绿色建筑毕业设计外文翻译
绿色建筑 英文
绿色建筑英文Green BuildingsIntroductionIn recent years, there has been increasing awareness and concern about environmental issues, particularly the impact of human activities on the planet. As a result, the concept of green building has gained significant attention worldwide. Green building, also known as sustainable building or eco-friendly building, refers to the practice of creating structures that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout their lifecycle. In this article, we will explore the importance of green buildings and the benefits they offer.Energy EfficiencyOne of the key principles of green building is energy efficiency. Traditional buildings consume a significant amount of energy for heating, cooling, and lighting. Green buildings, on the other hand, integrate various design elements and technologies to minimize energy consumption. This includes the use of energy-efficient windows and insulation to reduce heat loss or gain, as well as the installation of smart lighting systems that automatically adjust the intensity of lights based on natural daylight. By reducing energy consumption, green buildings not only contribute to a more sustainable future but also lead to substantial cost savings for property owners.Water ConservationAnother crucial aspect of green building is water conservation. Freshwater scarcity is a global issue, and traditional buildings often waste significant amounts of water through inefficient plumbing systems and excessive irrigation. Green buildings incorporate water-saving fixtures such as low-flow toilets and faucets, as well as rainwater harvesting systems. These measures help reduce water usage and reliance on municipal water supplies. Additionally, green buildings utilize landscaping techniques that minimize the need for irrigation, such as native plants that are adapted to local climate conditions. By conserving water, green buildings address water scarcity concerns and support sustainable water management practices.Materials and ResourcesGreen buildings prioritize the use of sustainable materials and resources. Traditional construction methods often involve the extraction of raw materials that are non-renewable and environmentally damaging. In contrast, green buildings emphasize the use of sustainable materials, such as recycled or reclaimed materials, as well as those with low carbon footprints. Additionally, green buildings promote waste reduction through effective recycling strategies and construction practices that minimize material waste. By using sustainable materials and minimizing waste, green buildings contribute to the conservation of natural resources and reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry.Indoor Environmental QualityGreen buildings prioritize the health and well-being of occupants through the enhancement of indoor environmental quality. Traditional buildings may have poor ventilation systems, leading to the accumulation ofpollutants and a decrease in air quality. Green buildings, however, promote the use of efficient ventilation systems that provide a constant supply of fresh air, as well as the use of low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) materials to minimize the release of harmful chemicals. These measures improve the air quality within buildings, leading to better occupant health and productivity. Additionally, green buildings prioritize natural lighting and views of the outdoors, creating environments that enhance mental well-being and overall comfort.ConclusionGreen building is a critical approach to address environmental and sustainability challenges. By integrating energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable materials, and indoor environmental quality, green buildings contribute to a more sustainable future. Moreover, they provide economic benefits through reduced energy and water costs. As awareness of environmental issues continues to grow, the adoption of green building practices becomes increasingly crucial in creating a healthier and more sustainable built environment for future generations.。
外文翻译---绿色建筑概述
Green Building General State1.The background of green building:Present society the theory of sustainable development have permeated every aspect of human social development, how to can promote the economic development of human society to again solve the problem of environmental protection have also become people broad is the problem of solicitude one. sustainable development ask the development of society economy must restrict in the environment and resource of the earth can bear ability in. well-known, in recent years mankind in economy develop fast at the same time, bring environmental resource consume rapidly and atmosphere 2 C0 plenty of increases, so make atmospheric temperature go up , cause global climate to warm , the damage of ozonosphere, the damage of as well as natural landscape and so on. nowadays mention extensively green building system only put forward according to this problem. Forestation construction is that the opinion that uses ecology ( Ecological thinking) come to working space and the life of creation people. So, create to come out, healthy and comfortable space, not only, do not increase investment , can have energy-saving function actually more and reduce operation cost, and the production efficiency of improvement space user.2. the environmental problem of green buildingIt can offer the comfortable indoor environment that has safety , should at the same time have if so-called green building is not only wanted with natural environment the good building external environment of harmonious appearance.Green building consider local climate, building form and use square work , facility condition , construct process, housing materials and use manage the influence for external environment, as well as comfortable, healthy internal environment, at the same time consider investment person and user , design , install , run , the interests of maintenance technician, change speech may lasting design and good environment and is benefited should have balance between 3 user , well move mutual concern reach the forestation effect .. of optimization Green building is only that the energy of difference and the demand of difference between the coordinative internal and external environment and user and balance of starting point is relied onwith this viewpoint level reaches the nature of building and environment , is melted with.2. 1 The indoor environment of green buildingsGreen building emphasize indoor environment , because the thought of main stream of air-condition circle is want to strive for a relation of balance in between external environment, for internal environment for health , comfortable and building user produce efficiency, show the demand of difference.Temperature problemFirst hot comfortable obvious influence work efficiency. the air-condition system of tradition can maintain indoor temperature, however, in last few years study show , indoor reach absolute comfortable, cause easily " air-condition disease " problem, consume plenty of energies just, increase freon for the damage of ozonosphere。
