青岛大学局部解剖学2018年考博真题考博试卷

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医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解

医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解

2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案(仅供参考)1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的;忠于既定立场的;坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。

历年考博外科题目总汇.doc

历年考博外科题目总汇.doc

历年考博外科题目总汇. .1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。

胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗:胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类;医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类:Ⅰ型:距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。

Ⅱ型:距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。

Ⅲ型:左右肝管汇合部。

Ⅳ型:左侧肝管或右侧肝管。

Ⅴ型:左右肝管分支处。

甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估,以利手术顺利进行?Child 评分Child-1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。

胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗:胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类;医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类:Ⅰ型:距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。

Ⅱ型:距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。

Ⅲ型:左右肝管汇合部。

Ⅳ型:左侧肝管或右侧肝管。

Ⅴ型:左右肝管分支处。

甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估,以利手术顺利进行?Child 评分Child:二问答1 PMC(甲状腺乳头状微小腺癌)及其目前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome的分型及手术治疗方法布加综合征由各种原因所致肝静脉和其开口以上段下腔静脉阻塞性病变引起的常伴有下腔静脉高压为特点的一种肝后门脉高压症。

医学博士英语试题及答案

医学博士英语试题及答案

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案:C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案:A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案:A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案:B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案:C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案:A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案:A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案:A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案:A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案:cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案:otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案:excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案:prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案:computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案:asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案:appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案:hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案:magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案:glucose三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案:A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案:The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案:A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.On campus B.At he dentist'sC.At the pharmacyD.In the laboratory2. A.Pain B.Weakness C.Fatigue D.Headache3. A.Their weird behavior at school.B.Their superior cleverness over others'.C.Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D.Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A.John will be angry. B.John will be disappointed.C.John will be attracted.D.John will be frightened.5. A.They're quite normal. B.They're not available.C.They came unexpected.D.They need further explanation.6. A.He knows so little about Lady GagaB.He has met Lady Gaga before.C.He should have known Lady GagaD.He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.7. A.In the ward. B.Over the phone.C.In the emergency room.D.On their way to the hospital8. A.Health care B.Health reformC.Health educationD.Health maintenance9. A.Learning to act intuitively.B.Learning to argue academically.C.Learning to be critical of oneself.D.Learning to think critically and reason10. A.She is a pharmacist. B.She is a medical doctor.C.She is a scientist in robotics.D.She is a pharmacologist.11. A.She's pessimistic about the future.B.She's pessimistic about the far future.C.She's optimistic about the far future.D.She's optimistic about the near future.12. A.Negligence may put a patient in danger.B.Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C.Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D.Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A.The man works at eh ER.B.The man can do nothing but wait.C.The woman's condition is critical.D.The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A.A gynecologist. B.A psychologistC.A neurologist.D.A nephrologist.15. A.She has only one friend.B.She isolates herself from others.C.She suffers from a chronic disease.D.She is jobless and can't find a job.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions16-20are based on the following dialogue.16. A.Because she couldn't do other jobs well.B.Because it was her dream since childhood.C.Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D.Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A.The Self/Nonself Model B.The Danger ModelC.The vaccination theoryD.The immunological theory18. A.Being overactive B.Being mutantC.Being selectiveD.Being resistant19. A.It can help cure most cancers.B.It can help develop new drugs.C.It can help most genetic diseases.D.It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A.We should ignore the resistance.B.We should have the model improved.C.We should have the experiments on animals.D.We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A.The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A.Affordable costs B.Low pace of livingC.Five-star treatmentD.Enjoyable health vacation23. A.It is a$100billion business already.B.It is growing along with medical tourism.C.Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D.It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A.To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B.To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C.To buy and affordable medical insurance.D.To explore online to get well informed.25. A.A travel brochure.B.A lecture on medical tourism.C.A chapter of a medical textbook.D.A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions26-30are based on the following passage.26. A.Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B.Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C.There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D.Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A.In the warmer spring B.In the hottest summerC.In the coolest autumnD.In the coldest winter28. A.Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B.Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C.Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D.Because they cannot find enough food.29. A.They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B.They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C.They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D.They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A.Body size B.Migration routeC.Food preferenceD.Population growthPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain,weakness,oremotional_____is to ignore it,to tough it out.A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation33.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A.put downB.shut downC.settle downD.break down34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent36.New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A.collaboratingprehendingpromisingD.convincing37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.38.We must____the problem____,which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conform Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down,senses the"mystery"of anotherhuman beings,and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persistedrge community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilzation.A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects,suchas memory loss,fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce50.A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai,which means having one's view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpectedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging,improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload,which,51,can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented52data on a CAD(computer-aided diagnosis)program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53CT scanning.Their study was54by the NIH and the university.In the study,CAD was applied to32low-dose CT scanning with a total of50lung nodules,38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam.55the 38missed cancers,15were the result of interpretation error(identifying an image but56it as non cancerous)and2357observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found32of the38previously missed cancers(84%sensitivity),with false-positive58of 1.6per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer,it won't replace radiologists,said Sgmuel G Armato,PhD,lead author of the study."The computer is not perfect,"Armato said."It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that59.The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may60something suspicious.It's a spell-checker of sorts,or a second opinion.51.A.in common B.in turn C.in one D.in all52.A.preliminary B.considerate C.deliberate D.ordinary53.A.being used B.to use ing e54.A.investigated B.originated C.founded D.funded55.A.From B.Amid C.Of D.In56.A.disseminating B.degenerating C.dismissing D.deceiving57.A.were mistaken for B.were attributed to D.result in D.gave away to58.A.mortalities B.incidences C.images D.rates59.A.don't B.won’t C.aren’t D.wasn’t60.A.stand for B.search for C.account for D.mistake forPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner,the Harvard education specialist,describes his job today,he says he's"a translator between two hostile tribes"—the education world and the business world,the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner's argument in his book"Creating Innovations:The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World"is that our K-12and college tracks are not consistently"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace."This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now,there is only a high-wage,high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up,out or down faster than ever.That is,it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today,argues Wagner,should not be to make every child"college ready"but"innovation ready"—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate."Today,"he said via e-mail,"because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device,what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking,communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me,"We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change,but we can't teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative."My generation had it easy.We got to"find"a job.But,more than ever,our kids will have to "invent"a job.Sure,the lucky ones will find their first job,but,given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent,re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it"Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,"Wagner said,"and it is the only country where students leave high school'innovation-ready.'They learn concepts and creativity more than facts,and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day,little homework, and almost no testing.There are a growing number of"reinvented"colleges like the Olin College of Engineering,the M.I.T.Media Lab and the"D-school"Stanford where students learn to innovate."61.In his book,Wagner argues that_____.A.the education world are hostile to our kidsB.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world are too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62.What does the"tall task"refer to in the third paragraph?A.Sustaining the middle class.B.Saving high-wage,middle-skilled jobs.C.Shifting from"college ready"in"innovation ready."D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation.C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids.D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first job.65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.to orient future educationB.to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC.to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD.to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea,from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain:phytoplankton(浮游植物)is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."Animals"behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as theNorthwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will_____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study____.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he says,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quick?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever before.B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C.will surely lower the average world temperature.D.needs the research-based supporting information.70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will_____.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B.get more data to be required for their research.e more novel technologies in research.D.conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management,aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests.Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases,by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities,often termed'stratified(分层的)'or 'personalized'medicine,are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine,which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way,has,until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component,the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect,so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.For some clinicians,particularly those involved in clinical research,these advances are already a reality.However,a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice,perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations,media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed,knowing one's entire genomic sequence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be,and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype(鼓吹)and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally,both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms,the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What,according to the second paragraph,can be said of genetic medicine?A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73.The future of the genomic technologies,for the most part,lies in_____.A.the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74.In the last paragraph,the author cautions against_____.A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D.Genetic medicine is defined as"stratified"medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors'minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards,such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions(违法)occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students'work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement(强烈的)reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular,they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes,frequently skipping appointments with advisees,showing favoritism to some students,ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,belittling colleagues in front of students,providing little or no feedback on students'theses or dissertations,and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue,we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance,on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines,institutions and individual departments can play a big part here,by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address,but"inadequate teaching" can be subjective.Still,if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,real patterns of abuse will be easier to find.For instance,these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within15days,provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis,or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short,universities should establish teaching-integrity committees,similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual,or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B.The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D.The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.77.What,in the respondents'mind,is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A.It is a serious high-profile infraction.B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.78.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribedto____.A.their offering more courses than they can handleB.their paying little attention to the students'feedbackC.their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own79.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A.Development of codes of conductB.Exposure online of the misconductscation about the rules of proper mentoringD.Development of clear mechanism for reporting80.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A.The approaches to addressing the problems of"inadequate teaching."B.The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C.The different committees dealing with"inadequate teaching."D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat?I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new。

