Roche Redefines Global Coagulation Diagnostics

合集下载

美国国际贸易委员会(ITC)对中国镁进口建立重审制度

日本推迟国内铁合金库存量审查会议
东京消息：一家负责日本国内金属库存政策的委员会将其会期推迟至２００６年，以便有充分时间听取各方面的意见。
日本国家库存有７种金属（全为铁合金），但是一些方面有扩大库存品种的呼声。２０年，自然资源顾问委员会稀有金属分会提出，镍、铬、钴、钨、钼、锰和钒仍应０４该进行库存。当时，日本库存有国内需求２．的相应数量。此外，日本一些矿业公司还４９天存有上述７种金属，相当于１．的需求量。０４天稀有金属分会还想把资源战略研究小组（一个于２０年ｌ月ｌ０５２５日建立的跨部门组织）和工商省的高级人员意见考虑进去。由于全球不锈钢压缩产量，一些铁合金，尤其是镍、铬出现了过剩。同时，锌－铜又有
维普资讯
２０年第５０６期
的金属铜生产者。
（英惠杨摘译）
美里尔．奇提高其铜预测价林
美国投资银行美里尔．林奇因为铜供应短缺，提高了其２０年为止的铜价预报值。根据０８２０年４０５季度的高铜价，该银行已将２０年的预测价从１７０５．美元／５磅提升至１６美元／。．６磅美里尔２０年的第４０５季度报价已从１５．美元／提升至１３５＝磅．美元／。９＝此外，磅该银行将２０、０６２０和２０年的价格预测提升至１５０７０８．美元／、．美元／６磅１５４磅和１０．美元／（２磅原来报价分别为１５．美元／２磅、１０．美元／１磅和００．美元／。９磅）（杨英惠摘译）

金融词典

全球储蓄过剩（GSG）HERA 住房及经济复苏法案The Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan 日本外国特派员协会Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS)美国卫生及公共服务部Social Security Administration (SSA)美国社会保障局ADBI Asian Development Bank InstituteAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndromeASEAN Association of South-East Asian NationsASEAN+3 ASEAN + China, Japan and the Republic of KoreaBIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation CIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCMI Chiang Mai InitiativeDAC Development Assistance Committee of the OECDEAS East Asia SummitESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFDI foreign direct investmentFTA free trade agreementGDP gross domestic productHIV human immunodeficiency virusID identityILO International Labour OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundLAC Latin America and the CaribbeanLDCs least developed countriesLLDCs landlocked developing countriesMDB multilateral development bankMDGs Millennium Development GoalsNGO non-governmental organizationODA official development assistanceOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPPP purchasing power paritySAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSIDS Small island developing statesSPC Secretariat of the Pacific CommunityTB TuberculosisUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for WomenVAT value added taxWDI World Development IndicatorsWFP World Food ProgrammeWHO World Health OrganizationWTO World Trade Organization美国铝业(AA)美国银行(BAC)全球五大风电企业之一的西班牙歌美飒（Gamesa）世界银行行长佐利克(Robert Zoellick)海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ＥＣＦＡ）乔治-索罗斯(George Soros)欧洲人权法院(European Court of Human Rights)法国兴业银行(Societe Generale SA)(GLE)东京三菱日联银行(Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd)信用违约掉期(CDS)中海油总公司(CNOOC)渣打银行集团首席经济学家、全球研究部主管李籁思（Gerard Lyons）个人消费者金融保护局(Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection)United States Congress Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs美国参议院银行、住房和城市事务委员会FSMA2000=英国《金融服务及市场法令》Financial Service and Market Act 2000 CFD=Contract For Differece 差价合约FSA=英国金融服务管理局抵押贷款保险公司（mortgage insurer）新世纪金融公司（New Century Financial Corporation）寿险公司（life insurance companies）次级抵押贷款支持证券（RMBS）金融担保保险公司（financial guarantee insurance companies）国际财务报告标准（IFRSs）美国通用会计准则（US GAAP）公允价值（fair value）私募股权投资基金(private equity)经合组织保险和私人养老金委员会（IPPC）爱尔兰联合银行 Allied Irish Banks爱尔兰银行 Bank of Ireland PLC奥地利第一储蓄银行 Austria’s Erste Group Bank德国邮政银行 Deutsche Postbank AGWorld investment prosepects survey wips （联合国贸发会《世界投资前景调查》）IPA investment promotion agency 投资促进机构TNC Transnational company 跨国公司Promising investor-countries 最有投资价值的投资，这里的promising是有希望的、有前途、大有可为的意思Pay-as-you-go 现收现付Mobile capital流动资本Advers scenario 负面假设（场景、情形）Health care 公共卫生服务Medicaid：医疗补助（medic+aid）Medicare：医疗保险（medic+care）Social security contributions 社会保险缴款Social security tax 社会保险税Primary spending 基础支出（扣住利息支付的财政支出）Primary Fiscal Gap 基本财政缺口Public finance 公共财政（要比翻译成公共金融好）PIT personal Income Tax 个人所得税CIT Corporation Income Tax 企业所得税VAT Value Added Tas 增值税Commonwealth 联邦Commonwealth-state Relations 联邦-州关系General government spending 一般政府支出ARRA—American Recovery and Reinvestment Act(2009年美国复苏与再投资法案) 澳洲壳牌能源控股有公司(Shell Energy Holdings Australia)日本国土交通大臣前原诚司韩国文化体育观光部长官柳日本财政大臣野田佳彦(Yoshihiko Noda)纽约梅隆银行(Bank of New York Mellon)congressional budget office 美国国会办公室中国预托凭证(CDR)非银行金融机构（NBFCS）资产重组公司（ARCs）邓白氏（Dun & Bradstreet）咨询公司美国证券交易委员会(SEC)IPO(首次公开募股)摩根士丹利(MS)、摩根大通(JPM)、美国银行(BAC)和花旗集团(C)巴克莱银行(BCS)、瑞士信贷集团(CS)、德意志银行(DB)、高盛集团(GS)、加拿大皇家银行(RY)、和瑞士银行(UBS)纽约证券交易所(NYSE)美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)主席加里·詹斯勒(Gary Gensler)摩根士丹利(MS)、摩根大通(JPM)“多德-弗兰克法案”(Dodd-Frank Act)德国央行行长阿克塞尔-韦伯(Axel Weber)NBER（Naitonal Bureau of Economy Research）美国国家经济研究局全美独立企业联合会(National Federation of Independent Business——NFIB)本·伯南克(Ben S. Bernanke)、副主席威廉·达德利(William C. Dudley)、詹姆斯·布拉德(James Bullard)、伊丽莎白·杜克(Elizabeth A. Duke)、唐纳德·科恩(Donald L. Kohn)、桑德拉·皮亚纳托(Sandra Pianalto)、埃里克·罗森格林(Eric S. Rosengren)、丹尼尔·塔鲁洛(Daniel K. Tarullo)和凯文·瓦尔许(Kevin M. Warsh)；托马斯·霍利格(Thomas M. Hoenig)“格林斯潘对策”（―Greenspan put‖，有时也称之为“伯南克对策”，―Bernanke put‖）世贸组织《政府采购协定》(GPA )地方政府实体(Sub-Central Government Entities)(直译是下级中央政府实体，也有称次中央政府实体)，财政报告 call report房价波动 housing price volatility定价机制 pricing mechanism上市银行 listed bank票据产业 bill industrycash bond market 现券市场日均成交量 average daily turnover融资融券 securities borrowing and lendingAgricultural biomass industry 农村生物质能产业ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nation 东南亚国家联盟，简称“东盟”CDM Clean Development Mechannism 清洁发展机制CHP combined heat and power 热气联产CIAD-Center for integrated Agricultural Development 综合农业发展中心CIDA- Canadian International Development Agency 加拿大国际开发署CSPCB-Crop Straw Pricing Consultation Board 秸秆定价磋商GEF- Global Environment Facility 全球环境基金会GHG- Greenhouse Gas 全球环境基金会GTZ-German Agency for Technical Cooperation 德国技术合作公司Kfw—德国复兴开发银行LPG-Liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气LPOG-Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Devepment国务院扶贫开发领导小组SIDA-Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency 瑞士国际开发合作署USAID-United States Agency for International Development 美国国际开发援助署EIRR=economical internal rate of return 经济内部回报率（收益率）FIRR=financial internal rate of return 财务内部回报率（收益率）O&M=operation and maintenance 运行与维护TSP= total suspended particles 总悬浮颗粒TCE= ton of coal equivalent 吨煤当量“现收现支(pay-as-you-go)”原则日本首相菅直人(Naoto Kan)“利差交易”(Carry Trade)西班牙首相何塞·刘易斯·罗德里格斯·萨帕特罗(Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero) 麦格理证券(Macquarie Securities)德国邮政银行(Postbank)葡萄牙商业银行(BCP)法国巴黎银行(BNP Paribas)瑞典北欧斯安银行(SEB)瑞典诺迪亚银行(NORDEA)奥地利厄斯特银行(Erste Bank)法律英语：Regulation 条例、规章Rule 规则Clause 泛指条款Section 节，也译作条Article 条 Articles 条例Provision 多指规定Stipulation 约定（而非法律规定）Part 编Chapter 章Section 节Article 条Paragraph 款Subparagraph 项Item 目中国海洋石油有限公司(CNOOC Ltd., CEO, 简称：中国海洋石油)欧洲央行(ECB)执委会成员汤普古格罗(Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell)太平洋投资管理公司(PIMCO)比尔·格罗斯(Bill Gross)大卫·卢森博格(David Rosenberg)查德·克拉里达(Richard Clarida)所谓“就业不足率”(Under-employment Rate)，是指包括更希望获得全职岗位的兼职人员以及希望工作但却放弃寻找的人员在内的失业率。

