IELTS writing 1
雅思写作 IELTS Writing Unit1 1 Hobbies and Interests
dislike v. - if you dislike something or someone, you think they are unpleasant and do not like them.
browse v. -if you browse the internet, you look for interesting information using a computer (casual)
category n. – a set of things with a particular characteristic in common
like v. –if you like something or someone, you find them pleasant
listen to v. -to pay attention to a sound
motor racing n. -Motor racing is a sport in which fast cars race on a track
gymnastics n. -Gymnastics is physical exercises, especially ones using equipment such as bars and ropes. Gym/gymnasium/gymnastic/gymnast
heading n. -a piece of writing that is written or printed at the top of a page or the column of a table
雅思写作例题TASK 1-24
IELTS Writing TASK 1 24
(176 words)
The graph shows pollution levels in London between 1600 and 2000. It measures smoke and sulphur dioxide in micrograms per cubic metre. According to the information, the levels of both pollutants formed a similar pattern during this period, but there were always higher levels of sulphur dioxide than smoke in the atmosphere. In 1600, pollution levels were low, but over the next hundred years, the levels of sulphur dioxide rose to 700 micrograms per cubic metre, while the levels of smoke rose gradually to about 200 micrograms per cubic metre. Over the next two hundred years the levels of sulphur dioxide continued to increase, although there was some fluctuation in this trend. They reached a peak in 1850. Smoke levels increased a little more sharply during this time and peaked in 1900 at about 500 micrograms. During the 20th century, the levels of both pollutants fell dramatically, though there was a great deal of fluctuation within this fall. Clearly air pollution was a bigger problem in London in the early 20th century than it is now.
IELTS Writing task 1 共25页
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Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category – 2019
Country Ireland
Italy Spain Sweden Turkey
Food/Drinks/Tobacco 28.91% 16.36% 18.80% 15.77% 32.14%
Clothing/Footwear 6.43% 9.00% 6.51& 5.40% 6.63%
Leisure/Education 2.21% 3.20% 1.98% 3.22% 4.35%
docin/sundae_meng
Introduction
• As can be seen, the largest proportion of consumer spending in each of the five countries went on food, drinks and tobacco. Meanwhile, the leisure-education category had the lowest percentages. Somewhere in between saw the category of clothing-footwear, with none of these five countries exceeding 10% of the consumer expenditure at the national level.
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Keep Practicing！
雅思写作 ielts writing task1
用词的准确性和灵活性
用词的准确性和灵活性
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
语法多样性和准确性
语法多样性和准确性
目 标 02
学 习 小 作 文 两 种 分 类 模 式 ： 图 表 和 动静E DUC ATION
折线图 graph,line graph, line chart
时间的描述
1, In + 月份、年、年代 In 1980s; In the period between…and...
2, From…to… , Between… and …, At / by the end of, Until / before / after, About /some
From 2008 onwards till … At / by the end of this year / century About / some 200 years ago 3, For / during + 时间段, Over a … year period, Throughout … , When it enters…, At the turn of the …
dropped
a drop
IELTS writing 1
The IELTS General Training Task 1 Writing TestThe IELTS General Training Writing Test lasts for 1 hour and includes 2 tasks. Task 1 is a letter and you must write at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes out of the hour for task 1. Task 2 is an essay and you must write at least 250 words. You should spend about 40 minutes for Task 2.The Task for the IELTS General Training Task 1 WritingThe IELTS General Training Writing Task 1 asks you to write a letter of a minimum of 150 words in response to some situation or problem. The task will probably ask you to complain about something, to request information, ask for help, to make arrangements and/or explain a situation. All these are fairly similar tasks.Marking for the IELTS General Training Task 1 WritingThe IELTS General Training Task 1 Writing will be marked in four areas. You will get a mark from 1 to 9 on Task Achievement, Coherence & Cohesion, Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy. Your final band for task 1 will be effectively an average of the four marks awarded in these areas. Task 1 writing is less important than task 2 and to calculate the final writing mark, more weight is assigned to the task 2 mark than to task 1's mark. To get a good overall mark for The IELTS General Training Writing though, both tasks have to be well answered so don't hold back on task 1 or give yourself too little time to answer it properly.Task Achievement This where you can really make a difference through careful preparation. This mark grades you on basically "have you answered the question". It marks whether you have covered all requirements of the task suffiently and whether you presented, highlighted and illustrate the key points appropriately.Coherence and Cohesion These two are interrelated which is why they are done together. Cohesion is how your writing fits together. Does your writing with its ideas and content flow logically? Coherence is how you are making yourself understood and whether the reader of your writing understands what you are saying. An example of bad coherence and cohesion would be as follows:1 We went to the beach because it was raining.Probably the writer of this sentence does not mean "because" as people don't usually go to the beach when it is raining. The writer should have written:2 We went to the beach although it was raining.Sentence 1 has made a cohesion and coherence error (as well as a vocabulary one). "Because" does not join the ideas of the sentence together correctly and, as a result, thereader does not understand what the writer wants to say. This is an exaggerated example but it shows what I mean. Good cohesion and coherence is not noticeable as it allows the writing to be read easily. Good cohesion and coherence also includes good and appropriate paragraph usage.Lexical Resource This area looks at the your choice of words. The marker will look at whether the right words are used and whether they are used at the right time in the right place and in the right way. To get a good mark here, the word choice should not only be accurate but wide ranging, natural and sophisticated.Grammatical Range and Accuracy Here the examiner will mark your appropriate, flexible and accurate use of grammatical structures. Many people are worried about their grammar but, as you can see, grammar is only one section of four used to grade your writing. IELTS is much more interested in communication rather than grammatical accuracy. It is, of course, still part of the marking scheme and important as such.Paragraphing for the IELTS General Training Task 1 WritingThis is a very easy thing to do but it can have an enormous effect on the intelligibility of your writing and, of course, good use of paragraphing is part of the marking under the section Coherence and Cohesion. Very often people use no paragraphing in The IELTS General Training Task 1 Writing