山东博士解剖真题

山东博士解剖真题

山东博士解剖真题考试科目:①501英语②686人体解剖学(基础课) ③948外科学(骨外) 2021年骨科试题 Thomas sign Shoemaker line Benett fracture Lindner sign OPLL 简答:骨折愈合过程,骨折切开复位的适应征,腰椎间盘突出征的疼痛机制,骨肉瘤的治疗原则。

论述:急性血源性化脓性骨髓炎的治疗,股骨头坏死的病因。

2001解剖专业: 1名词解释Subarachnoid space; corpus striatum; pontine nucleus; spinothalamic trace; chorda tympani 2试述食管、直肠和子宫的淋巴引流3试述胃的分部、动脉供应、静脉淋巴回流及神经支配 4试述膜迷路的分部、各部的主要结构及各结构的作用5试述第一躯体运动区、听区、运动性语言中枢和视区的具体位置,接受神经冲动的特点及其动脉供应6试述胰的位置、分部、胰管的开口部位,并说明胰头肿大可压迫哪些主要结构和引起何症状7试述后纵隔的位置及其主要结构8试用箭头表示眼前方的灯光经哪些结构被光感受器感受,其神经冲动经何具体途径投射至视中枢(视区)9试述肝门静脉与上、下腔静脉的吻合部位及其回流受阻时产生的侧枝循环的途径10试述睫状神经节、翼鳄神经节、下领下神经节和耳神经节有关的副交感节前纤维的来源、伴行神经及其节后纤维的分部一、必答题1试述肩关节的构成和运动,并分析其稳固性和灵活性的因素2试述胰的位置、分部、胰管的开口部位,并说明胰头肿大可压迫哪些主要结构和引起何症状3试述第一躯体运动区、听区、运动性语言中枢和视区的具体位置,接受神经冲动的特点及其动脉供应4试述前臂各血管神经束的位置、组成,其中各神经的具体分部范围 5简述心脏的动脉供应,静脉回流和神经支配6根据所学眼的解剖学知识,解释下列眼病发生的形态学基础:青光眼白内障老视近视远视7试述坐骨神经的行程、分支和“马蹄内翻足”是哪支神经受损,哪些肌群麻痹造成8试述腹腔干的发起部位、分支及供血范围9举例说出挠腕关节开始向远侧,手部有哪些类型的关节,各可做哪些运动,产生运动的肌肉及神经支配10试述膝关节的构成、特点、运动形式及其相关肌肉,膝关节的神经分部 11试述椎骨间的连接12试述翠丸下降与腹股沟庙发生的关系人体解剖学1名词解释:inguinal triangle mitral complex internal capsal本体感受器灰、白交通支2试述膝关节的组成、运动及膝关节动脉网的组成3试述颈深筋膜的层次、写出5各颈筋膜间隙的名称、位置及间隙内的结构 4试述心脏的动脉供应、静脉回流及神经支配5试述十二指肠的分部、各部的毗邻及十二指肠的动脉供应6试述以足背静脉注入药物,经何具体途径抵达直肠、子宫和视网膜 7试述手部的动脉供应、静脉回流和神经支配的具体范围8试述结膜、面部皮肤、下领牙齿的痛觉冲动沿何具体途径传入中枢?最后达中枢的哪些部位?9试写出五个大脑皮层重要中枢的具体位置、功能特点和动脉供应 10试述眼球内肌和眼球外肌的名称、作用和神经支配11试述泪器的组成、泪腺的位置和分泌神经;泪液的功能和排泄途径12试述髓关节的组成、运动髓关节的肌肉名称和作用及髓周动脉网的组成 13试述椎骨间的连接14试述肛管的形态、结构、肛门括约肌的组成、作用及神经支配巧试述尿生殖隔的构成、会阴浅、深隙的位置及内容名词解释:pterioncupula of pleura mediastinumplinea alba inguinal canal 试述颅内外静脉交通途径试述甲状腺被膜的构成、甲状腺的位置及毗邻关系试述纵隔内淋巴结的分群及注流关系试述胰头的位置、毗邻关系及胰液的引流途径试述肾上腺的位置、毗邻关系、动脉供应及静脉回流试述男女盆腔脏器与腹膜的关系试述肌腔隙和血管腔隙的构成及各腔隙内的结构试述视觉传导通路和瞳孔对光反射径路试述面神经的纤维成分及相关脑神经核团的名称、各种纤维的分布范围试述膀肤的动脉供应、静脉和淋巴回流及神经支配试述手掌骨筋膜鞘的构成及各鞘内的主要结构1名词解释:thoracolumbar fascia carpal canal oblique pericardial sinus terminal cistern lower motor neurons 2试述肝蒂、肺根、’肾蒂内各结构的排列关系3试述腮腺的位置及穿经腮腺的结构 4肺段、肝段、’肾段的分段依据是什么?5颈动脉鞘和股鞘是怎样形成的?分别叙述两鞘内的结构及其排列关系 6阴部管、腕管、踩管内通过的结构是什么?7试述腹前壁层次结构与阴囊、精索被膜层次结构的对应关系8试述挠神经支配的肌肉的名称、最易损伤的部位以及损伤后的临床表现 9试述头面部的痛温觉和触压觉传导通路 10试述心脏的神经支配11试述大脑动脉环的构成及其意义 12试述子宫和乳房的淋巴引流aphenous hiatussuspensory muscle of duodenum pyIamidal trace arterial ligament oblique pericardial sinus试述海绵窦的位置、交通、毗邻关系及穿经海绵窦内和外侧壁的结构 mapleav@ 163. com少声六了盛了旅考月行kiktf 鲁馨衷赢含3试述甲状腺的位置及毗邻关系4试述乳房的动脉供应、静脉回流及淋巴引流5何谓肺根?按排列规则论述肺根内的结构及肺根的毗邻 6试述隔下间隙的分区及各间隙的交通 7试述前列腺的位置、被膜及毗邻8试述迷走神经的纤维成分、相关脑神经核团的名称、各种纤维的分布范围 9简述交感神经和副交感神经的主要区别10试述躯干四肢的本体觉和精细触觉的传导通路 11试述肝门静脉与腔静脉之间的吻合途径 12试述腋淋巴结的分群及流注关系 13试述胭窝的境界及其内容的排列关系09年山大试题局部解剖和系统解剖都考 1、无人区 2、5\症3、硬化性骨脓肿(Garre's )4、Bennet骨折5、chance骨折6、Guyon 's管(腕尺管)7、alien实验8、Jones骨折二、简答题1、开放骨折的Gustilo分型2、临床上如何预防骨科术后DVT3、半月板的诊断与治疗4、骨巨细胞瘤的病理分型5、髋臼骨折的常用手术入路6、脊柱结核脓肿的流注部位三、论述题:试述腰腿痛的病因分类2021专业基础课:人体解剖学一、名词解释 5*2分 1、angle of mandible2、greater supraclavicular fossa3、hepatogastric ligament4、infrapiriform foramen 5、ductusarterious triangle 二、简答 9*10分 1、肌三角的境界及内容物 2、颞区的境界及解剖层次3、肺的血管、神经支配及淋巴引流4、脾的韧带及其中结构5、腰上、下三角的境界和临床意义6、第一二三肝门的位置及走行结构7、臂前骨筋膜鞘的构成及内容物8、迷走神经的神经纤维成分和分布9、试述脑干内4种丘系的起止及功能2021名解10分帽状腱膜,椎前筋膜,奇静脉,肋膈隐窝,髂胫束全英文出大题每题10分面侧深区境界内容。

