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基础笔译 Chapter 2 好的翻译

文化、风俗等不同而引起的不同感受。
（《实用翻译教程》（1994）p37）
——范仲英
基础笔译
如何达到大致相同的感受？
思想内容表现手法文体风格语言文字传神达意
基础笔译
翻译的最高标准和最低标准
最高标准是翻译的理想境界，是翻译工作的努力方向。最低标准是指译文起码应该达到的水平，低于这个水平就是不合格的翻译，失败的翻译。
（4）、表达失误
He is physically weak but mentally sound. 原译：他身体虽弱，但思想健康。改译：他身体虽弱，但精神尚佳。
（5）、词不搭配
And the body lay white and still beneath the pines…
绝对标准和具体标准
不合格的翻译
译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于不合格的翻译。
（1）、错译
The clerk had to break off the conversation in order to wait on a customer.
原译：为了给顾客服务，职员门得擅长交谈。
present there are complex elements. 改译： The situations are very complicated with the
students. And we have a lot of work to do.
（3）、马虎翻译
Try to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency.
Assignment: E-C Translation

了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO

affectation vanity Behind the times
Mr.Wilson:
“Works pretty slow, don’t he?” “No, he doesn’t,” said Tom coldly. “And if you feel that way about it, maybe I’d better sell it somewhere else after all.” “I don’t mean that,” explained Wilson quickly. “I just meant--"他干得很慢，是不是？" "不，他干得不慢，"汤姆冷冷地说，"如果你有这样的看法，也许我还是把它拿到别处去卖为好。" "我不是这个意思，"威尔逊连忙解释，"我只是说……" “Wilson? He thinks she goes to see her sister in New York. He’s so dumb he doesn’t know he’s alive.” "威尔逊？他以为她是到纽约去看她妹妹。他蠢得要命，连自己活着都不知道。"
PART 2
Characters introdyrtle） Mr.Wilson McKees Catherine
The dog vendor
spousal relationship
McKees
Tom:
and his determination to have my company bordered on violence. 他硬要我陪他的做法近乎暴力行为 "Go and buy ten more dogs with it.” 给你钱。拿去再买十只狗。 “Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!” shouted Mrs. Wilson. “I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai——” Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. "黛西！黛西！黛西！"威尔逊太太大喊大叫，"我什么时候想叫就叫！黛西！黛……" 汤姆· 布坎农动作敏捷，伸出手一巴掌打破了威尔逊太太的鼻子。

语言学chapter2课后练习答案

Chapter 2Revision exercises reference1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why?Refer to section 2.1The two major media of communication are speech and writing. Of the two, speech is considered primary for the following reasons: 1) from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention. 2) In everyday communication, speech conveys a greater amount of information than writing. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later as part of formal education.2.What is voicing and how is it caused?Refer to section 2.2.2 (1)V oicing is a phonetic feature of some speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the speaker's vocal cords when he produces a certain sound. If a sound bears this feature, it is voiced. If such a feature is absent in the pronunciation of a sound, it is voiceless. All vowels in English are voiced; and some consonants in English are voiced such as [d] and [v] while others are voiceless such as [p] and [s].3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcriptiondiffer.Both broad and narrow transcriptions are ways to transcribe speech sounds, i.e.ways of using written symbols to represent speech sounds. In broad transcription, only the letter symbols are used, and the principle is to use one letter for onesound, such as [P] and [I]. In narrow transcription, a set of symbols calleddiacritics are added to the letter symbols to show the finer differences between similar sounds, such as[P h] and [ɫ].4.How are the English consonants classified?As in the pronunciation of consonants the air stream coming from the lungs is somehow obstructed, it is possible and also necessary to classify them in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.5.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?To classify the English vowels, the following criteria can be applied: position of the tongue, openness of the mouth, length of the vowels, and the shape of the lips.According to the position of the tongue, the vowels are classified into front, central and back vowels; according to the openness of the mouth, the vowels are classified into close, semi-close, semi-open, and open vowels; and according to the length of the vowels, they are classified into long vowels and short vowels;and according to the shape of the lips, and the vowels are classified into rounded and unrounded vowels.6.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate--- [dʒ]2)voiceless labiodental fricative---[f]3)voiced alveolar stop---[d]4)front, close, short---[i]5)back ,semi-open, long ---[ɔ:]6)voiceless bilabial stop---[p]Given the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1)[d]---voiced alveolar stop2)[l]---voiced alveolar liquid3)[tʃ]---voiceless palatal/alveolar affricate4)[w]---voiced bilabial glide5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)6)[æ]---front,short,open(unrounded)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do youthink will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l]and[ɫ], [pʰ]and[P],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?Refer to section 2.3.1Though both dealing with speech sounds, phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study in that the former focuses on the speech sounds themselves, their ways of pronunciation, their differences, their classifications, etc., while the latter focuses on the sound system of particular languages and the role sounds play in conveying meaning. Therefore, a phonetician will be more interested in the difference between two sounds.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophonesrelated to a phoneme?Refer to section 2.3.2A phone is simply a speech sound, every actual sound we use or hear inmeaningful linguistic communication. For example, in pronouncing the two words “feel” and “leaf”, we actually use or hear four phones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].A phone differs from a phoneme in that the former is an actual sound we hear andit is the unit of study in phonetics, and the latter is not an audible sound, but an abstract entity, a collection of phonetic features, used as a unit of study in phonology. Take the “feel” and “leaf” example again. While four phones are used or heard in the pronunciation of these two words, only three phonemes are involved, i.e. /f/ /i: / and /l/.A phoneme, though as an abstract entity, is realized as different phones indifferent phonetic contexts. All these different phones are called the allophones of the same one phoneme. For example, the aspirated [pʰ] and the unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme/p/.9.Explain with examples the sequential rules, the assimilation rule, and thedeletion rule.Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For exam ple, why “klib” is a permissible combination of the four sounds in English and why “kbli” is not can only be accounted for by a sequential rule.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the actual pronunciation of the letter “n” in the word “ incorrect” is not the alveolar [n] but the velar nasal [ŋ] is a manifestation of the assimilation rule at work.The deletion tells us when a sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letterg. But in their corresponding noun forms signature, designation and paradigmatic,the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced.10.What are Suprasegmental features? How do the major Suprasegmentalfeatures of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. The major Suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation. The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling, such as “'progress n.” and “pro'gress v.” , and different stress may cause difference in the meaning of some compound nouns and noun phrases with the same components, such as “'hotdog” and “hot 'dog”. Stressing words that are normally unstressed in a sentence may convey some extra meaning by the speaker.For exam ple, by stressing the pronoun “my” in the sentence “He is driving 'my car” the speaker is emphasizing the fact that the car he is driving is no one else`s but the speaker`s.The three often-used intonations in English are the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone. The basic role they each play is that the falling tone states a fact, the rising tone raises a question, and the fall-raise tone implies some meaning not literally expressed. For example, the same sentence “That`s not the book he w ants” said in the three different intonations convey three different meanings.Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed.6.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds whicha speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.7.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat,the mouth and the chest.8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.9.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.10.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.11.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.12.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:13. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.14.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______sounds.15.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.16.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____rules.17.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language andhow sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.18.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:19.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/21.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair22. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle23.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. Suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features24.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme。

