欧洲文化入门笔记(汉语版)
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks?And what was the chief difference between them?1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter,Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus,and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2)There was one big difference.The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament,which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.The Hebrews’major contribution to world civizalation wan Judasam.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity;⑵both originated in Palestine.1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the RomanEmpire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance,a great manyGermanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England,France, Italy,and Germany in its place.These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions.The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion.Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.There was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds years.2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from500to1000?Above all,the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position,foreign trade developed early in Italy.This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was anessential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late15th century,Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets,scholars, artists and sculptors.There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas,libraries and academies were founded.In the15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2.What are the main elements of humanism?How are these elementsreflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance.Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body.This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism,and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy,from heaven to earth,from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy,senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,and Titian,etc.In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.DIVISION ONE1.战争双方:1200B.C Greece(希腊)and Troy(特洛伊）The5th centry B.C colsed with civil war between Athens（雅典）and Sparta in Greece（希腊）.146B.C.the Romans conquered Greece。
欧洲文化入门(The 17th Century)
蒲伯为牛顿墓碑而题的未被采用的墓 志铭：
Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night, God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light.
德国数学家、自然科学家、哲学家 New Essays Concerning Human
Understanding(1704) 《人类理智新论》 Discourse on Metaphysics 《形而上学论》
5.Invention of New Instruments
Great progresses of 17th: A. astronomy B. dynamics动力学 C. invention of scientific instruments
Contract 社会契约论
Thomas Hobbes
And Therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies.
如果有两人都想要一件东西，他们就会 成为敌人。
B. Johannes Kepler 约翰尼斯·开普勒
The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 〈天体运 行论〉
德国天文学家、物理学家、 数学家
Kepler’s Laws开普勒定律: three laws of planetary motion
三大行星定律
III. Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
欧洲文化入门中文版课件
欧洲文化入门中文版课件第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800,500年，经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年)。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有:1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431the side should be in the Datum and vertical box should be flush with the base perpendicular, otherwise will have to adjust. (4) school: when the Datum is established will be measured. Before the measurement you want to foot all Gages, all gauges must be年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
00230Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.
00240The Roman writer Horace(:e0lQCQMR65-8t^ WlN0) said captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive 0
00The world s first vast interior space.NLu
N,{ Colosseum('Yt珐) is an enormous.2)Yvsb_q_gRb
00410Sculpture(QX) She-wolf(
00; Father of History ! Herodotus ! war(between Greeks and Persians)
00This war is called Peleponicion wars. ZSWTY嬒d 3
00fH[ v^l g_洺0
00; The greatest historian that ever lived. ( geggO'YvS[) ! Thucydides ! war (Sparta Athens and Syracuse)
00200The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.
00210The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (Wl_ g ^Jvh)
00220From 146 B.C. Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.
欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and Reformation
David
David
David
ii)Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519): known as a painter but his out put was actually relatively small and included ‘The Last Supper’ and ‘The Mona Lisa’. He was also an inventor who even designed potential flying machines
The Rise of Humanism
i) Due to the increase in wealth caused by increased trade there was a new moneyed class with a new philosophy. Intellectuals who used to help train priests and spread Christianity focused their energy on providing these people with a philosophy. ii) Shakespeare accurately sums up humanist philosophy when he says in Hamlet:
Reformation
The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (同时) a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (机智) his 95 thesis 。 This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists (改革者) engaged (使用) themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：反对罗
欧洲文化入门中文版课件
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化入门笔记【中文】
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
欧洲文化入门笔记