and the examiner is faced with a "sea" of writing with no breaks from start to finish. For me, the best writings are those where there are paragraphs separated by an empty line and also indented. In this way your ideas are separated clearly. It shows and gives organization to your writing and makes it more readable.For a longer section on paragraphing and how useful it can be, see GT Writing Task 2 Tutorial.Areas to PrepareAs I said earlier, Task 1 is the best for preparation. Below are some areas for you to consider: 1 Answering the question.As I said above, task achievement (answering the question) is one quarter of your total mark and it is an area in which everyone should do well. This is often, however, not the case. What you must do is to write a letter, which would fully answer the needs of the problem in a real life situation. Even if you have covered all that the question itself asks, have you included everything in the letter needed to realistically perform its function. For example, a question I have seen somewhere gives the candidate the following task:You have some library books that you are unable to return as a member of your family in another city has fallen sick and you have had to go and look after them.Write a letter to the library explaining the situation. Apologize for the inconvenience called and say what you are going to do.You should write at least 150 words.This seems a fairly typical IELTS General Training Task 1 writing question. Answering the question in a way that will get you a good Task Fulfilment grade needs a number of things for you to do.1) Write at least 150 words.Writing less does not answer the question, which tells you to write at least 150 words. If you write less than 150 words, the examiner marking your paper will give you a maximum of 5 for Task Achievement or even less.2) Fully do all the things that the question asks you.In this case it asks you to do 3 main things:1.explain the situation2.apologize for the inconvenience3.say what you are going to doThe important part is to fully do these things. Don't take 1 line to explain about your relative - people who do this often don't make the 150 word limit. Enlarge on what the question tells you. Use your imagination. It must be something fairly serious to make you leave town and you must be the only one possible to look after the relative so go into these things. Be realistic as well.You're writing to a library and you won't make it too personal. Apologizing won't take up much space but you can still devote a couple of sentences to it. Saying what you are going to do should be a full explanation as well.3) Make your letter realistic so it would function in a real life situation.This involves adding other things to the letter, which it may not ask you for, but without which your letter would not perform its function. For this question, it would mean introducing yourself by name, giving your library card membership number, telling the library the titles of the books that you have borrowed, the names of their authors, their library reference numbers, when you borrowed them and when they were due back.Finally, in this question, the situation might involve you getting a fine for the late books so you could ask politely for that to be cancelled due to the circumstances. Without thisinformation, the letter wouldn't help the library much in real life and, even though the question doesn't ask you specifically to include it, the examiner reading your work will be looking for such things. These are things that are needed to get a 9 for task fulfilment and, theoretically, anyone, whatever their level of English, should be able to get a good mark here.2 The Opening Greeting of the LetterYour letter will probably need to be a reasonably informal letter to a friend or a semi-formal letter. The opening of your letter should reflect which one you are writing.A friendly letter will open with Dear followed by a name which should then be followed by a comma, eg:Dear John,A semi-formal letter will also open with Dear and then be followed by a name, (if you decide that in the situation you would know the name) or by Sir (if it's a man), Madam (if it's a woman) or Sir/Madam if you don't know, eg:Dear Mr. Phillips,Dear Mrs. Phillips,Dear Sir,Dear Madam,Dear Sir/Madam,The question also might specify how you are to begin so follow what it says.3 The Opening Paragraph of the LetterIn a semi-formal letter, I feel it is important to state the reason for the letter straight away. You could use the following to help you:I am writing to ask/ tell//inform you that...I am writing to ask/inquire...I am writing with regard to...I am writing with reference to...I am writing in connection with...I am writing in response to...In reply to your letter, I am writing to... (if the question indicates that youhave had a letter)If the letter is a less formal one to a friend then you should open the letter in a friendlier way. EG:Dear John,Hi there! It's been so long since I've heard from you. I hope you are doing well and I hope all you family are doing fine. I'm pretty good in spite of working hard. Anyway, the reason I'm writing is...4 The Substance of the LetterI've already gone into detail about answering the question fully and using your imagination to produce a realistic letter fulfilling all functions so I won't repeat that. Through great experience with IELTS, I can say that questions tend to ask you to do certain things. Here I will give you some ideas about some language to use in the substance of the letter which will help you to answer the task well.Asking for HelpI would like you to...I would be grateful if you could...I need to ask your advice about...I'd like to ask for information about...What I'm looking for is...ComplainingI'm writing to express my dissatisfaction/annoyance/ about...I'm writing to express my anger at...I am not happy about...... is not what I expected/was expecting.I want to know what you are going to do about this situation.NB When complaining, don't get too angry. I've had students who really became too heated in their complaints. In a polite semi-formal letter, this should not happen. Also, do not over-exaggerate. If it's a reasonably small and understandable problem, do say that you're not satisfied but show that you understand and stay calm in your expressions.ThankingI'm very grateful for...I'd like to thank you very much for...I very much appreciated...ApologizingI'm very sorry that/about...Please forgive me for...I'd like to apologize about...Please accept my apologies5 Ending your LetterFirst of all, in English we often end letters before the sign off with certain phrases. These can be included in most letters and will make your letter seem realistic and polished. For a formal letter, you could use:If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thanking you in advance for your help, I look forward to hearing from you soon.For a more informal letter you could use:If you need to know anything else, just get in touch with me as soon as you can. Thanks a lot for your help and I hope to hear from you soon.Be