a survey cannot demonstrate a causal relationship and since we have no way of knowing whether the sample was indeed representative of the population, we may still make some tentative conclusions. Most of us spend almost 30% of our lives at work, and yet this work may not give us the opportunity to pursue what we find important: self-actualisation. Our deficiency needs may be met to a greater or lesser extent, but our growth needs may not. What if our work gave us opportunity to fulfill growth needs, though? What if the organisation we work for allowed us to help make the policy decisions that would affect the well-being of ourselves and others, for example? Orpen (1998) has found that among the respondents to his survey, job satisfaction is indeed greater when there is more opportunity for such decision-making. Did his respondents feel greater satisfaction because this gave them a chance to pursue self-actualisation? We don't know, but maybe.ReferencesOrpen, C. (1998). The effects of organisational centrality on employee success and satisfaction. Social Behaviour and Personality, 26. 85-88.Porter, L. (1961). A study of perceived need satisfactions in bottom and middle management jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45. 1-10.Publications Related to the Humanistic ApproachJournal of Humanistic PsychologyPublished by the Association for Humanistic Psychology; has monthly contents, and searchable archive of contents, but no open access to articles.The Humanistic PsychologistJournal of APA Division on Humanistic Psychology; contains article titles listed by author, but no online archive.© William Glassman and Marilyn Hadad, 2008.。

(完整版)心理学专业外语翻译第6页

The psychoanalytic approach to psychology ORIGINS AND HISTORYThe psychoanalytic approach was started and developed mainly by Sigmund Freud,a Viennese doctor who specialised in neurology. Freud became interested in hysteria-the manifestation of physical symptoms without physical causes-and became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible not just for this disorder but for all disorders and even ‘normal’personality. Freud developed techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental disorders and built up an underlying explanatory theory of how human personality and abnormality develop from childhood.Freud's theory and approach were influenced by the technology of the time (such as the steam engine),and his early work with Charcot,the Parisian hypnotist,and Breuer the pioneer of the cathartic method. Freud's psychoanalytic approach had a great impact on psychology and psychiatry,and was developed in different ways by other psychoanalysts such as 心理分析的研究方法起源与历史心理分析主要是由在神经病学方面颇有造诣的维也纳医生西蒙﹒弗洛伊德创建并发展起来的。

心理咨询师英文单词

心理咨询师英文单词In English, a psychologist, also known as a mentalhealth counselor or therapist, is a professional who helps individuals cope with psychological issues, emotional distress, and mental health disorders. They provide therapy, counseling, and support to clients to help them understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and make positive changes in their lives.Psychologists typically have a doctoral degree (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) in psychology and are trained in varioustherapeutic approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, and others. They may specialize in different areas such as clinical psychology, counseling psychology, school psychology, or industrial-organizational psychology.The role of a psychologist involves conducting assessments to diagnose mental health conditions,developing treatment plans tailored to the needs of each client, and providing interventions to address specific issues. They may work with individuals, couples, families,or groups in various settings including private practice,hospitals, community mental health centers, schools, and businesses.Psychologists use a range of therapeutic techniques to help clients improve their mental health and well-being. These may include talk therapy, behavior modification, relaxation techniques, mindfulness exercises, and other evidence-based interventions. They also collaborate with other healthcare professionals such as psychiatrists,social workers, and primary care physicians to ensure comprehensive care for their clients.In addition to providing therapy, psychologists may also engage in research, teaching, consulting, and advocacy related to mental health issues. They contribute to the development of new treatment approaches, conduct studies to better understand psychological phenomena, and educate the public about mental health awareness and prevention.Overall, psychologists play a vital role in promoting mental health and helping individuals lead fulfilling lives. Through their expertise and compassion, they empowerclients to overcome challenges, build resilience, and achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment.中文翻译：在英文中，心理学家，也被称为心理健康咨询师或治疗师，是一种帮助个人应对心理问题、情绪困扰和心理健康障碍的专业人士。