1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer.5、They eve nts of Homer‘s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time， probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)， Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结第一篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
法语与英语词汇中的欧洲文化第一章笔记思维导图
terrace n.平台，梯田 territory n.领土
大地女神 Gaia，在罗马神话中名为 Tellus 或 Terra Mere（大地母亲）
subterranean a.地下的
3. 天空之神乌拉诺斯及提坦神族 孩子
4. 第二代神王——时光之神克罗诺斯
Hyperion
hyper 超过、太多
hyperactive adj.过度活跃的 hypersensitive adj.过度敏感的 hypercritical adj.吹毛求疵的 hypertension n.高血压
vac, van, void = empty 空
vacant a.空的，空闲的 vacate v.弄空；退出 vanity n.空虚；虚荣心
词根源自拉丁语词 vacuus，本义 是“空的”，拼写形式以vac, vid,
van为主
vanish v.消失，不见
2. 大地之母盖亚
Gaia（希腊名字） 在罗马神话中的名字
Hecatonchires 来源于希腊词根 chire 其含义为“main"
manage v.办理；管理
man, manu = 手，操作
manual adj.手工的 n.手册 manifest a.明显的 v.表明；证实
百臂巨人（Hecatonchires）在罗马神话中被称 作”前第马尼“（Centimanes），其中"cent"表
temperate a.适度的
temperament n.气质，性情
novel a.新奇的 n.小说
novation n.更替；更新 innovate v.革新，改革
词根源自拉丁语 novus
renovate v.翻新
欧洲文化入门知识总括
《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Unit 11、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896（当代奥运会）4、Ancient Greek epics were created by Homer.5、They events of Homer‘s own time. （F）（They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses（描述一天的生活）; in the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles（之首）《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”（恋母情结）—→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》（劳伦斯）③EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”.Perfection----IbsenClimax----Bernard ShawC. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides the human”D. Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece.To be specific，Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）Wordsworth）13、History （Historical writing）※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war（between Greeks and Persians）This war is called Peloponnesian wars.只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
欧洲文化入门
自由农民
•自由农民拥有一定 的自我财产和土地， 不需要替某个封建 主提供无偿劳动， 而农奴必须一个星 期提供3天时间耕种 主人的土地。相同 点是都要缴税和十 一税。
农 民
农奴
早期中世纪人口和世界观 （300到1050）
欧洲在公元1000年时拥有人口
其中城镇人口只占
பைடு நூலகம்
整个社会被分成了三个等级：
当时有很多的祷告者，而且有 很高的地位。很多统治每天都 要祷告很多次。教堂的领导者 有巨大的权力，教皇拥有权力 控制社会活动，能将国王和王 子逐出教堂，并且能够阻止任 何的教堂服务、洗礼、婚礼及 葬礼。主教也有很大的权力， 他们懂得圣经并翻译上帝的话 语，他们有权将人们逐出教会 在中世纪，对于小孩来说，教 堂和今天的学校一样重要。
真正意义上的骑士是从公元八世纪下半期、欧 洲进入封建时代以后开始的。由于封建君主的 武士必须装备齐全，拥有良好的坐骑和一定数 量的随从，因此要有经济上的支持，于是那些 大贵族便通过向武士分封土地，既满足了他们对土地这一中世纪最 重要的财产形式的要求，也使他们成为大贵族的附庸。越来越多的 武士在对土地财产的追求下，渐渐形成了一个附庸于大贵族的特阶 层——骑士阶层。他们以服骑兵军役位条件，获得国王或大领主的 封地。他们是参加镇压农奴起义的战争，或参加国王、大领主掠夺 战争的级别最高的战斗人员，是以马代步驰聘于沙场的贵族。出于 贵族家庭是成为骑士的重要条件，同时骑士还必须从小接受训练， 学会骑马、射箭、使用武器，然后，到领主的庄园充当侍从或武士， 随同出征，学习实战要领。到了18岁，要举行庄重的授命仪式。这 样就算获得了“骑士”的头衔
欧洲文化入门 第二章 考点 复习要点
I. General IntroductionIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages，also called Medieval times（476-1450）. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times.In the latter part of the fourth century the Huns（匈奴人） swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing as they came along, and large-numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths, the Franks, the Angles and Saxons, and the Vandals fled（逃避） their homelands in northern Europe and were pushed to cross the Danube river*（多瑙河） into the territory（领土） of the Roman Empire. In A. D. 476 a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor（君主） and took control of the government. While the Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone. In its place mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which in a few hundred years were to grow into the nations known as England. France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions（战争和侵略）. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives; towns and villages fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. It continued to gain widespread power and influence- In the Late Middle Ages,almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church.It is also known as the medieval period（1000）, and as the Dark Ages（476-1000）. As during the Middle times there wasno central government to keep the order, and the Christian church shaped people ’ s ideas and lives by taking the lead in politics, law, art, and learning of Europe, it is also called “ Age of Faith .”Whatever names we may give to this span of time, this is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged（传承、融合）. And it is this fusion and blending of different ideas and practices 'that paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.II . Manor and Church1. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word "feudalism" was derived from the Latin "feudum", a grant of land.a. Growth of FeudalismWhen the Western Roman Empire grew weak, people lived in constant danger of attacks from invaders and robbers. They had to find ways to protect their families and homes. Owners of small farms sought protection from large landowners, by giving them land and services; In return the large landowners promised to protect the landless peasants and their families. Besides, war had destroyed lots of towns, trade and business had declined, more and more townspeople fled to the countryside to seek protection from those powerful landowners. In this way, the large landowners came to own more and more and while the peas ants ended up giving the lords not only their land but their freedom as well. Most of them became serfs（农奴）, bound to the land where they had been born. Only very fewpeasants were freemen, they were usually the workers who made the ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnesses for oxen and horses.Then in 