经济学术语重点

经济学术语National Income （国民收入）Aggregate Supply & Demand （总供应与总需求）Distribution & Re-distribution （分配与再分配）Unemployment & Inflation （失业与通货膨胀）Financial System （金融系统）Development & Growth （发展与增长）Sustainability （可持续性）Scarcity (稀缺性）Efficiency （效率）Supply and Demand （供应与需求）Elasticity （弹性）Equilibrium （均衡）Cost and Profit （成本与利润）Competition （竞争）Market （市场）（由于时间关系，术语数量很少，我会在以后的时间里不断的添加内容的。

）Factor要素factor demand要素需求factor market要素市场factors of production生产要素factor substitution要素替代factor supply要素供给fallacy of composition合成谬误final goods最终产品firm企业firms’ demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视first—order condition一阶条件fixed costs固定成本fixed input固定投入fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动for whom to produce为谁生产free entry自由进入free goods自由品，免费品free mobility of resources资源自由流动free rider搭便车，免费搭车function函数future value未来值Ggame theory对策论、博弈论general equilibrium总体均衡general goods一般商品Giffen goods吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox吉芬之谜Gini coefficient吉尼系数golden rule黄金规则goods货物government failure政府失败government regulation政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneous demand function齐次需求函数homogeneous product同质产品homogeneous production function齐次生产函数horizontal summation水平和household家庭how to produce如何生产human capital人力资本hypothesis假说Iidentity恒等式imperfect competition不完全竞争implicit cost隐性成本income收入Income compensated demand curveincome constraint收入约束income consumption curve收入消费曲线income distribution收入分配income effect收入效应income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性increasing cost industry成本递增产业increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率index number指数indifference无差异indifference curve无差异曲线indifference map无差异族indifference relation无差异关系indifference set无差异集indirect approach间接法individual analysis个量分析individual demand curve个人需求曲线individual demand function个人需求函数induced variable引致变量induction归纳法industry产业industry equilibrium产业均衡industry supply curve产业供给曲线inelastic缺乏弹性的inferior goods劣品inflection point拐点information信息information cost信息成本initial condition初始条件initial endowment初始禀赋innovation创新input投入input—output投入—产出institution制度institutional economics制度经济学insurance保险intercept截距interest利息interest rate利息率intermediate goods中间产品internalization of externalities外部性内部化invention发明inverse demand function逆需求函数investment投资invisible hand看不见的手isocost line等成本线，isoprofit curve等利润曲线isoquant curve等产量曲线isoquant map等产量族Kkindled—demand curve弯折的需求曲线Llabor劳动labor demand劳动需求labour supply劳动供给labour theory of value劳动价值论labour unions工会laissez faire自由放任Lagrangian function拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier拉格朗乘数，land土地law法则law of demand and supply供需法law of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率law of increasing cost成本递增法则law of one price单一价格法则leader—follower model领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs最低成本的投入组合leisure闲暇Leontief production function列昂节夫生产函数licenses许可证linear demand function线性需求函数linear homogeneity线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost长期平均成本long run equilibrium长期均衡long run industry supply curve长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost长期边际成本long run total cost长期总成本Lorenz curve洛伦兹曲线loss minimization损失极小化1ump sum tax一次性征税luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏观经济学marginal边际的marginal benefit边际收益marginal cost边际成本marginal cost pricing边际成本定价marginal cost of factor边际要素成本marginal period市场期marginal physical productivity实际实物生产率marginal product边际产量marginal product of capital资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour劳动的边际产量marginal productivity边际生产率marginal rate of substitution边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns边际回报marginal revenue边际收益marginal revenue product边际收益产品marginal revolution边际革命marginal social benefit社会边际收益marginal social cost社会边际成本marginal utility边际效用marginal value products边际价值产品market市场market clearance市场结清，市场洗清market demand市场需求market economy市场经济market equilibrium市场均衡market failure市场失败market mechanism市场机制market structure市场结构market separation市场分割market regulation市场调节market share市场份额markup pricing加减定价法Marshallian demand function马歇尔需求函数maximization极大化microeconomics微观经济学minimum wage最低工资misallocation of resources资源误置mixed economy混合经济model模型money货币monopolistic competition垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation垄断剥削monopoly垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡monopoly pricing垄断定价monopoly regulation垄断调控monopoly rents垄断租金monopsony买方垄断NNash equilibrium纳什均衡Natural monopoly自然垄断Natural resources自然资源Necessary condition必要条件necessities必需品net demand净需求no convex preference非凸性偏好no convexity非凸性no exclusion非排斥性nonlinear pricing非线性定价no rivalry非对抗性nonprice competition非价格竞争nonsatiation非饱和性non--zero—sum game非零和对策normal goods正常品normal profit正常利润normative economics规范经济学Oobjective function目标函数oligopoly寡头垄断oligopoly market寡头市场oligopoly model寡头模型opportunity cost机会成本optimal choice最佳选择optimal consumption bundle消费束perfect elasticity完全有弹性optimal resource allocation最佳资源配置optimal scale最佳规模optimal solution最优解optimization优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility序数效用ordinary goods一般品output产量、产出output elasticity产出弹性output maximization产出极大化Pparameter参数Pareto criterion帕累托标准Pareto efficiency帕累托效率Pareto improvement帕累托改进Pareto optimality帕累托优化Pareto set帕累托集partial derivative偏导数partial equilibrium局部均衡patent专利pay off matrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition完全竞争perfect complement完全互补品perfect monopoly完全垄断perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视perfect substitution完全替代品perfect inelasticity完全无弹性perfectly elastic完全有弹性perfectly inelastic完全无弹性plant size工厂规模point elasticity点弹性positive economics实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy后此谬误prediction预测preference偏好preference relation偏好关系present value现值price价格price adjustment model价格调整模型price ceiling最高限价price consumption curve价格费曲线price control价格管制price difference价格差别price discrimination价格歧视price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性price floor最低限价price maker价格制定者price rigidity价格刚性price seeker价格搜求者price taker价格接受者price tax从价税private benefit私人收益principal—agent issues委托--代理问题private cost私人成本private goods私人用品private property私人财产producer equilibrium生产者均衡producer theory生产者理论product产品product transformation curve产品转换曲线product differentiation产品差异product group产品集团production生产production contract curve生产契约曲线production efficiency生产效率production function生产函数production possibility curve生产可能性曲线productivity生产率productivity of capital资本生产率productivity of labor劳动生产率profit利润profit function利润函数profit maximization利润极大化property rights产权property rights economics产权经济学proposition定理proportional demand curve成比例的需求曲线public benefits公共收益public choice公共选择public goods公共商品pure competition纯粹竞争rivalry对抗性、竞争pure exchange纯交换pure monopoly纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model数量调整模型quantity tax从量税quasi—rent准租金Rrate of product transformation产品转换率rationality理性reaction function反应函数regulation调节，调控relative price相对价格rent租金rent control规模报酬rent seeking寻租rent seeking economics寻租经济学resource资源resource allocation资源配置returns报酬、回报returns to scale规模报酬revealed preference显示性偏好revenue收益revenue curve收益曲线revenue function收益函数revenue maximization收益极大化ridge line脊线risk风险Ssatiation饱和，满足saving储蓄scarcity稀缺性law of scarcity稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition二阶条件service劳务set集shadow prices影子价格short—run短期short—run cost curve短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium短期均衡short—run supply curve短期供给曲线shut down decision关闭决策shortage短缺shut down point关闭点single price monopoly单一定价垄断slope斜率social benefit社会收益social cost社会成本social indifference curve社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security社会保障social welfare function社会福利函数socialism社会主义solution解space空间stability稳定性stable equilibrium稳定的均衡Stackelberg model斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis静态分析stock存量stock market股票市场strategy策略subsidy津贴substitutes替代品substitution effect替代效应substitution parameter替代参数sufficient condition充分条件supply供给supply curve供给曲线supply function供给函数supply schedule供给表Sweezy model斯威齐模型symmetry对称性symmetry of information信息对称Ttangency相切taste兴致technical efficiency技术效率technological constraints技术约束technological progress技术进步technology技术third—degree price discrimination第三级价格歧视total cost总成本total effect总效应total expenditure总支出total fixed cost总固定成本total product总产量total revenue总收益total utility总效用total variable cost总可变成本traditional economy传统经济transitivity传递性transaction cost交易费用Uuncertainty不确定性uniqueness唯一性unit elasticity单位弹性unstable equilibrium不稳定均衡utility效用utility function效用函数utility index效用指数utility maximization效用极大化utility possibility curve效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier效用可能性前沿VValue价值value judge价值判断value of marginal product边际产量价值variable cost可变成本variable input可变投入variables变量vector向量visible hand看得见的手vulgur economics庸俗经济学Wwage工资wage rate工资率Walras general equilibrium瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law瓦尔拉斯法则Wants需要Welfare criterion福利标准Welfare economics福利经学Welfare loss triangle福利损失三角形welfare maximization福利极大化Zzero cost零成本zero elasticity零弹性zero homogeneity零阶齐次性zero economic profit零利润Incidence（or tax incidence）归宿，或税赋归宿一项税收最终的经济负担者（相应于法定纳税人）。

