APA格式国际社会科学学术写作规范手册(英文第6版)---导言
APA 第6版范例下载
APA (American Psychological Association) 第六版參考文獻範例臚列參考文獻(reference list)及文章中之文獻引用(reference citations) ，中文文獻（需加註英譯）應置於英文文獻之前。
中文文獻應依作者姓氏筆劃順序排列、英文文獻則依作者姓氏字母順序排列（若作者姓氏、字母相同時，則依序比較後列之字元）。
一、定期刊物格式：作者姓名（姓在先）（西元出版年）．標題．期刊名稱，卷（期），起訖頁數。
蔡淑鳳（2011）．護理專業發展之機會與挑戰－臺灣護理精彩一百‧護理雜誌，58（3），5-11 。
[Tsay, S. F. (2011). The opportunities and challenges of nursing professional development: Celebrating 100 years of nursing in Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing, 58(3), 5-11.]※期刊名、卷數需以斜體字體呈現，若該期刊無卷數時，則僅列期數且不需斜體。
Chu, W., & Hsu, L. L. (2011). Developing practical knowledge content of emergency nursing professionals. The Journal of Nursing Research, 19(2), 112-118. doi: 10.1097/JNR. 0b013 e31821aa0eb※期刊若有「數位物件識別碼（digital object identifier, DOI）」，則列於文獻末。
Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from /5780/ 1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf ※付梓中的文章，因尚未正式出版，必須提供精確之網址。
apa文献参考格式
apa文献参考格式
APA格式是学术写作中常用的引用和参考文献格式之一，它由美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）制定并广泛应用于社会科学领域。
在撰写学术论文或研究报告时，按照APA 格式引用文献可以帮助读者追溯你所引用的资料来源，并且在学术界有一定的规范性和标准性。
在APA格式中，文献的引用分为两种方式，文中引用和参考文献列表。
文中引用是指在论文的正文中引用其他文献的部分内容，而参考文献列表则是在论文末尾列出所有被引用过的文献的详细信息。
对于文中引用，一般遵循以下格式，（作者姓氏，年份）。
如果是直接引用他人文字，则需要在引用部分加上具体页码。
例如，“引用内容”（作者姓氏，年份，页码）。
对于参考文献列表，书写格式一般为：
书籍，作者姓氏，名字的首字母. (出版年). 书名. 出版地: 出版社。
期刊文章，作者姓氏，名字的首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 页码范围。
网络资源，作者姓氏，名字的首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 网站名. 检索日期，来自URL。
需要注意的是，不同类型的文献引用格式略有不同，需要根据具体情况进行调整。
另外，还需要注意对于同一作者多篇文献的引用，要按照年份先后顺序进行排列。
总的来说，APA格式的文献引用要求清晰、规范，有助于读者对论文中引用的资料来源进行准确的追溯，提高学术研究的可信度和可读性。
第六版APA国际英语论文格式
Check the Library Catalogue for call number and location(s). When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley.
(Bochner, 1996) or According to Bochner (1996) ...
6. Course handout/Lecture notes
Salter, G. (2007). Lecture 3: SPLS205-07A [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.
At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.
APA 格式指南
第一部分APA 格式指南1．缩写（Abbreviation）尽量避免缩写形式，但对于较长的、常用的表达形式可采用。
第一次使用缩写时应说清楚指代内容。
例如：American Psychological Association (APA)Second Language Acquisition (SLA)Experimental Group (EG)/Control Group (CG)论文中避免使用“Don‟t” and “Can‟t”等形式.2．文内引用格式（In-Text Citations）（1）直接引述（Direct citation）当所引用的作者是句子的一部分时：引述一个作者时，例如：Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.引述两个作者时中间用and (不用&)连接，例如：Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.引述三个以上少于六个作者时：第一次引用时，例如：Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) present a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.从第二次引用开始，第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达，例如：Sanders et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria.引述六个以上的作者时，可直接用第一个作者的姓+ et al. 表达。
第六版APA国际英语论文格式
(Salter, 2007)
7. Film – (see Library APA referencing webpage for music and other media)
N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although it is useful to include them (Publication Manual, p. 171).
Citations from a secondary source As Hall (1977) asserts, “culture also defines boundaries of different groups” (as cited in Samovar and Porter, 1997, p. 14).
(University of Waikato, 1967) Some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily recognisable.
4. Book chapter in edited book
Indirect quotation/paraphrasing – no quotation marks Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).