近十年重点院校考博解剖专业课试题大全

近十年重点院校考博解剖专业课试题大全

2002年协和医科大学解剖学考博试题一、名词;1、海式三角(英文)2、胆囊三角3、斜角肌三角4、背盖背区5、REXED板层6、心包斜窦7、鼻烟壶二、填空30分1、肾上腺的血供2、肩胛动脉网3、肛直肠环三、选择20分1、脾的位置2、选择性迷走神经切断术的神经四、问答1、小脑的分叶和联系2、内囊后脚损伤产生那些症状3、踝关节能做那些运动其支配肌肉神经是什么4、骑跨伤损伤造成渗尿会到达那些结构5、胰头癌会压迫那些部位产生什么症状复旦大学医学院2000年解剖学(博士)一、名词解释1、腺管2、胸导管3、海绵窦4、基底膜5、膀胱三角6、胆囊三角7、鼓室二、问答1、针刺中指后痛觉传导通路2、下皮层的功能定位3、肝脏的吡邻复旦大学医学院2001年解剖学(博士)一、名词解释1、膀胱三角2、室上脊3、奇静脉4、海绵窦二、问答1、脊柱的连接2、视觉通路3、心脏的结构复旦大学医学院2002年解剖学(博士)一、名词1、willis环2、肾窦3、巩膜静脉窦二、问答题1.膝关节的组成,运动特点支配肌肉神经2.右心室的结构3.肾脏的解剖毗邻被膜4.丘脑的解剖结构和纤维联系复旦大学医学院2003年解剖学(博士)一、名词解释1.滑膜关节2.肾窦3.腹直肌鞘4.弹性圆锥5.肝胆三角6.语言中枢7.室间隔8.海马-纵隔9.呼吸道二、问答1.手掌动脉的解剖位置2.男性尿道的解剖结构、解剖位置3.脊柱连接4.三叉丘系、脊丘系;内侧、外侧丘系复旦大学医学院2004年解剖学(博士)一、名词解释:(5分/题)1.ptreon;2.结膜穹窿;3.房间隔4.岛叶5.limibic system6.bala7.梨状窝8.venous angle9.髌韧带10.关节盘二、问答题:(10分/题)1.试述内耳的结构组成。

2.内囊的结构和受损后的症状。

3.男性小骨盆与女性小骨盆里都有什么器官,有何区别?4.人体有多少消化腺,其位置形态分泌腺的名称和作用。

四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学:一、名词解释:颈动脉窦,肺根,面部危险三角区,膀胱直肠陷凹,胆囊三角,(还有一个想不起了)二、问答题:(9选7)1.临床作气管切开的位置,经过的层次,切开过深可损伤的器官,过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影(至少10个)5.子宫的位置,及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2004年湘雅博士入学考试试题局部解剖学名词解释(每题5分,共30分)硬膜外隙(腔);腹股沟管;Willis环(cerebral arterial circle)bronchopulmonary segment;thoracic duct;鞍上池论述题(1、2题必答,每题18分;3、4、5题任选两题,每题17分)1、颈内动脉的行程、分段及分支分布2、后纵隔的位置、结构及毗邻关系3、髂关节的结构、功能、血供及神经支配4、尿道球部损伤尿液外渗的解剖学基础5、论述肝段划分的理论依据及临床意义苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题第一题为必答题,然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。

各院校历年考博解剖真题

各院校历年考博解剖真题

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1995年1. 心脏的血供。

2. 胃的静脉和淋巴回流。

3. 眼的神经支配。

4. 颈部的淋巴回流。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1996年1. 眼的神经支配。

2. 内囊的位置和后肢损伤后的表现。

3. 肾脏的位置和毗邻。

4. 腋窝淋巴结分布及回流。

5. 腹膜附属结构、大小网膜的功能。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1997年1.神经元的形态分类。

2.眼眶内的静脉、神经分布。

3.三角肌、前踞肌、背阔肌的起止、功能和神经支配。

4.本体感觉传导通路,为什么小脑损害会引起指鼻不准、走路蹒跚。

5.腹膜和腹膜囊的构成韧带和窝。

6.上下腔静脉的构成、之间的吻合、临床意义。

7.腋动脉的分段,分支供应的器官和伴随神经支配的器官。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1998年1.臂丛神经分支(5支)的分布。

2.腹股沟管的结构、通过的神经。

3.甲状腺的血供、静脉回流。

4.心脏的血供、静脉回流。

5.头面部本体感觉传导通路、交叉上下损害的特点。

6.眼的神经、动脉。

7.咽腔组成,鼻咽癌的好发部位。

8.食管的行程及三个狭窄生理意义。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1999年1.以肩关节为例叙述关节的基本结构和附属结构。

2.眼动脉的分支和静脉回流。

3.瞳孔对光反射的路径;一侧视神经和动眼神经损伤的表现。

4.脑干特殊内脏运动神经核名称、位置,纤维组成颅神经的分布。

5.颈外动脉在颈部的分支、起止、走行和分布。

6.腹膜后间隙定义、范围和脏器。

7.臀部神经的分层,经梨状肌上孔的神经、血管及相对的供应和支配。

8.直肠肛管上下的动脉、静脉和神经的特点。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2000年1、臂丛的神经分支及分布。

2、上颌动脉的走行和分支。

3、腹腔淋巴结的分布和范围。

4、脑干网状结构的形态和功能。

5、心脏的形态、位置、毗邻、动静脉及神经支配。

6、下丘脑的主要核团及分泌激素。

7、子宫的固定装置。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2002年六选五1、叙述眼内、外肌的神经支配和功能。

考博解剖学综合4

考博解剖学综合4

考博解剖学综合41991级试述心脏的传导系统的组成和心脏的神经支配。

试述上纵隔从前至后的结构排列.试述十二指肠的分部和血液供应及十二指肠上部和降部的毗邻。

试述肝脏的位置及体表投影,何谓第一肝门和第二肝门,以肝内Glisson’s 系统为依据,肝脏如何分叶及分段?试述腹主动脉的分支名称及其分布范围。

试述男性尿道的分部、特点和功能。

会阴浅、深隙(袋)是如何构成的?男女性深隙内各有哪些重要结构(肌肉、血管、神经、腺体)会阴部动脉及神经的来源、行程、主要的分支及其分布范围。

试述膀胱的位置、毗邻、年龄变化及血液供应和神经支配。

直肠及子宫的淋巴回流如何。

试述腕前结构的排列(从外到内)该处正中神经损伤时有何症状?为什么?试述腋窝的构成、内容、乳房癌根治术时要注意保护哪些神经和血管?损伤后有什么症状?为什么?试述掌浅动脉弓及掌深动脉弓的组成、位置、分支及体表投影。