careful though! IELTS examiners quite rightly look for writing that has been memorised and just repeated so, if you use expressions like the ones above, make sure that they fit in with the rest of your letter.Finally you'll need to sign off your letter. For a formal letter use:Yours faithfully, ORYours sincerely,Remember the commas (it makes a good impression on the examiner if you use good punctuation) and spell "sincerely" correctly (a lot of people don't!).For an informal letter, love is not always appropriate though English speakers use it a lot. Better would be to use:Regards,Yours,Best wishes,Other Hints for the IELTS General Training Task 1 WritingDON'T copy any part of the question in your answer. This is not your own work and therefore will be disregarded by the examiner and deducted from the word count. You can use individual words but be careful of using "chunks" of the question text.Don't repeat yourself or the same ideas. This gives a bad impression and the examiner realises that it isn't adding to the content of your letter.If you are weak at English grammar, try to use short sentences. This allows you to control the grammar and the meaning of your writing much more easily and contributes to a better coherence and cohesion mark. It's much easier to make things clear in a foreign language if you keep your sentences short!Think about the tenses of your verbs. If you're writing about something that happened in the past, your verbs will need to be in the past tenses. If you're arranging something in the future, you will need to use the future tenses. If it's a habitual action, you'll need the present simple tense and so on. If you have time, a quick check of your verbs at the end of the exam can help you find errors.As I just said, if you have finished the exam with time to spare, DON'T just sit there!! Check what you have done. If you have time after the check, check again. And so on....Don't be irrelevant. Although you can use your imagination to expand on your answer, if any part of your letter is totally unrelated to the question and put in to just put up the word count, then the examiner will not take it into account and deduct it from the word count.If you want to improve, there's no secret. Practice. Practice. Practice. You won't get better sitting and doing nothing. Even good English users need practice for the IELTS exam. It could make all the difference between your getting the band that you need, and getting half a band less than you need and having to do the exam again.Finally, there are no correct answers or methods. Here I've given you some ideas to guide you and hopefully to help you but the questions can be answered well in different ways. Good luck!。
IELTS Writing Task 1
❖ Food accounted for 44% of spending in 1966, but this dropped by two thirds to 14% in 1996.
❖ With 15 percent students choosing this activity
Individually, music is by far the most popular activity, at 35 percent, followed by drama, with a 21 percent participation rate.
❖We will first practice describing a pie chart.
Useful words for describing graphs
❖ Useful verb phrases for describing percentages:
make up represent account for
Of the population of 1,300 students at Mary High School, the largest percentage of students prefers team sports as their option, whereas at Frank High School, this is reversed and 55 percent choose individual sports such as athletics rather than team sports. At both schools, basketball attracts a significant percentagcharts illustrate how many articles from academic journals are read weekly by PhD students and junior lecturers compared to other students at an Australian university.
ielts writing 1
1、 How do you feel about writing in English?2 The marking criteria• Task achievement / Task response•Coherence and cohesion•Lexical resource•Grammatical range and accuracy3、In Task 1 of the IELTS Academic Paper you will be asked to describe a chart（bar/pie）, line graphs（曲线图），table, diagram or map. You need to write at least 150 words. It’s best to spend 20 minutes on Task 1 to leave yourself enough time for Task 2 (remember Task 2 is worth more marks).Structure：1、topic2、the main trends3、significant data points which illustrate the main trend（notevery detail ）4、conclusion（optional）建议：1、the reader should be able to see the chart in his mind when he reads your answer2、it is critical you select the right informationExaminers look for those essays identifying the significant and main trends as opposed to the mechanical description of all the data. Practice this skill by discussing the main points to be included in an essay with other students or friends in Chinese before worrying about expressing this in writing in English.Spend a few minutes with each question identifying 2-3 main and significant points in the diagram.Skill IYou should spend approximately 20 minutes planning and writing your task 1 answerBefore you begin writing your task 1 response, you need to spend 2-3 minutes analyzing the chart.If you do not do this, you may misinterpret the chart or miss out important main trends or detailsIf you analyse carefully, you help yourself to write a clear, thorough and well-planned answer.Follow these 4 key points:1 read and understand the topic2 check the time scale(时间标记) and the units of measurement （计量单位）3 find the main trends4 choose the significant data pointsRubric（题目）AutomateStandby power 待机电力1 what is the topic of this chart2 what are the units of measurement ?3 what is the time frame of this chart? Is it past, present and/or future or is it a fact chart(i.e. always true)? What verb tense should you use?4 what are the main trends?5 what are the significant data points?Skill 2 writing topic sentence and finding main trendsYour first sentence needs to describe the topic of the chart, and the following sentences should describe the main trends of the charts.You need to change the words used in the rubic. You can change the grammar or the words. Do not copy the chunks of the rubric exactlyRemember, your task is to make a clear and accurate picture for the reader. Writing a main trend sentence is an important part of creating a clear pictureMain trend sentence should go after your topic sentence. You should write one or two sentences about main trends.Skill 3After you have described the topic and the main trends, you need to write about the details of the chartCandidates who try to describe every data point do not get good scores on Task 1 writing answers. Remember , you are making a clear picture for the reader. Your job is to select the significant data points to do thisYou also need to group the data to help the reader to picture and understand the chart. Grouping the data is key to effective coherence in your writing.Skill 4 describing trendsIn the details paragraphs, you must summarise the information shown in the graph. You must include data, but also describe trends as you do so.Try to vary your sentence structures and vocabulary. Demonstrating a wide range of grammar and vocabulary, used at the right time and in the right way, is central to getting high scores in these two criteria.If