“三提五统”：国家、集体与农民

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硕士学位论文

“三提五统”：国家、集体与农民 学位申请人姓名: 戴欢欢

申请学位专业方向: 政府经济学

指导教师姓名: 刘金海

San ti Wu tong :

Country, Group and Peasantry

A Thesis

Submitted in partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

For the M.A.Degree in Government Economic s

By

Dai Huanhuan

Postgraduate program

Institute of political science

Central China normal university

Supervisor: Liu Jinhai

Academic Title: Associate Professor Signature________

Approved

May, 2010

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内容摘要

“三提五统”是农民承担费用之一，是引起农民负担问题的重要因素。它随着“三提”的产生而沿袭和演变，伴随农业税的消失而退出历史舞台。本文紧密围绕这一与农民利益息息相关的历史关键词，分析“三提五统”的内涵及外延，揭示“三提五统”政策下政府与农民的行为逻辑，以及“三提五统”取消之后国家的发展逻辑。

本项研究从“三提”开始。通过大量农业集体化时期的历史资料，探讨“三提”在合作组织——集体化时期——包产到户整个历史变迁过程中的作用及功能，反映“三提”在组织和国家间的不同关系。由此表明，人民公社后的“三提”实际上是合作组织下“三提”的异化，已经背离了“三提”的最初意义，由此出现了“以农养政”的“三提五统”。

“以农养政”的出现，实际上是由落后的生产力发展水平所决定的。在这种条件下，国家财政体制不得不作出“分灶吃饭、自收自支”的制度安排。地方财政资金的有限，无力承担庞大的基层政权机构以及公共建设开支，于是通过“条块分割”将“事权”下放到基层政府，而财政来源则由其“自收自支”。由于地方“权力”扩大和“利益”膨胀，基层政府逐渐从农民利益的保护面走向对立面。向农民收取“三提五统”成为基层政府日常工作中的重要部分，这项以集体名义开辟的“二税”、由地方自收自支的资金成为供养庞大基层在编人员的财政来源。

在“以农养政”体制下，国家为了确保政权的巩固，采取一系列的措施和改革，逐步调整与农民之间的关系。中央进行的税费改革实际上是对“三提五统”的改革，将“三提五统”并入农业税。这一改革的直接后果就是削弱了基层政府的财政来源，而地方随之进行的“县管”改革同时又收回了基层政府的“事权”。基层政府对“财权”和“事权”失去控制，让其陷入空壳化。

本文结论认为，“三提五统”从其沿袭到取消实际上都是国家制度安排的结果。“三提五统”取消后，国家走向正常发展轨道，即地方财政支出由国家财政来担负。国家向服务型、民为本转变。为了切实解决农民问题，使农民能够安居乐业，要不断培育农民组织，大力发展乡镇经济，让基层政府成为农民利益的保护者。

关键词：“三提五统” 国家与农民 基层政府与农民

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Abstract

“San ti Wu tong”,the special significance of the history of words, was considered to be the mainly reason of farmers burden. From its production to disappearance, the whole passing is inseparable with the state, collectives and farmers. This passage using “San ti Wu tong” as key word , according to the change the social system , describing its formation and history ,revealing the policy logic of the government and the behavior of farmers under the policy of“San ti wu tong”, and the logical development of the country after its disappearance.

This research begins from”San ti”, from large number of historical data, exploring the role and function of "San ti " between the cooperation organization, collectivization period to household responsibility, and reflecting its different relations.It seems that, "san ti ", after the people's commune, has deviated from its original meaning, this period becomes the "political support to agriculture".

The paper argues that the appearance of "agricultural support rule"is determined.by the level of productive forces. Under these conditions, the state has made the local financial to "phased implementation, self supporting".Because of the limited local revenue,"powers"affoding to local government by"fragmentation",but financial re-sources from its"self-supporting."As the local "power" and "interests" expansion,local government gradually from the protection of the interests of farmers towards opposite side. Charging "wu tong" as an important daily work to government, it becomes an important source of local expenditure funds.

Under the”agricultural support rule”system, in order to ensure national power, our country takes a series of measures and reforms.In fact, the reform of the "san ti wu tong" is combining it into the agricultural tax. A direct consequence of this reform is weakening the government's primary source of income,and the other hand, the"County tube" following by the reform, withdrawing the of local government. out of power control, the local falls into empty shell.

This paper concluded that whole process of "san ti wu tong" is the result of the national institutional arrangements. After its disappearance, the state becomes normal development, and countries change to service-oriented, people-oriented.In order to resolve the issue of farmers,we can cultivate farmer organizations and develop rural economy,making the local government as protector of the interests of farmers.

Keywords：“San ti Wu tong” State and farmers Local government and farmers

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