732 Charles Martel, a Prankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service. They, granted the right to govern large sections of land as fiefs to great lords. These lords known as vassals in turn promised to fight for the king. And they themselves further granted parts of their fiefs to lesser vassals. Thus, a complicated system of government developed. After 800, the kings in Europe were usually very weak. Without a strong central government the kingdoms of Western Europe were divided into thousands of feudal manors or farming communities, each as big as an ancient polis. Some nobles grew more powerful than the king, and became independent rulers. They had the right to collect taxes and to make their own laws. Many of them coined their own money and raised their own armies. Therefore feudalism was also a system of government a form of local and decentralized government.b. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. Some lords owned only one manor; others owned many. They lived in a manor house. The manor（庄园主的住宅） house originally consisted of one big room with a high ceiling and astraw-covered floor. There nobles（贵族） met with vassals（奴仆）, carried the laws and said their prayer. By the twelfth （第十二）century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses（堡垒）. They came to be called castles（城堡）. Medieval Europe was dotted with castles. For instance in Germany alone [here were as many as 1 0 000 castles.Near the manor stood a small village of wood and dirt cottages with thatched roof. The village was surrounded by forests, meadows, pastures,and fields. Most village had a church, mill（作坊）, bread oven（烤炉）, and wine press. At the centre of the manor stood the church.c. Knighthood and Code of Chivalry（骑士！）Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days. But no one was born a knight ― knighthood had to be earned. The training was both long and hard. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven. He was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies. At about fourteen, the page(学习骑士，接收训练期间做侍从，可以被训练为骑士) became a squire(地主，乡绅) or assistant to a knight （骑士） who became his master.学习骑士在十四岁的时候成为乡绅或者作为自己导师（也是骑士）的助手。
欧洲文化入门
《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。
学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。
英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。
如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。
而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好
欧洲文化入门百度中文版2009-10-11 15:16《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学
五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。
一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。
正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。
下面我们将分章节进行综述。
在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。
每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家
好好做一做。
欧洲文化入门精讲 1
1.Greek Culture &Roman CultureGreek CultureGreek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.This was marked by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the century. 公元前五世纪古希腊文化达到了鼎盛时期，其标志就是古希腊人在世纪初成功地击退了波斯人的进攻。
In the second half of the 4th century B.C.,all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,King of Macedon.在公元前4世纪后半叶，整个希腊在马其顿国王亚历山大大帝的统治之下。
In 146 B.C.,the Romans conquered Greece.公元前146年，罗马征服希腊。
The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.雅典的经济以大规模的奴隶劳动为基础。
The Greeks loved sports.Once every 4 years the Greeks had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports.Thus began the Olympic Games.Revived in 1896,the Olympic Games have become the world’s formost amateur sports competition. 希腊人热爱运动，每隔4年希腊人都会在奥林匹斯山举行盛大的体育比赛，这就是奥运会的开端。
欧洲文化笔记我的笔记
The first playwright of democracy, Euripides wrote with enduring insight and biting satire about social and political problems of Athenian life. In contrast to his contemporaries, he brought an exciting--and, to the Greeks, a stunning--realism to the "pure and noble form" of tragedy. For the first time in history, heroes and heroines on the stage were not idealized: as Sophocles himself said, Euripides shows people not as they ought to be, but as they actually are.论述简答(自考笔记上的，自己已改过一点儿)一、What is the limitation of “Democracy”in ancient Greece？(名解简答)(How do you understand “Democracy”in ancient Greece？What is the difference between “Democracy”in ancient Greece and modern democracy？)答：①Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”，but in Greece by “the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.②Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？答：①Probably around 1200 B.C.，a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.②Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science，philosophy，literature，art and historical writing in Athens.③The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.④In the second half of the 4th century B.C.，Greece was conquered by Alexander，king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered，whenever Greek culture was found.⑤Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.，the Romans conquered Greece.三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？答：(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn‘t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world，it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues: Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world，it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(3)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”。
欧洲文化入门(The Age of Enlightenment)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.
什么是启蒙运动?