心理学专业外语翻译第17页

Psychology and Science3THEORIES AND HYPOTHESESA science should involve theories which provide hypotheses to be tested in order to support or refute the theories.The theories themselves should provide general laws or principles to fulfil the aims of science –understanding, prediction , and control .1 understanding –Theories should provide understanding by being ·orderly 〔theories should organise facts and find regularities and patterns to generate laws〕.·internally consistent 〔different parts of the theory should not contradict each other〕·parsimonious(provide the greatest possible explanation in the most economic way)·true！〔theories should correctly explain reality〕2 Prediction – A good theory should generate lots of bold ,precise hypotheses to stimulate research to support or refute the theory .·According to Karl Popper scientific theories should be refutable(able to be 心理学与科学Ⅲ理论与假设科学应包括基本的理论，这些理论提供的假设能够被测量，从而支持或拒绝这些理论，同时，理论本身应当提供一般性的法则或原理，以实现科学的三项目标——理解、预测和控制。

Thehumanisticapproachthebasics

The humanistic approach: the basicsWhat assumptions do humanistic psychologists make?Humanistic psychologists start from the assumption that every person has their own unique way of perceiving and understanding the world and that the things they do only make sense in this light. Consequently, the kinds of questions they ask about people differ from those asked by psychologists from other approaches. Whereas other approaches take an objective view of people,in essence asking about them, ‘what is this person like?’ humanistic psychologists’ priority is understanding people’s subjectivity, asking ‘what is it like to be this person?’ As a result, they reject the objective scientific method as a way of studying people. Humanistic psychologists explicitly endorse the idea that people have free will and are capable of choosing their own actions (although they may not always realize this). They also take the view that all people have a tendency towards growth and the fulfillment of their potential. Much of their research has focused on how people can be helped to fulfill their potential and lead more contented lives.How do humanistic psychologists explain behaviour?Carl Rogers’ idea about behaviour centre on the self, which is the person’s consciousness of theirown identity. Rogers believed that people could only fulfill their potential for growth if they had a basically positive view of themselves (positive self regard). This can only happen if they have the unconditional positive regard of others – if they feel that they are valued and respected without reservation by those around them. The problem that most people have, as Rogers saw it, was that most people don’t perceive the positive regard of others as being unconditional. Rather, they think they will only be loved and valued if they meet certain conditions of worth (e.g. behaving well, passing lots of exams etc.) These conditions of worth create incongruity within the self between the real self (how the person is) and the ideal self (how they think they should be). The person tries to close the gap between the real and idea self but most people do this in unhelpful ways, possibly by chasing achievements that won’t actually make them content or by distorting their view ofthemselves or the world. For example a student who believes they are only worth anything if they get perfect exam scores may deal with a grade ‘B’ either by dismissing it as outright failure, therebyrobbing themselves of an achievement, or by blaming their teachers, thereby preventing themselvesfrom taking action that might improve their grades.Abraham Maslow’s view of human needs was more Array complex than Rogers’. Whilst Rogers believed thatpeople needed unconditional positive regard, Maslowacknowledged that people have a variety of needs thatdiffer in immediacy and which need satisfying at differenttimes. He arranged these needs in a hierarchy, wherebythe more basic needs towards the bottom takeprecedence over those higher up (e.g. everyone needs tohave their achievements recognized, but will put this needto one side if they are starving hungry). Maslow believedthat those who satisfied all their needs might becomeself-actualisers: rare, remarkable people who fulfill theirpotential completely. However, he also thought that prolonged periods where a particular need was not satisfied could result in a sort of fixation. For example, a person who grew up in poverty might continue to be dominated by anxiety about food even if they were lucky enough to escape povertylater.How do humanistic psychologists study human behaviour? Humanistic psychologists favour research methods that will allow them to understand other people’s subjectivity. Consequently, they avoid methods that study people objectively, including experimentation and non-participant observation. They generally think that reducing people’s experience to numbers robs it of its richness and meaning, so they also avoid quantitative approaches. Therefore, qualitative methods are preferred, particularly unstructured interviewing as it allows access to other people’s views and experiences without imposing on them the researcher’s ideas about what is important. Where observation is used it is likely to be participant observation, with the researcher taking part in what they are studying in order to understand how the participants perceive it. Humanistic psychologists may also analyse all sorts of other qualitative materials that allow them insight into how people understand their world, including diaries, letters and biographies.An example of this type of research is Maslow’s (1973) analysis of the characteristics of self actualisers. He selected probable self-actualisers from public and historical figures and used biographical and other documentary evidence to analyse what they had in common. He found that they tend to be unconventional and original, accepting of themselves and others, capable of deep and intimate relationships and that they have a wonder at and enjoyment of life.Evaluation of the humanistic approachThe apparent lack of objectivity and rigour in humanistic methods is a significant criticism of the humanistic approach. Other approaches would regard their methods as unscientific, vague and open to bias and their attempt to ‘get inside’ other people’s way of perceiving the world as misguided and quite possibly pointless. Humanistic psychologists would reject these criticisms because they, in turn, would view the objective, scientific method as inappropriate for understanding people. Other critics take issue with the positive view of human nature that the humanistic approach endorses. Whilst it is flattering to view ourselves as basically good entities striving to fulfill our potential, the humanistic approach is at a loss to explain the horrors that people are capable of inflicting on each other. Faced with a world afflicted with warfare, genocide, runaway greed, domestic violence and so on, humanistic talk about potential, growth and positive regard seems trite at best. Some would even say that, with its focus on meeting our needs and fulfilling our growth potential, the humanistic approach reflects an individualistic, self-obsessed outlook that is part of the problem, not the solution. On the other hand, the counselling approaches developed by Rogers and other humanists have helped many people overcome difficulties they face in life, which is a significant contribution to improving people’s lives.The humanistic approach and key debatesThe humanistic approach explicitly states that people have free will, which sets it apart from other approaches (with the possible exception of some cognitivists). It could be suggested, however, that their position on free will is incoherent, since at the same time as insisting on people’s ability to choose their actions, they explain how our behaviour is determined by our treatment at the hands of others and an innate set of needs. In the nature-nurture debate, humanists favour nurture, because of the influence of experiences on a person’s ways of perceiving and understanding the world, but also acknowledge the influence of biological drives and needs. Their belief in the uniqueness of each individual inclines them toward an ideographic approach to psychology. Because they believe that human experience must be engaged with as such, humanistic psychologists do not attempt to break behaviour down into more fundamental processes. As such, their approach to psychology is explicitly holistic, rather than reductionist.。