试述腓总神经的来源和支配范围,当腓总神经损伤时可能出现什么症状?为什么?描述腘窝的边界、内容以及膝关节的血液供应。

试述面神经的机能成、行程、分支、分布范围,面神经膝状神经节处损伤后的表现?试述颞下窝的边界和内容(肌肉名称、机能、神经支配、血管来源、行程、分段、分支营养范围及静脉回流)。

试述颈深下淋巴结的位置,它可收纳哪些淋巴结群来的淋巴.试述甲状腺的形态、位置、毗邻和血液供应,静脉回流。

试述喉返神经的起源核团,行程。

损伤后会出现什么症状?为什么?中山医博士试题1992解剖学一、试述腕前结构的排列(外到内),该处正中神经损伤有何症状,为什么?腕前结构排列(十个)答:腕前区有三个管道,腕管、腕尺侧管和腕桡侧管。

腕管由腕骨和屈肌支侧管由屈肌支持带的桡侧端一分为二附着于舟骨结节及大多角骨结节形成.三个管道通过的结构不同,一个为肌腱管道;一个为血管神经管道;一个为肌腱和神经管道。

(1)腕桡侧管有桡侧腕屈肌腱通过。

(2)腕尺侧管有尺动静脉及尺神经通过。

(3)腕管有正中神经、八条屈指肌腱和拇长屈肌腱共10条结构通过。

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题_真题-无答案

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题_真题-无答案

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题(总分70,考试时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularySection ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1. The medical team discussed their shared ________ to eliminating this curable disease.A. obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ________is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. turmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ________communication and indulge in their own worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down4. The school board attached great emphasis to ________in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ________to what we need to be attending to.A. pertinentC. precedentD. prominent6. New studies have found a rather ________ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing7. We must test our ________ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions8. We must ________ the problem ________ , which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set….backB. take…overC. pull….inD. break…down9. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are ________rather than persistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ________that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conformSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.11. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery” of another human beings, and offers the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensible12. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted13. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate14. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subject with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely15. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.A. fetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans16. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our childrenA. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse17. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically18. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming19. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterD. induce20. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countablePart Ⅱ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETThe same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer — the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 【A1】, can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 【A2】data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 【A3】CT scanning. Their study was 【A4】by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 【A5】the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 【A6】it as noncancerous) and 23 【A7】observational error (not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 【A8】of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G. Armato PhD, lead author of the study. “**puter is not perfect”, Armato said, “it will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 【A9】. The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **puter may 【A10】something suspicious. It’s sort of a spell-checker, or a second opinion.”21. 【A1】A. in commonB. in turnC. in oneD. in all22. 【A2】A. preliminaryB. considerateC. deliberateD. ordinary23. 【A3】A. being usedB. to useC. usingD. use24. 【A4】A. investigatedB. originatedC. foundedD. funded25. 【A5】A. FromB. AmidC. OfD. In26. 【A6】A. disseminatingB. degeneratingC. dismissingD. deceiving27. 【A7】A. were mistaken forB. were attributed toC. resulted inD. gave way to28. 【A8】A. mortalitiesB. incidencesC. imagesD. rates29. 【A9】A. don’tB. won’tC. aren’tD. wasn’t30. 【A10】A. stand forB. search forC. account forD. mistake forPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s “a translator between two hostile tribes” — the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People WhoWill Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job — the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried — made obsolete — faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready” — ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail, “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate — the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life — and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think — to ask the right questions — and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world,” Wagner said, “and it is the only country where students leave high school “innovation-ready”. They learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many electives — all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented” colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media Lab and the ‘D-school’ Stanford where students learn to innovate.”31. In his book, Wagner argues that ________.A. the education world is hostile to our kidsB. the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC. the business world is too demanding on the education worldD. the education world should teach what the marketplace demands32. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” to “innovation ready”.D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.33. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.34. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the author’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s gene ration to find their first jobs.35. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To orient future education.B. To exemplify the necessary shift in education.C. To draw a conclusion about the shift in education.D. To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.Passage TwoSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified(分层的),” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic&**ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype(鼓吹)and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful. Finally, both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.36. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A. Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B. Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C. Physical examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.D. Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.37. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the **munity.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.38. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in________.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals39. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against________.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in **mon diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics40. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genet ic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage ThreeFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface.Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max’s observationswith data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.41. According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to ________.A. sunspot activityB. unusual weather patternsC. increased levels of dustD. fluctuations in the Earth’s temperature42. Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A. The Earth is too far from the Sun.B. Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C. There is not enough sunlight during the day.D. The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.43. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?A. Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B. Solar Max’s instruments were getting old.C. The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max’s instruments.D. Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max’s detectors.44. The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as ________.A. an ongoing research effortB. a question that can never be answeredC. an issue that has been resolvedD. historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns45. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. **ponents of the Earth’s atmosphere.B. The launching of a weather satellite.C. The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D. The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions(违法)occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students’ work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement(强烈的)reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job ofexposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules, the societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching” can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.46. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B. The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C. The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D. The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.47. What, in the respondent’s mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A. It is a serious high-profile infraction.B. It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C. It is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.D. It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.48. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ________.A. their offering more courses than they can handleB. their paying little attention to the students’ feedbackC. their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD. their lacking interest in the areas other than their own49. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A. Development of codes of conduct.B. Exposure of online misconducts.C. Education about the rules of proper mentoring.D. Development of clear mechanism for reporting.50. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A. The approaches to addressing the problems of “inadequate teaching”.B. The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C. The **mittee s dealing with “inadequate teaching”.D. The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat? I’m reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx(流入)of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is aprofession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school’s intake.But I’m beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I’m questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished(润色)their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, and faculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a&**petitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs(无足轻重的成员)in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget(装饰品).Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors’spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower(畏缩)before number crunchers and bean counters.51. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students?A. Because he misinformed them in their choice.B. Because he worries about medicine as a profession.C. Because he questions their ambition **petence.D. Because he is not sure about their diverse personalities.52. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?A. More positions.B. Greater influenceC. **petitiveness.D. More exposure to new ideas.53. What is the most probable message from the passage?A. Most employers are short-term petty-minded.B. Medicine is becoming more like a factory job.C. Doctors’ role and responsibilities change all the time.D. Senior doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.54. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ________.A. the government against limiting the doctors to take additional rolesB. the organizations against viewing doctors as factory workersC. the practitioners against taking on additional responsibilitiesD. the doctors against spreading their wings too widely55. What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To advise the organizations to be open-minded.B. To remind the readers of medicine as a profession.C. To question the role of taking on an additional position.D. To explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.Passage SixThe use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can be drastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward — for both supporters and opponents of animal research — occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro (“within the glass”), and on computational models and algorithms(演算法). These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate — and in some cases more accurate than — information collected from studies in whole animal.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug’s distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in。

考博病理真题

考博病理真题

名解:1.pH值:亦称氢离子浓度指数、酸碱值,是溶液中氢离子活度的一种标度,也就是通常意义上溶液酸碱程度的衡量标准。

2.染色体(Chromosome)是指细胞内具有遗传性质的遗传物质深度压缩形成的聚合体,易被碱性染料染成深色,所以叫染色体。

3.透明血栓(hyaline thrombus)这种血栓发生于微循环小血管内,只能在显微镜下见到,故又称微血栓,主要由纤维素构成,见于弥散性血管内凝血。

4.纤维素样坏死(fibrinoid necrosis)是发生在间质、胶原纤维和小血管壁的一种坏死。

光镜下,病变部位的组织结构消失,变为境界不甚清晰的颗粒状、小条或小块状无结构物质,呈强嗜酸性,似纤维蛋白,有时纤维蛋白染色呈阳性,故称此为纤维蛋白样坏死。

5.霍奇金淋巴瘤(何杰金氏病HL)是淋巴瘤的一种独特类型,为青年人中最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。