国际商务谈判 chapter 2

Chapter 2Choosing your teamBig guns, little gunsHow big should the team be?There are several reasons to keep your negotiation team (NT) as small as possible. The first few deal with the expense and difficulties that arise when your NT must operate overseas. Flights, ground transport, meals, hotels, communication, conference centers, taxes, and cargo can make trip for even a small team extremely expensive. Arranging for passports, visas, inoculations, and potential medical care for a large group can easily become unmanageable. Problems and additional expenses may also arise when attempting to deal with various family and business schedules. Finally, for NT’s operating overseas, keeping track of large groups in a foreign country is nightmarish at best-ask any tour guide.The rest of reasons for keeping the NT compact apply to both domestic and overseas assignments. Primarily, communication is a source of strength within any organization and never more so than within the NT. Premeetings, recaps and midmeeting breaks demand that communication be both precise, as major decisions are made in a matter of seconds. The CN must be able to seek the input of the team quickly, and large group are cumbersome.Secondly, as mentioned earlier, presenting a unified front is key. The CN must be able to redirect tactics as counterparts bring new issues to the table. Agreement on tactics become more difficult in direct proportion to group size, even when there’s agreement on strategy. Keeping the NT small enables the CN to make timely adjustments to the negotiating plan and to disseminate that information quickly. Additionally, small teams are more easily able to withstand the “wedges” that counterparts may attempt to drive between members of large teams.Thirdly, the members of the NT have other job duties unrelated to the negotiations. The fewer you pull away from their regular assignments the better. There’s no sense disrupting the company’s core business. As exciting as the international arena is, keep in mind that someone must oversee the old business while others look for new opportunities.Don’t use the assignment as a rewardA very common mistake that executives or CNs make is assigning membership to the NT as a reward for other success unrelated to the task at hand. This is especially true when the team is headed for exotic locales. Many employees see the trip as a minivacation and a way for them to broaden their personal horizons. Even when the NT will be receiving foreign counterparts at the company offices, being a member if the NT is perceived as adding to internal prestige. Some employees even see it as their right by seniority to be a part of the negotiations. Unfortunately, what (and who) succeeds in the domestic market doesn’t always play well internationally. Wise CNs must keep in mind that the blustering Vice President of sales and marketing isn’t going to impress the reserved Japanese; nor will the brilliant, but reticent, chief engineer be able to withstand the verbal onslaught of the impatient Americans.There can be a great deal of “fallout” when a staff member fails to be selected for the NT. The best way to avoid it is to make it clear that only talents very specific to the success of the NT are being considered. Technical, cultural, linguistic, social, and travel skills should be compiled in checklist form (not dissimilar to that for the CN) and circulated among potential team members. Inclusion on the NT should be based on this profile alone, and CNs will find they have much better grounds for defending their personnel choices when approached by determined, but unsuitable, staffmembers. This is especially true when other executives and managers assume they’re going to be part of the NT. As a way of preserving morale among those left off of the NT roster, some CNs make the deferrees part of the prenegotiation strategy planning process.A balance of skills and strengthsIt’s unlikely that any single team member will embody all of the talents necessary to achieve the company’s strategy. The CN must choose a cross-section of technical skills and personal attributes that will create a compact and efficient team. One team member’s weakness must be offset by another’s strength. Technical prowess must be a accompanied by the ability to communicate and apply that prowess. Putting a team together is similar to assembling a jigsaw puzzle: there’s no success unless all of the pieces fit.A common practice among experienced travelers when packing for trips is to never put anything in the suitcase that has “only one use”; the same applies to choosing NT members. A specialist candidate is eschewed in favor of the generalist unless the technical expertise is absolutely crucial to the effort. If the CN must include these “one trick ponies,” every attempt should be made to make them a part of the wider strategy and tactics discussions. If that’s unsuccessful, these specialist members should be cautioned to advise in private during negotiations and to avoid direct involvement.Painting the “big picture”Although many technical types will disagree, it’s much easier to impart technical knowledge to a good communicator than it is to do the reverse. Members of the NT must be chosen for their ability to effectively execute the company’s strategy and to quickly respond to the tactics of counterparts. This is accomplished only through good communications skills. Scientific and financial technical skills will take a back seat, especially during initial negotiations, as the “big picture” is discussed. Details will be left until much later in the process. Many business cultures prefer to have the details tended to after the contract is signed.Bringing massive technical data to the negotiating table may only slow down the deal-making process.NOTE: Much “expertise can be carried in file or laptop form, in case it should be needed during discussions.Tasks Both Large and smallMajor decisions are made every day during negotiations, but not all of the work is momentous. Some companies and consultant CNs make the mistake of including only “big guns” on the team. This causes problems, as no one relishes doing the necessary but tedious (and decidedly unglamorous ) work that keeps negotiations running smoothly—getting copies, typing policy changes, taking notes, arranging dinners, and so on .Including a few junior managers or administrators in the ranks of the NT for the sole purpose of controlling logistics is a wise move. This is particularly helpful if these members have experience working or traveling in the target market. Should the finances or domestic needs of the company preclude this option, these administrative duties should be assigned to specific members of the team, and it should be made clear that these duties are as important as any of the ,more “spot light”tasks. As is true in other areas of business, what happens behind the scenes determines success on the stage.Home Team Versus VisitorsThe respective sizes of the NT is usually determined by the group that’s visiting.This is particularly true if the visiting team is in the position of . “buying” from the home team or receiving group. The visiting group should forward a list of its members, stipulating the job title and responsibility of each. The receiving group should assemble their NT to correspond to the visiting team.It’s true that the receiving team has the psychological advantage of operating from their home turf, but they should resist the urge to overwhelm their visitors with an imposingly large NT. Since these resources can be called upon at any time, it’s best to see if they, re needed before arraying them. The ability to successfully exploit the discomfort of counterparts is very much related to one’s culture and requirements for a “success”. Some visitors may be in awe of your facilities and staff while others may consider it a visitors may be in awe of your is generally better when making initial contact.“Observer” TrainingCompanies that regularly pursue international trade and investment like to use negotiation as an ongoing training tool by purposely including less experienced members on the team. This allows them to gain experience that can be put to use in future international negotiations. It’s best to make it clear to these junior team members exactly why they’re being included in the NT so that they’re keen to gain as much experience as possible, get “bloodied” by their own mistakes, and learn from those of other team members .It’s also an ideal way for the company to see how their future CNs handle new and difficult situations. Many executives will attest to the fact that the “rising stars from the home office often become confused and ill-at-ease when put into the crucible of international negotiations and travel. Conversely, the mediocre manager may flourish in the new international environment.Those Who Can’“CUT IT”A common question in business when determining whether someone will be a success is , “Can they cut the muster?” (Sorry, folks, it isn’t mustard.) During the Middle Ages, the muster in question was the final pattern cut from cloth by journeymen to be used by the master tailor. Cut improperly, the pattern will never work, and valuable cloth will be ruined. International negotiations have a similar one-chance-is-all-you-get sense of finality. The NT acts as the journeymen and the CN is the master tailor preparing to stitch together a successful negotiation. Below are some types of people to avoid because they won’t be able “to cut it.”WHINERSEmployees who constantly complain, even under good conditions, are going to find travel and the stress of negotiations intolerable. These types love to bring up problems but never offer solutions. Every company has them, but successful negotiating teams don’t.CONNIVERSUnity is paramount for negotiations and people who like to work their own agenda or jockey for position will only undermine the team’s effort. These types are generally keen strategies and they may be useful in planning. However, under no circumstances should they ever take an active role in negotiations.HOTHOUSE FLOWERSMore competent than whiners, these “high maintenance”types can only excel under ideal circumstances. They never complain but are easily set back by the slightest deviation form the norm. Unfortunately, negotiations and overseas travel are rarely conducive to ideal anything. Sometimes, the NT must operate when materials and equipment are lost, or work in environmentsin which electricity is some trials reserved for special occasions. Technically astute or not, these “flowers” won’t travel well. If they must be used, do so only when negotiations are on home turf. An overseas team needs those that can adapt to any environment.BIGOTSNegotiations are a zero-sun game based on finding common ground amid very real and distinct differences. Adding racial, cultural, or class bigotry will only obscure an already complex state of affairs. Bigots (of any ilk) tend to communicate their prejudices more than they realize, and it’s not the kind of communication that leads to a successful deal.The frailRegardless of where the team originated, the world outside of the domestic market is filled with sights, sounds, smells, and tastes that pummel the visitor. Part of the success of the NT will be in its ability to assimilate as quickly as possible into the environment of their target market. The hygienic and culinary habits of counterparts and their culture may not meet the standards of the NT’s domestic scene. Members who can’t quickly and adequately adjust to new environments will only be a burden to the whole team, thus disrupting strategies and assignments. Like the CN, the team must be robust.Overseas? Domestic? One core team?Optimally, once a team is assembled, it should be used for both overseas and domestic negotiations related to international business. (Specialists may be added for individual negotiations.) This is especially true for smaller companies with limited resources. But large companies should not make the mistake of having two separate teams-one for overseas and one for domestic discussions-simply because they can afford the expense. Teams that have operated overseas will understand the stresses and strains being exerted on foreign teams when they come for business visits. This information, used sympathetically or otherwise, can be a key part of the overall strategy and daily tactics. Lastly, using the team for all negotiations will add to its ability to operate as a unit as team members become expert at all aspects of negotiating. They must be able to visit as well as host a negotiation and understand the responsibilities of being on either side of the table.。