应用心理学专业英语大纲

应用心理学专业英语课程教学大纲一、课程基本概述课程名称：应用心理学专业英语课程名称（英文）：Applied Psychology课程编号：BL19243课程总学时：36课程学分：2课程分类：专业课（必修）开设学期：5适用专业：应用心理学先修课程:普通心理学，社会心理学，发展心理学等。

二、课程性质、目的和任务应用心理学专业英语是高等院校应用心理学专业本科生所选修的一门专业双语课程。

通过该课程的学习使学生不仅能够掌握本专业英语术语的表达方法，而且能学习权威专家最新的研究成果，从而提高专业英语水平的听、说、读、写的能力。

三、课程主要内容、重点及深度Chapter 1 What is psychology（一）教学内容Section 1 Definitions：●The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.Section 2 History：●It comes from Philosophy&Biology&PhysicsSection 3 Start time：●It is 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in LeipzigSection 4 Develop：●Structuralism(建构主义)●Functionalism（机能主义）●Psychoanalysis（精神分析）●Behaviourism（行为主义）●Cognitive psychology（认知主义）●Humanistic approach（人本主义）●Biological approach（生物学观点）（二）教学重点心理学定义，心理学发展历史。

（三）教学难点心理学发展过程中的各学派代表观点、理论等。

（四）教学基本要求掌握心理学发展简史及基本理论的英语表述。

P28心理学专业外语第28页

Ethical issues in human behaviour change in psychologyIf the aim of psychological understanding is to provide prediction and control for human betterment, then several issues need to be raised :1 Should behaviour be controlled?2 Who should do the controlling?3 What behaviour should be controlled?4 How should behaviour be controlled? SHOULD BEHAVIOUR BE CONTROLLED?The answer to this question often depends on the approach taken to psychology.Miller(1969)in …Psychology as a means of promoting humanwe lfare‟ argued that the primarygoal of psychology should be to provide understanding and prediction only and, by making psychological knowledge available to the public, allow individuals to apply it to their own lives .This disagreement with the controlling aspects of psychology is in accord with humanist principles and assumptions of self—actualization , but was opposed by behaviorist orientated 心理学研究中人类行为改变的伦理问题如果心理学研究的目标是为人类进步而提供预测和控制，那么下面几个问题就需要被提及：1 应当控制行为吗？2应当由谁来实施控制?3对什么样的行为应当加以控制?4应当怎样对行为实施控制?应当控制行为吗？这个问题的答案常取决于心理学所采用的方法。