启蒙运动是指欧洲近代资产阶 级上升时期伴随资产阶级政治上的 反封建斗争而展开的反对封建传统 意识形态的思想文化运动。这一思 想文化运动表现在意识形态领域， 就是用资产阶级的哲学、伦理、教 育、文艺和科学反对封建神学及其 传统的封建文化。启蒙运动是一次 进步的理性的运动。它兴起于法国 并同时席卷整个西欧。启蒙运动是 14至17世纪文艺复兴运动的继续， 其目的是用现代哲学和艺术的光芒 来照亮整个世界。
6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.
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欧洲文化入门笔记（汉语版）《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史)二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。
一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。
另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。
正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。
下面我们将分章节进行综述。
在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。
每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。
好，下面我们开始分章讲述。
第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。
我们先看希腊的发展。
希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。
希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。
公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。
希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。
这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。
荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。
这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。
荷马生活在公元前700年。
2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。
其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。
雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。
雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。
历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。
3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。
修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。
4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。
公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。
至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。
古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。
哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。
苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。
柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。
亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。
剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。
这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家，以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。
希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。
著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的。
接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明。
希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融，最终过渡到罗马时代。
罗马时代经历了早期共和国（公元前509－公元前264年）、后期共和国（公元前265－公元前27年）、早期帝国（公元前27年－公元284年）和后期帝国（284－476年）。
公元前500年，罗马开始了独立城邦的生涯。
经过三次布诺战争，罗马渐渐地满足了它的征服欲。
战争中尤里乌斯恺撒声名鹊起。
公元前27年，元老院授予屋大维“奥古斯都”和“大元帅”的尊称，罗马早期帝国形成。
在此后的两个世纪中，罗马帝国的疆域达到最大范围，其文化处于极盛时期。
这段历史时期被成为“罗马和平”。
但罗马的伟大也就仅至于此。
罗马的伟大时代随着公元180年马可奥勒留的去世而告终。
公元395年，罗马帝国彻底分裂为东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国。
公元476年，西罗马帝国陷落。
公元1453年，东罗马帝国被土耳其人占领。