病初发生于一组淋巴结,以颈部淋巴结和锁骨上淋巴结常见,然后扩散到其他淋巴结,晚期可侵犯血管,累及脾、肝、骨髓和消化道等。

6.镂空网状坏死:见于流行性乙型脑炎,造成神经组织坏死,形成镂空筛网状软化灶,呈圆形或卵圆形,边界清楚,分布广泛,是乙脑的特征性病变。

7.假膜性炎:纤维素性炎易发生于粘膜、浆膜和肺组织。

发生于粘膜者渗出的纤维蛋白原形成的纤维素、坏死组织和嗜中性粒细胞共同形成假膜,又称假膜性炎。

8.萎缩性胃炎:也称慢性萎缩性胃炎,以胃黏膜上皮和腺体萎缩,数目减少,胃黏膜变薄,黏膜基层增厚,或伴幽门腺化生和肠腺化生,或有不典型增生为特征的慢性消化系统疾病。

9.鳞状上皮化生:常见于柱状上皮(如气管和支气管粘膜的腺上皮)移行上皮等的化生称为鳞状上皮化生。

10.稳定细胞(stable cells)又称静止细胞(quiescent cell)。

在生理情况下,这类细胞增殖不明显,在细胞增殖周期中处于静止(G0),但受到组织损伤的刺激时,则进入DNA合成前期(G1),表现出较强的再生能力。

局部解剖学(青岛大学)知到章节答案智慧树2023年

局部解剖学(青岛大学)知到章节答案智慧树2023年

局部解剖学(青岛大学)知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新第一章测试1.关于人体层次结构的描述,错误的是参考答案:在四肢远侧端,浅筋膜增厚形成支持带2.与深筋膜无关的结构是参考答案:滑膜囊3.局部解剖学的学习,需要坚持以下基本原则参考答案:重视体表标志;理论联系实际,密切联系生活;积极参加小组讨论;理论指导实践、重视解剖操作;基础联系临床4.下面解剖操作正确的是参考答案:用执笔法持刀修洁血管、神经;用执弓法持刀切开皮肤;血管钳可以钳夹肌腱、韧带等5.符合要求的解剖操作包括参考答案:解剖过程要遵循人道主义精神和医学伦理要求,自觉尊重和爱护标本;要重视解剖变异和畸形,加强讨论,丰富自己的解剖学知识;解剖操作前要做好预习,解剖操作过程要集体配合完成;要珍惜解剖操作的机会,勤动手、多观察、多动脑、多总结;按操作要求规范解剖操作第二章测试1.腮腺鞘与腮腺紧密结合,并发出间隔深入到腮腺实质,将腮腺分隔为许多小叶故腮腺炎时常引起剧烈疼痛参考答案:对2.下面关于头部骨性标志的描述,正确的是参考答案:眶下孔位于眶下缘下方0.8cm处,此处可进行眶下神经阻滞麻醉;眶上切迹、眶下孔、颏孔通常位于一条直线上;眶上孔位于眶上缘的内、中1/3交界处,眶上血管和眶上神经由此通过;颏孔位于下颌第二前磨牙根下方,此处是颏神经阻滞麻醉的穿刺部位;颧弓下缘与下颌切迹间的半月形的中点,是咬肌神经封闭阻滞麻醉的进针点3.为确定脑膜中动脉和主要沟回的位置,在头侧部所作的标志线有参考答案:通过颧弓中点的垂线;经眶下缘--外耳门上缘的水平线;经过眶上缘的水平线;经过乳突基部后缘的垂线;经髁突中点的垂线4.关于颅顶层次结构的描述,正确的是参考答案:颅顶的软组织合称为头皮;封闭枕大神经时可在枕外隆凸下方一横指、正中线外侧2cm处进行;腱膜下间隙的静脉可经导静脉、颅骨的板障静脉与颅内的硬脑膜窦相通;缝合头皮时,一定将帽状腱膜缝合好减少皮肤张力、促进伤口愈合有利于止血5.横行穿过腮腺的结构有参考答案:上颌动、静脉;面横动、静脉;面神经的分支6.关于翼丛的描述,正确的是参考答案:翼丛最后汇合形成上颌静脉;翼丛与海绵窦之间存在交通;翼丛收纳与上颌动脉分支伴行的静脉;翼丛位于翼内肌、翼外肌与颞肌之间7.面部浅层结构的描述,错误的是参考答案:三叉神经管理面部表情肌的运动8.腮腺床不包括参考答案:面神经9.关于面部间隙的描述,错误的是参考答案:翼下颌间隙内有舌下神经和舌下血管10.穿过颈静脉孔的结构,不包括参考答案:舌下神经11.关于海绵窦的描述,错误的是参考答案:海绵窦通过视网膜中央静脉与面静脉交通第三章测试1.关于颈部表面解剖的描述,正确的是参考答案:在胸骨上窝可触及气管颈段;胸锁乳突肌后方中点是颈部皮肤浸润麻醉的阻滞点;舌骨大角是寻找舌动脉的体表标志2.下面关于颈外静脉的描述,正确的是参考答案:因颈外静脉末端与颈深筋膜结合紧密当静脉壁受伤破裂时,管腔不易闭合,可致气体栓塞;颈外静脉末端有一对退化的静脉瓣当上腔静脉血回流受阻时可致颈外静脉扩张;由下颌后静脉后支和耳后静脉、枕静脉等汇合形成;体表投影位于下颌角至锁骨中点的连线上3.颈丛皮支包括参考答案:枕小神经;耳大神经;锁骨上神经4.关于气管前间隙的描述,正确的是参考答案:间隙内有甲状腺最下动脉、甲状腺下静脉、甲状腺奇静脉丛等;小儿胸廓发育不完全,胸腺、左头臂静脉和主动脉弓可达此间隙;气管前间隙位于气管前筋膜与气管颈部之间5.关于舌下神经的描述,正确的是参考答案:经腹肌后腹深面进入下颌下三角;舌下神经与二腹肌中间腱之间有舌动脉、静脉伴行;在下颌下三角内位于下颌下腺的内下方;从二腹肌后腹深面进入颈动脉三角;在下颌下三角内行于舌骨舌肌表面6.二腹肌后腹的深面有参考答案:迷走神经、副神经;舌下神经;颈外动脉;颈交感干;颈内动脉、静脉7.咽和食管颈部的描述,正确的是参考答案:咽位于第1-6颈椎前方;食管颈部位置稍偏正中线左侧;咽后壁借疏松结缔组织连于椎前筋膜;食管上端平环状软骨下缘与咽相接8.甲状腺的动脉和喉的神经的描述,正确的是参考答案:喉上神经外支与甲状腺上动脉伴行,在距甲状腺上缘1-2cm处离开,支配环甲肌、咽下缩肌;喉上神经在舌骨大角处分为内外两支;喉返神经至环甲关节后方入喉,称为喉下神经;甲状腺上动脉发出喉上动脉伴喉上神经内支穿甲状舌骨膜入喉9.位于鞘的浅面的结构有参考答案:肩胛舌骨肌下腹;甲状腺中静脉;颈袢10.关于锁骨上三角的描述,正确的是参考答案:又称锁骨上大窝;锁骨下动脉的后上方有臂丛;此处可触及锁骨下动脉第3段的搏动11.食管下部癌或胃癌时常累及该淋巴结是参考答案:斜角肌淋巴结第四章测试1.肺根内最下面的结构为参考答案:下肺静脉2.关于胸骨角的描述,错误的是参考答案:经胸骨角的横断面经过肺动脉分叉处3.关于乳房的描述,正确的是参考答案:乳房脓肿切开引流时应以乳头为中心作放射状切口;乳房的皮神经来自于第4~6肋间神经的皮支;乳腺癌时形成皮肤的“橘皮样变”,与局部淋巴回流受阻和乳房悬韧带挛缩有关;乳房的动脉血管来自胸廓内动脉和肋间后动脉的穿支4.通过主动脉裂孔的结构有参考答案:主动脉;胸导管;迷走神经后干;来自胸壁的淋巴管5.壁胸膜包括参考答案:肋胸膜;膈胸膜;胸膜顶;纵隔胸膜6.关于肺根毗邻的描述,正确的是参考答案:肺根前下方为心包隆凸;肺根后方有交感干、内脏大神经、迷走神经等;肺根前方有膈神经、心包膈血管7.右侧胸膜至第6胸肋关节高度移行为下界,跨过右剑肋角者约占1/3,所以心包穿刺部位以左侧剑肋角处较为安全参考答案:对8.食管的部分淋巴管直接注入胸导管参考答案:对9.胸导管平12胸椎下缘起于乳糜池,经腰肋三角进入胸腔参考答案:错10.内脏大神经是穿过第6~9胸神经节的节前纤维,穿膈脚终止于腹腔神经节参考答案:对11.位于食管与脊柱之间,内有奇静脉、副半奇静脉和胸导管。