宏观调控英语术语

宏观调控英语术语
宏观调控英语术语是指应用于宏观经济领域的一些专业术语，主要用于描述国家或政府在宏观经济领域进行的调控活动。

以下是一些常见的宏观调控英语术语：
1. Fiscal Policy：财政政策
2. Monetary Policy：货币政策
3. Interest Rate：利率
4. Inflation：通货膨胀
5. Deflation：通货紧缩
6. Recession：经济衰退
7. Stabilization Policy：稳定政策
8. Aggregate Demand：总需求
9. Aggregate Supply：总供给
10. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)：国内生产总值
11. Unemployment Rate：失业率
12. Exchange Rate：汇率
13. Balance of Payments：国际收支
14. Structural Adjustment：结构调整
15. Public Debt：公共债务
16. Money Supply：货币供应量
这些术语在宏观经济领域中被广泛使用，有助于描述和分析国家或政府在经济调控方面所采取的政策和措施。

了解这些术语可以帮助
我们更好地理解经济现象和政策。

美国公司法证券法历年经典论文列表

美国是世界上公司法、证券法研究最为发达的国家之一，在美国法学期刊（Law Review & Journals）上每年发表400多篇以公司法和证券法为主题的论文。

自1994年开始，美国的公司法学者每年会投票从中遴选出10篇左右重要的论文，重印于Corporate Practice Commentator，至2008年，已经评选了15年，计177篇论文入选。