参考文献格式apa6
References/BibliographyAPABased on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 6th edition.The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 6th edition (2010). Note:Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.What is referencing?Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments. This allows the sources to be identified.Why reference?Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.Steps in referencing• Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from whichinformation is taken.• Note the DOI (digital object identifier), if present. When a DOI is used, do not provide theURL or date of retrieval.• Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.• Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.In-text citations• In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and theyear of publication.• A page number is included if you have a direct quote. When you paraphrase a passage, orrefer to an idea contained in another work, providing a page number is not required, but is "encouraged", especially if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.How to create a reference list/bibliography• A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the textof the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading. •A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited bytitle, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, startingwith the earliest publication.• Each reference appears on a new line.• Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent. • References should not be numbered.Referencing SoftwareThe University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks software, which assist in creating reference lists. An APA 6th style is provided in the Endnote X4 software.(22/11/2011)APA 6th EditionBookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeOne author Sophisticated searching techniques areimportant in finding information (Berkman,1994)ORBerkman (1994) claimed that … Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York, NY: Harper Perrenial.BookTwo authors It is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)ORMoir and Jessel (1991) found students…Always list the authors in the order in whichthey appear in the publication.Cite both authors for each use of reference. Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.BookThree to five authors (O’Keefe, Bell, & Wyne, 2009)(O’Keefe et al., 2009)O'Keefe, J. H., Bell, D. S. H., & Wyne, K.L. (2009). Diabetesessentials. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Book2O’Keefe, Bell, and Wyne argue that (2009)Cite all authors the first time the reference appears; for all subsequent uses, cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”Six or more authors Johnson et al. (2005) argue …ORIt was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)Cite just the last name of the first authorfollowed by “et al.” and year for the first andall other citationsJohnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G.,Morgan, B., . . . Smith, P. (2005). How far is far? London:McMillan.When a reference has up to seven authors, include allauthors’ names in the reference list. When a work haseight or more authors, cite the last names & initials ofthe first six authors then follow with a comma and threespaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s name.BookNo author Management is defined as (CCH MacquarieDictionary, 1993)ORCCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…Cite in the text the first few words of the titleand the year. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.BookAuthor Identified As Anonymous (Anonymous, 1996)Use only if author is specifically named as“Anonymous”Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors : A novel of politics.New York, NY: Random House.BookAuthors With Same Last Name (J. P. Lewis, 2007)J. P. Lewis argues that (2007)(R. Lewis, 2007)R. Lewis stated that (2007)Include first author’s initials in all citations.Lewis, J.P. (2007). Fundamentals of project management.New York, NY: American Management Association.Lewis, R. (2007). Human genetics : concepts andapplications. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill HigherEducation.Book3Multiple works by the same author …geology of Queensland’s national parks(Willmott, 2004, 2006).Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of thenational parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane:Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the nationalparks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: GeologicalSociety of Australia, Queensland Division.Order chronologically from earliest in the reference listBookMultiple works by the same author, published in the same year (Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b) Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London:Viking.Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.BookBook by an organisation or institution (corporate author) (Queensland Health, 2002)Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for themanagement of type 1 diabetes in children andadolescents. Brisbane, Australia: Author.BookDifferent Editions (DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper, 1995)DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper (1995) state the ideathat…DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Childdevelopment: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston,MA: McGraw-Hill.The edition statement is placed after the title of the work.This is not necessary for a first edition.BookEdited book (Friedman & Wachs, 1999)(Everson, 1991) Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuringenvironment across the life span: Emerging methodsand concepts. Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Edited book4Electronicversion of printbook(De Lara & Doyen, 2008)(Ardia, 2008) De Lara, M., & Doyen, L. (2008). Sustainable managementof natural resources: Mathematical models andmethods. [SpringerLink version]. Retrieved from/openurl.asp?genre=book&isbn=978-3-540-79073-0Ardia, D. (2008). Financial risk management with Bayesianestimation of GARCH models: Theory and applications[SpringerLink version]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78657-3Add the name of the provider of the electronic version insquare brackets.Electronic bookEnter the DigitalObject Identifier of thebook in the DOI field.If the book has no DOI,use the URL field andenter the full URL ofthe e-book if it wasonly publishedelectronically. If thebook was originallypublished in print,enter the URL of thehomepage of thewebsite on which it isavailable.Electronic-only book (Stevens, n.d.) Stevens, K. (n.d.) The dreamer and the beast. Retrievedfrom/showitem.asp?itemID=332Electronic bookTranslation of a book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manualtherapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh,Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.BookEnter translator’sname in Translatorfield5Chapter in a bookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book – italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeChapter in an edited book (Baker & Lightfoot, 1993)Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of thebookBaker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care ofethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity,and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Press.Book sectionChapter from an electronic book without DOI (Scott, 