(完整版)心理学专业英语复习资料

心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2. Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4. Social Cognition 社会认知5．Personality Test 人格测试6. Extraneous Variable 无关变量7. Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8. Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9. Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11. Group Thinking 群体思维12. Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15. Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16. Recency Effec 近因效应17．Trace Decay 痕迹消退18. Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self-efficacy 自我效能21. Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1. 机能主义functionalism2. 自我实现self—actualization3．一般规律研究法nomothetic method4. 分层抽样stratified sampling5. 外在信度external reliability6. 选择性注意selective attention7. 知觉恒常性perceptual constancy8. 自我概念self concept9. 液体智力fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋secure attachment11. 性别图示gender schema12. 亲社会行为pro social behavior13. 从众实验conformity experiment14. 头脑风暴brain storming15. 社会助长social facilitation16. 旁观者效应bystander effect17. 标准差standard deviation18. 柱状图bar chart19. 正态分布normal distribution20. 临界值critical value21. 知觉适应perceptual adaptationIII. Multiple Choices1. Like Carl Rogers, I believe people choose to live more creative and meaningful lives. My name isa. Wertheimer.b. Washburn.c. Skinner.d. Maslow.2. The goals of psychology are toa. develop effective methods of psychotherapy.b. describe, predict, understand, and control behavior.c. explain the functioning of the human mind.d. compare, analyze, and control human behavior.3. The "father" of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory wasa. Wilhelm Wundt.b. Sigmund Freud.c. John B. Watson.d. B. F. Skinner.4. You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. She talks to you about the goals you have for yourself, about your image of yourself, and about the choices that you make in your life and that you could make in your life. This psychologist would probably belong to the __________ school of psychology.a. humanisticb. psychodynamicc. behavioristicd. Gestalt5. Biopsychologistsa. limit the scope of their study to animals.b. are concerned with self-actualization and free will.c. stress the unconscious aspect of behavior.d. attempt to explain behavior in terms of biological or physical mechanisms.6. In a study of effects of alcohol on driving ability, the control group should be givena. a high dosage of alcohol.b. one-half the dosage given the experimental group.c. a driving test before and after drinking alcohol.d. no alcohol at all.7.The phrase "a theory must also be falsifiable" meansa. researchers misrepresent their data.b. a theory must be defined so it can be disconfirmed.c. theories are a rich array of observations regarding behavior but with few facts to support them.d. nothing.8. A common method for selecting representative samples is to select thema. randomly from the larger population.b. strictly from volunteers.c. by threatening or coercing institutionalized populations.d. from confidential lists of mail order firms.9. The chief function of the control group in an experiment is that ita. allows mathematical relationships to be established.b. provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared.c. balances the experiment to eliminate all extraneous variables.d. is not really necessary.10. Which of the following best describes a double-blind experimental procedure?a. All subjects get the experimental procedure.b. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is known only to the experimenter.c. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is not known to subjects or experimenters.d. All subjects get the control procedure.11. A simple experiment has two groups of subjects calleda. the dependent group and the independent group.b. the extraneous group and the independent group.c. the before group and the after group.d. the control group and the experimental group.12. One of the limitations of the survey method isa. observer bias.b. that it sets up an artificial situation.c. that replies may not be accurate.d. the self-fulfilling prophecy.13. To replicate an experiment means toa. use control groups and experimental groups.b. use statistics to determine the effect of chance.c. control for the effects of extraneous variables.d. repeat the experiment using either identical or improved research methods.14. Information picked up by the body's receptor cells is termeda. cognitionb. perception.c. adaptation.d. sensation.15. The incoming flow of information from our sensory systems is referred to asa. sensation.b. perception.c. adaptation.d. cognition.16. A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a