you regularly repeat the same vocabulary and grammar, you will not get a high band score.Research and practice some different vocabulary and sentence structures. For example, activity 8 has provided you with a list of ways to express the idea of using something.Make your own lists of other useful language by studying other sample answers, and refer to these frequently.Learn a few items well. Do not try to learn too many structures without knowing how to use them appropriatelyLook for:Language to describe rising and fallingCompare and contrast(the sky of the equator appears more orderly than it does further south and further north)Average trends and unusual data points (far higher or lower than average)Skill 5 comparing and contrastingStructures for comparing and contrasting are very important when writing good task 1 answers.Some useful structuresComparative and superlative structuresBy far the most /the highest/the lowest……X is significantly greater /smaller than YX spent (50%/a great deal)more /less(time/money)on…..than YX spent the least /the most …on…SimilarBoth x and YX and y show a similar patternOppositeWhereas /while….illustrates a different trendHoweverIn contrast, onlyHere are some tips to help you with the task:•Read the question carefully and make sure you understand the graph, chart, table, diagram or map. Be clear about what you are describing.•Write a short introduction by paraphrasing the question (i.e.rewrite the question in your own words).•Be sure to give a summary (i.e. look at the big picture –what’s happening overall. There’s no need to mention any numbers in this part.)•Try to use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary. •Separate your paragraphs.•Choose the key information to describe or compare.•Make comparisons where you can. Avoid simply stating what is in the question.•Describe specific details. Use the numbers in the chart, table or graph to help you describe the key points.•Divide your main description into 2 paragraphs. This will help you to have a clear structure and organisation; especiallyimportant when the question has two separate diagrams, tables or maps.A couple of things to avoid:•Describing every single detail – there are usually a lot of numbers. You don’t need to mention them all.•Giving reasons or sharing your opinions - the question will not ask you to do this.A Task 1 example复习评分标准For this task, students looked at a bar chart showing changes in average house prices in a number of cities over time. They were asked to summarise the information and make comparisons.Here’s the answer:The illustration presents data on shifts in average home worths between 1990 and 2002 in five various cities. It is contrasted with the average house prices in 1989. It is clear that there is an erratic pattern of variation between these periods.On the average, there is a negative deflection of prices from 1990 to 1995. Sixty percent of the five cities shows a lower than zero percentage change from the 1989 prices. The involved areas are New York, London and Tokyo. On the positive side, Madrid and Frankfurt gained an above zero change.From 1996 to 2002, most of the cities have an average house price above zero. The peak percentage change was reached with more than ten percent of the marks. Tokyo was the only city with a negative deflection in this time period.Among the five places, two cities showed a consistent positive change in the average house prices. On the other hand, Tokyo remained below negative in a twelve year period. This comprises 10% of the total areas.In conclusion, the average house prices in the period for 1990 to 2002 is varied. The percentage changes also differ in comparison from the 1989 prices.4、Academic Writing Task 2 - question types and essay formatsIn the Academic Task 2 essay you may be asked from a range of questions. Whatever the question, it’s good to have an essay structure in mind. A four-paragraph structure is the most common, and the easiest to adapt to different questions.Before you take the test, practice using the structure so you can plan your essay quickly on the day of the test.Here are some possible question types and four-paragraph structures to match:（1）Agree or DisagreeMany children these days have an unhealthy diet. Both schools and parents are equally responsible for solving this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?1 Introduction: paraphrase the question and give a general answerthat will summarise your opinion2 Main paragraph 1: I agree/disagree because … + supportingreasons3 Main paragraph 2: Another reason I agree / disagree is …4 Conclusion: paraphrase your argument and sum up.（2）Advantages or Disadvantages outweigh each otherIn some countries, governments are encouraging people to use their cars less and to take public transport instead. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?1 Introduction: topic and give your opinion (more advantages ordisadvantages?)2 Main paragraph 1: Advantages3 Main paragraph 2: Disadvantages4 Conclusion: summarise your opinion in a different way from theintroduction（3）Problem and SolutionCrime rates tend to be higher in cities than in smaller towns. Explain some possible reasons for this problem and suggest some solutions.1 Introduction: topic and general answer to question2 Main paragraph 1: Give reasons for problem3 Main paragraph 2: Offer some solutions4 Conclusion: summarise (and paraphrase) your argument（4）Discuss two views plus your opinionSome people say children use technology too much these days. Others believe that using technology now will help them in the future. Discuss both these views and give your opinion.1 Introduction: topic and give your opinion2 Main paragraph 1: Discuss one view3 Main paragraph 2: Discuss second view4 Conclusion: summarise (and paraphrase) your opinion（5）Two-part questionsSome people think that history as a subject at school is not useful and should be replaced with a more practical subject. Why do you think it is important to learn about history? What would be the effect if children were not taught history?1 Introduction: topic and give an overall answer to both questions2 Main paragraph 1: Answer first question3 Main paragraph 2: Answer second question4 Conclusion: summarise both answersOne or two general points:•Introduce the topic by paraphrasing the question•Try to give two or three ideas in each paragraph•Always support your ideas with examples•Make sure examples are quite general – not personal examples •Conclude by summarising your opinion in a different way from the into (paraphrase)A Task 2 example2084 commentsNow look at an answer to a Task 2 question. In this question learners were asked to talk about job satisfaction. What does job satisfaction mean to the individual and what does it mean in a wider context?Here’s one student’s answer:As adults, many people find they have less time on their hands to spend on themselves. This usually occurs in adulthood because people tend to spend most of their time on working on their career. With all the hours put into building a career, it is important to have a job that can