2005) Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda(Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21-49).Retrieved from/cgi-bin/bookhome/117909832Book sectionChapter from an electronic book with DOI (Iacono, 2008) Iacono, W. G. (2008). Polygraph testing. In E. Borgida & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), Beyond common sense: Psychologicalscience in the courtroom (pp. 219-235). doi:10.1002/9780470696422Book sectionReview from the Mental Measurements Yearbook database (McInerney, 2004) McInerney, V. (2004). Review of the Neale Analysis ofReading Ability, 3rd Edition [AustralianStandardisation]. In The fifteenth mentalmeasurements yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCOMental Measurements Yearbook database.Book sectionAdd “EBSCO MentalMeasurementsYearbook database” inthe URL field.6Dictionary or EncyclopaediaElements of the citationAuthor(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeDictionary or Encyclopedia – print version (Wolman, 1989) Wolman, B.B. (Ed.). (1989). Dictionary of behavioralscience (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. BookEntry from Electronic dictionary or encyclopedia (Community, 2009) Community. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), Adictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t88.e337Book section7Journal ArticleIf the journal article has a digital object identifier (DOI), include this in your reference.If there is no DOI and you have accessed the article electronically, include the URL of the journal’s homepage in your reference.Elements of the citationJournal article with DOI (print or electronic)Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxJournal article – DOI not available and journal retrieved onlineReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote ReferenceTypeJournal article from print journal, no DOI (Lowrie & Diezmann, 2009) Lowrie, T., & Diezmann, C. M. (2009). Nationalnumeracy tests: A graphic tells a thousand words.Australian Journal of Education, 53, 141-158.Journal articleJournal article (print or electronic) with DOI – one author – paginated by issue (Osman, 2010)OROsman (2010) thought that….Osman, M. (2010). Controlling uncertainty: A reviewof human behavior in complex dynamicenvironments. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 65-86. doi: 10.1037/a0017815Note: The volume number is in italicsJournal articleWhen citing an articlewhich you accessedelectronically, use the“Electronic article”reference type.8Journal article with DOI – two authors (Kerrigan & Kingdon, 2010) Kerrigan, A. M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternalobesity and pregnancy: A retrospective study.Midwifery, 26, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005Journal articleJournal article with DOI–three to five authors (Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac,2008)For works with 3-5 authors, in the in-textcitation, cite all authors the first time thereference appears; for all subsequentuses, cite last name of first authorfollowed by “et al.”Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., &Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change andadolescents' intentions to use marijuana.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.doi:10.1037/a0013020Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven.Journal articleJournal articlewith DOI – sixauthors or more(Wolchik et al., 2008)Note: For the in-text citation, for workswith six or more authors, use only thefirst author’s last name followed by “etal.”, for every use of the citation. Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.,Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., . . . Griffin, W. A.(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs forchildren of divorce. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 68,843-856.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.843Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven. For eight or more, include the first six, then anellipsis, followed by the last author's name.Journal articleJournal article with DOI - continuous pagination throughout volume (Wilens & Biederman, 2006) Wilens, T.E., & Biederman J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs,and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Amodel for the study of addictions in youth.Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588.doi:10.1177/0269881105058776Note: Issue number is not required.Journal articleJournal article with DOI –available in (Allan, 2010) Allan, H. (2010). The perils facing nurse education: Acall for leadership for learning. Nurse EducationToday, Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.01.002Electronic article9advance in an online publication (before it is assigned a volume, issue or page numbers)Cochrane Review with DOI (Shaw, O’Rourke, Del Mar, & Kenardy,2005)Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J.(2005). Psychological interventions for overweightor obesity. The Cochrane database of systematicreviews (2).doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2Journal articleJournal article accessed electronically, without DOI (Fallon & Engel, 2008) Fallon, A., & Engel, C. (2008). Hypertensive disordersof pregnancy. The Practising Midwife, 11(9), 1-27.Retrieved fromElectronic articleNote: In the URLfield, enter either theURL of the journal'swebsite (forsubscription-basedjournals), or the fullURL of the article (forarticles available freeon the web)Journal article – in press (Williams & Beattie, in press) Williams, S., & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem basedlearning in the clinical setting – a systematicreview. Nurse Education Today.Journal articlePut “in press” in yearfieldArticle from UQ eReserve (Shaw, 2003) Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. MedicalJournal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved fromUniversity of Queensland Library E-Reserve.Electronic articlePut “University ofQueensland Library E-Reserve” in URL field10Conference papers and proceedingsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of paper – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of paper. Title of published proceeding – italicised. Place of Publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypePublished conference paper (Scheinin, 2009) Scheinin, P. (2009). Using student assessment to improveteaching and educational policy. In M. O'Keefe, E.Webb, & K. Hoad (Eds.), Assessment and studentlearning: Collecting, interpreting and using data toinform teaching, 12-14. Melbourne, Australia:Australian Council for Educational Research.Book sectionUnpublished conference paper (Bowden & Fairley, 1996) Bowden, F.J., & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). EndemicSTDs in the Northern Territory: Estimations ofeffective rates of partner change. Paper presented atthe Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian Collegeof Physicians, Darwin.Conference paperAdd “June” in the DatefieldConference paper from proceedings published regularly online Note: include a DOI or URL as for an online journal article (Herculano-Houzel, Wong, Kaas, & Lent, 2008) Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H.& Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of thecerebral cortex. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593-12598.doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105Electronic article11Newspaper and magazine articlesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNotereference typeNewspaper article with author (Cook, 2002) Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p.8.Note: Precede page numbers with p. or pp.Newspaper articleNewspaper article, no author (Meeting the needs, 2001) Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). TheCourier Mail, p. 22. Newspaper articleMagazine article (Marano, 2008) Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of aperfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.Magazine articleElectronic newspaper or magazine article (Sandy, 2009)Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire abike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from.au/couriermail/Newspaper articleEnter the URL ofthe newspaper’shomepage in theURL field.Newspaper article from fulltext database (Lampathakis, 1997) Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen assuicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26.Retrieved from Factiva database.Newspaper articleEnter “August 11”in the Issue field.Enter “Factivadatabase” in theURL field.12Government PublicationsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of report – (person or organisation), use & for multiple authors. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeGovernment report (Queensland Health, 2005) Queensland Health. (2005). Health systems review.Final report. Brisbane, Australia: QueenslandGovernment.ReportOnline report (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare[AIHW], 2010) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010). Childprotection Australia 2008-09 (Report No.CWS 35).Retrieved from.au/publications/cws/35/10859.pdf ReportEnter “Report No. CWS 35” in the Report Number field.13ThesisElements of the citation for a thesisAuthor of thesis – family name and initials. (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of thesis – italicised. (Award, Institution, Year).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeThesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website (Axford, 2007) Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacificisland community conserved areas? (Doctoraldissertation, University of Queensland, 2007).Retrieved from.au/view/UQ:158747ThesisThesis – retrieved from database (Sheehan, 2007) Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination managementorganizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrievedfrom Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)Thesis14WebpagesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved from web address. Do not include retrieval date unless the material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeWeb page - with author (Atherton, 2005) Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour modification. Retrieved from/learning/ behaviour_mod.htmWeb PageWeb page - no author (Behaviourmodification, 2007)Use title instead ofauthor nameBehaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved from cational-/behaviour.htmlWeb PageWebpage – no date (Society of ClinicalPsychology, n.d.)Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.). About clinical psychology. Retrieved from/about/division/div12.aspxWeb PageWebpage – corporate author (Queensland Health,2009)As stated byQueensland Health(2009),Queensland Health. (2009). Sun safety and physical activity. Retrieved from.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp.Web PageImage on a webpage The image of the rash(Scarlet Fever RashPicture, n.d.)Scarlet fever rash picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from/hardin/md/dermatlas/scarletfever.htmlAudiovisual materialAdd “Image” to Typefield15Other Internet Sources:Elements of the citationAuthor. (Year, month day). Title, [Type of media]. Retrieved from Web addressReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typePodcasts (Al Zaabi & Bjarnesen, 2006) Al Zaabi, M. (Producer), & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter).(2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from.au/hn/talks/Audiovisual materialAdd “Producer” and “Presenter” in manually Add “Audio podcast” to the Type field.Email or personal communication es (personalcommunication, August 6, 2008)Or(L.J. Henderson, personalcommunication, February 5,2007)Not included in reference list, only cited in text. Entered into text manuallyMessage posted to a newsgroup, online forum or discussion group (Winther, 2009) Winther, M. (2009, January 14). The unconscious isspirit [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from/group/alt.psychology.jung/topics?lnkWeb PageAdd “January 14” to LastUpdate Date fieldAdd “Online forum comment”to Type of Medium field.16Blog Post (Reville, 2006) Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to findfundraising ideas [Web log message].Retrieved from /BlogEmail Discussion List – Web Archive (Vuinovich, 2001) Vuinovich, G. (2001, April 4). Report on malariaoutbreak [Electronic mailing list message].Retrieved from/VirtualListserv_Archives/ HCM/Policy/2001/msg016.htmlWeb PageAdd “April 4” to Last UpdateDate fieldAdd “Electronic mailing listmessage” to Type of Mediumfield.Eric document (limited circulation book or monograph, from electronic database) (Alberta Education, 2009) Alberta Education, Learning and Teaching ResourcesBranch. (2009). Cree language and culture: 9-year program guide to implementation, grades4-5-6 [Monograph]. Retrieved from/Web PageAdd “Monograph” to Type ofMedium field.Eric document (informally published or self-archived) (Montgomery, 2009) Montgomery, J.R. (2009). Using audio books toimprove reading and academic performance.Retrieved from ERIC database (ED505947).Web Page17BrochuresElements of the citationAuthor. (Year). Title of brochure.[Brochure]. Place: Use author aspublisher.Reference typeIn-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeBrochure (University of Queensland, StudentServices, 2000) University of Queensland, StudentServices, Personal CounsellingProgram. (2000). Eatingdisorders [Brochure]. Brisbane,Australia: Author.PamphletLecture NotesElements of the citationName of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title and subtitle of publication – italicised, Name of institution, Location of institution.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNoteLecture notes - print (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Unpublished manuscript,BESC1001, University ofQueensland, St Lucia, Australia.List name of city, state and country.Do not include state if listed inuniversity name. ManuscriptAdd [Powerpoint slides] manually Add “manuscript” to Type of Work fieldAdd “BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia” to the Institution field18Lecture notes - online (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Retrieved from BESC1001,University of QueenslandBlackboard Online:.au/ Web PageAdd “Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides] to the Title field Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: .au/” to URL fieldVideo or DVDElements of the citationProducer, A.A. (Producer), & Director, B.B. (Director). (Year). Title of video or DVD – italicised [Motion picture, DVD, etc] . Place of origin: Studio. Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeVideo or DVD (Smith, 2009) Smith, S. (Producer). (2009).Excellence in teaching : Lessonplanning [DVD]. Plainview, NY :Sunburst Media. Audiovisual mediaAdd “DVD” to the Type field.19Television programsElements of the citationWriter name(s) (Writer). (Year, month day). [ Type of medium]. Place of broadcast: Name of broadcasterReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeTelevision or radio program (Bryant, 2001) Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001,September 12). The Bryantmedical hour [Televisionbroadcast]. Sydney, Australia:Public Broadcasting Service. Audiovisual materialIn Date field, add “September 12”. Add “Television broadcast” to the Type field.Indirect citationAn indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeIndirect citation or secondary source Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …… it was found (Miller, cited in Agrios2005). Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology(5th ed.) Burlington, MA.:Elsevier Academic Press.Cite the source where you foundthe citationBookUse the relevant reference type forthe item you are citing. Add “citedin” manually using “Edit Citation”option.Report From a Private OrganizationAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.20。