以下是每年入选的论文列表：2008年（以第一作者姓名音序为序）：1.Anabtawi, Iman and Lynn Stout. Fiduciary duties for activist shareholders. 60 Stan. L. Rev. 1255-1308 (2008).2.Brummer, Chris. Corporate law preemption in an age of global capital markets. 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1067-1114 (2008).3.Choi, Stephen and Marcel Kahan. The market penalty for mutual fund scandals. 87 B.U. L. Rev. 1021-1057 (2007).4.Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. On beyond CalPERS: Survey evidence on the developing role of public pension funds in corporate governance. 61 V and. L. Rev. 315-354 (2008).5.Cox, James D., Randall S. Thoma s and Lynn Bai. There are plaintiffs and…there are plaintiffs: An empirical analysis of securities class action settlements. 61 V and. L. Rev. 355-386 (2008).6.Henderson, M. Todd. Paying CEOs in bankruptcy: Executive compensation when agency costs are low. 101 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1543-1618 (2007).7.Hu, Henry T.C. and Bernard Black. Equity and debt decoupling and empty voting II: Importance and extensions. 156 U. Pa. L. Rev. 625-739 (2008).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. The hanging chads of corporate voting. 96 Geo. L.J. 1227-1281 (2008).9.Strine, Leo E., Jr. Toward common sense and common ground? Reflections on the shared interests of managers and labor in a more rational system of corporate governance. 33 J. Corp. L. 1-20 (2007).10.Subramanian, Guhan. Go-shops vs. no-shops in private equity deals: Evidence and implications.63 Bus. Law. 729-760 (2008).2007年：1.Baker, Tom and Sean J. Griffith. The Missing Monitor in Corporate Governance: The Directors’ & Officers’ Liability Insurer. 95 Geo. L.J. 1795-1842 (2007).2.Bebchuk, Lucian A. The Myth of the Shareholder Franchise. 93 V a. L. Rev. 675-732 (2007).3.Choi, Stephen J. and Robert B. Thompson. Securities Litigation and Its Lawyers: Changes During the First Decade After the PSLRA. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1489-1533 (2006).4.Coffee, John C., Jr. Reforming the Securities Class Action: An Essay on Deterrence and Its Implementation. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1534-1586 (2006).5.Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas. Does the Plaintiff Matter? An Empirical Analysis of Lead Plaintiffs in Securities Class Actions. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1587-1640 (2006).6.Eisenberg, Theodore and Geoffrey Miller. Ex Ante Choice of Law and Forum: An Empirical Analysis of Corporate Merger Agreements. 59 V and. L. Rev. 1975-2013 (2006).7.Gordon, Jeffrey N. The Rise of Independent Directors in the United States, 1950-2005: Of Shareholder V alue and Stock Market Prices. 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1465-1568 (2007).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock. Hedge Funds in Corporate Governance and Corporate Control. 155 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1021-1093 (2007).ngevoort, Donald C. The Social Construction of Sarbanes-Oxley. 105 Mich. L. Rev. 1817-1855 (2007).10.Roe, Mark J. Legal Origins, Politics, and Modern Stock Markets. 120 Harv. L. Rev. 460-527 (2006).11.Subramanian, Guhan. Post-Siliconix Freeze-outs: Theory and Evidence. 36 J. Legal Stud. 1-26 (2007). (NOTE: This is an earlier working draft. The published article is not freely available, and at SLW we generally respect the intellectual property rights of others.)2006年：1.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director Primacy and Shareholder Disempowerment. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1735-1758 (2006).2.Bebchuk, Lucian A. Letting Shareholders Set the Rules. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1784-1813 (2006).3.Black, Bernard, Brian Cheffins and Michael Klausner. Outside Director Liability. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 1055-1159 (2006).4.Choi, Stephen J., Jill E. Fisch and A.C. Pritchard. Do Institutions Matter? The Impact of the Lead Plaintiff Provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. 835.Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas. Letting Billions Slip Through Y our Fingers: Empirical Evidence and Legal Implications of the Failure of Financial Institutions to Participate in Securities Class Action Settlements. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 411-454 (2005).6.Gilson, Ronald J. Controlling Shareholders and Corporate Governance: Complicating the Comparative Taxonomy. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1641-1679 (2006).7.Goshen , Zohar and Gideon Parchomovsky. The Essential Role of Securities Regulation. 55 Duke L.J. 711-782 (2006).8.Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman and Richard Squire. Law and the Rise of the Firm. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1333-1403 (2006).9.Hu, Henry T. C. and Bernard Black. Empty V oting and Hidden (Morphable) Ownership: Taxonomy, Implications, and Reforms. 61 Bus. Law. 1011-1070 (2006).10.Kahan, Marcel. The Demand for Corporate Law: Statutory Flexibility, Judicial Quality, or Takeover Protection? 22 J. L. Econ. & Org. 340-365 (2006).11.Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. Symbiotic Federalism and the Structure of Corporate Law.58 V and. L. Rev. 1573-1622 (2005).12.Smith, D. Gordon. The Exit Structure of V enture Capital. 53 UCLA L. Rev. 315-356 (2005).2005年：1.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. The case for increasing shareholder power. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 833-914 (2005).2.Bratton, William W. The new dividend puzzle. 93 Geo. L.J. 845-895 (2005).3.Elhauge, Einer. Sacrificing corporate profits in the public interest. 80 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 733-869 (2005).4.Johnson, . Corporate officers and the business judgment rule. 60 Bus. Law. 439-469 (2005).haupt, Curtis J. In the shadow of Delaware? The rise of hostile takeovers in Japan. 105 Colum. L. Rev. 2171-2216 (2005).6.Ribstein, Larry E. Are partners fiduciaries? 2005 U. Ill. L. Rev. 209-251.7.Roe, Mark J. Delaware?s politics. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2491-2543 (2005).8.Romano, Roberta. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the making of quack corporate governance. 114 Y ale L.J. 1521-1611 (2005).9.Subramanian, Guhan. Fixing freezeouts. 115 Y ale L.J. 2-70 (2005).10.Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The public and private faces of derivative lawsuits. 57 V and. L. Rev. 1747-1793 (2004).11.Weiss, Elliott J. and J. White. File early, then free ride: How Delaware law (mis)shapes shareholder class actions. 57 V and. L. Rev. 1797-1881 (2004).2004年：1Arlen, Jennifer and Eric Talley. Unregulable defenses and the perils of shareholder choice. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 577-666 (2003).2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. The business judgment rule as abstention doctrine. 57 V and. L. Rev. 83-130 (2004).3.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye and Alma Cohen. Firms' decisions where to incorporate. 46 J.L. & Econ. 383-425 (2003).4.Blair, Margaret M. Locking in capital: what corporate law achieved for business organizers in the nineteenth century. 51 UCLA L. Rev. 387-455 (2003).5.Gilson, Ronald J. and Jeffrey N. Gordon. Controlling shareholders. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 785-843 (2003).6.Roe, Mark J. Delaware 's competition. 117 Harv. L. Rev. 588-646 (2003).7.Sale, Hillary A. Delaware 's good faith. 89 Cornell L. Rev. 456-495 (2004).8.Stout, Lynn A. The mechanisms of market inefficiency: an introduction to the new finance. 28 J. Corp. L. 635-669 (2003).9.Subramanian, Guhan. Bargaining in the shadow of takeover defenses. 113 Y ale L.J. 621-686 (2003).10.Subramanian, Guhan. The disappearing Delaware effect. 20 J.L. Econ. & Org. 32-59 (2004)11.Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The new look of shareholder litigation: acquisition-oriented class actions. 57 V and. L. Rev. 133-209 (2004).2003年：1.A yres, Ian and Stephen Choi. Internalizing outsider trading. 101 Mich. L. Rev. 313-408 (2002).2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director primacy: The means and ends of corporate governance. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 547-606 (2003).3.Bebchuk, Lucian, Alma Cohen and Allen Ferrell. Does the evidence favor state competition in corporate law? 90 Cal. L. Rev. 1775-1821 (2002).4.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Further findings and a reply to symposium participants. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 885-917 (2002).5.Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. How to fix Wall Street: A voucher financing proposal for securities intermediaries. 113 Y ale L.J. 269-346 (2003).6.Daines, Robert. The incorporation choices of IPO firms. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev.1559-1611 (2002).7.Gilson, Ronald J. and David M. Schizer. Understanding venture capital structure: A taxexplanation for convertible preferred stock. 116 Harv. L. Rev. 874-916 (2003).8.Kahan, Marcel and Ehud Kamar. The myth of state competition in corporate law. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 679-749 (2002).ngevoort, Donald C. Taming the animal spirits of the stock markets: A behavioral approach to securities regulation. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 135-188 (2002).10.Pritchard, A.C. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and the counterrevolution in the federal securities laws. 52 Duke L.J. 841-949 (2003).11.Thompson, Robert B. and Hillary A. Sale. Securities fraud as corporate governance: Reflections upon federalism. 56 V and. L. Rev. 859-910 (2003).2002年：1.Allen, William T., Jack B. Jacobs and Leo E. Strine, Jr. Function over Form: A Reassessment of Standards of Review in Delaware Corporation Law. 26 Del. J. Corp. L. 859-895 (2001) and 56 Bus. Law. 1287 (2001).2.A yres, Ian and Joe Bankman. Substitutes for Insider Trading. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 235-254 (2001).3.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, Jesse M. Fried and David I. Walker. Managerial Power and Rent Extraction in the Design of Executive Compensation. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 751-846 (2002).4.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 887-951 (2002).5.Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman. Delaware’s Takeover Law: The Uncertain Search for Hidden V alue. 96 Nw. U. L. Rev. 521-566 (2002).6.Bratton, William M. Enron and the Dark Side of Shareholder V alue. 76 Tul. L. Rev. 1275-1361 (2002).7.Coates, John C. IV. Explaining V ariation in Takeover Defenses: Blame the Lawyers. 89 Cal. L. Rev. 1301-1421 (2001).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock. How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Pill: Adaptive Responses to Takeover Law. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 871-915 (2002).9.Kahan, Marcel. Rethinking Corporate Bonds: The Trade-off Between Individual and Collective Rights. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1040-1089 (2002).10.Roe, Mark J. Corporate Law’s Limits. 31 J. Legal Stud. 233-271 (2002).11.Thompson, Robert B. and D. Gordon Smith. Toward a New Theory of the Shareholder Role: "Sacred Space" in Corporate Takeovers. 80 Tex. L. Rev. 261-326 (2001).2001年：1.Black, Bernard S. The legal and institutional preconditions for strong securities markets. 48 UCLA L. Rev. 781-855 (2001).2.Coates, John C. IV. Takeover defenses in the shadow of the pill: a critique of the scientific evidence. 79 Tex. L. Rev. 271-382 (2000).3.Coates, John C. IV and Guhan Subramanian. A buy-side model of M&A lockups: theory and evidence. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 307-396 (2000).4.Coffee, John C., Jr. The rise of dispersed ownership: the roles of law and the state in the separation of ownership and control. 111 Y ale L.J. 1-82 (2001).5.Choi, Stephen J. The unfounded fear of Regulation S: empirical evidence on offshore securities offerings. 50 Duke L.J. 663-751 (2000).6.Daines, Robert and Michael Klausner. Do IPO charters maximize firm value? Antitakeover protection in IPOs. 17 J.L. Econ. & Org. 83-120 (2001).7.Hansmann, Henry and Reinier Kraakman. The essential role of organizational law. 110 Y ale L.J. 387-440 (2000).ngevoort, Donald C. The human nature of corporate boards: law, norms, and the unintended consequences of independence and accountability. 89 Geo. L.J. 797-832 (2001).9.Mahoney, Paul G. The political economy of the Securities Act of 1933. 30 J. Legal Stud. 1-31 (2001).10.Roe, Mark J. Political preconditions to separating ownership from corporate control. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 539-606 (2000).11.Romano, Roberta. Less is more: making institutional investor activism a valuable mechanism of corporate governance. 18 Y ale J. on Reg. 174-251 (2001).2000年：1.Bratton, William W. and Joseph A. McCahery. Comparative Corporate Governance and the Theory of the Firm: The Case Against Global Cross Reference. 38 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 213-297 (1999).2.Coates, John C. IV. Empirical Evidence on Structural Takeover Defenses: Where Do We Stand?54 U. Miami L. Rev. 783-797 (2000).3.Coffee, John C., Jr. Privatization and Corporate Governance: The Lessons from Securities Market Failure. 25 J. Corp. L. 1-39 (1999).4.Fisch, Jill E. The Peculiar Role of the Delaware Courts in the Competition for Corporate Charters. 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1061-1100 (2000).5.Fox, Merritt B. Retained Mandatory Securities Disclosure: Why Issuer Choice Is Not Investor Empowerment. 85 V a. L. Rev. 1335-1419 (1999).6.Fried, Jesse M. Insider Signaling and Insider Trading with Repurchase Tender Offers. 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 421-477 (2000).7.Gulati, G. Mitu, William A. Klein and Eric M. Zolt. Connected Contracts. 47 UCLA L. Rev. 887-948 (2000).8.Hu, Henry T.C. Faith and Magic: Investor Beliefs and Government Neutrality. 78 Tex. L. Rev. 777-884 (2000).9.Moll, Douglas K. Shareholder Oppression in Close Corporations: The Unanswered Question of Perspective. 53 V and. L. Rev. 749-827 (2000).10.Schizer, David M. Executives and Hedging: The Fragile Legal Foundation of Incentive Compatibility. 100 Colum. L. Rev. 440-504 (2000).11.Smith, Thomas A. The Efficient Norm for Corporate Law: A Neotraditional Interpretation of Fiduciary Duty. 98 Mich. L. Rev. 214-268 (1999).12.Thomas, Randall S. and Kenneth J. Martin. The Determinants of Shareholder V oting on Stock Option Plans. 35 Wake Forest L. Rev. 31-81 (2000).13.Thompson, Robert B. Preemption and Federalism in Corporate Governance: Protecting Shareholder Rights to V ote, Sell, and Sue. 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 215-242 (1999).1999年（以第一作者姓名音序为序）：1.Bankman, Joseph and Ronald J. Gilson. Why Start-ups? 51 Stan. L. Rev. 289-308 (1999).2.Bhagat, Sanjai and Bernard Black. The Uncertain Relationship Between Board Composition and Firm Performance. 54 Bus. Law. 921-963 (1999).3.Blair, Margaret M. and Lynn A. Stout. A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law. 85 V a. L. Rev. 247-328 (1999).4.Coates, John C., IV. “Fair V alue” As an A voidable Rule of Corporate Law: Minority Discounts in Conflict Transactions. 147 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1251-1359 (1999).5.Coffee, John C., Jr. The Future as History: The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and Its Implications. 93 Nw. U. L. Rev. 641-707 (1999).6.Eisenberg, Melvin A. Corporate Law and Social Norms. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1253-1292 (1999).7.Hamermesh, Lawrence A. Corporate Democracy and Stockholder-Adopted By-laws: Taking Back the Street? 73 Tul. L. Rev. 409-495 (1998).8.Krawiec, Kimberly D. Derivatives, Corporate Hedging, and Shareholder Wealth: Modigliani-Miller Forty Y ears Later. 1998 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1039-1104.ngevoort, Donald C. Rereading Cady, Roberts: The Ideology and Practice of Insider Trading Regulation. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1319-1343 (1999).ngevoort, Donald C. Half-Truths: Protecting Mistaken Inferences By Investors and Others.52 Stan. L. Rev. 87-125 (1999).11.Talley, Eric. Turning Servile Opportunities to Gold: A Strategic Analysis of the Corporate Opportunities Doctrine. 108 Y ale L.J. 277-375 (1998).12.Williams, Cynthia A. The Securities and Exchange Commission and Corporate Social Transparency. 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1197-1311 (1999).1998年：1.Carney, William J., The Production of Corporate Law, 71 S. Cal. L. Rev. 715-780 (1998).2.Choi, Stephen, Market Lessons for Gatekeepers, 92 Nw. U. L. Rev. 916-966 (1998).3.Coffee, John C., Jr., Brave New World?: The Impact(s) of the Internet on Modern Securities Regulation. 52 Bus. Law. 1195-1233 (1997).ngevoort, Donald C., Organized Illusions: A Behavioral Theory of Why Corporations Mislead Stock Market Investors (and Cause Other Social Harms). 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 101-172 (1997).ngevoort, Donald C., The Epistemology of Corporate-Securities Lawyering: Beliefs, Biases and Organizational Behavior. 63 Brook. L. Rev. 629-676 (1997).6.Mann, Ronald J. The Role of Secured Credit in Small-Business Lending. 86 Geo. L.J. 1-44 (1997).haupt, Curtis J., Property Rights in Firms. 84 V a. L. Rev. 1145-1194 (1998).8.Rock, Edward B., Saints and Sinners: How Does Delaware Corporate Law Work? 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1009-1107 (1997).9.Romano, Roberta, Empowering Investors: A Market Approach to Securities Regulation. 107 Y ale L.J. 2359-2430 (1998).10.Schwab, Stewart J. and Randall S. Thomas, Realigning Corporate Governance: Shareholder Activism by Labor Unions. 96 Mich. L. Rev. 1018-1094 (1998).11.Skeel, David A., Jr., An Evolutionary Theory of Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy. 51 V and. L. Rev. 1325-1398 (1998).12.Thomas, Randall S. and Martin, Kenneth J., Should Labor Be Allowed to Make Shareholder Proposals? 73 Wash. L. Rev. 41-80 (1998).1997年：1.Alexander, Janet Cooper, Rethinking Damages in Securities Class Actions, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1487-1537 (1996).2.Arlen, Jennifer and Kraakman, Reinier, Controlling Corporate Misconduct: An Analysis of Corporate Liability Regimes, 72 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 687-779 (1997).3.Brudney, Victor, Contract and Fiduciary Duty in Corporate Law, 38 B.C. L. Rev. 595-665 (1997).4.Carney, William J., The Political Economy of Competition for Corporate Charters, 26 J. Legal Stud. 303-329 (1997).5.Choi, Stephen J., Company Registration: Toward a Status-Based Antifraud Regime, 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 567-651 (1997).6.Fox, Merritt B., Securities Disclosure in a Globalizing Market: Who Should Regulate Whom. 95 Mich. L. Rev. 2498-2632 (1997).7.Kahan, Marcel and Klausner, Michael, Lockups and the Market for Corporate Control, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1539-1571 (1996).8.Mahoney, Paul G., The Exchange as Regulator, 83 V a. L. Rev. 1453-1500 (1997).haupt, Curtis J., The Market for Innovation in the United States and Japan: V enture Capital and the Comparative Corporate Governance Debate, 91 Nw. U.L. Rev. 865-898 (1997).10.Skeel, David A., Jr., The Unanimity Norm in Delaware Corporate Law, 83 V a. L. Rev. 127-175 (1997).1996年：1.Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman A Self-Enforcing Model of Corporate Law, 109 Harv. L. Rev. 1911 (1996)2.Gilson, Ronald J. Corporate Governance and Economic Efficiency: When Do Institutions Matter?, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 327 (1996)3. Hu, Henry T.C. Hedging Expectations: "Derivative Reality" and the Law and Finance of the Corporate Objective, 21 J. Corp. L. 3 (1995)4.Kahan, Marcel & Michael Klausner Path Dependence in Corporate Contracting: Increasing Returns, Herd Behavior and Cognitive Biases, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 347 (1996)5.Kitch, Edmund W. The Theory and Practice of Securities Disclosure, 61 Brooklyn L. Rev. 763 (1995)ngevoort, Donald C. Selling Hope, Selling Risk: Some Lessons for Law From Behavioral Economics About Stockbrokers and Sophisticated Customers, 84 Cal. L. Rev. 627 (1996)7.Lin, Laura The Effectiveness of Outside Directors as a Corporate Governance Mechanism: Theories and Evidence, 90 Nw. U.L. Rev. 898 (1996)lstein, Ira M. The Professional Board, 50 Bus. Law 1427 (1995)9.Thompson, Robert B. Exit, Liquidity, and Majority Rule: Appraisal's Role in Corporate Law, 84 Geo. L.J. 1 (1995)10.Triantis, George G. and Daniels, Ronald J. The Role of Debt in Interactive Corporate Governance. 83 Cal. L. Rev. 1073 (1995)1995年：公司法：1.Arlen, Jennifer and Deborah M. Weiss A Political Theory of Corporate Taxation,. 105 Y ale L.J. 325-391 (1995).2.Elson, Charles M. The Duty of Care, Compensation, and Stock Ownership, 63 U. Cin. L. Rev. 649 (1995).3.Hu, Henry T.C. Heeding Expectations: "Derivative Reality" and the Law and Finance of the Corporate Objective, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 985-1040 (1995).4.Kahan, Marcel The Qualified Case Against Mandatory Terms in Bonds, 89 Nw. U.L. Rev. 565-622 (1995).5.Klausner, Michael Corporations, Corporate Law, and Networks of Contracts, 81 V a. L. Rev. 757-852 (1995).6.Mitchell, Lawrence E. Cooperation and Constraint in the Modern Corporation: An Inquiry Into the Causes of Corporate Immorality, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 477-537 (1995).7.Siegel, Mary Back to the Future: Appraisal Rights in the Twenty-First Century, 32 Harv. J. on Legis. 79-143 (1995).证券法：1.Grundfest, Joseph A. Why Disimply? 108 Harv. L. Rev. 727-747 (1995).2.Lev, Baruch and Meiring de V illiers Stock Price Crashes and 10b-5 Damages: A Legal Economic, and Policy Analysis, 47 Stan. L. Rev. 7-37 (1994).3.Mahoney, Paul G. Mandatory Disclosure as a Solution to Agency Problems, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1047-1112 (1995).4.Seligman, Joel The Merits Do Matter, 108 Harv. L. Rev. 438 (1994).5.Seligman, Joel The Obsolescence of Wall Street: A Contextual Approach to the Evolving Structure of Federal Securities Regulation, 93 Mich. L. Rev. 649-702 (1995).6.Stout, Lynn A. Are Stock Markets Costly Casinos? Disagreement, Mark Failure, and Securities Regulation, 81 V a. L. Rev. 611 (1995).7.Weiss, Elliott J. and John S. Beckerman Let the Money Do the Monitoring: How Institutional Investors Can Reduce Agency Costs in Securities Class Actions, 104 Y ale L.J. 2053-2127 (1995).1994年：公司法：1.Fraidin, Stephen and Hanson, Jon D. Toward Unlocking Lockups, 103 Y ale L.J. 1739-1834 (1994)2.Gordon, Jeffrey N. Institutions as Relational Investors: A New Look at Cumulative V oting, 94 Colum. L. Rev. 124-192 (1994)3.Karpoff, Jonathan M., and Lott, John R., Jr. The Reputational Penalty Firms Bear From Committing Criminal Fraud, 36 J.L. & Econ. 757-802 (1993)4.Kraakman, Reiner, Park, Hyun, and Shavell, Steven When Are Shareholder Suits in Shareholder Interests?, 82 Geo. L.J. 1733-1775 (1994)5.Mitchell, Lawrence E. Fairness and Trust in Corporate Law, 43 Duke L.J. 425- 491 (1993)6.Oesterle, Dale A. and Palmiter, Alan R. Judicial Schizophrenia in Shareholder V oting Cases, 79 Iowa L. Rev. 485-583 (1994)7. Pound, John The Rise of the Political Model of Corporate Governance and Corporate Control, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1003-1071 (1993)8.Skeel, David A., Jr. Rethinking the Line Between Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy, 72 Tex. L. Rev. 471-557 (1994)9.Thompson, Robert B. Unpacking Limited Liability: Direct and V icarious Liability of Corporate Participants for Torts of the Enterprise, 47 V and. L. Rev. 1-41 (1994)证券法：1.Alexander, Janet Cooper The V alue of Bad News in Securities Class Actions, 41 UCLA L.Rev. 1421-1469 (1994)2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Insider Trading Under the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers, 19 J. Corp. L. 1-40 (1993)3.Black, Bernard S. and Coffee, John C. Jr. Hail Britannia?: Institutional Investor Behavior Under Limited Regulation, 92 Mich. L. Rev. 1997-2087 (1994)4.Booth, Richard A. The Efficient Market, portfolio Theory, and the Downward Sloping Demand Hypothesis, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1187-1212 (1993)5.Coffee, John C., Jr. The SEC and the Institutional Investor: A Half-Time Report, 15 Cardozo L. Rev 837-907 (1994)6.Fox, Merritt B. Insider Trading Deterrence V ersus Managerial Incentives: A Unified Theory of Section 16(b), 92 Mich. L. Rev. 2088-2203 (1994)7.Grundfest, Joseph A. Disimplying Private Rights of Action Under the Federal Securities Laws: The Commission's Authority, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 961-1024 (1994)8.Macey, Jonathan R. Administrative Agency Obsolescence and Interest Group Formation: A Case Study of the SEC at Sixty, 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 909-949 (1994)9.Rock, Edward B. Controlling the Dark Side of Relational Investing, 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 987-1031 (1994)。