Chapter 2 一年级英语上学期同步备课课件(新思维小学英语)

While-reading Which Class are you in?
We are in Class 1.
While-reading
B( )3. Mary is Betty’s_______.
A. sister.
B. classmate.
Mary’s Mary的人名+’s ....的
While-reading
A. Class 1B.
B. Class 1A.
( )3. Mary is Betty’s_______.
A. sister.
B. classmate.
While-reading Task1:扫读P1-3，获取关键信息
While-reading
A( )1. How is Mary? A. Fine.
my 我的
While-reading
While-reading
While-reading
Task3:自主朗读P1-5，完成D。
ate
friend
Post-reading
Task4: Retell the story
Peter
Mary Sally
Tom
This isT_o__m_’s book.
While-reading
Peter
Mary Sally
Tom
This isP_e_t_e_r’s book.
While-reading
Peter
Mary Sally
Tom
This is S_a_l_ly_’s book.
happy
开心
tired
累
hungry
饿
not so good

朗文5A-Chapter-2复习题要

朗文5A Chapter Two复习提要Part A and BNew words and phrases （要求：知道中文意思，会读，会拼写。

）competition 名词，竞争，比赛，竞赛 (注意发音)。

mark 名词，(考试的)分数，可数。

course 名词，1.科目，课程; 2.一道菜 the main course 主菜(4B)。

weight 名词，重量。

hard 它是个多义词，在本课中是个副词，意为“努力地”；比较级harder，更加努力地。

turn over a new leaf 它是英文中的习惯表达，类似汉语中的成语，意为“重新开始，改过自新，翻开新的一页”。

wishing tree 许愿树make plans for...为...制定计划the new school year 新学年want to do sth. 想要做某事win the swimming competition赢得游泳比赛get high marks 取得高分 put on weight发胖，增重practise swimming harder更加努力地练习游泳take a Japanese course 攻读一个日语课程join the Cubs加入幼童军Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。

）本部分学习so作为连词的用法，在句中意为“所以，因此”What do you want to do? 你想要做什么？I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practise swimming harder. 我想要赢得游泳比赛，因此我计划更加努力地练习游泳。

句中用一般现在时描述目标，运用短语want to do sth. so后面连接计划、打算，用be going to一般现在将来时表达。

2. What do you want to do? I want to improve my English so I’m going to read more English books. 我想要提高英语，所以我计划读更多英文书。

新编实用英语 chapter2

范文二
招聘外贸助理大西洋进出口有限公司我们是一家位于温州市区,中国专业的进出口公司。对于进一步发展我们的对外贸易经营,我们正在寻找具有高效的工作的候选人,作为贸易职员。
工作描述：负责办公室事务,处理文件和样品,协助外贸部门处理海外客户。
Job Requirements:
·Good command of English · College diploma holder or above · Ambitious and enterprising ,with strong team spirit Experience of studying abroad is an advantage We offer an attractive salary and benefit package to the right candidates . Interested applicants are requested to submit their resume including contact information to the following address: Merry Lilac , 1st Business Department, 13F, New City Development Building, Wenzhou ,China, 325XXX.
Sample Two
WANTED
Foreign Trade Assistant Atlantic Import and Export Co .Ltd
We are a professional import and export company located in the downtown area of Wenzhou,China .For furthedeveloping our foreign trade business ,we are now looking for candidates with high caliber working as trade clerks. Job Description :Be responsible for office affairs, handling documents and samples, and assisting the foreign trade department in dealing with overseas customers.