第六版的APA写作风格手册与第五版有何不同？_Sixth edition APA rules
第六版的APA写作风格手册与第五版有何不同？提问：我要向期刊投稿的论文即将完成了，我想遵循社会科学领域的学术写作规范。
APA第五版与最新的第六版有什么重大差别吗？W. R-C, 中央大学人文学院博士生回答：我们将在这次的电子报中，介绍由我们的社会科学领域编辑师总结的，美国心理协会写作风格手册［American Psychological Association (APA) Style Manual］第六版与旧版的不同之处。
标题♦APA Note (p. 79): APA 建议作者使用 2005 年版的《韦氏大词典》（Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary）。
♦APA Note (p. 23; titles): 避免在标题使用缩写，应将所有词语的全文拼写出来，APA 的标题建议长度约为 12 个字。
♦APA Note (p.63; headings): 请勿以数字或字母来标示标题。
语法♦APA Note (p. 77; voice): 应使用主动而非被动语态，哪怕必须使用人称代词。
♦APA Note (p. 78; tense): 讨论过去的研究时应使用过去式。
赘字♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“based on the fact that”改成“because”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“at the present time”改成“now”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“for the purpose of”改成“for”或“to”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 当上下文明确时，应使用“this study”，而非“the present study”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“there were several students who completed”改成“several students completed”。
APA reference的写法(第六版)
APA Style (6th ) Quick GuideDalhousie University Libraries library research guidesCitations indicate the exact location for sources of information used in the text of the paper; the references (or list of works cited) describes, as a whole, the works from which the citations are taken. PLEASE NOTE: The examples on the following pages are based on the style recommended in the American Psychological Association Publication Manual (6th ed. 2010). SAVE TIME : Use RefWorks to easily keep track of your references and quickly format them correctly for your bibliography. RefWorks is a personal bibliographic citation managing system that Dalhousie subscribes to. For more information, go to http://www.library.dal.ca/RefWorks/. IMPORTANT : Dalhousie University defines plagiarism as “the presentation of the work of another author in such a way as to give one’s reader reason to think it to be one’s own. Plagiarism is a form of academic fraud.” Find out what plagiarism is and how to avoid it at http://plagiarism.dal.ca .Remember : APA requires double-spacing between ALL text lines – that includes references. Please note that, in an attempt to save space, this document has been formatted in single spacing.one author: Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences . New York: Basic Books.two to seven authors : Cargill, O., Charvat, W., & Walsh, D. D. (1966). The publication of academic writing . New York:Modern Language Association. more than seven authors: Cooper, L., Eagle, K., Howe, L., Robertson, A., Taylor, D., Reims, H., . . . Smith, W. A. (1982). How to stay younger while growing older: Aging for all ages . London: Macmillan.no author given:Experimental psychology . (1938). New York: Holt. no publication date given: Smith, J. (n.d.). Morality in masquerade . London: Churchill.an organization or institution as “author”: University of Minnesota. (1985). Social psychology . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.an editor as “author”:Updike, J. (Ed.). (1999). The best American short stories of the century . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. REFERENCESan edition of an author’s wor k: Brockett, O. (1987). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.a translation: Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940)a work in a series: Cousins, M. (1984). Michel Foucault. Theoretical traditions in the social sciences . New York: St. Martin's Press.a work in several volumes: Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.conference proceedings: Schnase, J. L., & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings of CSCL '95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.chapter in an edited book: Rubenstein, J.P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B. F. Kane (Ed.), Television and juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York: AmericanPsychological Society.journal / periodical (continuous pagination): Brabant, S., & Mooney, L. A. (1997). Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics: A twenty year update. Sex Roles, 37, 269-281.journal / periodical (non-continuous pagination): Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3), 178-200.journal article with three to seven authors:Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., Amir, N., Street, G. P., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Memory and memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 39, 913-927.journal article more than authors:Mariani-Costantini, R., Ottini, L., Caramiello, S., Palmirotta, R., Mallegni, F., Rossi, L., . . . Jones, R. B. (2001). Taphonomy of the fossil hominid bones from the Acheulean site of Castel di Guido near Rome, Italy. Journal of Human Evolution, 41, 211-225.newspaper: Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette , pp. 1, 8.magazine:Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won't help most kids. Science News, 159, 292. review:Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius [Review of the book The last samurai byarticle in a reference book or encyclopedia - signed and unsigned : Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier. Islam. (1992). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 22, pp. 1-43). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.a work in a collection or anthology: Jesrani, P. J. (1998). Working turn tables. In N. Bhatia, S. Dhand, & V. Rupaleria (Eds.), Throwing a great party (pp. 19-48). Chicago: NT Publishers. Shapcott, T. (1980). Margaret Atwood's Surfacing. In K. L. Goodwin (Ed.), Commonwealth literature in the curriculum (pp. 86). South Pacific Association of Common-wealth Literatures and Language Studies.paper published as part of the proceedings of a conference: Nicol, D. M., & Liu X. (1997). The dark side of risk (what your mother never told you about time warp). In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation, Lockenhaus, Austria, 10–13 June 1997 (pp. 188–195). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.obtained from university: Carlson, W. R. (1977). Dialectic and rhetoric in Pierre Bayle . (Unpublished doctoraldissertation).Yale University, USA. obtained from Dissertations and Theses database:Mancall, J. C. (1979). Resources used by high school students in preparing independent study projects: A bibliometric approach (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. AAT 7905069)an abstract from DAI:Delgado, V. (1997). An interview study of Native American philosophical foundations in education . Dissertation Abstracts International : Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 58(9), 3395. patent:Lemelson, J.H. (1981). U.S. Patent No. 4,285,338. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.video or DVD (motion pictures): Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis [Motion picture]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.television program:Pratt, C. (Executive Producer). (2001, December 2). Face the nation [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.personal communications (email messages, interviews, lectures, and telephone conversations): Because the information is not retrievable it should not appear in the reference list. In your paperthey should look as follows: J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20, 2000) indicated that .… or In a recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal communication, September 20, 2000).an entire electronic book retrieved from a database: Murray, T. H. (1996). The worth of a child . Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved fromnetLibrary database.an entire electronic book with direct link to item: Bryant, P. (1999). Biodiversity and Conservation. Retrieved from/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htman article or chapter in an electronic book: Symonds, PM. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human motivation (pp. 11-22). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database.entire electronic technical or research report - available on the web: Russo, A. C., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief #17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality: /reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsppaper from the proceedings of a conference:Miller, S. (2000). Introduction to manufacturing simulation. In Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference , (pp. 63-66). Retrieved from /wsc00papers/011.PDFNew style guidelines use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) which is an assigned alpha-numeric code that usually appears on the article or in the database record. If the DOI is not provided, enter the citation information using Cross/Ref Simple Text Query </SimpleTextQuery/>. The retrieval date is no longer required.article with DOI assigned:Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research , 29(4), 535-555. doi:10.1006/_ssre.2000.0680 article from electronic journal (no print version):Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9). Retrieved from /~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htmarticle with no DOI: (include URL for journal website not database)Boutsen, F., Cannito, M. P., Taylor, M., & Bender, B. (2002). Botox treatment in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 469-481. Retrieved from /article - preprint versionTurney, P.D. (in press). The latent relation mapping engine: Algorithm and experiments. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. Retrieved from /6305/1/NRC-50738.pdfnewspaper article from an online database: Altman, L. K. (2001, January 18). Mysterious illnesses often turn out to be mass hysteria. New York Times . Retrieved from the ProQuest Newspapers database.a newspaper article from newspaper ’s website:Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times . Retrieved fromcompany information from a database: Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited. (2004). Company profile . Retrieved July 29, 2008 from Hoovers in Lexis-Nexis.an article posted on an open-access or personal website: Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving . Retrieved from /its/mobile_phone_text.htmArcher, Z. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication . Retrieved from /~archera cd-rom publication:Reporter, M. (1996, April 13). Electronic citing guidelines needed [CD-ROM]. New York Times , (late ed.), p. c1. Retrieved from New York Times Ondisc .website of an organization or government :Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas. Retrieved from /org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm Midwest League. (n.d.). Pitching, individual records . Retrieved from /indivpitching.htmla personal homepage: (retrieval date is included due to possibility of change) Duncan, D. (1998, August 1). Homepage . Retrieved July 30, 2007 from /SoHo/Coffeehouse/1652/a posting to an online discussion group or listserv: Marcy, B. (1999, April 3). Think they'll find any evidence of Mallory & Irvine [electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from /99/foruma blog post: MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log message]. Retrieved from /pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.phpan online video: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].Retrieved from /watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs NOTE: The URL should not be underlined. Sometimes underlining appears automatically when a URL is displayed in a browser or in Word. Remove the underlining before submitting your paper.In APA style, you acknowledge your sources by including parenthetical citations within your text. These refer the reader to the alphabetical list of references or works cited that appears at the end of the document. Use the first piece of information that appears in the reference and the year. For example:Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequatehealth education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).When you are quoting directly from a work, you should also include the page number.The close of the millennium was marked by a deep suspicion of the natural world and an increasingreliance “upon the pronouncements of soothsayers and visionaries, who caused hysteria with theirdoom-laden forecasts of the end of humanity” (Mulligan, 1977, p. 234).If the context in which the quotation appears makes it clear which document in the bibliography the quoted text comes from, then no further identification is needed:Baudino and Wyatt (2004) advocate "active learning promotes critical thinking and directapplication of critical concepts" (p. 17).A quotation from a web document with no pagination should include a paragraph number."Lake Champlain's ecosystem is under enormous pressure from urban growth" (Cushman, 2002, para. 3).When you are quoting from a work with no author, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually, part of the title).Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries ("Benefits of Usability Studies," 2002, p. 34).Personal communications, such as lectures or e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that you conducted with another person, should be referred to in your in-text citations but NOT in your reference list. For example: J. Reiss indicated that “anthropologists are still debating the reasons for theNeanderthals’ disappearance” (personal communication, May 3, 2000)Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block and omit quotation marks.Jones's 1993 study found the following:Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citingsources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchasea style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)When a source that has three to five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. If that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." For example, (Baldwin, Bevan, & Beshalke, 2000) then (Baldwin et al., 2000). When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used every time the source is cited (including the first time). For example, (Utley et al., 2001) To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the References list only the source that you actually used. For example "(Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist, 1998)." Feist (1998) would be fully referenced within the list of References. Bandura (1989) would not be listed.FootnotesContent footnotes are occasionally used to support substantive information in the text (or to acknowledge copyright permission status). They begin on a separate page with a heading centered on the first line below the manuscript page header. The first line of each footnote is indented 5-7 spaces and they are numbered with Arabic superscript numerals following punctuation marks within the text.This guide is available online at http://www.library.dal.ca/how/apa_style6.pdf. There are also a variety of websites which provide examples of APA style available at http://www.library.dal.ca/How/.。
