静态动词与动态动词

• 4. 用于将来时间： • 1） I hope / I bet 后的分句中：I hope you have a good time (=I hope you will have a good time). / I bet it rains tomorrow (=I bet it will rain tomorrow). • 2) see to it / make sure / make certain 后的分句中：Make sure that the equipment is disconnected from the power. • 3) If it rains tomorrow, I’ll … • 5. 表示过去时间： 这类动词有hear, learn, tell, say, gather 等： I hear that a big shot is coming to our university. • She tells me you’re entering for the competition / examination. • 历史现在时：p. 127
过去进行体
• 1. 过去某时点或某时段正在进行的动作：They were sauntering in the woods, enjoying the serenity, a change from the hustle and bustle in the city. Suddenly, a dead body came into their view. • 2. 表示过去暂时性习惯的动作：In those days, George used to get up at nine, but that week he was getting up at five every day. • 3.与always, constantly, continually, for ever等 频 度状语连用，则表示说话人的一种厌烦的情绪 （也可以不表示）:He was always disturbing me when I was studying.
• It’s the first / second time that I have visited this city. • It will be the first / the third time that I have given him money. • It was the first / the second time that he had turned on his father.
• Great changes have taken place since China was open to the outside world.
• He has been improving his English since he has lived in Guangzhou / since he has been living in Guangzhou.
• 2. 注意下列用法： 1） It’s ok since I had it fixed. • 2) Things are much worse since you left. 3) I feel / am feeling much better since I took the medicine. • 4) My health is much improved since I gave up smoking.
• 3. 表示过去按计划安排即将发生的事：They were arriving a few days later. • 4. hope, want, wonder 等用于过去进行时可表示 委婉语气： • I was wondering if you could lend me some money. • I was hoping you could send me your mail order catalogue. • 5. I wish we were going / we left now. • It’s time you were going / went to bed.
• 静态动词： • 表示一种状态，通常用于非进行体；若用进行体， 语义不同. • 1. be, have • 2. 含有be和have 意义的词，如 apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weight, measure, fit, hold, lack, resemble • 3. 表示感觉的动词：feel, hear, see, smell, taste • 4. 表心理或情感状态的动词：believe, assume, consider, detest, fear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, prefer, remember
动词的时、体、态
• • • • • • 1. 两种时间：现在和过去 2.两种体：进行体和完成体 3. 结合： 现在：一般，进行，完成，完成进行 过去：一般，进行，完成，完成进行 4. 语态：主动和被动; be型被动态和get型 被动态
一般现在时
• 1. 表示不受时限的客观存在（真理、格言、科学 事实等） • 2. 表示习惯性经常性的动作 • 3. 表示现时的状态和现在瞬间动作：What’s the matter with you? You look pale. / What do you think? • 常用于体育的现场报道、戏法表演、操作演示的 解说词中（见教材） • 也用于一些习惯性的用法中：I declare the conference open. / I wish you all the best.
现在完成体、现在完成进行体、过 去进行体的比较
• He has done his homework. • He has been doing his homework. • He was doing his homework yesterday.
• 1.注意下列非正式场合的用法： 1). I’ve waited here (for) two hours. • 2). He (has) lost ten pounds since he started the game. • 3). I’ve had such impressions since I can remember.
动词：宾语的种类
• A. beat the drum / a boy; beat a retreat / beat time / beat the record / beat one’s brains. • B. 动词与宾语的关系： • 1. 受动宾语：wash the car / paint the wall • 2. 结果宾语：dig a hole / paint a cat / write an essay • 3. 使役宾语：dance the baby on her knees / stand the child against the wall • 4. 转喻宾语： smoke a pipe / wipe off the table • 5. 动作内容：ask a question • 6. 动作终极：reach adulthood • 7. 表示方式：nod one’s approval / laugh one’s thanks / look one’s gratitude • 8. 表示地点：walk the street / walk the rest of the journey /
一般过去时
• 1. 表示过去一次性或习惯性动作：p. 128 • 2. 表示现在和将来： • 1）want, hope, think , wonder等几个动词用于过 去时可表示委婉语气：I wondered if you could spare me a few minutes. / I hoped you could come here. Suppose we lunched on porridge made with lean meat and preserved egg? • 2) 用于某些固定结构中：I wish the Campus were not so far away from GZ. / It’s high time that you went to bed. / If only I had enough money now./ He looks as if he was ill. / He treats the children as if they were his own.
• She contacted me on line last week, but vanished from the surface of the earth since. • He has been improving his English since he came to Guangzhou / since three years ago / since 2008.
现在进行体
• 1. 表说话时正在进行的动作: The policeman is disinterring the body. • 2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作：I’m preparing for the examination these days. • Note: 进行体与always, constantly, continually, for ever等 频度状语连 用，则表示说话人的一种厌烦、赞美等感情: • You’re always asking for money. / She is constantly helping his fellow students. (当然也可以不带感情色彩） • 3. 表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作：The plane is taking off in ten minutes. / The rescue team are leaving for Qinghai tonight. • 4. 表示刚刚过去的动作：I don’t know what you’re talking about. • 5. 表示委婉的语气：I’m hoping that you can come. / I’m wondering if I can be away for a while.
过去完成体
• 1. If only you had told me the truth yesterday. • 2. He speaks as if he had been to the Maldives. (cf. He speaks as if he were my father.) • 3. I wish I hadn’t gone to the party yesterday. (cf. I wish I were 10 years younger.) • 4. I had wanted (intended )to come see you, but…+
动态动词与静态动词
• 动态动词： 1. 表示持续动作，可用于进行、非进行体： talk, ruHale Waihona Puke Baidu, sleep, wait • 2. 表示改变或方位移动，可用于进行、非 进行体：come, go, arrive, leave, reach, turn, become, get, grow, change • 3.表示短暂动作。但要注意，用于过去一般 时，表示一次性短暂动作；用于过去进行 时，表示该动作的重复
• 静态动词用于进行体时，则成了动态动词， 意义有所不同： He’s being polite today. • They were having a party. • He is resembling his father. • The chef is tasting the soup. • Please be quiet. I’m thinking. • I’m hoping you can make an exception to the children.
• It’s 3 weeks since he fell ill. • It’s 3 weeks since he was ill.
• He has been improving his English since he lived in Guangzhou / since he was in Guangzhou.