绿色建筑英文作文
绿色建筑英文作文Green buildings are becoming more and more popular nowadays. People are paying more attention to environmental protection, and green buildings can help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.One of the key features of green buildings is energy efficiency. They are designed to use less energy for heating, cooling, and lighting, which can help save money and reduce environmental impact.In addition to energy efficiency, green buildings also focus on using sustainable materials. These materials are often recycled or renewable, and they can help reduce the overall environmental impact of the building.Another important aspect of green buildings is water efficiency. They are designed to use water more efficiently, which can help reduce water waste and protect local water resources.Furthermore, green buildings often incorporate green spaces, such as rooftop gardens or indoor plants. These green spaces can improve air quality, provide natural insulation, and create a more pleasant environment for building occupants.Overall, green buildings are not only good for the environment, but also for the people who live or work in them. They can help reduce energy costs, improve indoor air quality, and create a healthier and more sustainable living and working environment.。
green building 外文文献翻译
外文文献：Green buildingGreen building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivityReducing waste, pollution and environmental degradationA similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put onyour roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you 1 contribute to sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "Greenfield" sites.Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in theretrofiring of existing structures. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: Sitting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimizationof one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel.To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement(daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete, etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture isin one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate database services such as GreenOhm.The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED. HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEA Mlimits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth.A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating ahigh performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. Waste reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website . The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduceswaste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Grey water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.中文译文：绿色建筑绿色建筑（也被称为绿色建筑或可持续建筑）是指一个结构和使用的过程，是对环境负责和资源节约型整个建筑物的循环生活：从选址到设计，施工，运行，维护，改造和拆迁。
可持续建筑(绿色建筑)外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions （可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案）国外作者：Fatima Ghani文献出处：《International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering》,2012,12（1）,p21-24字数统计：英文1985单词，11317字符；中文3460汉字外文文献：Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions Abstract—The growing concern with environmental and ecological conditions have led to the discussion/search for ‘energy conscious’, ‘Eco friendly’, ‘energy efficient’ building designs. For the better growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective of the designer is sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible building designs. Sustainable architecture also referred as green architecture is a design that uses natural building materials e.g. earth, wood, stone etc (not involving pollution in its treatment) that are energy efficient and that make little or no impact on the nature of a site and its resources. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. It also considers possible solutions related to these issues.Index Terms—Sustainable, Green, Architecture, Building, Design. Efficiency.I. INTRODUCTIONThe words "Green", "Ecological" and "Sustainable" are terms used by environmentalists to indicate modes of practice. From global economics to household features these practices minimize our impact on the environment and generate a healthy place of living. In a deeper sense the words involve as to what can be done to heal andregenerate the earth's ability to bear life.A.Principles of Environmentally Oriented DesignIn Architecture there are many ways a building may be "green" and respond to the growing environmental problems of our planet. Sustainable architecture can be practiced still maintaining efficiency, beauty, layouts and cost effectiveness. There are five basic areas of an environmentally oriented design. They are Healthy Interior Environment, Energy Efficiency, Ecological Building Materials, Building Form and Good Design.• Healthy Interior Environment: It has to be well insured that building materials and systems used do not emit toxic unhealthy gases and substances in the built spaces. Further extra cars and measures are to be taken to provide maximum levels of fresh air and adequate ventilation to the interior environment.• Energy Efficiency: It has to be well ensured that the building's use of energy is minimized. The various HV AC systems and methods of construction etc. should be so designed that energy consumption is minimal.