APA论文写作格式
APA论文写作格式APA 格式是由美国心理学会(the American Psychological Association)制定的，在社会科学学术论文写作中广泛使用的一种格式。
它分作三个部分：文内括号引用、参考文献目录和内容脚注。
参考网站：/owl/section/2/10//1.文内括号引用APA格式在文内引用时，使用简短的括号引文形式。
这种引用与文末按字母顺序编排的参考文献目录相呼应。
典型的括号引文由作者的姓（后用逗号）和文献的出版年份构成，并置于句末。
比如：Many people exhibit symptoms of depression after the death of a pet (Russo, 2000).如果作者的名字已经出现在正文中，那么在括号中直接写出文献的出版年份即可。
比如：According to Russo (2000), many people exhibit symptoms of depression after the death of a pet.如果直接引用文献，需要在引文后用括号表明原文页码。
比如：According to Weston (1996), children from one-parent homes read at “a significantly lower level than those from two-parent homes” (p. 58).需要注意的是，如果直接引用多于40个词时，不再使用引号，而是将其单列一段，整段向右缩进五格，双倍行距，括号引文置于引文后标点外空一格的位置。
1)只有一个作者的文献Many college students suffer from sleep deprivation (Anton, 1999).2)有两个作者的文献There is growing concern over the use of psychological testing in elementary schools (Albright & Glennon, 1982).3)有三到五个作者的文献如果一份文献的作者介于二到六位之间，第一次文内引用时要全部列出；在同一段落中再次引用时只写第一个作者后跟et al.（意为“等”）；如果在后续其他段落出现，还要包含年份。
APA手册
APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知[来源请求]，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第五版（ISBN 1-55798-791-2），总页数超过400页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。
APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》[1]。
另一种相当有名的论文格式为MLA格式（The MLA Style Manual），主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。
目录[隐藏]* 1 格式* 2 标题* 3 文献引用* 4 参考文献清单o 4.1 纸本文献o 4.2 线上文献* 5 相关条目* 6 本条目参考文献* 7 外部链接[编辑] 格式虽然有些作者对于APA格式其中的一些规范感到不妥，但APA格式仍备受推崇。
期刊采用同一种格式能够让读者有效率的浏览和搜集文献资料，写作时感到不确定的学者们发现这样的格式手册非常有帮助。
譬如，手册中的“非歧视语言”章节明文禁止作者针对女性和弱势团体使用歧视的文字，不过使用APA格式的学术期刊有时也会为了让文章更有条理而允许作者忽略此规定。
[编辑] 标题根据APA格式，标题是用来组织文章，使得其有层次架构。
APA格式规定了文章内“标题”的特定格式（1到5级），此详细内容可参阅《美国心理协会刊物手册》第五版的第113页，级数和格式如下：* 第1级：置中大小写标题（Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading）* 第2级：置中、斜体、大小写标题（Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading）* 第3级：靠左对齐、斜体、大小写标题（Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading）* 第4级：缩排、斜体、小写标题，最后加句号（Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraphheading ending with a period）* 第5级：置中大写标题（CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING）根据APA格式，若文章标题有：* 1个级数：使用第1级标题* 2个级数：使用第1和第3级标题* 3个级数：使用第1、第3、和第4级标题* 4个级数：使用第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题* 5个级数：使用第5、第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题（按：2个级数以上以大标题→小标题方式使用）注意：1. 目前并无六级以上的标题规定。
apa参考文献格式
apa 参考文献格式APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
下面是小编为大家整理的apa 参考文献格式，希望对大家有帮助。
APA参考文献的格式与其他写作格式比较,虽然比较单纯但也相当复杂，以下介绍文献的排列顺序。
一、依作者姓氏字母顺序排列，如以文章篇名或书名当作者，而该篇名或书名是以数字开头时，以国字之字母顺序比较，如21st century education 是以Twenty-first century education 作为比较的基准。
二、第一位作者姓名相同时，如为同一作者，依年代先后顺序排列: 例如:Hewlett, L. S. (1996) Hewlett, L. S. (1999)三、一位作者永远排在多位作者之前例如:Razik, T. A. (1991) Razik, T. A. , & Lin, T. -Y. (1995)四、当有多位作者必须比较时，依序由第二或第三第四…作者姓氏字母例如:Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S. F. (2000) Gosling, J. Y., & Tevlin, D. F. (1996)五、相同作者且相同年代，则依 (去除A, The等冠词之后) 篇名或书名字母例如:Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990a). Fundamental concepts… Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990b). Human relations…六、作者姓氏相同，名字不同时，依名字字母顺序排列例如:Liu,C. -R. (1993). Liu, M. -C. (1990).七、作者为机关团体时，以机关团体全名字母作为比较的基础，当作者为机关团体的附属团体时，全名要以「主团体先，附属团体后」来呈现例如:State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Educational Organization, Administration, and Policy. (1994).八、作者署名为Anonymous，以Anonymous来比较.九、没有作者时，把(去除冠词之后的) 篇名或书名视为作者来比较.十、引用后设分析(meta-analysis)之文献时,不必以附录一一列举,但融入於参考文献中并在文献前加注* 号,且在参考文献一开始时说明加注星号者为后设分析的相关文献。
最新版（6版）《APA格式》导读
最新版（6版）《APA格式》导读《APA格式》⾸版于1929年出版，当时还只是⼀个只有7页长的“规范性程式，尽管实践中的例外在所难免，但遇到疑问时总算有个参考”（Bentley et al.，1929，p. 57）。
⼋⼗年后的今天，我们本着同样的精神推出《APA格式》的第六版。
随着时间的推移，各⽅⾯的需要已使得《APA格式》由起初的⼀组单纯的体例规则，发展成为今天包括学术写作各⽅⾯问题的权威性资源，从出版物的引⽤伦理到如何遣词造句以最⼤限度地消除偏见性语⾔，各⽅⾯应有尽有。
美国⼼理协会体例取⾃⼴泛的⼼理学⽂献，取⾃有丰富学术写作经验的编辑和作者，取⾃公认的有关出版实践问题的权威机构。
这⼀版《APA格式》对上⼀版进⾏了⼴泛的修订，以能反映学术出版中的新标准以及学术信息传播中的新的实践⽅式。
⾃上⼀版⼿册出版以来，学术出版所⾯对的，已由单纯的读者群发展成为“学术内容的消费者群”。
新技术也使得⽇益复杂的分析成为可能，这和它们使得这些分析结果以多种形式加速传播⼀样，从博客到个⼈⽹站发帖到在线数据库发表⽂章等等。
为了能够在这些媒体以及其他新形式对学术出版发表的影响⽅⾯为⼴⼤读者提供指导，我们对《APA格式》的内容进⾏了重新安排，并对有些内容进⾏了很⼤的浓缩。
我们的⾸要⽬标是简化读者的⼯作；我们的⽅法是在同⼀个地⽅提供全部信息。
信息是按照出版发表的过程安排的：以想法始，以出版发表终。
我们保留并强化了美国⼼理协会的写作体例和如何避免偏见性语⾔的导则。
关于后者，这是美国⼼理协会三⼗多年前才⾸次提出来的。
最重要的是，我们对伦理导则、统计导则、学刊⽂章报告标准、电⼦⽂献参考格式以及各种表格和图像的制作导则，都做了显著扩充。
此次修订的⼀项关键⼯作是对《APA格式》配套⽀持⽹站的更新和扩展，这项⼯作使得我们能提供的信息翻番式地增长。
读者可以在⽹站上找到⼤量的关于APA体例的学习资源以及更多的写作和出版发表导则，这些导则将随着标准和实践的变化⽽及时更新。
APA写作指导手册
APA写作指导手册APA格式写作（一）、APA格式认识我国台湾地区教育相关系所或学术机构在撰写学位论文或研究报告时，经常遵守美国心理协会(American Psychological Association)所出版的出版手册(Publication Manual)中有关投稿的相关规定。
所谓APA格式是指美国心理协会（American Psychological Association）所出版的出版手册（Publication Manual）中，有关投搞该协会旗下所属二十九种期刊时必须遵守的规定而言。
由于该手册详细规定文稿的架构、文字、图表、数字、符号……等的格式，因此，学术界通称为APA格式。
APA出版手册自1944年出版以来，经过1974年的二版，1983年的三版，于1994年发行第四版。
第四版承袭第三版的内容，但在打字要求、文章建档、摘要撰写、用语方面、以及文章格式（包括：缩写规定、统计数据、数学公式、图形制作、参考文献、作者批注）等方面有局部修正。
撰写研究报告及毕业论文最常用的规定，包括：文章结构、数据引用、图表制作、数字与统计符号、及其他常用格式等五大项，其中有关中文的写作格式，是依据英文APA格式订定的，仅供参考之用。
想要进一步了解其他相关内容的读者，可直接阅读：American Psychologic al Association.(1994). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (4thed.).Washington, DC:Author. APA 出版手册的格式，主要适用于期刊投稿的文章，亦即初稿（manuscripts），至于报告、学位论文等定稿（final manuscripts），则可视实际需要在格式上略作修改（请参阅该手册）。
（二）、文章结构依据APA的格式，文章的结构包括封面、摘要、本文、参考文献、附录、以及作者注记六部份（请参阅手册，第9至23页）。
APA第六版电子文献DOI 格式
電子文獻DOI 格式和實用之主張（1）APA 引用電子文獻之改變APA 於第六版已經承認電子文獻，因為其出版及傳輸之效率和資料可呈現的出影音等多元模式，隨時變更的網路，文章的連結不一定可靠。
APA 引用電子文獻首先採行URL (Uniform Resource Loators)此為電子資料之網址，目前是DOI 碼(Digital Object Identifier)，APA 引用電子文獻使用的格式。
（1.1）APA 第五版第五版規定引用電子文獻的皆須說明，以方括弧如：[Electronic version]來標記所引用的資料類型，例（2001，頁271)：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.網際網路上的電子學術期刊，引用方式與紙本相同，須加上檢索的網址和檢索日期（APA，2001，頁272）如：Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html，例：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.htmlAPA 引用資料庫電子文獻時，須列出資料庫名稱和檢索日期，如：Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.，不須提供資料庫網址（APA，2001，頁278-279），例：Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos,E.D., &White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience insupervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.（1.2）2007年“APA Style Guide to Electronic References”2007年，美國心理學會為了因應近來網路科技的發展、新型態的參考資源紛紛出現，出版了APA Style Guide to Electronic References，基本上此篇是APA 寫作手冊第五版當中的4.16項的更新與改版，當中對於電子文獻的引用規範有更完善的說明，重要的改變式提出「數位物件辨識碼」DOI 碼（Digital Object Identifier），彌補了URL 可能因為時間或其他因素而消失的缺點。
APA 论文写作格式简要说明
concise: condense information when you
can
plain: use simple, descriptive
adjectives and minimize the figurative language
General Format
Your essay should:
Use:
the third person point of view rather than using the first person point of view The study showed that…, NOT I found out that….