subject who is asked to respond "same" or "different" by comparing their intensities. The researcher is seeking thea. just noticeable difference.b. absolute threshold.c. subliminal threshold.d. minimal threshold.17. Film is to camera as __________ is to eye.a. retinab. irisc. lensd. pupil18. Black and white vision with greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination describes the function ofa. the cones.b. the visual pigments.c. the rods.d. the phosphenes.19. Unpleasant stimuli may raise the threshold for recognition. This phenomenon is calleda. aversive stimulation.b. absolute threshold.c. perceptual defense.d. unconscious guard.20. When infants are placed in the middle of a visual cliff, they usuallya. remain still.b. move to the shallow side of the apparatus.c. move to the deep side of the apparatus.d. approach their mothers when called, whether that requires moving to the shallow or deep side.21.The fact that objects that are near each other tend to be grouped together is known asa. closure.b. continuation.c. similarity.d. nearness.22. An ability to "read" another person's mind is termeda. clairvoyance.b. telepathy.c. precognition.d. psychokinesis.23. The fact that infants will often crawl off tables or beds shows thata. depth perception is completely learned.b. human depth perception emerges at about 4 months of age.c. integration of depth perception with motor skills has not yet been accomplished.d. depth perception is completely innate.24. Sensations are organized into meaningful perceptions bya. perceptual constancies.b. localization of meaning.c. perceptual grouping (Gestalt) principles.d. sensory adaptation.25. The analysis of information starting with features and building into a complete perception is known asa. perceptual expectancy.b. top-down processing.c. bottom-up processing.d. Gregory's phenomenon.26.One recommended way for parents to handle problems of occasional bed wetting in children is toa. limit the amount of water they drink in the evening.b. punish them for "wet" nights.c. wake them up during the night to use the toilet.d. consider medication or psychotherapy.27. Teachers, peers, and adults outside the home become important in shaping attitudes toward oneself in Erikson's stage ofa. trust versus mistrust.b. initiative versus guilt.c. industry versus inferiority.d. integrity versus despair.28. With aging there is a decline of __________ intelligence, but not of __________ intelligence.a. fluid; fixedb. fixed; fluidc. fluid; crystallizedd. crystallized; fluid29. The single most important thing you might do for a dying person is toa. avoid disturbing that person by not mentioning death.b. allow that person to talk about death with you.c. tell that person about the stages of dying.d. keep your visits short and infrequent in order to avoid tiring that person.30. The five-factor model of personality includesa. social interactionism.b. neuroticism.c. agreeableness.d. sense of humor.31. An adjective checklist would most likely be used by aa. psychodynamic therapist.b. behaviorist.c. humanistic therapist.d. trait theorist.32. Jung believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture calleda. persona.b. collective consciousness.c. archetypes.d. mandalas.33. Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are toa. stress.b. personal growth.c. humankind.d. internal conflicts.34. Self-actualization refers toa. a tendency that causes human personality problems.b. what it is that makes certain men and women famous.c. anyone who is making full use of his or her potentials.d. the requirements necessary for becoming famous, academically distinguished, or rich.35. If you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend, and you said she was optimistic, reserved, and friendly, you would be using the __________ approach.a. psychodynamicb. analyticalc. humanisticd. trait36. The halo effect refers toa. the technique in which the frequency of various behaviors is recorded.b. the use of ambiguous or unstructured stimuli.c. the process of admitting experience into consciousness.d. the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality.37.A truck gets stuck under a bridge. Several tow-trucks are unable to pull it out. At last a little boy walks up and asks the red-faced adults trying to free the truck why they haven't let the air out of the truck's tires. Their oversight was due toa. divergent thinking.b. cognitive style.c. synesthesia.d. fixation.38. __________ thinking goes from specific facts to general principles.a. Deductiveb. Inductivec. Divergentd. Convergent39. In most anxiety disorders, the person's distress isa. focused on a specific situation.b. related to ordinary life stresses.c. greatly out