cater to a person’s needs.There are several factors that contribute to job satisfaction. First and foremost, it is important that there is a healthy work place environment. This is essential for keeping a person in a good state of mind and body. It is also vital for a person to love his or her job, whether it is writing for a newspaper or walking on the moon. When people are passionate about what they do, they will not have to work a day in their lives. However, it is important to keep in mind that money does matter. Though it would be idial to have a wonderful job and high salary, it is not always the case. It is important for these two elements to meet in the middle to have a truly satisfying job.Having job satisfaction can easily be achieved if a person remembers those three ideas. As long as a person has the right credentials, there will always be an opportunity to find a job he or she will love. Reaching job satisfaction is not impossible if a person shows great interest in his or her work, receives a good salary and has a good environment having a satisfying job is easy to do.What do you think about this answer? Share your comments.Cork - the thick bark of the cork oak tree (Quercus suber) - is a remarkable material. It is tough, elastic, buoyant, and fire-resistant, and suitable for a wide range of purposes. It has also been used for millennia: the ancient Egyptians sealed their sarcophagi (stone coffins) with cork, while the ancient Greeks and Romans used it for anything from beehives to sandals.And the cork oak itself is an extraordinary tree. Its bark grows up to 20cm in thickness, insulating the tree like a coat wrapped around the trunk and branches and keeping the inside at a constant 20°C all year round. Developed most probably as a defence against forest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure - with about 40 million cells per cubic centimetre - that technology has never succeeded in replicating. The cells are filledwith air, which is why cork is so buoyant. It also has an elasticity that means you can squash it and watch it spring back to its original size and shape when you release the pressure.Cork oaks grow in a number of Mediterranean countries, including Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Morocco. They flourish in warm, sunny climates where there is a minimum of 400 millimetres of rain per year, and not more than 800 millimetres. Like grape vines, thetrees thrive in poor soil, putting down deep roots in search of moisture and nutrients.Southern Portugal’s A lentejo region meets all of these requirements, which explains why, by the early 20th century, this region had become the world’s largest producer of cork, and why today it accounts for roughly half of all cork production around the world.Most cork forests are family-owned. Many of these family businesses, and indeed many of the trees themselves, are around 200 years old. Cork production is, above all, an exercise in patience. From the planting of a cork sapling to the first harvest takes 25 years, and a gap of approximately a decade must separate harvests from an individual tree. And for top-quality cork, it’s necessary to wait a further 15 or 20 years. You even have to wait for the right kind of summer’s day to harvest cork. If the bark is stripped on a day when it’s too cold - or when the air is damp - the tree will be damaged.Cork harvesting is a very specialised profession. No mechanical means of stripping cork bark has been invented, so the job is done by teams of highly skilled workers. First, they make vertical cuts down the bark using small sharp axes, then lever it away in pieces as large as they can manage. The most skilful cork-strippers prise away a semi-circular husk that runs the length of the trunk from just above ground level to the first branches. It is then dried on the ground for about four months, before being taken to factories, where it is boiled to kill any insects that might remain in the cork. Over 60% of cork then goes on to be made into traditional bottle stoppers, with most of the remainder being used in the construction trade. Corkboard and cork tiles are ideal for thermal and acoustic insulation, while granules of cork are used in the manufacture of concrete.Recent years have seen the end of the virtual monopoly of cork as the material for bottle stoppers, due to concerns about the effect it may have on the contents of the bottle. This is caused by a chemical compound called 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), which forms through the interaction of plant phenols, chlorine and mould. The tiniest concentrations - as little as three or four parts to a trillion - can spoil the taste of the product contained in the bottle. The result has been a gradual yet steady move first towards plastic stoppers and, more recently, to aluminium screw caps. These substitutes are cheaper tomanufacture and, in the case of screw caps, more convenient for the user.The classic cork stopper does have several advantages, however. Firstly, its traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly - and very importantly - cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which support local biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted. So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the future of this ancient material once again looks promising.Passage TwoThe search for the anti-aging pillin government laboratories and elsewhere, scientist are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor.Studies of caloric restriction are showing in get wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie* yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.*calorie: a measure of the energy value of foodUnfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750.Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end.But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less?Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life?Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one. Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit theirproduction and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries' as gr。
【英语学习】IELTS Writing task 1共25页文档
food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher
in Turkey with 32.14%, followed by Ireland
with 28.91%. Standing at 4.35%, Turkey
also led the four other countries in terms of the
Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category – 2019
Country Ireland
Italy Spain Sweden Turkey
Food/Drinks/Tobacco 28.91% 16.36% 18.80% 15.77% 32.14%
Write at least 150 words.
docin/sundae_meng
Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category – 2019
Country Ireland
Italy Spain Sweden Turkey
Food/Drinks/Tobacco 28.91% 16.36% 18.80% 15.77% 32.14%
docin/sundae_meng
不变
• remain ... • be constant (at) • be stable • plateau
docin/sundae_meng
各种变
• The amount of goods transported by water was constant from 1974 to 1978, where it showed an exponential growth, rising to almost 60 million tonnes after which it plateaued for about 20 years before starting to rise gradually again.