the active voice rather than passive voice
(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)
In-text Citations:
A work with two authors
When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors’ name in the signal phrase yet “&” between their names in parenthesis:
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.
apa格式范文英文
apa格式范文英文APA格式的英文论文怎样写APA写作格式（重点）Directory to APA in-text citation models（文中的资源引用格式）。
即在文中至多要在引用资源的同时写出资源的作者准时间。
Directory to APA references（文后的索引格式）。
更多关于英国论文写作方面的问题，同学们在平常的英国留学中假如有哪些疑问可以查找一些国内的留学服务平台，这些留学服务平台都可给一些建议，或者英国论文写作的辅导，例如：51Due等等这些都是特别优秀的国内留学服务网站。
扩展材料：一篇较长的英语论文（如英语毕业论文）一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下：第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行（通常为by，居中）的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期（均居中）。
就同学而言，假如英语论文篇幅较短，亦可不做标题页（及提纲页），而将标题页的内容打在注释第一页的左上方。
第一行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为 2.5cm，以下各行依次为老师学衔和姓、课程编号（或名称）及日期；各行右边上下对齐，并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白（下同）。
接下来便是论文标题及注释（日期与标题之间及标题与注释第一行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白）。
参考材料来源：百度百科-英文论文谁晓得学术英语APA格式,求解APA格式指American Psychological Association制定的一种学术引用，参考文献格式，最新的是2021年出版的第六版Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association，次要应用于心理学，行为科学，训练学等方面，包括文章内引用格式和参考文献格式，详细格式规定可参照/owl/resource/560/01/。
参考文献采纳APA格式,来个例文Yan, H., Zhang, P., Yu, Z., Li, C., & Li, R. (2021). Development and characterization of laser surface cladding (Ti,W)C reinforced Ni–30Cu alloy composite coating on copper. Optics & Laser Technology, 44(5), 1351-1358. doi: /10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.12.031 这就是APA 第六版要求的详细格式如何使用中英文APA格式於同一个WORD档内编辑具体路径：C:\Program Files\EndNote X3\Styles步骤二：开启Endnote 书目管理系统后，选择其他论文style 下拉选单可观察多出一项「APA_5_TW.ens」即可选取做为APA 中文文献格式。
APA第六版内文「再次引用」格式之研究(参考模板)
APA第六版內文「再次引用」格式之研究APA 第六版在內文再次引用方式的改變，林天佑發表之APA格式第六版中文版似乎有誤。
研究步驟：（1）說明APA 引用方式，比較第六版和第五版之相同主張。
（2）說明APA第五版規定。
（3）說明APA第六版規定，比較第六版和第五版之差異。
（4）說明主張，列出範例。
研究過程：（1）說明APA 引用方式，比較第六版和第五版之相同主張APA 第五版和第六版之相同主張為，「文獻引用格式」和「內文中引用的特例」。
（1.1）APA「文獻引用格式」APA 文獻引用的方法，如同APA 第六版於「內文中文獻引用」（Citing References in Text）這一節開宗明義：文獻引用在內文中以「作者-年代」（author，date）的方式引用，後置的文獻條列按作者姓氏字母順序列出的檢索系統。
這種標識簡單的引用方式：提供讀者一種便捷的方式，使他們能夠在閱讀這篇文章時，能迅速的在引用文獻條列中找到資料來源。
這也是APA 在內文中引用參考文獻之精神：內文引用的資料必須在引用文獻條列中找到且是唯一的一筆；而且在引用文獻條列中的每筆資料都必須在內文中引用。
作者須確保每則引用的資料必定出現在兩個地方，在內文引用和引用文獻條列中，拼寫的作者姓名和年代會是相同的（2001，頁207；2010，頁174）。
APA 內文中引文方式主要有三種，詳見本節（2），一種於行文中直接引用作者姓氏，如（2.1）範例；另一種直接引用研究的論點，如（2.2）範例；另外極少數情形下同時在文中寫出作者、年代，如（2.3）範例。
（1.2）APA 「內文中引用的特例」APA 有二種資料，只在內文中引用，不必列入引用文獻條列（2001，頁213、214；2010，頁178、179）。
（1.2.1）古典作品不須列入引用文獻條列聞名於世的古典作品（major Classical Works）只在內文中引用，不須列入引用文獻條列。