英语语言学教程Chapter_2_PPT

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
The three main areas of the study of sounds
Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds Perceptual or auditory phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds

The international phonetic alphabet (P.28)
2.2 Consonants and vowels (p. 29-37)
Consonants are sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced. A vowel is produced without such “stricture” so that „air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth and nose.” (Crystal, 1997: 154)

Lateral （边音 / 舌边音） [l] ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ncomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth

英语词汇学课件Chapter2

英语词汇学课件Chapter2CHAPTER 21. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.A. 3000B. 2000C. 1000D.40002. It is assumed that the world has approximately 3000 (some put it 5000) languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D.20003. The Indo-European Language Family accordingly fall into ___________ principle groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.A. eightB. sixC. fiveD. several4. In the Eastern set, ___________ and ___________ are each the only modern language respectively.A. Italic; GermanicB. Armenian; AlbanianC. Celtic; HellenicD. Balto-Slavic; Indo-Iranian5. The following words are derived from the dead language Sanskrit except ___________.A. PersianB. BengaliC. HindiD. Romany6. All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has ___________ the English vocabulary.A. borrowed words fromB. enlarged words toC. decreased words toD. lent words into7. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.A. ScottishB. IrishC. DanishD. Breton8. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and ___________.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian9. Indo-Iranian comprises the modern language except ___________.A. PersianB. BengaliC. Hindi, RomanyD. Polish10. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon11. The first peoples known to inhabit England were ___________.A. CeltsB. RomansC. Anglo-SaxonsD. Jutes12. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?A. Angles.B. Celtic.C. Saxons.D. Jutes.13. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.A. FrenchB. LatinC. NorwegianD. Danish14. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French15. As a result, Celtic made only a ___________ contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller16. The introduction of ___________ at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. printingB. ChristianityC. French wordsD. all the above17. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic18. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.A. 30000 to 40000B. 40000 to 50000C. 50000 to 60000D. 60000 to 7000019. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 1200B. 800C. 900D. 100020. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?A. Skirt.B. Alter.C. Their.D. Birth.21. The ___________ family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic22. Old English vocabulary was essentially ___________ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenic23. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of words into the English vocabulary.A. FrenchB. GreekC. DanishD. Latin24. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ___________ words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian25. Which of the following is NOT true about Old English?A. Users of Old English borrowed heavily from Latin and other languages.B. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000.C. Old English refers to the English language used from 450 to 1150.D. Old English was a highly inflected language.26. Identify the word that ___________ is of Scandinavian origin among the following.A. skirtB. dressC. modelD. status27. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English ___________ of them are still in use today.A. Eighty-five percentB. Fifty-six percentC. Seventy-two percentD. Seventy-five percent28. By the end of the ___________ century, virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB. 11thC. 12thD. 13th29. Modern English began with the establishment of___________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. the Renaissance30. Considering the changes in ___________, we regard the year of ___________ as the divison line of Early and Late Modern English.A. grammar; 1600B. grammar; 1700C. vocabulary; 1600D. vocabulary; 170031. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. semantic changeD. both B and C32. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?A. The rapid development of modern science and technology.B. Geographical and political changes.C. The influence of other cultures and languages.D. Social and economic changes.33. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT ___________.A. kungfuB. TV dinnerC. fast foodD. Watergate34. The modes of modern English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ___________, semantic change, ___________.A. exchange; lendingB. derivation; borrowingC. creation; borrowingD. affixation; creation35. In modern times, ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. reviving archaic or obsolete words36. ___________ has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. obsolete words37. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabularydevelops?A. Acronym.B. Blending.C. Elevation.D. Borrowing.38. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Derivation39. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. collocation40. It is assumed that the world has 3 000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 200B. 300C. 400D. 50041. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except___________.A. Balto-SlavicB. Indo-IranianC. ArmenianD. Italic42. In the Eastern set, Armenian and___________ are the sole modern languages in two respective families.A. AlbanianB. RussianC. SlovenianD. Lithuanian43. Which language does not belong to the Italic?A. Portuguese.B. Spanish.C. Welsh.D. French.44. The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke___________.A. EnglishB. CelticC. ScandinavianD. Hellenic45. The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called___________ (the land of Angles).A. GermanB. GreeceC. EnglandD. American46. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50 000 to 60 000words, which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from___________ and Scandinavian.A. LatinB. GreekC. CelticD. French47. The influx of French words into English did not occur until after___________.A. 1200B. 1300C. 1400D. 150048. In the Middle English period, the three main dialects of the land were Northern, ___________ and Midland.A. EasternB. WesternC. SouthernD. Oriental49. ___________ is the chief ancestor of Modern English, not Southern.A. EasternB. WesternC. NorthernD. Midland50. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of___________ words into English.A. LatinB. GreekC. DanishD. French51. Midland is an ___________ dialect, as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike.A. middleB. intermediateC. interchangeableD. internal52. The number of ___________ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A. FrenchB. GermanC. LatinD. Russian53. Before English regained social status in Middle English period, those in power spoke French; those who were literate read and wrote ___________; those who could educate their children taught them in ___________; and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned ___________or___________.A. Latin; French; Latin; FrenchB. French; French; French; EnglishC. French; French; Latin; FrenchD. Greek; French; Greek; French54. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classics, which is known in history as the ___________.A. RenewalB. RevivalC. ReboundD. Renaissance55. Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II, although borrowing remains a channel of English vocabulary expansion, more words are created by ___________.A. analogyB. word-formationC. transferD. conversion56. The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a "___________" language, which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A. uniqueB. fashionC. pureD. old57. As one scholar notes, old English was characterized by " ___________ endings", Middle English by "leveled endings", and Modern English by " ___________ endings".A. full; lostB. lost; fullC. full; pureD. pure; lost58. Old English which was a ___________ language has evolved to the present language.A. analytic; syntheticB. synthetic; analyticC. agglutinative; analyticD. isolating; synthetic59. Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words, Latin, Greek, French, and ___________ stand out as the major contributors.A. ItalianB. GermanC. DutchD. Scandinavian60. In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period, the words borrowed naturally from Latin reflected the new conceptions and experience in ___________ and ___________.A. war; economyB. economy; agricultureC. war; place namesD. war; agriculture61. In the Old English period, borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity, such as, ___________ and ___________.A. cook; candleB. shrine; sackC. candle; shrineD. mass; circle62. The ___________ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowings under the influence of Renaissance.A. 12th and 13thB. 13th and 14thC. 14th and 15thD. 15th and 16th63. Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms. Which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A. Frustrate.B. Focus.C. Logic.D. Trade.64. Which of the following does not come from Greek?A. Piano.B. Synonym.C. Philosophy.D. Lexicology.65. Typhoon is from ___________ and tatami is from ___________.A. Chinese; AfricanB. Chinese; JapaneseC. Arabic; TurkishD. Malay; Japanese66. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.A. terminology, analogy and borrowingB. creation* semantic change and borrowingC. creation, archaisms and semantic changeD. semantic change, denizens and argot67. Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A. Fallout.B. Pant suit.C. Black belt.D. Mao jackets.68. The Scandinavian languages: Norwegian* Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, constitute the ___________ branch of the Germanic group.A. easternB. westernC. northernD. southern69. Reviving archaic or ___________ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A. obsoleteB. oldC. usedD. ancient70. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.A. 3,000B. 2,000C. 1,000D. 4,00071. All languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 200B. 300C. 400D. 50072. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages in the following places except ___________.A. EuropeB. the Near EastC. IndiaD. Africa73. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.A. developedB. advancedC. inflectedD. complicated74. In the western set of the Indo-European language family, Greek is the modern language derived from ___________.A. HellenicB. CelticC. SpanishD. Dutch75. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.A. ScottishB. IrishC. DanishD. Breton76. The first peoples known to inhabit on British Isles were ___________.A. RomansB. GermansC. CeltsD. Saxons77. Now people generally refer to ___________ as old English.A. Anglo-SaxonB. CelticC. LatinD. Armenian78. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?A. AnglesB. CelticC. SaxonsD. Jutes79. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.A. 40,000 to 50,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 60,000 to 70,000D. 30,000 to 40,00080. Old English refers to the language used between ___________ and ___________.A. 410, 1150B.450, 1150C. 410, 1100D.450, 110081. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.A. FrenchB. LatinC. NorwegianD. Danish82. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in Modern English.A. 1,200B. 800C. 900D. 1,00083. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?A. skirtB. alterC. theirD. birth84. Until 1066, the influence on English was mainly ___________.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GermanicD. Celtic85. After the Norman Conquest a continual flow of ___________ words into English.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GermanicD. Celtic86. Between 1250 and 1500, about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.A. 7,000B. 6,000C. 9,000D. 10,00087. ___________ of the words of French origin are still in use today.A. Eighty-five percentB. Fifty-six percentC. Seventy-two percentD. Seventy-five percent88. As many as 2, 500 words of ___________ origin found their way into Middle English.A. DutchB. FrenchC. LatinD. Celtic89. Modern English began with the establishment of ___________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. Renaissance Time90. Modern English began in ___________.A. 1700B. 1066C. 1500D. 190091. Considering the changes in ___________ Early and Late Modem English.A. grammar, 1600B. grammar, 1700C. vocabulary, 1600D. vocabulary, 170092. Modern English is considered to be a/an ___________ language.A. inflectedB. analyticC. syntheticD. new93. Generally, the number of the present day English vocabulary is about ___________.A. two millionB. three millionC. one millionD. four million94. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. all the above95. ___________ is not the reason of growth of present-day English vocabulary.A. The rapid development of modern science and technologyB. Social, economic and political changesC. The efforts of linguistsD. The influence of other cultures and languages96. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________, semantic change and ___________.A. exchange, conversionB. compounding, borrowingC. creation, borrowingD. suffixation, creation97. ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Meaning change98. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Derivation99. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. collocation100. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________.A. creation, conversion and borrowingB. creation, borrowing and back-formationC. creation, semantic change and borrowingD. semantic change, borrowing and back-formation101. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of ___________ words into the English vocabulary.A. FrenchB. GreekC. DanishD. Latin102. The introduction of ___________ had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islam103. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French104. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic105. Between 1250 and 1500 about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.A. 9,000B. 900C. 10,000D. 20,000106. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. creationC. semantic changeD. both B and C107. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed108. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon109. By the end of the ___________ century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD. 15th1. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.2. As the invading tribes took over and settled in Britain, the Celtic languages gradually ___________.3. The surviving languages show various degrees of ___________ to one another.4. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.5. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.6. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes came in great numbers. Soon they took___________ control of the land, which was to be called England.7. Augustine came to spread ___________ in Britain at the endof the 6th century.8. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as ___________.9. In the 9th century the land was ___________ again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.10. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.11. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.12. By the end of the eleventh century, ___________ all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful church positions were of Norman French origin.13. The English words "power", "crime" are derived from ___________.14. Modern English began with the ___________ of printing in England.15. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient and Roman classics. This is known in history as the ___________.16. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 -1700) and ___________ Modem English.17. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.18. It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.19. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.20. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.21. There're three modes of vocabulary development; creation, ___________ and borrowing.22. World languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.23. The surviving languages accordingly fall into ___________ principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set.24. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.25. Old English was the combination of three ___________ dialects which were used between ___________ and 1150.26. Old English was a highly ___________ language just like modern German.27. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ to ___________ words.28. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.29. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.30. The English words "power”, "crime" are derived from ___________.31. The introduction of ___________ into England marked the beginning of modem English period.32. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England, and it can be subdivided into stages.33. Modern English is a ___________ language.34. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.35. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by usingthe existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.36. There’re three modes of vocabulary development: creation, ___________ and borrowing.37. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 - 1700) and ___________ Modern English.38. The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called ___________.39. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.40. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.41. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.42. Now people generally refer to ___________ as Old English.43. The language used between 450 and ___________ is called ___________, which has a vocabulary of ___________. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to ___________. Followed by the ___________ period, subdivided as early modern English (___________) and late ___________ (1700-up to now).( ) 1. English is more closely related to German than French.( ) 2. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.( ) 3. Old English was a highly inflected language.( ) 4. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.( ) 5.The introduction of printing into England marked thebeginning of Modern English period. ( ) 6. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 7. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and Italian.( ) 8. In modern times, borrowing brings less than ten percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) 9. The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology* influence of foreign cultures and languages.( ) 10. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) 11. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) 12. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.( ) 13. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.( ) 14. We refer to Celtic as old English.( ) 15. Words of old English had full endings.( ) 16. In 55 B. C. -54 B. C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.( ) 17. Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary.( ) 18. Many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen were brought into English by Latin-speaking Roman missionaries.( ) 19. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.( ) 20. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.( ) 21. During early Middle English period, Norman French became the polite speech while native tongue was a despised language.( ) 22. Middle English was a language of full endings.( ) 23. Modern English is a synthetic language.( ) 24. After World War II, thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements.( ) 25. The influence of other cultures and languages is one of the main sources of new words. ( ) 26. Semantic change is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.( ) 27. In the vocabulary development, some old words fell out of use.( ) 28. The introduction of printing into England by William Caxton marked the beginning of Middle English period.( ) 29. Historically speaking, American English is older than British English.( ) 30. The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism into Britain. ( ) 31. The late Modern English period is characterized by the complete loss of endings.1.What are the main sources of new words?2. What are the features of Old English, Middle English and Modern English? What changes has English undergone as far as inflection is concerned?3. What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?。