雅思英语图表作文模板
雅思英语图表作文模板Title: A Comprehensive IELTS Writing Task 1 Templatefor Graphs and Charts。
Introduction:The given graph/chart illustrates/depicts/presents... (briefly describe the main subject of the graph/chart). The data spans from [start date] to [end date] and represents [specific topic or theme].Overview:To provide a general perspective, it is evident that... (summarize the main trends or patterns observed in the data). Furthermore, it is noticeable that... (highlight any significant changes or noteworthy points).Detailed Analysis:1. Introduction of the graph/chart:Begin by stating what the graph/chart is about and what it represents.Example: The bar chart provides information about the annual revenue generated by different sectors in a certain country over a ten-year period.2. Overview of the data:Summarize the main trends or patterns observed in the data.Example: Overall, the data shows a steady increase in revenue for the manufacturing sector, while the service sector experienced fluctuating growth.3. Detailed Description:Provide specific details about the data presented in the graph/chart.Example: In 20XX, the manufacturing sector accounted for the highest revenue, surpassing the service sector by $X million. However, by 20XX, the service sector experienced a significant surge in revenue, outperforming the manufacturing sector by $Y million.4. Comparisons and Contrasts:Compare different elements or categories within the data.Example: The agricultural sector consistently lagged behind both manufacturing and services throughout theentire period. Additionally, while manufacturing showed steady growth, the technology sector experienced rapid fluctuations, reaching its peak in 20XX before sharply declining in subsequent years.5. Additional Insights:Offer any additional insights or observations basedon the data.Example: It is worth noting that government policies introduced in 20XX had a significant impact on the energy sector, leading to a notable increase in revenue from renewable sources.Conclusion:In conclusion, the data presented in the graph/chart highlights... (restate the main findings or observations). Overall, it provides valuable insights into... (summarize the significance of the data in relation to the topic).Word Count: XXX words。
从雅思小作文用词到大作文指代方法
从雅思小作文用词到大作文指代方法雅思考官1周备考答疑1.IELTS Writing Task 1: easy but accurate雅思小作文：简单但准确If you can use "less common" vocabulary correctly, that's great. However, using "difficult" words or grammar often leads to lots of mistakes. It would be better to choose "easy but accurate" language instead.如果你可以准确地使用不太常见的词汇，那再好不过。
但是，使用高级词汇或语法常常导致各种错误。
更明智的做法是选择简单而准确的语言。
Here are the sentences from last week's lesson, with problems underlined:下面是一些画线部分存在毛病的句子。
1 The highest number of people residence in Australia are those living in cities.2 The highest population of birth are those born within Australia.3 This figure was over 50% of those given birth to outside Australia.Let's rewrite these sentences in an "easy but accurate" way:1 The majority of Australians live in cities.2 Most of the people who live in Australia were born there.3 This was over 50% higher than the figure for people born outside Australia.解读：这些是典型的无法用简单明了的语言表意的例子了。
雅思写作 小作文 water level
雅思写作小作文water level(中英文实用版)Task Title: IELTS Writing Task 1 - Water LevelThe diagram illustrates the changes in the water level of a river over a period of time.这幅图表展示了河流水位在一段时间内的变化。
To begin with, it can be observed that the water level starts at a height of approximately 5 meters at the beginning of the period.首先，可以观察到，在时期开始时，河流水位大约为5米。
After a few days, the level increases slightly to around 5.5 meters, before rising more significantly to over 7 meters towards the end of the month.几天后，水位略有上升，达到大约5.5米，然后在本月底之前显著上升至超过7米。
Following this, there is a sharp decrease to below 5 meters, before the level starts to rise again.此后，水位急剧下降至低于5米，然后再次开始上升。
Over the next few weeks, the water level fluctuates between 5 and 6 meters, before reaching a peak of approximately 6.5 meters towards the end of the second month.在接下来的几周里，水位在5米到6米之间波动，然后在本月底之前达到约6.5米的顶峰。
雅思试题第一套WRITING
雅思试题第一套WRITING雅思试题第一套WRITINGSAMPLE TEST 1WRITINGWRITING TASK 1You should spend on more than 20 minutes on this task. You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because he or she always has friends visiting. They have parties in the room and sometimes borrow your things without asking you. Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room.Explain your reasons.You should write at least 150 words.You do NOT need to write your own address.Begin your letter as follows:Dear Sir/Madam,WRITING TASK 2You should spend no more than 40 minutes on this task.As part of a class assignment you have to write about the following topic.In Britain, when someone gets old they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. Sometimes the government has to pay for this care.Who should be responsible for your answer.You should write at least 250 words.。
雅思写作例题TASK 1-19
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph below shows population figures for India and China since the year 2000 and predicted population growth up until 2050.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The graph shows how the populations of India and China have changed since 2000 and how they will change in the future. In 2000, there were more people living in China than in India. The number of Chinese was 1.25 billion, while India's population was about 1 billion. Between 2000 and 2010, there has been a 0.2 billion rise in the number of Indian citizens. Over the same period, China's population has increased by 0.1 billion to reach over 1.35 billion. According to the graph, the population in India will increase more quickly than in China, and experts say that by 2030, both countries will have the same population of 1.45 billion. After this, China's population is likely to
IELTS writing 1
1. The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.Summaries the information by selection and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.From the table, we can see clearly that compares the scale of people from each household type living in Australia in the year of 1999. On level, 11% of all households, comprising nearly two million people, were in this place. However those consisting of only sole parent or a single people had nearly double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.As in demonstrated in the table that the other three types of families：couples with children, couples without children and single aged people who live in poverty take up 12%, 7% and 6% respectively, distance decrease than the percent of the two above-mentioned types of families.Thus, we have understood about some statistics about many types of living in poverty in Australia in 1999.2. The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer. The pie chart shows how electricity used an average English home.Summaries the information by selection and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph provides the typical daily demand for electricity in England during summer and winter while the bar chart illustrates what the electricity used for an average English home. As can be seen from the chart, families in winter consume more electricity due to the large demand of heating. According to the graph, it is clearly see that the consumption of electricity in winter is about double than the statistics in summer. Especially, in term of winter way required general electricity in average households is increasing marginally to the peak at just under 40,000 units during the first 3 hours beforethe vivid decreasing to the bottom out at just above 30,000 units in the next 6 hours extent.The consumption of electricity gradually rising to the peak o f the day at 23 o’clock when the use of electricity is represented around 45,000 units. Similarly, the tendency of the summer line seems almost coincident with the winter line.As we can discern form the pie chart, we divide the chart into four parts. General speaking, heating rooms and water play the dominant role of the electricity demand which overpass the half of the utilization. Ovens, kettles and washing machines take the 17.5% use of the electricity. While lighting, TV, radio and vacuum cleaners, food mixers, electric tools consume equal amount of electricity, which is 15% respectively.In a word, noon and night are the time when frequently demand for electricity regardless of winter or summer and heating constitutes the majority use of electricity which about lead to the electricity demand in winter stronger than summer.3. The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualification in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.Summaries the information by selection and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.According to the chart information about post-school qualification in term of the different levels of more education achieved by men and women in Australia in 1999.We can see clearly that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest gender difference is at the lowest men, compared with only 10% of women, and more women held undergraduate diplomas 70% and more women reached degree level 50%.At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diploma clearly their femalecounterparts 70% and 30% respectively and also constitute 60% of master’s graduates.Thus, we can see that more men than women hold qualification at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is small at the level of Bachelor’s degree.4. the charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit.Summaries the information by selection and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph and chart describe some basic information about UK both as a tourist destination and tourist exporter and which countries appeared to be more popular among British residents over a span of 2 decades from 1979 to 1999.From the graph, we can see that the numbers ofUK visitors going abroad and overseas tourists to Britain both ascended steadily, with the former well surpassing the latter in terms of the increase margin. In the meantime, among all the other countries in the world, Britons were apparently more inclined to visit their European neighbors.Thus, we have gained knowledge of some interesting figures about British people traveling abroad and people from other countries coming to visit the UK.。
雅思小作文考点词汇句型
map
town. 2 possible sites. **
1+1
6.1 water use worldwide and water consumption in 2 different countries
****
line chart + table
如何准确总结数据
开头段 ： 改写原题，1-2 句—同义替换 1. 去掉 below 2. 改写 show/ give information about/ illustrate/ compare 3. 改写时间段 between … and…/ during the time period from… to …/ from … to… 4. 抽象à 具体（将题目中涉及的城市、国家、种类分别列出；明确写出是
表示“分别”的副词
respectively
In the 2004 Olympics, China and Chile won X and Y gold medals, respectively.