山东大学人体解剖学2004年考博真题试卷

山东大学人体解剖学2004年考博真题试卷
第1页 共1页
山东大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东大学
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:人体解剖学 注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 第1题 必答,另外 略 2、颅内外静脉交通途径 3、纵隔淋巴结的分群与汇流途径 4、肾上腺的A、V、淋巴回流 5、肌腔隙 血管腔隙 的构成 、内容 6、膀胱的动脉 静脉 淋巴回流 7、面神经 有哪些神经纤维成分 相关的神经核 分布 8、手掌中间隙的境界 内容 9、乳房的血供 淋巴回流 10、视觉传导通路 光反射传导通路 11、甲状腺的被膜 比邻 12、胰头的位置 比邻

山东大学人体解剖学2012年考博真题试卷

山东大学人体解剖学2012年考博真题试卷
九、支配骨骼肌的脑神经核的位置、走形特点;(10分)
十、头面部痛温觉及触觉的传导通路。(10分)
二、面部主要的神经血管支配(10分)
三、颈交感干的位置、组成、所支配的区域;(10分)
四、胸导管的起源、走形、注入及毗邻的结构;(10分)
五、腹膜所形成的系膜及所包含的结构;(10分)
六、肝脏的管道系统走形特点及其所配布特点;(10分)
七、肩胛区深层的解剖结构;(10分)
八、股鞘组成、股管结构考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:人体解剖学
注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释(2分x5)
1.masseter space(咬肌间隙);2.retromandicular vein(下颌后静脉)3.pleural recesses 4.renal sinus 5. planter arch(足底弓)

山东大学人体解剖学2012年考博真题试卷

山东大学人体解剖学2012年考博真题试卷
山东大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:人体解剖学 注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释(ace(咬肌间隙) ;2.retromandicular vein(下颌后静脉) 3.pleural recesses 4.renal sinus 5. planter arch(足底弓) 二、面部主要的神经血管支配 (10分) 三、颈交感干的位置、组成、所支配的区域;(10分) 四、胸导管的起源、走形、注入及毗邻的结构;(10分) 五、腹膜所形成的系膜及所包含的结构;(10分) 六、肝脏的管道系统走形特点及其所配布特点;(10分) 七、肩胛区深层的解剖结构;(10分) 八、股鞘组成、股管结构及所包含结构;(10分) 九、支配骨骼肌的脑神经核的位置、走形特点;(10分) 十、头面部痛温觉及触觉的传导通路。 (10分)
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2018年考试真题+答案解析

2018年考试真题+答案解析

2018年考试真题+答案解析2018年考试试题生理学、病理解剖学一、选择题(每小题1分,共60分)(生理学1-30题,病理解剖学31-60题)在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑1.自身调节是指细胞和组织器官在不依赖于神经或体液调节的情况下对刺激所产生的()A.稳态B.旁分泌C.前馈调节D.适应性反应2.氨基酸进入红细胞膜是属于()A.单纯扩散B.主动运输C.易化扩散D.吞饮3.骨骼肌细胞外液中钠离子浓度降低使()A.动作电位幅度变小B.去极化加速C.静息电位增大D.膜电位降低4.动作电位的超射值接近于()A.钾离子平衡电位B.钠离子平衡电位C.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的代数和D.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的绝对值之差5.血管损伤后止血栓能正确定位于损伤部位有赖于血小板的哪项特性()A.黏附B.聚集C.收缩D.释放6.Rh阳性是指红细胞膜上含有()A.C抗原B.D抗原C.e抗原D.E抗原7.内源性凝血途径和外源性凝血途径的最主要区别在于()A.纤维蛋白形成过程不同B.凝血酶形成过程不同C.启动方式和参与的凝血因子不同D.Ⅲ因子是否参加而不同8.左心室的搏功大于右室的主要原因是下列哪一项的差别()A.每搏输出量B.射血速度C.心室舒张末期压力D.肺动脉平均血压9.窦房结能成为心脏正常起搏点的原因是()A.最大复极电位低B.4期自动除极速度快C.0期除极速度低D.阈电位与最大复极电位差距小10.在体循环中,血流阻力最大,血压降落最为显著的区段是()A.主动脉段B.大动脉段C.微动脉段D.毛细血管段11.引起组织毛细血管交替开放的物质是()A.组胺B.乙酰胆碱C.局部代谢产物D.激u肽12.在心动周期中,主动脉压最低见于()A.等容舒张期末B.等容收缩期末C.心房收缩期末D.快速充盈期末13.肺表面活性物质的主要作用是()A.降低呼吸膜通透性B.增加肺弹性阻力C.保护肺泡上皮细胞D.降低肺泡表面张力14.某人正常平静呼吸时潮气量50m1,解剖无效腔为150ml,呼吸频率每分钟12次。