Chapter_2

■ Focuses on Lower Income Consumers ■ Names mostly imply good value not $1 price points ■ Low Cost Location ■ Limited Services ■ One of the Fastest Growing Retail Segments
2-15
Types of Retail Ownership
■ Independent, Single Store Establishments
Wholesale-sponsored voluntary group
■ Corporate Retail Chains ■ Franchises
(c) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock
■ eBay – Acts as a mall or other shopping center providing a “place” for buyers and sellers to meet
Don Farrall/Getty Images
2-14
Merchandise/Service Continuum
Stores
Channel preference for food shopping channel where grocery purchasers do most of their food shopping
2-7
Types of Non-store Retailers
2-11
Issues in Extreme Value Retailing
2-4
Merchandise Offering
Variety (breadth of merchandise): wide vs. narrow - The number of merchandise categories

全新版大学英语第二版阅读教程2 课文翻译

学会接受教育（Becoming Educated)就这样,我在波士顿大学,处在一个全新的,陌生的,不同的世界。

我突然想到如果我要在这次陌生全新的冒险中成功的话,我就得比我们法学院的同学们阅读更长时间的书籍,而且要读得更加透彻。

我觉得,为了弥补我在早些年所错过的东西,我要比其他任何人更努力工作,花更多时间学习。

我仍然有那样的感觉,我不想我的同事知道我在理解内容,短语,想法,过程这个时间段是多么的艰难。

我不想我的同事知道那件事。

所以我在阅读时不在法学院而在图书馆,研究生宿舍,楼上,那些安静的地方,因为显然没有其他人在那里学习。

所以我会去哪里一个晚上在吃饭之后.我会夹着我的书去图书馆,然后我会阅读到凌晨之后再去睡觉.那些年期间我没能好好睡眠.若是我在晚上得到3到4个小时,我就很幸运了,因为我不得不熬夜.我不得不.教授会为第二天分配作业,并且这些作业必须被阅读和理解否则我就会被落下,我已经落下了,如果我不努力学习,我就会被落的更远.当我被要求在班级里回答问题时我总是高兴的.但是教授不大会提问”女生们”。

特定的受到喜爱的人会经常被提问，然后在一些珍贵的场合，一位教授会进来宣布：“我们今天将要过女生日。

”然后他们会提问女生们。

我们只是忍受，当提及法律课题时，我们不被认为是尖子生。

在春天，比尔吉布森，他和我的新室友约会诺玛沃克组织了一个黑人学习小组，正如我们黑人不得不形成我们自己的。

这是因为我们没被邀请进入任何一个其他的学习小组。

我们组有6/7个成员，比尔和萨还有梅纳德杰克逊收集交流和听取我们怎么做。

我学到的一件事是，我们必须讲出来，问题，事实，案例还是过程。

我们不能仅仅阅读案例，独自在图书馆里学习，正如我以前一直那样，呆在教室里学不到全部。

但一旦我们在学习小组中讲出来了，接下来就变得更简单更容易理解了。

我不时会去罗利街2号看看路易斯是怎么做的。

她总是在看《红书》。

在那里我每次想要和她讨论某件事的时候，她会同时在阅读《红书》上的一则简短的故事。

内流基础-Chpt2_1_2new

u x

Pressure varies with radius at x=0 (boundary conditon)
0 ; axisymmetric variation ' u x 1 p ' ; take ux x x x
u r' 1 p ' ux x r

Region of unfluence ~ diameter
Upstream influence of a radially non-uniform annular flow

' Again have uniform background flow in x-direction, u x , u r'
Model Test Geometry and Instrumentation
Upstream decay of static-pressure distortion
Features of the upstream flow field
[Low Mach Numbers]

Inlet distortion (non-uniformity with length scale R) Total pressure constant along streamlines (Bernoulli) Static pressure obeys Laplace's equation: 2 p ' 0

Whatever the loading distribution (compressor, turbine, pump) the static pressure distribution along x=0 can be written as '

朗文2A chapter2 核心词核心句及语法重点

Chapter 2 About meHello. Where do you live ?I live in Beijing.Where do you live?I live in ShanghaiHello. What’s your name?My name’s Kitty.I’m Mary.How old are you , Kitty?I’m seven.I’m seven too!Where do you live ?I live in Pudong.Oh! Our new home’s in Pudong too. Come on, Kitty.Let’s get in this taxi.Bye-bye, Mary.See you , Kitty.Twenty minutes later, the girls arrive home. Hello again!Hi ! Nice to see you again.Come , and play with my new toys tomorrow! What’s your telephone number ?It’s 1823 3440What’s your telephone number ?It’s 1832 3454.Great ! see you tomorrow !Special meEveryone is different, don’t you agree ? There is no one quite like me !The things I do , the things I see ,Make me special, make me Me !Key Wordsin on whereliveExtension WordsBeijing ShanghaiNanjingHangzhou Guangzhou Hainan Islandspecial different agree thin win hitsit tin fit tomorrow telepnon numberKey Sentences1.Where do you live?2.I live in Beijing.Extention Sentences1.Our new home is in Pudong2.Let’s get in this taxi.3.See you.4.What’s your telephon number ?5.It’s …6.Twenty minutes later , the girls arrive home. Language Focus1.whereWhere are you ?Where is the teddy bear ?Where do you live ?2.liveI live in Pudong/xianlin…I line on Hainan Island.3.How to read telephone numberWhat’s you telephone number?It’s 20234566。