of proportion to the situation.d. based on a physical cause.40. The antisocial personalitya. avoids other people as much as possible.b. is relatively easy to treat effectively by psychotherapy.c. tends to be selfish and lacking remorse.d. usually gives a bad first impression.41. One who is quite concerned with orderliness, perfectionism, and a rigid routine might be classified as a(n) __________ personality.a. histrionicb. obsessive-compulsivec. schizoidd. avoidant42.In psychoanalysis, patients avoid talking about certain subjects. This is calleda. avoidance.b. transference.c. analysis.d. resistance.43. In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships is calleda. resistance.b. transference.c. identification.d. empathy.44. In aversion therapy a person __________ to associate a strong aversion with an undesirable habit.a. knowsb. learnsc. wantsd. hopes45. Behavior modification involvesa. applying non-directive techniques such as unconditional positive regard to clients.b. psychoanalytic approaches to specific behavior disturbances.c. the use of learning principles to change behavior.d. the use of insight therapy to change upsetting thoughts and beliefs.46. A cognitive therapist is concerned primarily with helping clients change theira. thinking patterns.b. behaviors.c. life-styles.d. habits.47.__________ is best known for his research on conformity.a. Aschb. Rubinc. Schachterd. Zimbardo48. Solomon Asch's classic experiment (in which subjects judged a standard line and comparison lines) was arranged to test the limits ofa. social perception.b. indoctrination.c. coercive power.d. conformity.49. Aggression is best defined asa. hostility.b. anger.c. any action carried out with the intent of harming another person.d. none of these50. Which of the following is the longest stage of grieving for most people?a. shockb. angerc. depressiond. agitation51. Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of psychology?A) scienceB) therapyC) behaviorD) mental process52．The term psychopathology refers toA) the study of psychology.B) study of psychological disorders.C) the distinction between psychologists and psychiatrists.D) the focus of counseling psychology.53. In which area of psychology would a researcher interested in how individuals persist to attain a difficult goal (like graduating from college) most likely specialize?A) motivation and emotionB) physiological psychologyC) social psychologyD) community psychology54. A psychologist who focused on the ways in which people's family background related to their current functioning would be associated with which psychological approach?A) the behavioral approachB) the psychodynamic approachC) the humanistic approachD) the cognitive approach55. The researcher most associated with functionalism isA) William James.B) Wilhelm Wundt.C) Charles Darwin.D) E. B. Titchener.56. A psychologist is attempting to understand why certain physical characteristics are rated as attractive. The psychologist explains that certain characteristics have been historically adaptive, and thus are considered attractive. This explanation is consistent with which of the following approaches?A) the sociocultural approachB) the humanistic approachC) the cognitive approachD) the evolutionary approach57. Which approach would explain depression in terms of disordered thinking?A) the humanistic approachB) the evolutionary approachC) the cognitive approachD) the sociocultural approach58. Which of the following would a sociocultural psychologist be likely to study?A) the impact of media messages on women's body imageB) the way in which neurotransmitters are implicated in the development of eating disordersC) the impact of thinking patterns on weight managementD) the benefits of exercise in preventing obesity59. Why is psychology considered a science?A) It focuses on internal mental processes.B) It classifies mental disorders.C) It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction.D) It focuses on behavior.60. Why is it important to study positive psychology?A) Psychologists are only interested in the experiences of healthy persons.B) We get a fuller understanding of human experience by focusing on both positive and negativeaspects of life.C) Negative experiences in people's lives tell us little about people's mental processes.D) Psychology has been too focused on the negativeIV. Blank filling1.The perspective that focuses on how perception is organized is called psychology.2.A(n) is a broad explanation and prediction concerning a phenomenon of interest.3.The variable is expected to change as a result of the experimenter's manipulation.4.Bill refuses to leave his house because he knows spiders live outside. Bill is most clearlysuffering