历年考博专业课真题

历年考博专业课真题

中科院 2003 生化考博题 1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控? 2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展? 3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理? 4.七种重组体筛选方法,原理? 5.包含体? 6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株.如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因. 7.蛋白质一,二,三,四结构?用什么方法测定. 8.从 cDNA 文库中用特定一对引物利用 PCR 扩增一个酶蛋白基因.将该基因重组到一个通 用表达载体上进行表达. 对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明, 重组蛋白具有相应酶活性. 是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成?为什么?复旦大学 2002 年试题(金融学) 1,分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果. (20 分) 2,试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应,评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果. (30 分) 3,什么叫可维持的国际收支结构,结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件. (20 分) 4, 全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型, 并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣. (30 分)2004 年人大民法考博试题 民法: 1,论请求权 2,人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质 3,相邻权与地役权的区别 4,论商业秘密权 民事诉讼: 1,论不要证事实 2,论当事人更换 3,论上诉审程序 4,破产申请要件 中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题 民法 93. 1.论合同自由 2.新闻监督与侵害名誉权 3.证券市场的现状与对策 94. 1.试论我国物权制度的建立与完善(40) 2.我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限 公司的异同(30) 3.侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别(30)95. 1.论物权分类 2.企业法人与社团法人的关系 3.侵权行为与违约行为的异同 96. 1.评析民法通则 2.物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别 3.缔约过失责 任与合同责任的联系与区别 4.评析人身保险合同(3,4 选一) 97. 1.论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法 2.行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除 权的区别 3.论典权的性质,典权与抵押,质押,买卖和租赁的法律关系 4.论保险合同中 当事人的基本权利义务 98. 1.国有企业改革中的民法适用问题 2.效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别 3.试 析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释 200 条 4.侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间 的比较 99. 1.我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位 2.用益物权 的种类及逐一评述 3.知识产权及其他财产权的异同,著作权与工业产权的异同 4.有限责 任公司与股份有限公司的异同 2000. 1, WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响 2, 论经营权 3, 论合同自愿原则 4, 网 络环境下的知识产权保护 2001. 1.法人有限责任 2.善意取得 3.表见代理 4.代位权行使的要件 2002. 1. 论民事法律行为的发展和完善 2. 论物权请求权 3. 合同成立和效力的关系 4. 知 识产权在民法中的地位 2003 1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善 2.评析物权行为理论 3.论信托法律关系中的受托 人的权利性质 4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同 5.论知识产权的私权本质 2004 1,论民法请求权 2,从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质 3,论相邻权 和地役权的关系 4,论商业秘密权 民诉 93. 1.论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善. 2.论公示催告程序. 3.诉讼保全与债的 保全的关系 4.民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展. 5.其他组织问题 94. 1. 试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的 体现 2.财产保全与先予执行的异同 3.试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法 4.试论 法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查 95.1. 试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象 2. 申请代位执行的根据 3. 公示催告程序 4. 诉 权与起诉权的关系 96. 1.评严格执行民事诉讼法,确保案件公正审理 2.代位申请执行与代位权 3.当事人 查证与法院取证的根据 4.涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径 97. 1.关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考 2.评析新民事诉讼法 3.论举证责任倒置 4.论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系 98. 1.建立我国诉讼标的理论 2.调解与审判分离理论 3.启动再审的三种方式间的关系 99. 1.试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系 2.重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考 3.论执行难及其解决途径 2000. 1.诉权在司法实践中的保护 2,诉讼程序与非讼程序的交叉适用 3,论执行的性质 4,论缺席判决 2001. 1.调解制度的完善 2.执行权性质及与裁判权的区别 3.诚信原则是否适用于民诉 举证责任的分配 2002. 1.评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定 2.法律推定与事实推定的效力 3.判决的形式 确定力与实质确定力 4.执行竞合及其解决 2003 1.论书证的分类及其法律意义 2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位) 3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离 4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权 2004 1,论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实 2,论当事人变更 3,论二审对一审的裁判 4,论 破产申请提出的条件武汉大学 2004 年医学考博试题 消化内科试题 1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD 遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD 的诊断与治疗 5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID 诱发溃疡的机制病生 试题一,简答题 1 简述凋亡的基本过程 2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 6 何为缺血预处理?它有哪些保护作用? 二,论述题 1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸碱平衡紊乱,为什么? 2 何为自由基?试述它在体内的作用. 2004 年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题 一名解(原题为英文) 1.休克抑制期 2.骨不连 3.骨筋膜室综合征 4.非少尿型肾功衰 5.预存自体回输血二.问答题 1.创伤的检查与诊断方法 2.脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3.腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4.周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5.股骨头缺血坏死的 FICAT 分期 6.你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7.骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征.协和 2003 年分子生物学专业试题(博士) 1, 近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识, 现在大家普遍接受"unified theory" 的理论,请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点. 2,用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质,然后进行电泳,发现 200bp,400bp,600bp,800bp... 的条带,试问从该现象可以得出什么结论?图 1 所示的条带不是非常狭窄,试解释其原因武汉大学 2001 比较文学与世界文学专题试题 一.20 分.AB 任选 A.莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态"外化"为舞台形象 的?表现主义文学(如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》)又是如何系统的运用这类"外化"手法的? B. 以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例, 谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的 见解.(说明:不限于戏剧,也可以举小说等为例.) 二.30 分.在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中,你对哪一部印象最深?描述你阅读它事的初始 感受,然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思,剖析和评价. 三.20 分.CD 任选 C.结合具体的作家和作品,论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征. D.从 T.S.艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学"总体论"出发,结合其他西方学 者的相关理论,论述民族文学,总体文学与比较文学的相互关系. 四.30 分.古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了"迷狂说".中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧 浪诗话.诗辨》中提出了"妙悟说".结合他们的具体论述,以"迷狂说与妙悟说"为题 ,从学说产生的时代与社会环境, 诗任的创作过程, 艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨 析第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题 学科专业: 传染病学 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 32 分) 1. ICAM-1 2. interleukin 12(IL-12) 3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 4. TCR/CD3 complex 5. hematopoietin receptor family 6. individual idiotype(IdI) 7. integrin 8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )? 2. 简述杀伤性 T 细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理. 3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染 性疾病防治中的作用. 4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性 T 细胞(Th)相互作用的关系. 三. 问答题(每题 18 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点. 主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测 的方法和原理. 2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展? 第四军医大学 一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫 学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD4 2. T cell receptor(TCR) 3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) 4. selectin 5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC) 7. immunotolerance 8. biological reponse modifier(BRM) 9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene) 10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性. 2. 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞(Tc 或 CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不 同? 3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理. 4. NK 细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK 细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性? 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分) 供传染病学专业试题: 1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 供消化内科专业试题: 1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和 结果测定? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD8 2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ ) 3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold) 4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers) 5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory 6. HLA class II antigen 7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP) 9. high affinity IL-2 receptor 10. artificial active immunization 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用. 2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点. 3. 试述分泌型 IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程. 4. 试比较 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原,表面受体等)的异同点. 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分.请注意:每位考生只能从 1,2 题中选一题,3,4 题中选 一题,共答两题,多答者不计分.) 1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学 检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理. 2. 为了避免 IgG 抗体 Fc 段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的 F(ab')2 段,试问如何应 用 SDS-PAGE 方法对 F(ab')2 进行鉴定? 3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展. 4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展. 第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业:免疫学,传染病学,消化内科 考试科目:免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor subunit shared by some cytokine receptors) 3. flow cytometry(FCM) 4. carrier effect 5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus 6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets 7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP) 8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 9. SH-2(src-homology region 2) 10. Ab2β (internal image) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分)1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展? 2. 参与活化 T 细胞与活化 B 细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能? 3. 试述 HLA 在临床上的主要应用. 4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化 T 细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主 要操作步骤. 5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用. 三. 选择问答题(每题 10 分,共 20 分.请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为 无效.) 免疫学专业: 1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig 超家族,造血因子受体超家族,神经生长因子受体超家族以及 趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出 2 个成员. 2. 试比较人 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的 免疫功能? 