表示“大约”的副词或者 about, around, approximately , roughly , just over , just
6.3 the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production flow chart (2) of silk cloth.
****
map
将地图中的图标进行分类描述
5.3 town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket is planned for the
7.4 units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and pie chart (4 pie
雅思写作 任务一问与答 经典类型范文六篇
雅思写作任务一问与答范文六篇6 Sample Questions and Answers(IELTS General Writing Task 1)类型一：解释需求Explaining wants and needs要求：You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.A friend has agreed to look after your house and pet while you are on holiday. Write a letter to your friend. In your letter:• Give contact details for when you are away• Give instructions about how to care for your pet• Describe other household duti esWrite at least 150 words.20分钟以内完成任务：一个朋友同意在你度假的时候帮你看管房子并照顾你的宠物。
给你的朋友写一封信，在你的信里：·留下详细的联系方式，以便在你离开的时候能够与你联系。
·介绍如何照顾你的宠物。
·描述其他家务。
写最少150字。
范文：Dear Carolyn,Thank you for agreeing to house-sit for me. If you need to contact me during my holiday, I’ll be staying at the Imperial Hotel in Bundaberg. If it’s urgent, however, please ring my mobile phone, which I’ll keep with me at all times. I’ve written the numbers on a sticky note which I’ve left on the fridge.My cat needs to be fed twice daily so each morning and evening put a handful of cat biscuits in his dish. You will find these in the kitchen pantry. Also, please check throughout the day to make sure he has fresh water. You can give him a small bowl of milk in the evening.I would like you to water my plants, too. The indoor ones in the lounge only need water once every few days but the plants on the balcony need to be watered daily unless there has been heavy rain. Finally, for security, please clear my mail box every day and keep the outside lights on at night.I look forward to seeing you on my return.Thanks,Katie类型二：申诉，投诉，抱怨Complaining要求：You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.You live in a room in college which you share with another student. However, there are many problems with this arrangement and you find it very difficult to work.Write a letter to the accommodation officer at the college. In the letter:• Describe the situation• Explain your problems and why it is difficult to work• Say what kind of accommodation you would preferWrite at least 150 words.20分钟以内完成任务。
雅思小作文动态图大盘点
雅思小作文动态图大盘点英文回答：The topic of this prompt is about analyzing dynamic charts in IELTS Writing Task 1. In this task, candidatesare required to describe and interpret a given chart, graph or diagram. It is important to note that the prompt specifically asks for the use of two languages, English and Chinese, without mixing them together.When describing dynamic charts, it is crucial to pay attention to the key features and trends shown in the graph. These features can include changes over time, comparison between different categories, and significant fluctuationsor patterns. It is also important to use appropriate vocabulary and language structures to accurately convey the information.For example, if the chart shows the population growthof a city over a period of 10 years, we can say "Thepopulation of the city experienced a steady increase from 2000 to 2010, with a significant surge in the year 2005." This sentence highlights the overall trend and also mentions a specific year of notable change.Furthermore, it is beneficial to use idiomatic expressions and colloquial language to make the writing more engaging and natural. For instance, instead of saying "The number of tourists increased rapidly," we can use the phrase "The number of tourists skyrocketed" to add emphasis and create a vivid image.中文回答：这个问题是关于在雅思写作任务1中分析动态图表。
IELTSWritingTask1--bysimon
IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a processHere is some more advice for describing a process diagram. The question I'm using comes from Cambridge IELTS 6. It's also on this website(go down the page to test 3).Advice:1.Introduction: paraphrase the question statement (one sentence).2.Summary paragraph: write how many steps there are in each of the2 diagrams. You could also mention the first step and the last stepin each process (two sentences).3.Details: describe each step in the diagrams. We'll look at this nextweek.Here's my example introduction and summary paragraph:The figures illustrate the stages in the life of a silkworm and the process of producing silk cloth.There are four main stages in the life cycle of the silkworm, from eggs to adult moth. The process of silk cloth production involves six steps, from silkworm cocoon to silk material.Can you see the paraphrasing I have used? Next week we'll work on describing the stages in each process.paraphrasing:diagrams=figuresshow=illustratestages=stepsthe life cycle of the silkworm=the stages in the life of a silkworm production=process of producing...=process of ...production.there are ...stages=...involves ...steps.Hello Simon,I hope the paraphrasing aboved is correct. I enjoy you daily lessions very much. I am preparing for the IELTS test, and your lessons help me a lot. Thank you very much.Here I have some qustions about this lession. The following is my sentence:There are six stages in the process of silk cloth production, beginning with selecting cocoons. Then the qualified cocoons will* be boiled, unwind into* thread, and the thread will be twisted and finally weaved.My first question is that should I use future tense (will be boiled....) or present simple tense (is boiled)?The second question is that which preposition should i use? (the qualified cocoons will be unwind into* thread: should I use "into") ?I am looking forward to your reply. Thanks again.Best wishesTheresaHi Theresa,Your paraphrasing is perfect. Here are the answers to your questions:1. I would use the present simple to describe processes e.g. "The selected (not 'qualified') cocoons are boiled."2. I would avoid trying to use a preposition - I'd find another way to describe it e.g. "The cocoon is unwound, leaving a single thread". Or, "it is then possible to unwind the cocoon in order to have a thread of silk."Hope this helps,SimonWhen describing stages in a process:1.Start at the beginning. Use words that clearly show the stages (e.g.firstly, at the first stage, after that, next, following this,finally).e the present simple tense.e the 'active' when someone or something does the action (e.g.the moth lays its eggs).e the 'passive' when it is not important to say who or what doesthe action (e.g. the silk cloth is dyed).Here are some example sentences from last week's question: The life cycle of the silkworm begins when the moth lays its eggs.