from a .5.Learned _______ may develop when a person is repeatedly exposed to negative events overwhich he/she has no control.6.Troublesome thoughts that cause a person to engage in ritualistic behaviors are called________.7.Psychologists consider deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressful behaviors to be______.8.Ken is impulsive, reckless, and shows no remorse when he hurts other people. He is often introuble with the law. Kevin is most likely to be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder.9.The researcher known as the "father of modern psychology" was Wilhelm _______.10.Asking someone to think about their conscious experience while listening to poetry wouldbe an example of _______.11.The field of psychology that is interested in workplace behavior is called Industrial and___________ psychology.12.________ is a statistic that measures the strength of the relationship between two variables.13.In a set of data, the number that occurs most often is called the ______.14.In a set of data, the average score is called the _______.15.A study that collects data from participants over a period of time is known as a(n) ______.16.The variable that a researcher manipulates is called the _______ variable.17._______statistics are used to test a hypothesis.18.A mental framework for how a person will think about something is called a ______.19.Rapid skeletal and sexual development that begins to occur around ages nine to eleven iscalled _______.20.A generalization about a group that does not take into account differences among membersof that group is called a(n) ________.21.Feeling the same way as another, or putting yourself in someone else's shoes, is called______.22.Feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas are called _______.23.When you saw a movie in a crowded theater you found yourself laughing out loud witheveryone else. When you saw it at home, though, you still found it funny but didn't laugh as much. This is an example of ________ contagion.24.When Carlos first sat next to Brenda in class he didn't think much of her. After sitting nextto her every day for a month he really likes her. This is best explained by the ________ effect.V．True or false (10 points, 1 point each)1 Positive psychology is not interested in the negative things that happen in people's lives.A) True2 The behavioral approach is interested in the ways that individuals from different cultures behave.A) TrueB) False3. Developmental psychologists focus solely on the development of children.A) TrueB) False4. Psychologists study behavior and mental processes.A) TrueB) False5. Meta-analysis examines many studies to draw a conclusion about an effect.A) TrueB) False6. The 50th percentile is the same as the median.A) TrueB) False7. The standard deviation is a measure of central tendency.A) TrueB) False8. Variables can only have one operational definition.A) TrueB) False9. The scores for 5 participants are 3, 2, 6, 3, and 7. The range is 4.A) TrueB) False10. In correlational research, variables are not manipulated by the researcher.A) TrueB) False11. The placebo effect refers to experimenter bias influencing the behavior of participants.A) TrueB) FalseCarol and Armando work together, go to school together, and socialize together. Carol notices that Armando is always on time to work and class and is never late when they make plans. One day, Armando is late to class. It is likely that Carol would make an external attribution about Armando's lateness.A) TrueB) False12. Violence in movies and television has no effect on people's levels of aggression.A) TrueB) False13. Rioting behavior is usually understood to occur because of groupthink.A) TrueB) False14. Small groups are more prone to social loafing than larger groups.A) TrueB) False15. Piaget believed that children were active participants in their cognitive development.A) True16 A strong ethnic identity helps to buffer the effects of discrimination on well-being.A) TrueB) False17. Older adults experience more positive emotions than younger adults.A) TrueB) False18. Harlow's research showed that infant monkeys preferred to spend time with the "mother" (wireor cloth) on which they were nursed.A) TrueB) False19. To help adolescents research their full potential, parents should be effective managers of theirchildren.A) TrueB) False20. Emerging adulthood is the period between 18 and 30 years of age.A) TrueB) False21. Health psychologists work only in mental health domains.A) TrueB) FalseVI. Essays questions (20 points, 10 points each)1. What is qualitative research interview?2. What is bystander effect? When is it most likely to occur? How can its effects be minimized?3. How important is fathering to children?。