传染病学专业: 1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如 何进行相应的免疫学功能检测? 2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系. 消化专业: 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展. 2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特 点.分泌型 IgA 是如何进行合成和分泌的? 第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. Fas(CD95)/FasL 2. common chain of cytokine receptor 3 . TCR/CD3 complex 4. negaive selection of thymocytes 5. artificial active immune 6. anti-idiotypic 7. IgSF 8. Integrin9. chemokine 10. B7/CD28 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 60 分) 1. 比较 MHCⅠ和 MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程. 2. 比较 CTL 和 NK 杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点. 3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点. 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案 克隆此基因. 5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战 src="./images/smilies/sad.gif" border=0 smilieid="2">1)肿瘤免疫;(2)基因治疗; (3)CD 抗原. 第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. B7/CD28 2. Th1 subset 3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily(STR superfamily) 4. antibody affinity maturation 5. AP-1 6. single chain variable fragment(ScFv) 7. NK cell receptor 8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon 9. Ig fold 10. CD40/CD40L 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与 T 细胞功能性亚群形成的关系. 2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律,回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么? 3. 试从结构和功能等角度,阐述白细胞分化抗原(CD),粘附分子(integrin)和免疫球 蛋白超家族(IgSF)三类分子的相互关系.目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么? 三. 问答题(24 分,第 1 题为免疫学专业考生试题,第 2 题为血液病学科考生试题,第 3 题为消化内科考生试题,只允许答本专业试题)1. 试比较 TCR 和 BCR 结构及其识别抗原,淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理. (免疫学专业). 2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展.(血液病学专业). 3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展.(消化内科专业). 一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题 (免疫学专业和专业基础) 一.名词解释(每题 3 分,共 45 分) 1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules) 2.NK-kB 3.Immunoglobulin superfamily 4.antigen-presenting cell (APC) 5.death domain R and CXCR 7.Lectin (or mitogen) 8.Clusters of differentiation, CD) 9.B7 family 10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) 12.MHC restriction 13.Affinity-chromatography 14.Cyctosprin A, CsA 15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC) 二.问答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分) 1.何为 Th1 和 Th2 亚群?如何检测?在临床上有何意义? 2.试述免疫球蛋白(Ig)的结构与功能的关系. 3.试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR/CD3)与 B 细胞受体(BCR)的组成,结构及其识别 抗原的特点. 三.选择问答题(各专业考生只答一道本专业试题,25 分) 免疫学专业: 1.试述 B7/CD28, CTLA-4,CD40/CD40L,LFA-1/ICAM-1,CD2/LFA-3 的结构,分布以及相互 作用后介导的主要生物学功能.消化内科: 2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类?机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素(机制)?简述提高 抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策. 血液病学专业: 3.何为白血病的免疫学分型?何为移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)?GVHR 发 生的主要原因(条件)是什么? 一九九年九博士生入学考试试题 (专业基础: 免疫学) 一.名词解释(每题 5 分,共 45 分) 1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin) 3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor) 4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen) 5. Interleukin 18(IL-18) 6. 整合素(integrin) 7. Fas/FasL 8. FcR(免疫球蛋白 Fc 段受体) 9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM) 10. Th1/Th2 11. 基因疫苗(DNA 疫苗) 12. chemokines and chemokine receptor 13. 免疫耐受 14. 共刺激分子 15. 死亡结构域(death domain) 二.问答题(第 1,2 题各 18 分,第 3 题 19 分) 1. 试比较杀伤性 T 细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导 免疫功能有何不同? 2. 70 年代以来,有关 Ig 和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学 诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用. (1)1972 年:胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解 Ig,获得 Fab,Fc,F(ab')2 等片段 (2)1977 年:放射免疫法 (3)1984 年:淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体(4)1987 年: Ig 基因的结构 3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前 提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略. 一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业) 问答题(每题 25 分) 1. 试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR),B 细胞受体(BCR)和 NK 细胞受体(NKCR)的组成,识别配 体以及信号转导的异同点. 2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例,T 细胞和 B 细胞是如何相互作用? 有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与 T,B 细胞的相互作用? 3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实 HFRS 病毒感染机体(以 Balb/C 小鼠为例)可产生 HFRS 病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性 CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用, 请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实. 4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫 学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义,发展趋势以及应用前景.中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1996 年博士研究生入学试题 1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的 特征,这些差别特征有哪些方面?并举例说明. 2 试述三种粘多糖的名称,在动物体内的 主要分布, 主要构成单糖及其它糖类. 3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系. 4 J. D. Watson 因其证明 DNA 的双螺旋结构,曾与 Crick 共获诺贝尔奖.这位科学泰头在他后 来一体名著中解释 DNA 形状时写过这样一段话:"Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments". 你认为他在这里用 configulation 一词描述 DNA 的三维结构确切吗?为什么? (此段英原文不必译出, 但须回答为什么, 否则无分) 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1998 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 DNA 具有的两个重要功能是 , 核糖体的功能是 2 逆 转录酶是一种多功能酶,它兼有 指导的 DNA 聚合酶, 指导的 DNA 聚合酶. 3 能够用来 将外源的 DNA 片段转移到活细胞内部的 , 或 统称为克隆载体. 4 绝大多数真核生物信 使 RNA3'端有 . 5 证明 DNA 是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 . 6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水 解,碱水解引起 , , 和 的破坏. 7 蛋白质的三维构象也称 或 . 8 生物膜主要是由 和 两大类物质组成, 生物膜的基因结构形式是 . 膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 ,和 等 方式进行. 9 1997 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 , 主要是基于他们阐明了 反应机制分子结构及 酶 的作用机制. 10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自 和 . 11 糖蛋白的糖链,是由专一性很低 强的 ,从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的.二,解释名词和英文符号的科学 含义 1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat 5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR 8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing 三,问答题 1 热力学第二定律证明任何体 系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵, 然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立 起高度有序的结构,这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律?为什么? 2 回答下述 问题是对或是错,假若是错请解释为什么? 1) 在底物饱和的条件下,酶的催化反应速率 与酶浓度成比例. 2) 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是,酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而 下降. 3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义. 4 在静息态的神经细胞中,胞内外的 K 与 Na 浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大, 此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差 的总称是什么?假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化, 其 反应表示为请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么?其意义何在? 5 举例简述对细胞中 多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性. 6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)? 请举例说明. 7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系. 8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein) 比较重要的核蛋白体有那些? 9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称, 化学组成及其生理意义. 10 什么是终止密码子,已知的终止密码了有那些? 11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手 段,在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数? 中国科学院 动物研究所高级生物化学 1999 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 填充题 1 主动运输的主要特点 是 , , , , . 2 辅酶中 A 分子中含有 , , , . 3 线粒体 DNA 的复制方式是 , 其复制特点是 . 4 高能磷酸化物可分为 , , , . 5 糖类物质是含 和 化合物;常见 的糖有 和 ,它们分解后可分为 , , , . 6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为 和 蛋白质,按生物功能可分为 , , , , . 7 酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 , , , , . 二,解释基本概念 1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏 5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff 反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类 9 蜡 10 同工酶 三,问答题(任选 7 题) 1 试述 逆转录酶的生物学意义. 2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡. 3 简述生物膜运送的分 子机理. 4 写出 20 种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号. 5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含 量的基本原理是什么? 6 简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则. 7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原 理. 8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式. 9 根据你的生理学,细胞生物学和分子生 物学的知识, 构思一实验方案, 差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的 特异功能基因. 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 解 释基本概念 1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶 5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶 I 和辅酶 II 8 叶酸 9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素 13 脱氨基作用 14 转 氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子 17 质粒 18 基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体 二, 回答问题 (其 中 7,8 两题任选一题) 1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能. 2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其 在生物进化和生物功能中的意义. 3 RNA 在那些类型?比较它们的结构与功能. 4 阐述 生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制. 5 试述脂蛋白的种类, 化学组成和生物功能. 6 说明真核生物的 DNA 聚合酶的种类及其生理功能. 7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和 细胞核的相互关系.中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题 中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 (一,二,三题为必答题,五和六可任选一题) 一, 请解释下列 名词,并写出它们的英文术词: 1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默 5 功 能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡 二, 限制性内切酶是如何发现的? 限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究? 三, 请分别列出 用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关 系. 四, 请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同,并在你所熟悉的生物(植物或动物)的范围 内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题. 五, 获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后,怎样才能阐明 该基因的功能?请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案. 六, 在真核生物 基因的 DNA 序列中,哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能?。

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