∙After 10 days the silkworm larva is born, and 4 to 6 weeks later the larva produces silk thread.∙At the first stage in the production of silk cloth the cocoon is boiled in water.∙Next, the silk thread is unwound and twisted.∙It is then dyed, to give it colour, or woven to make cloth and then dyed.I have highlighted the passive verbs and the words that mark stages.Advice: you can avoid difficult passive verbs like 'unwound' or 'woven' by writing 'it is then possible to unwind' or 'the thread is then ready for weaving'.IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a tableToday I'm going to look at a question from Cambridge IELTS book 5 (page 98). You can see the question and an example answer on this website.The problem with the example answer is that it is long (233 words) and quite complicated. I'm going to suggest some changes, starting with the introduction and summary paragraph.1. Introduction. Paraphrase the question (make small changes):∙The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities.2. Summary paragraph. Look for the most noticeable feature or main trend:∙The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of people who use them each year. It is clear that thethree oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantlymore passengers than the newer systems.Next week I'll add the final paragraphs.Last week I wrote the introduction and summary paragraph for this question. The example answer on the website is good, but it's 233 words long, it contains a few mistakes, and it's a bit complicated.I've now written the full essay. I've followed my usual 4 paragraph structure (see previous Task 1 lessons) and I've tried to make the essay clear and simple.I'd give my essay a band 9, but maybe I'm biased! Please let me know if you find any mistakes in my writing (nobody's perfect), or ask if anything is unclear.Describe a table (Cambridge IELTS 5, page 98)The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities. The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of people who use them each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly more passengers than the newer systems.The London underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the largest system, with 394 kilometres of route. The second largest system, in Paris, is only about half the size of the London underground, with 199 kilometres of route. However, it serves more people per year. While only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1927 million passengers per year.Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126 kilometres of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and28 kilometres for the Kyoto and Los Angeles systems. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001, while the Kyoto network is the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year.(185 words)Analysis of this essay:∙ Simple paragraph structure: Introduction, summary paragraph, one paragraph about the 3 older systems, one paragraph about the 3newer systems.∙ Select key information: There is too much information to include in ashort essay. I found it difficult to write less than 185 words. Notice that Itried to include only one (sometimes two) statistics for each city.∙ Compare as much as possible: e.g. London is the oldest and largest; Paris is about half the size but serves more people.∙ Commas: Notice how I use commas to add extra information e.g. “…isthe oldest system, having opened in…” I often use the word “with” aftera comma to add a figure to the end of a sentence e.g. “…is the mostused, with 1927 million passengers.”ModelIt is a nice piece of writingI have tried one.The table reveals information on the Underground railway station among six cities during two centuries.As is shown by the table, London, the oldest railway system, has by farthe longest distance with 394 km, closely followed Paris, the second oldest underground railway , with 199 km, or equaling a haft distance of London system. This then preceded the opening of the railway system in Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoto and Los Angeles.Interestingly, although Tokyo has the middle position as regards the kilometers of route with 155 km, it appears to be the highest system used by passengers, with 1927 million. This number is considerably higher than that of both Paris and London. These figures are 1191 and 775, respectively.Surprisingly, Kyoto and Los Angeles have the lowest number of either kilometers of route and passengers per year. In fact, the number of passengers using both of them is a great deal less than that of Washington DC, with approximately three times less , while the distance of Kyoto and Los Angeles railway system is negligible (ranging from 11 to 28).In conclusion, London has the highest number of kilometers of route, while Tokyo occurs to be the successful railway system with the overwhelming majority of passengers(193 ws)IELTS Writing Task 1: comparing (bar charts)。
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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The table below provides statistics on several major metro (MRT) systems around the world.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words
The following table presents us statistics on several major metro (MRT) systems around the world.
As the subway systems are listed chronologically, a glance at the table reveals a relationship between the establishment year and the length. The London metro has scaled up to 1100km since it was built earliest in 1863，followed by Paris 27 years later with 594. But as an exception, Kyoto metro length is 3km shorter than LA for all that it was completed 21years earlier.
Nevertheless, the carrying capacity is neither related to the establishment year nor the tube length. With 149km extent, Tokoyo metro has been designed to carry 1434 m passengers annually, meanwhile the longest London metro barely can transport one third of the number. So we can presume the capacity is designed based on the city population.
Above all, metro is developed to meet human’s need, and the same principle is applied in its length and capacity.。