食品添加剂相关的英文缩略语

食品添加剂相关的英文缩略语：ADI ：（Acceptable Daily Intakes）每日人体每千克允许摄入量，常用单位为mg/kgCAC ：(Codex Alimentarius Commission) (联合国）食品法规委员会CAS ：（Chemical Abstracts Service number) 美国化学文摘服务社编号CCFA ：（Codex Committee on Food Additives）（联合国）食品添加剂法规委员会CE或COE ：（Council of Europe）欧洲理事会CFR ：（Code of Federal Ragulations-USA）美国联邦法规索引C.I.：（Colour Index) 染料索引号CXAS： (Codex Advisory Specifications）CAS认可的质量标准D.E ：(Dextrose Equivalent value) 葡萄糖当量值EC：（Enzyme Commission of IUB）国际生物化学联合会酶委员会（用于酶的系统命名和编号系统）EEC：（European Economic Community）欧洲经济共同体EOA：（the Essential Oil Association of USA）美国精油协会FAO：（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation）联合国食品与农业组织（也称联合国粮农组织）FCC：（Food Chemicals Codex）美国食用化学品法典FDA：（Food and Drug Administration）（美国）食品和药物管理局FD＆C：（Food,Drug and Cosmetic）（美国）食品、药物和化妆品（编号）FFMA：（Flavour Extract Manufacture's Association）（美国）食用香料制造者协会FNP：（FAO Food and Nutrition Paper）（FAO编号）食品和营养报告GB ：中华人民共和国国家标准GMP：（Good Manufacturing Practice）良好操作规程GRAS：（Generally Recognized As Safe）一般公认安全的HACSG：（Hyperalive Children's Support Group of EEC）欧共体儿童保护集团IFRA：（International Fragrance Association）国际日用香料香精协会INS：（International Nunbering System）（CAC 1989年通过的食品添加剂）国际编号系统（用于食品添加剂）JAS：（Japanese Agricultural Standard）日本农林规格JECFA：（Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives）FAO/WHO食品添加剂专家联合委员会LD50： (50% Lethal Dose) 半数致死量，亦称致死中量MNL：（Maximum No-effect Level）最大无作用量（亦称最大耐受量）QB ：中华人民共和国轻工业部部标准SCF：（Scientific Committee for Foods of the EEC）欧洲经济共同体食品科学委员会WHO：（World Health Organization）（联合国）世界卫生组织。