计算机组成与设计第五版(Chapter2)

Chapter 2 Solutions S-3 2.1 addi f, h, -5 (note, no subi)add f, f, g2.2 f = g + h + i2.3 sub $t0, $s3, $s4add $t0, $s6, $t0lw $t1, 16($t0)sw $t1, 32($s7)2.4 B[g] = A[f] + A[1+f];2.5 add $t0, $s6, $s0add $t1, $s7, $s1lw $s0, 0($t0)lw $t0, 4($t0)add $t0, $t0, $s0sw $t0, 0($t1)2.62.6.1 temp = Array[0];temp2 = Array[1];Array[0] = Array[4];Array[1] = temp;Array[4] = Array[3];Array[3] = temp2;2.6.2 lw $t0, 0($s6)lw $t1, 4($s6)lw $t2, 16($s6)sw $t2, 0($s6)sw $t0, 4($s6)lw $t0, 12($s6)sw $t0, 16($s6)sw $t1, 12($s6)S-4 ChapterSolutions22.712ab12128cd8ef4ef4cd0120ab2.8 28824000182.9 sll $t0, $s1, 2 # $t0 <-- 4*gadd $t0, $t0, $s7 # $t0 <-- Addr(B[g])lw $t0, 0($t0) # $t0 <-- B[g]addi $t0, $t0, 1 # $t0 <-- B[g]+1sll $t0, $t0, 2 # $t0 <-- 4*(B[g]+1) = Addr(A[B[g]+1])lw $s0, 0($t0) # f <-- A[B[g]+1]2.10 f = 2*(&A);2.11addi $t0, $s6, 4I-type82284add $t1, $s6, $0R-type02209sw $t1, 0($t0)I-type43890lw $t0, 0($t0)I-type35880add $s0, $t1, $t0R-type098162.122.12.1 500000002.12.2 overflow2.12.3 B00000002.12.4 no overflow2.12.5 D00000002.12.6 overflow2.132.13.1 128ϩϫϾ 231Ϫ1, x Ͼ 231Ϫ129 and 128 ϩ x ϽϪ231, x ϽϪ231Ϫ 128(impossible)2.13.2 128Ϫ x Ͼ 231Ϫ1, x ϽϪ231ϩ129 and 128 Ϫ x ϽϪ231, x Ͼ 231ϩ 128(impossible)2.13.3 xϪ 128 ϽϪ231, x ϽϪ231ϩ 128 and x Ϫ 128 Ͼ 231Ϫ 1, x Ͼ 231ϩ 127(impossible)Chapter 2 Solutions S-52.14 r-type, add $s0, $s0, $s02.15 i-type, 0xAD4900202.16 r-type, sub $v1, $v1, $v0, 0x006218222.17 i-type, lw $v0, 4($at), 0x8C2200042.182.18.1 opcode would be 8 bits, rs, rt, rd fi elds would be 7 bits each2.18.2 opcode would be 8 bits, rs and rt fi elds would be 7 bits each2.18.3 more registers → more bits per instruction → could increase code sizemore registers → less register spills → less instructionsmore instructions → more appropriate instruction → decrease code sizemore instructions → larger opcodes → larger code size2.192.19.1 0xBABEFEF82.19.2 0xAAAAAAA02.19.3 0x000055452.20 srl $t0, $t0, 11sll $t0, $t0, 26ori $t2, $0, 0x03ffsll $t2, $t2, 16ori $t2, $t2, 0xffffand $t1, $t1, $t2or $t1, $t1, $t02.21 nor $t1, $t2, $t22.22 lw $t3, 0($s1)sll $t1, $t3, 42.23 $t2 = 32.24 jump: no, beq: noS-6 ChapterSolutions22.252.25.1 i-type2.25.2 addi $t2, $t2, –1beq $t2, $0, loop2.262.26.1 202.26.2 i = 10;do {B += 2;i = i – 1;} while ( i > 0)2.26.3 5*N2.27addi $t0, $0, 0beq $0, $0, TEST1LOOP1: addi $t1, $0, 0beq $0, $0, TEST2LOOP2: add $t3, $t0, $t1sll $t2, $t1, 4add $t2, $t2, $s2sw $t3, ($t2)addi $t1, $t1, 1TEST2: slt $t2, $t1, $s1bne $t2, $0, LOOP2addi $t0, $t0, 1TEST1: slt $t2, $t0, $s0bne $t2, $0, LOOP12.28 14 instructions to implement and 158 instructions executed2.29 for (i=0; i<100; i++) {result += MemArray[s0];s0 = s0 + 4;}Chapter 2 Solutions S-7 2.30 addi $t1, $s0, 400LOOP: lw $s1, 0($t1)add $s2, $s2, $s1addi $t1, $t1, -4bne $t1, $s0, LOOP2.31 fib: addi $sp, $sp, -12 # make room on stacksw $ra, 8($sp) # push $rasw $s0, 4($sp) # push $s0sw $a0, 0($sp) # push $a0 (N)bgt $a0, $0, test2 # if n>0, test if n=1add $v0, $0, $0 # else fib(0) = 0rtn #jtest2: addi $t0, $0, 1 #bne $t0, $a0, gen # if n>1, genadd $v0, $0, $t0 # else fib(1) = 1rtnjgen: subi $a0, $a0,1 # n-1jal fib # call fib(n-1)add $s0, $v0, $0 # copy fib(n-1)sub $a0, $a0,1 # n-2jal fib # call fib(n-2)add $v0, $v0, $s0 # fib(n-1)+fib(n-2)rtn: lw $a0, 0($sp) # pop $a0lw $s0, 4($sp) # pop $s0lw $ra, 8($sp) # pop $raaddi $sp, $sp, 12 # restore spjr $ra# fib(0) = 12 instructions, fib(1) = 14 instructions,# fib(N) = 26 + 18N instructions for N >=22.32 D ue to the recursive nature of the code, it is not possible for the compiler toin-line the function call.2.33 after calling function fib:old $sp -> 0x7ffffffcc ontents of register $ra for-4fib(N)c ontents of register $s0 for-8fib(N)$sp-> -12 c ontents of register $a0 forfib(N)there will be N-1 copies of $ra, $s0 and $a0S-8 ChapterSolutions22.34 f: addi $sp,$sp,-12sw$ra,8($sp)$s1,4($sp)swsw$s0,0($sp)$s1,$a2move$s0,$a3movefuncjal$a0,$v0move$a1,$s0,$s1addjalfunc$ra,8($sp)lw$s1,4($sp)lw$s0,0($sp)lw$sp,$sp,12addi$rajr2.35 W e can use the tail-call optimization for the second call to func, but thenwe must restore $ra, $s0, $s1, and $sp before that call. We save only oneinstruction (jr $ra).2.36 R egister $ra is equal to the return address in the caller function, registers$sp and $s3 have the same values they had when function f was called, andregister $t5 can have an arbitrary value. For register $t5, note that althoughour function f does not modify it, function func is allowed to modify it sowe cannot assume anything about the of $t5 aft er function func has beencalled.2.37 MAIN: addi $sp, $sp, -4sw $ra, ($sp)add $t6, $0, 0x30 # ‘0’add $t7, $0, 0x39 # ‘9’add $s0, $0, $0add $t0, $a0, $0LOOP: lb $t1, ($t0)slt $t2, $t1, $t6bne $t2, $0, DONEslt $t2, $t7, $t1bne $t2, $0, DONEsub $t1, $t1, $t6beq $s0, $0, FIRSTmul $s0, $s0, 10FIRST: add $s0, $s0, $t1addi $t0, $t0, 1LOOPjChapter 2 Solutions S-9DONE: add $v0, $s0, $0lw $ra, ($sp)addi $sp, $sp, 4jr $ra2.38 0x000000112.39 Generally, all solutions are similar:lui $t1, top_16_bitsori $t1, $t1, bottom_16_bits2.40 No, jump can go up to 0x0FFFFFFC.2.41 N o, range is 0x604 + 0x1FFFC = 0x0002 0600 to 0x604 – 0x20000= 0xFFFE 0604.2.42 Y es, range is 0x1FFFF004 + 0x1FFFC = 0x2001F000 to 0x1FFFF004- 0x20000 = 1FFDF0042.43 trylk: li $t1,1ll $t0,0($a0)$t0,trylkbnezsc $t1,0($a0)beqz$t1,trylklw $t2,0($a1)slt $t3,$t2,$a2$t3,skipbnezsw $a2,0($a1)skip: sw $0,0($a0)2.44 try: ll $t0,0($a1)slt $t1,$t0,$a2$t1,skipbnezmov $t0,$a2sc $t0,0($a1)$t0,trybeqzskip:2.45 It is possible for one or both processors to complete this code without everreaching the SC instruction. If only one executes SC, it completes successfully. Ifboth reach SC, they do so in the same cycle, but one SC completes fi rst and thenthe other detects this and fails.S-10 ChapterSolutions22.462.46.1 Answer is no in all cases. Slows down the computer.CCT ϭ clock cycle timeICa ϭ instruction count (arithmetic)ICls ϭ instruction count (load/store)ICb ϭ instruction count (branch)new CPU time ϭ 0.75*old ICa*CPIa*1.1*oldCCTϩ oldICls*CPIls*1.1*oldCCTϩ oldICb*CPIb*1.1*oldCCTTh e extra clock cycle time adds suffi ciently to the new CPU time such thatit is not quicker than the old execution time in all cases.2.46.2 107.04%, 113.43%2.472.47.1 2.62.47.2 0.882.47.3 0.533333333。

