语言学大纲

第一章语言学和语言

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解语言学的研究对象和研究方法。

教学重点与难点：

语言学的概念；现代语言学的研究领域；语言研究中的一些重要对立；语言的概念

复习思考题：

1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language?

2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study

3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?

4. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?

5. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?

6. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?

第二章音位学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解英语语音学和音位学的研究内容。

教学重点与难点：

语言的语音媒介，语音学的定义，发音器官，语音的记述，英语语音的分类，音位学，音位学和语音学的关系，音位和音位变体，音位对比、互补分布和最小对立体，音位规则，超语段音位特征。

复习思考题：

1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?

2. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?

3. How are the English consonants classified?

4. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?

5. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?

6. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule and the deletion rule.

7. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English

function in conveying meaning?

第三章形态学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解词类的概念和一些成词规则。

教学重点与难点：

形态学的概念，开放性词类与封闭性词类，语词的内在结构和构词规则，形位（语素）的概念，屈折语素和派生语素，复合词

复习思考题：

1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.

2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.

3. Think of three inflectional morphemes and point out their grammatical meaning.

第四章句法学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解转换生成句法的基本理论框架。

教学重点与难点：

句法学的概念，范畴的概念，词语范畴、短语范畴和短语结构，短语结构规则（X杠理论），短语构成要素，句子的概念（句子规则），转换的概念和种类，深层结构和表层结构，移动-α和转换限制

复习思考题：

1. What is syntax?

2. How do we determine the category of a phrase? And how do we describe the internal structure of a phrase that is formed of more than one word?

3. Do you think that the X-bar theory is an abstraction of phrase structure rules? How?

4. Illustrate with an example how we apply transformational rules to get a surface structure out of a deep structure.

第五章语义学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解“意义”概念的含糊、语言学对“意义”研究的内容和方法。