2024年美克洛嗪市场分析现状

2024年美克洛嗪市场分析现状简介美克洛嗪（Meclozine）是一种常见的非处方药物，主要用于治疗晕车和运动病。

该药物具有镇静作用，并可减轻头晕和眩晕症状。

在市场上，美克洛嗪主要以口服药片和口服溶液的形式销售。

本文将对美克洛嗪市场的现状进行分析。

市场规模美克洛嗪市场在过去几年里呈现稳定增长的趋势。

据市场研究公司的统计数据显示，全球美克洛嗪市场在2019年达到了X亿元，预计到2025年将达到X亿元，年复合增长率为X％。

这表明美克洛嗪市场具有较大的潜力和增长空间。

市场驱动因素美克洛嗪市场的增长主要受到以下因素的驱动：1. 良好的疗效美克洛嗪对晕车和运动病的疗效得到了广泛认可。

该药物可以迅速减轻症状，提高患者的舒适度。

随着晕车和运动病患者数量的增加，需求不断上升，推动了市场的发展。

2. 便捷的购买渠道美克洛嗪是一种非处方药物，因此可以在药店和在线渠道轻松购买。

患者无需处方，可以随时购买和使用，增加了产品的销售机会。

3. 人口老龄化趋势随着全球人口老龄化趋势的加剧，晕车和运动病的患病率也随之增加。

老年人更容易受到晕车的影响，因此对于美克洛嗪的需求也在增加。

市场竞争格局目前，美克洛嗪市场存在着激烈的竞争。

主要的竞争对手包括制药公司A、制药公司B和制药公司C。

这些公司在市场上推出了自己的美克洛嗪产品，并通过广告、促销和市场营销活动争夺市场份额。

各制药公司之间的竞争主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 价格竞争价格是消费者购买产品时最重要的考虑因素之一。

各制药公司通过降低产品价格来吸引消费者，从而争夺市场份额。

2. 品牌推广制药公司通过广告和市场营销活动来提升自己的品牌知名度，增加产品的销售量。

3. 产品创新不断推出新的产品和剂型，满足消费者的不同需求，提高产品竞争力。

市场前景展望美克洛嗪市场未来有望继续保持良好的增长态势。

随着晕车和运动病患者数量的增加，以及人口老龄化趋势的加剧，对美克洛嗪的需求将持续增长。

制药公司在竞争中需要不断创新，提高产品质量和品牌形象，以赢得消费者青睐。

roche

rocheRoche: A Global Leader in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical ResearchIntroductionRoche is a multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. With a history spanning over 120 years, Roche has emerged as a global leader in pharmaceutical research and development, focusing on innovative treatments for various diseases and conditions. This document explores the history, core values, research areas, and contributions of Roche to the field of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.1. HistoryRoche was founded in 1896 by Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche with the aim of developing new treatments for various ailments. The company started as a small vitamin-producing laboratory, but soon expanded its scope to include a wide range of pharmaceutical products. Over the years, Roche has made significant strides in medical research and innovation, leadingto breakthrough discoveries in the treatment of diseases like cancer, viral infections, and rare genetic disorders.2. Core ValuesRoche operates based on a set of core values that guide its actions and decisions. These values include integrity, courage, and passion for science. By maintaining the highest ethical standards, Roche strives to build trust with its stakeholders and ensure the safety and efficacy of its products. The company's commitment to scientific excellence and curiosity has driven its success in developing cutting-edge therapies.3. Research AreasRoche has established itself as a leader in various research areas, including oncology, neuroscience, immunology, and infectious diseases. The company invests heavily in research and development, continuously striving to improve existing treatments and discover novel therapeutic approaches. For instance, Roche has pioneered the development of personalized medicine, tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their unique genetic profiles.In the field of oncology, Roche has made groundbreaking advancements with targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Drugs like Herceptin and Avastin have revolutionized the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer, respectively. Roche's commitment to oncology research has also led to the development of breakthrough therapies for lung cancer, melanoma, and lymphoma.In neuroscience, Roche focuses on developing treatments for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The company's innovative approach involves identifying and targeting specific molecular pathways implicated in these diseases, aiming to slow down or halt their progression.Roche's research efforts in immunology have resulted in the development of drugs like Actemra, a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, and Ocrevus, a therapy for multiple sclerosis. These medications have improved the quality of life for patients and addressed unmet medical needs.4. Contributions to Public HealthRoche's contributions to public health extend beyond the development of life-saving medications. The companyactively engages in healthcare initiatives aimed at improving patient outcomes and access to healthcare globally. Through partnerships with governments, non-profit organizations, and healthcare professionals, Roche works to strengthen healthcare systems, increase disease awareness, and improve patient education.Roche also fosters a culture of sustainability and environmental responsibility. The company has implemented various measures to minimize its environmental footprint, reduce waste generation, and promote renewable energy sources. Roche recognizes the importance of protecting the planet for future generations and aims to integrate sustainability into all aspects of its operations.5. ConclusionRoche's commitment to scientific excellence, innovation, and patient well-being has made it a global leader in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research. With a diverse portfolio of life-saving medications and a strong focus on research and development, Roche continues to make significant contributions to the field of healthcare. By addressing unmet medical needs and pioneering new treatment approaches, Roche positions itself at the forefront of the fight against diseases around the world.。

9018148_环球速览

黄金储备连增8月
据国际货币基金组织（IMF）11月20日公布的数据显示，
今年10月俄罗斯黄金储备连续8个月增加，至1370.669吨。

此外，数据显示，20日前俄罗斯卢布汇率连续5个交易日
上涨，涨幅超过2%。

卢布连涨5日是因为俄罗斯与美国和欧
洲之间的关系有所改善，市场猜测欧美将撤销针对俄罗斯的制
裁。

卢布汇率也受原油价格波动的影响，作为全球第三大石油
储量国家，油价去年开始的下跌给俄罗斯经济和货币带来巨大
压力，卢布一度一蹶不振。

澳大利亚英国加拿大
俄罗斯
加息势在必行
11月21日，美国旧金山联储主席威廉姆斯公开称，只要美国经济数据不令人失望，美联储将有强有力的理由升息。

威廉姆斯表示，“我认为数据整体表现鼓舞人心，尤其是就业市场数据。

如果经济数据持续向好，且各种迹象继续表明更加接近实现目标，同时对升向2%的通胀率信心上升，则美联储12月份就有强有力的升息理由。

”当前市场广泛预计美联储将在12月15至16日的货币政策会议上升息。

日本
韩国
沙特
美国。

汇率决定理论

Cassel 的购买力平价理论提出之后，得到了极高的评价，同时对该理论的争论也从来没有中断过。争论的焦点不仅仅在理论本身，更多的则在于对购买力平价的检验。很多学者，如 Frenkel（1978，1981）、Krugman（1978）、MacDonald （1988）等都曾采用不同的方法、选取不同的时期对购买力平价进行检验。Frenkel （1978, 1981）的检验结论是两次世界大战之间的结果支持购买力平价，但在布雷顿森林体系崩溃之后的浮动汇率制度下则拒绝购买力平价假说；Krugman （1978）、MacDonald（1988）对浮动汇率时期的实证研究也都不支持购买力平价。总的看来，除了在高通货膨胀时期（如两次世界大战之间）购买力平价能较好的成立外，绝大多数的实证检验并不支持购买力平价的成立。对此，引出了很多解释的观点，有从理论本身的缺陷给予解释，也有从检验的技术问题角度进行论述。由于购买力平价理论没有表述价格水平和汇率之间精确的传导机制关系，因此关于这一理论的争论还会继续下去，但是理论本身所反映出的基本思想，已经对后续的理论产生了重大影响。
定了本国货币的贵金属含量，因此货币之间的兑换有着一个客观的标准——铸币平价，而且当时国际经济往来绝大部分是国际贸易，资本的国际流动不占重要地位，因此，这一段时间的汇率决定问题相对比较简单。19 世纪中期以前，尽管休谟（Hume）、桑顿（Thornton）和李嘉图（Ricardo）等不同时代的学者都曾对汇率决定提出过一些论述和看法，但总的看来，这段时期里关于汇率决定理论的研究只是零散的、泛泛的，并没有系统而完整的理论出现。然而，这一段时期的许多观点，对后来汇率决定理论的产生和发展却有着深远的影响，成为许多汇率决定理论的思想渊源。
（三）利率平价理论早在 1889 年，德国经济学家 Lotz 在观察维也纳远期外汇市场的交易时就考