会计专业英语chapter 2new

• Bookkeeping is usually performed by a bookkeeper. 簿记通常是由一个簿记员完成的 • The accounting process is usually performed by an accountant. 会计处理往往由会计人员执行

The order of the steps
1.recording in the journal 记入日记账
2.posting to the ledger 过入分类账
3.preparing a trial balance 编制试算平衡
4.preparing the financial Statements 编制财务报表

天天有收获！Fra bibliotekDebits and credits are then defined as follows • Debit: A debit is recorded on the left hand side of a Taccount
• Credit: A credit balance is recorded on the right hand side of a Taccount
• 每一个单独的财务交易在会计核算系统内都被记录到至少两个不同总分类账簿上。

- The two entries have equal amounts and opposite signs，so that when all entries in the accounts are summed，the total is exactly the same: the accounts balance. - 这两个登记项目金额相同、符号相反。这样当对所有在账簿上的科目进行汇总时，它们的总和是一样的：账户是平衡的。

五年级英语Chapter2词组

短语1.想…(做某事) want to do sth.=would like to do sth2.赢得游泳竞赛win the swimming competition3.学日语learn Japanese4.健身keep fit5.得高分get high marks6.增肥put on weight7.提高我的英语improve my English8.多交朋友make more friends9.更用功练习游泳practise swimming harder10.练习做某事practise doing11.读更多的英语书read more English books12.多做运动play more sport13.上日语课程take a Japanese course14.努力工作work hard15.多吃eat more16.参加童子军join the Cubs17.参加美术俱乐部join the Art Club18.加入校跑步队join the school running team19.在他们回家的路上on their way home20.练习跑步practise running21.上/下车get on/ off the bus22.在字典里查生词look up new words in the dictionary23.去慢跑go jogging24.上学迟到be late for school25.起的更早get up earlier句子1.我想要提高我的英语因此我打算读更多的英语书。

I want to improve my English so I’m going to read more English books.2.我想要赢得游泳比赛因此我打算更加努力练习游泳。

I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practise swimmingharder.3.你想要做什么？What do you want to do?4.他/她想要做什么？What does he/she want to do?短语26.想…(做某事)27.赢得游泳竞赛28.学日语29.健身30.得高分31.增肥32.提高我的英语33.多交朋友34.更用功练习游泳35.练习做某事36.读更多的英语书37.多做运动38.上日语课程39.努力工作40.多吃41.参加童子军42.参加美术俱乐部43.加入校跑步队44.在他们回家的路上45.练习跑步46.上/下车47.在字典里查生词48.去慢跑49.上学迟到50.起的更早句子5.我想要提高我的英语因此我打算读更多的英语书。