说到罗马的文化，它基本源于希腊，但罗马人在思想意识方面也有重大贡献。
罗马人对欧洲文化所作的最重要的贡献是它所创立的罗马法律。
在政治文化方面，罗马出现了以下比较重要的人物：1. 恺撒他是古代罗马政治家、军事家。
他在文学方面也颇有建树。
传世之作有《高卢战记》、《内战记》。
对于他，我们要记住一句名言：也就是“I came, I saw, I conquered.”2.西赛罗他是古罗马政治家、哲学家和最重要的演说家。
主要成就在演说词和书信。
3. 卢克来修他是罗马共和国末期主要诗人之一，提倡唯物论、无神论和原子论。
作品有哲理诗《物性论》。
4. 维吉尔他是罗马文学中最重要的作家。
代表作品是《阿尼德》。
在建筑、艺术方面，罗马人也做出了突出的贡献。
如：圆形大剧场和建于公元前27年的罗马万神殿以及女狼雕塑等。
以上是对希腊罗马文化的综述，下面我们来一起看两个问答题。
1. How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?希腊哲学是如何发展起来的？回答这个问题，我们要掌握1. 三个哲学奠基人及其理论：毕达哥拉斯，赫拉克里特，德谟克里特。
2. 三位思想家及其理论：苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚力士多德。
3. 其它思辩流派，如诡辩派、犬儒派等。
这样才能完善这个问题。
具体的答案我们可在练习册上找到。
2. What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas (system)？柏拉图和亚力士多德的哲学体系有何区别？回答这个问题，首先要阐述柏拉图的哲学体系包含什么，亚力士多德的哲学体系包含什么。
然后再进行对比。
他们两个最主要的一个区别在于亚力士多德强调理论联系实际，而柏拉图强调万物依赖主观思维。
这是必须提到的一点。
具体的答案见练习册。
以上是对第一章希腊罗马文化的讲解。
刚才我们谈到要研究欧洲发展的历史，除了要研究希腊和罗马文化历史这条线索之外，精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史也很重要。
在第二章中我们要看一下基督教和圣经的发展及其内容。
第二章基督教和圣经这一章的重点是：犹太教与基督教的关系，基督教的教义核心，旧约的摩西五经，十诫，列王记，罗马帝国衰亡的原因，基督教与罗马帝国政府的关系的发展，基督教教士对维系和发展西方文明的贡献，圣经对西方的影响或贡献。
在学习这一章中，大家应努力将2－4章关于基督教的知识连成线，从而理解和记忆欧洲文化的另一个重要源头的发展脉络――犹太教和基督教，彻底认清圣经在欧洲文化中的核心作用。
基督教是在西方最具影响力的宗教。
犹太教是世界各地犹太人信仰的宗教。
是基督教的前身。
这一教派的经典《旧约》记载了犹太人的历史。
犹太人以前叫Hebrews希伯莱人，在大约公元前3800前在中东一带沙漠流浪。
约在公元前1300前，他们逐渐在伽南地区定居下来，并形成了小王国。
基督教与犹太教关系密切。
它与犹太教同发源于巴勒斯坦。
基督教的核心是耶稣基督，其教义是：一、耶稣基督是上帝的儿子，上帝派他到人间来，跟人类一起受苦受难，最终拯救人类。
二、基督是上帝唯一的儿子，任何信仰基督的人最终得到永生。
耶稣基督生活在第一个罗马帝国。
他教导人们热爱上帝、信仰上帝。
由于他获得越来越多的人的爱戴，当时的统治者就收买了他十二个门徒中的犹大，在耶稣与他的弟子去往巴勒斯坦的路上，将他钉死在十字架上。
由于耶稣的门徒圣保罗和圣彼得拒绝把罗马皇帝作为上帝来敬奉，而宣称只有真正的上帝才能受到崇拜，所以基督教一开始就被认为是一个具有反叛性的宗教受到包括罗马皇帝尼禄、多米提安在内的皇帝的迫害的宗教。
尽管如此，基督教还是越来越受到人们的信奉，并开始从早期穷人信奉的宗教演变为各个阶层的人都能接受的宗教。
成为一支显著的社会力量。
统治者对它的态度也开始转变。
公元305年，戴克里先放弃了摧毁基督教的企图。
不久，君士坦丁一世由于相信上帝帮助他赢得战争而在313年发布“米兰赦令”宣布人人都有宗教信仰的自由，从此基督教取得了合法地位。
392年，迪奥多西一世宣布基督教为罗马国教，而其它宗教不合法。
至此，基督教从一个受压迫的对象转变为统治阶级的统治武器。
基督教的主要经典是《圣经》。
《圣经》由《新约》和《旧约》两部分构成。
在前面已经谈到《旧约》是希伯莱人的文献。
《旧约》共39部，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是《摩西五书》，包括《创世纪》, 《出埃及记》, 《利未记》, 《民数记》, 《申命记》。
《新约》成于基督教兴起之后，共27卷，其中前四卷福音书《马太福音》、《马可福音》《路加福音》《约翰福音》内容包括了有关耶稣言行的传说、耶稣使徒的传说。
接下来我们看一下《圣经》的翻译：现存的最早的《旧约》希腊版本被成为旧约圣经。
传说是应埃及王之请，由72位犹太学者在72日之内译成。
现存最早的《圣经》拉丁文全译本是瓦尔盖特译本，是公元383－405年由圣杰罗姆所译，是罗马天主教认为唯一可信的拉丁语译本。
其它英文译本及欧洲其它语种译本大都以瓦尔盖特译本为基础。
当1500’s发明印刷术时，拉丁圣经是第一部被全文印刷的作品。
继拉丁文译本之后，出现了现代语言的译本。
第一部英文全文译本是1382年由约翰威克利夫在瓦尔盖特拉丁文译本基础上译成。
之后，出现了英国宗教改革家丁道儿的英文译本。
他的译本是直接根据希伯莱和希腊原文译成。
后来出现的《大圣经》The Great Bible 就部分参照丁道儿的译本。
1539年在亨利八世命令所有英国教堂中都必须供奉《大圣经》。
但最重要的也是最具影响力的圣经译本是最初发表于1611年的官方版圣经或詹姆斯王圣经。
它的翻译是在詹姆斯国王的命令下由54为圣经学者翻译而成，语言简洁，使用高雅的安各鲁萨克森语言。
这一译本被认为是英语语言中最伟大的作品。
圣经修订本The Revised Version 出现在1885，1901年出现了标准美语版本圣经修订本。
1979年，新版詹姆斯王圣经出版。
对圣经的翻译有重大意义，英语圣经和莎士比亚的作品被成为现代英语的两大源头。
后世的文学深受圣经的影响。
如：Miltion’s Paradise Lost (失乐园), Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary (同时期的) Heming way’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.以上是对希腊罗马文化的综述，下面我们来一起看一个问答题。