2024年洛伐他汀市场前景分析

2024年洛伐他汀市场前景分析引言洛伐他汀（Lovastatin）是一种常用的降脂药物，通过抑制胆固醇合成酶的活性，从而降低胆固醇水平。

随着心血管疾病的增多和人们对健康生活的关注，洛伐他汀市场前景备受瞩目。

本文将对洛伐他汀市场前景进行分析，并探讨其发展趋势和潜在机会。

市场规模和增长趋势根据研究报告，全球降脂药物市场规模逐年扩大。

洛伐他汀在这一市场中占据重要地位。

目前，洛伐他汀市场规模已达到数十亿美元，预计在未来几年内将持续增长。

主要驱动市场增长的因素包括：1.心血管疾病的高发率：随着人们生活水平的提高和饮食结构的变化，心血管疾病的发病率不断增加，这促使了降脂药物的需求，包括洛伐他汀。

2.人们对健康生活的关注：随着健康意识的不断提高，越来越多的人开始关注自身的健康状况，积极寻求药物治疗和预防措施。

洛伐他汀的降脂效果受到广泛认可，因此市场需求增加。

3.随着人口老龄化的加剧，老年人群体的增加将进一步推动降脂药物市场的发展。

洛伐他汀也适用于老年人，具有广阔的市场潜力。

竞争态势分析尽管洛伐他汀市场前景广阔，但竞争格局也相当激烈。

主要竞争者包括：1.高通量生产厂家：由于洛伐他汀属于常用降脂药物，许多国内外制药公司都投入了大量资源进行生产。

高通量生产的能力使得竞争者能够更有效地降低洛伐他汀药物的成本，提供更有竞争力的价格。

2.研发创新型公司：通过持续的科研投入和创新开发，一些公司不断推出新的降脂药物，与洛伐他汀展开竞争。

这些创新型公司以其独特的药效和优势在市场上占据一定份额，对洛伐他汀构成竞争压力。

市场机会和挑战虽然洛伐他汀市场面临激烈的竞争，但仍然存在着一些机会和潜在的发展空间。

1.新兴市场的开拓：随着全球健康意识的普及，洛伐他汀在新兴市场拥有巨大的增长潜力。

这些市场对降脂药物的需求逐渐增加，同时由于竞争相对较少，洛伐他汀有机会在这些市场上获得更大的份额。

2.研发创新和差异化：针对目前洛伐他汀市场上存在的竞争压力，公司可以通过不断推进研发和创新，提供更具差异化的产品。

公共经济学专业英语词汇整理

公共经济学专业英语词汇整理本文档旨在整理公共经济学专业相关的英语词汇，帮助研究者扩大词汇量并提高专业英语能力。

1. 宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）- Aggregate demand: 总需求- Aggregate supply: 总供给- Business cycle: 商业周期- Economic growth: 经济增长- Fiscal policy: 财政政策- Inflation: 通货膨胀- Monetary policy: 货币政策- Unemployment rate: 失业率2. 微观经济学（Microeconomics）- Demand: 需求- Supply: 供给- Market equilibrium: 市场均衡- Price elasticity: 价格弹性- Consumer surplus: 消费者剩余- Producer surplus: 生产者剩余- Monopoly: 垄断3. 经济学方法与理论（Economic Methods and Theories）- Cost-benefit analysis: 成本效益分析- Game theory: 博弈论- Rational choice theory: 理性选择理论- Supply and demand model: 供需模型- Economies of scale: 规模经济- Externalities: 外部性- Opportunity cost: 机会成本- Production possibility frontier: 生产可能性边界4. 公共财政（Public Finance）- Government budget: 政府预算- Taxation: 税收- Public debt: 公共债务- Tax incidence: 税负分担- Public goods: 公共产品- External debt: 外债- Tax evasion: 逃税- Revenue: 收入5. 发展经济学（Development Economics）- Poverty alleviation: 扶贫- Sustainable development: 可持续发展- Foreign direct investment: 外商直接投资- Human capital: 人力资本- Microfinance: 小额信贷- Economic inequality: 经济不平等- Millennium Development Goals: 千年发展目标以上仅为公共经济学专业部分相关英语词汇的简要整理。

欧债危机困扰豆类市场金九失色

网；营率问对
象，提供经过加工、整理、筛选的农业信息和农业问题咨询服务，利用互联网或远程通信设备作为运营的载体，具有公益性、专家性，服务对象特殊
弱势。最后，在国家整顿生猪价格措施频频出台的形势下，生
容对外发布意见。即使通过债
务扩容后，最终达成投资仍需较长的时间，市场预期大约将在１月中旬左右。希腊违约已１在所难免，债务风险向意大利、葡萄牙等国转移的风险较
息领域存在的技术落后、农业专业数据库资源匮乏等问题。提出引导农业信息
１．农业信息咨询服务网站的２特点
技术发展，建设农业专业特色数据库，提升信息的实用性等提升网站运营水平关键词
措
２１服务的公益性从农业信．息供给主体来看开办者与运
于报告前市场的平均预测和上月报告的实际水平，将对今后ＣＯＢＴ豆类商品的价格提供
支撑。国庆节后新季大豆开始逐渐上市，对于后市价格的看法
经济体等因素令全球经济前景
暗淡，使得投资者逃离风险较高的大宗商品、股票等市场，
资金大量回流至美元及美国国
９中旬，ＣＯ大豆期货价格月ＢＴ
上涨了１５分／式耳，而国６美蒲
内港口大豆分销价只提高了１０５
元／吨左右。这充分说明了，在

2024年盐酸美西律片市场需求分析

2024年盐酸美西律片市场需求分析1. 引言盐酸美西律片是一种常见的处方药，常用于治疗焦虑、恐惧和紧张等症状。

随着生活压力的增加和焦虑症患者数量的增加，盐酸美西律片的市场需求也在逐渐增长。

本文将对盐酸美西律片市场的需求进行分析，以帮助制药公司和医疗机构更好地了解市场需求，制定相关的市场营销策略。

2. 市场规模根据市场调研数据显示，盐酸美西律片市场在过去几年中呈现稳定增长的趋势。

据统计，2018年全球盐酸美西律片市场规模达到X万美元，预计到2025年将达到Y 万美元。

亚洲地区是盐酸美西律片市场需求增长最快的地区，预计将占据全球市场的Z%份额。

3. 市场驱动因素3.1 生活压力增加随着社会发展和生活水平的提高，人们面临的压力也越来越大。

工作压力、家庭压力、经济压力等因素导致许多人出现焦虑和紧张的症状。

盐酸美西律片的镇静、催眠作用可以有效缓解焦虑和紧张，因此受到许多人的需求。

3.2 焦虑症患者数量增加焦虑症是一种常见的心理疾病，表现为持续不断的焦虑和恐惧感。

据统计，全球约有X%的人口患有不同程度的焦虑症。

盐酸美西律片被广泛应用于焦虑症的治疗中，因此需求量也在不断增加。

4. 市场趋势4.1 个性化治疗需求增加随着人们对健康意识的提高，越来越多的人开始注重个性化的治疗方式。

盐酸美西律片的市场趋势也在朝着个性化治疗方向发展。

制药公司可以根据不同人群的需求开发出不同剂型和规格的盐酸美西律片，以满足不同人群的个性化治疗需求。

4.2 在线销售渠道的兴起随着电子商务的快速发展，越来越多的人选择在网上购买药品。

盐酸美西律片也不例外，通过在线销售渠道可以更方便地满足消费者的需求，并且扩大销售渠道。

5. 总结综上所述，随着生活压力的增加和焦虑症患者数量的增加，盐酸美西律片市场需求在逐渐增长。

个性化治疗和在线销售渠道的兴起也给盐酸美西律片市场带来了新的机遇和挑战。

制药公司和医疗机构可以根据市场需求和趋势，制定相应的市场营销策略，提高产品的竞争力和市场份额。

螺内酯市场的详细分析和综合报告

螺内酯市场的详细分析和综合报告The detailed analysis and comprehensive report of the spironolactone market examines the current and future market trends, opportunities, challenges, and key factors driving the growth of the market. Spironolactone is a medication primarily used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. It is also used for treating high blood pressure and low blood potassium.In recent years, the global spironolactone market has witnessed significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The growing geriatric population, coupled with the rise in chronic kidney diseases, has further propelled the demand for spironolactone. Additionally, advancements in healthcare infrastructure and the availability of cost-effective generic versions of spironolactone have contributed to market growth.The market analysis also delves into the regional dynamics, highlighting the market size, growth potential, and regulatory framework in key regions such as North America, Europe,Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. Factors such as governmentinitiatives, healthcare expenditure, and the presence of prominent pharmaceutical companies in these regions play a crucial role in shaping the spironolactone market landscape.Furthermore, the report provides an in-depth assessment of the competitive landscape, profiling leading companies, their market strategies, and product portfolios. It offers insights into mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and product launches that have influenced the spironolactone market. Additionally, the report outlines the challenges and opportunities for market players, including regulatory hurdles, patent expirations, and the potential for expansion in emerging markets.The comprehensive report on the spironolactone market aims to guide stakeholders, including pharmaceutical companies, investors, and policymakers, in making informed decisions. By understanding the market dynamics and competitive landscape, stakeholders can strategize their investments, product development, and market expansion initiatives to capitalize on the growing demand for spironolactone.螺内酯市场的详细分析和综合报告探讨了当前和未来市场趋势、机遇、挑战以及推动市场增长的关键因素。

境外期货保证金

品种名称市场编号品种代码币种开仓保证金维持保证金馬來西亞棕櫚油BMD CPO MYR 6,000.005,000.00富時吉隆坡綜合BMD KLI MYR 4,800.004,000.00大型道琼斯指数CBOT DD USD 16,487.0014,988.00小型玉米CBOT XC USD 473.00385.00小型大豆CBOT XK USD 945.00770.00小型小麦CBOT XW USD 540.00440.00道琼斯指数迷你小合约CBOT YM USD 3,298.002,998.0030年期美国国债CBOT ZB USD 3,025.002,750.00玉米CBOT ZC USD 2,363.001,925.00道琼斯指数CBOT ZD USD 6,595.005,995.005年期美国国债CBOT ZF USD 1,089.00990.00豆油CBOT ZL USD 1,688.001,375.00豆粕CBOT ZM USD 2,700.002,200.0010年期美国国债CBOT ZN USD 1,785.001,623.00燕麦CBOT ZO USD 1,350.001,100.00糙米CBOT ZR USD 1,485.001,210.00大豆CBOT ZS USD 4,725.003,850.002年期美国国债CBOT ZT USD 303.00275.00小麦CBOT ZW USD 2,700.002,200.00澳元CME 6A USD 2,214.002,013.00英镑CME 6B USD 1,997.001,815.00加元CME 6C USD 1,392.001,265.00欧元CME 6E USD 3,025.002,750.00日元CME 6J USD 4,235.003,850.00墨西哥比索CME 6M USD 2,178.001,980.00纽元CME 6N USD 2,118.001,925.00瑞士法郎CME 6S USD 2,904.002,640.00原油CME CL USD 4,961.004,510.00小型欧元CME E7USD 1,513.001,375.00标普500指数迷你小合约CME ES USD 4,598.004,180.00黄金CME GC USD 9,680.008,800.00饲牛CME GF USD 2,025.001,650.00瘦猪CME HE USD 1,350.001,100.00铜CME HG USD 4,235.003,850.00取暖油CME HO USD 4,680.003,900.00木材CME LBS USD 2,640.001,760.00活牛CME LE USD 1,013.00825.00纳斯达克100指数CMENDUSD14,520.0013,200.00弘苏期货交易品种客户保证金表地址：香港湾仔告士打道77-79号富通大厦20楼D座Tel:00852-22493411 Flat D 20/F Fortis Bank Tower, 77-79 Gloucester Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong Fax:00852-25298203。

全球最大对冲基金做空欧洲股市,雨水功能综合指数ci正常值

全球最大对冲基金做空欧洲股市,雨水功能综合指数
ci正常值
摘要
据跟踪欧洲公司空头头寸信息网站breakout point数据，全球最大对冲基金桥水基金日前大规模做空欧洲公司。

6月以来，桥水基金对17家欧洲公司建立价值约57亿美元空头头寸，押注欧洲公司股票下跌。

其中包括世界最大银行之一法国巴黎银行、制药巨头拜耳、金融服务公司安联、半导体制造商ASML等，桥水的空头头寸约占每家公司股票的0.5%。

（中国证券报）
据跟踪欧洲公司空头头寸信息网站breakout point数据，全球最大对冲基金桥水基金日前大规模做空欧洲公司。

6月以来，桥水基金对17家欧洲公司建立价值约57亿美元空头头寸，押注欧洲公司股票下跌。

其中包括世界最大银行之一法国巴黎银行、制药巨头拜耳、金融服务公司安联、半导体制造商ASML等，桥水的空头头寸约占每家公司股票的0.5%。

据悉，欧洲证券和市场管理局(ESMA)2012年颁布了关于做空股票的SSR规定。

SSR规定要求，投资者做空欧洲股票超过公司发行股本的0.5%时，需要公开披露。

Breakout point网站表示，在桥水做空的股票中，有8只股票都是欧洲斯托克50指数的一部分，桥水上次如此大规模地做空欧洲股票是2020年新冠肺炎疫情流行之初。

2024年甘油葡糖苷市场需求分析

甘油葡糖苷市场需求分析简介甘油葡糖苷是一种常见的化妆品原料，具有优良的保湿和抗菌性能，在化妆品行业广泛应用。

本文将对甘油葡糖苷的市场需求进行分析，包括市场规模、市场趋势和推动市场需求的因素等。

市场规模甘油葡糖苷市场呈现出逐年增长的趋势。

根据市场研究报告，2019年全球甘油葡糖苷市场规模达到X亿美元，预计在2025年将达到X亿美元。

主要驱动市场增长的因素包括：1.化妆品行业的快速发展。

随着人们对外貌护理的重视和消费水平的提高，化妆品市场不断扩大，从而带动了对甘油葡糖苷等化妆品原料的需求。

2.对天然、绿色化妆品的需求增加。

由于人们对健康和环境保护意识的提高，对于有害物质的使用受到了限制，天然、绿色的化妆品备受青睐，而甘油葡糖苷作为一种天然原料，符合这一需求。

3.优良的保湿和抗菌性能。

甘油葡糖苷具有很好的保湿性能，能够在化妆品中起到保湿、促进肌肤水分平衡的作用，受到了广大消费者的喜爱。

此外，其抗菌性能也使其在抗痤疮和抗皮肤炎等领域有一定的应用潜力。

市场趋势除了市场规模增长之外，甘油葡糖苷市场还出现了以下趋势：1.多功能化发展。

随着消费者对化妆品功能需求的增加，甘油葡糖苷正在向多功能化发展。

例如，将其应用于洗发水和沐浴露中，不仅具有保湿的效果，还能改善头皮屑和增强头发光泽，满足消费者对于护发的需求。

2.区域市场差异化。

不同地区的消费者对于甘油葡糖苷的需求程度存在差异。

发达国家的消费者更注重天然、有机的化妆品原料，对于甘油葡糖苷的需求较高；而发展中国家的消费者对于价格更为敏感，对于甘油葡糖苷的需求相对较低。

3.创新产品的推出。

为了满足消费者对于特殊功能化妆品的需求，一些化妆品企业开始研发和推出具有创新功能的甘油葡糖苷产品。

例如，结合其他成分开发具有美白、抗衰老等特殊效果的化妆品原料。

推动市场需求的因素除了上述市场规模和市场趋势的因素之外，还有其他因素推动着甘油葡糖苷市场的需求增长。

1.广告和市场宣传的推动。

2023年硝酸甘油片行业市场研究报告

2023年硝酸甘油片行业市场研究报告硝酸甘油片是一种常见的药物，用于预防和治疗心绞痛。

随着人们生活水平的提高和对健康的关注度增加，硝酸甘油片的需求逐渐增加。

本篇文章将对硝酸甘油片行业市场进行研究。

首先，我们来看硝酸甘油片的市场规模。

根据相关数据统计，全球硝酸甘油片市场规模约为60亿美元，预计将以每年2%的复合年增长率增长。

主要的市场包括北美、欧洲和亚太地区。

在市场应用方面，硝酸甘油片主要用于心血管疾病的治疗。

随着心血管疾病的高发率和人们对健康的重视，硝酸甘油片的需求不断增加。

在市场竞争方面，硝酸甘油片市场具有一定的竞争性。

全球市场上主要的硝酸甘油片生产商包括拜耳药业、辉瑞制药等。

这些公司在产品研发、生产和销售方面具有一定优势和竞争力。

在中国市场方面，硝酸甘油片的销售额逐年增长。

根据中国食品药品监督管理局的数据，中国硝酸甘油片市场规模约为30亿元人民币，预计将以每年5%的增长率增长。

硝酸甘油片在中国的应用主要集中在一线和二线城市，随着三四线城市的经济发展和医疗水平提高，硝酸甘油片的市场潜力也会进一步释放。

在中国市场竞争方面，硝酸甘油片市场竞争激烈。

国内知名的硝酸甘油片生产企业有同仁堂、胜源药业等。

此外，一些外资企业也进入中国市场，如辉瑞制药、拜耳药业等。

这些企业通过不断提高产品质量和研发创新，来增强竞争力。

在市场趋势方面，硝酸甘油片市场呈现出以下几个趋势。

首先，心血管疾病的发病率持续上升，将推动硝酸甘油片市场的增长。

其次，人们对健康的关注度提高，对硝酸甘油片等心血管药物的需求增加。

同时，随着医疗水平的提高，硝酸甘油片的使用范围将进一步扩大。

总结而言，硝酸甘油片是一种市场需求较大的药物，市场规模逐年增长。

在全球市场中，硝酸甘油片的竞争激烈，但市场潜力巨大。

在中国市场中，硝酸甘油片的销售额逐年增加，市场竞争也很激烈。

未来，随着心血管疾病的高发率和人们对健康的重视，硝酸甘油片的市场前景广阔。