• Ecological Building Materials: As far as possible the use of building materials should be from renewable sources having relatively safe sources of production.• Building Form: The building form should respond to the site, region, climate and the materials available thereby generating a harmony between the inhabitants and the surroundings.• Good Design: Structure & Material and Aesthetics are the basic parameters of defining design. They should be so integrated that the final outcome is a well built, convenient and a beautiful living space.These principles of environmentally oriented design comprise yet another meaningful and environmental building approach called Green or Sustainable design. Architects should use their creativity and perception to correlate these principles to generate locally appropriate strategies, materials and methods keeping in mind that every region should employ different green strategies.B. DefinitionSustainability means 'to hold' up or 'to support from below'. It refers to the abilityof a society, ecosystem or any such ongoing system, to continue functioning into the indefinite future (without being forced into decline through exhaustion of key resources).Sustainable architecture involves a combination of values: aesthetic, environmental, social, political and moral. It's about one's perception and technical knowledge to engage in a central aspect of the practice i.e. to design and build in harmony with the environment. It is the duty of an architect to think rationally about a combination of issues like sustainability, durability, longevity, appropriate materials and sense of place.The present environmental conditions have led to the discussion/search for ‘energy conscious’, ‘Eco friendly’,‘energy efficient’ building designs. For the better growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective of the designer is a sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. The main focus of the paper is on sustainable architecture - its need, solutions and impact on the future.II. NEEDS AND ISSUESThe ecological crisis today is very serious and till date much of the debate still focuses on the symptoms rather than the causes. As a result there is an urgent need to emphasize and workout the best possible approach towards environmental protection thereby minimizing further degradation.Architecture presents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction projects typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste, and often involve weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical significance against the desire for the development of newer, more modern designs. Sustainable development is one such measure, which presents an approach that can largely contribute to environmental protection. A striking balance between Environmental protection and Sustainable development is a difficult and delicate task.Sustainable design is the thoughtful integration of architecture with electrical,mechanical, and structural engineering. In addition to concern for the traditional aesthetics of massing, proportion, scale, texture, shadow, and light, the facility design team needs to be concerned with long term costs: environmental, economic, and human as shown in Figure 1.III. CONCEPT AND RELEV ANCE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE In the present day scenario the idea and concept of Sustainable Architecture/Development is relevant in the light of the following two aspects:a) Ecological and Environmental crisisb) Imminent disasters and their managementSome of the major causes, which greatly contribute to these two aspects, can be listed as:• Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization:The consequences of this can further lead to Population explosion, Geological deposits of sewage and garbage, Unsustainable patterns of living & development, Environmental degradation (pollution of air, water, soil etc, food web disruption). Thus sustainable urban development is crucial to improve the lives of urban populations and the remainder of the planet. Both people and ecosystems impacted upon by their activities.• Natural Calamities:Natural calamities like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, flood, famine etc. which are being further aggravated by mankind add to the list of other ill effects like atomicexplosion, green house effect, ozone depletion etc. Sustainable design attempts to have an understanding of the natural processes as well as the environmental impact of the design. Making natural cycles and processes visible, bring the designed environment back to life.• Depletion of Non-renewable sources:Rapid depletion of non-renewable sources is leading to serious issues related to energy & water conservation etc. Thus the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock can contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption and improving environmental quality.IV. SOLUTIONSA. Sustainable ConstructionSustainable construction is defined as "the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles". Sustainable designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through energy and resource efficiency."Sustainable building" may be defined as building practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social and environmental performance) in a very broad way. Thus, the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock will contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption (energy conservation), and improving environmental quality.Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account environmental initiatives of the construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market. Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to sustainable buildings by encouraging these developments. Further the various energy related issues during the different phases in the construction of buildings can be understood with respect to the chart shown in Figure2.B. Environmentally Friendly HousesFollowing the five basic principles of environmentally oriented design can lead to the construction of what can be called as Environmentally Friendly House. An environmentally friendly house is designed and built to be in tune with its occupants, nature, environment and ecosystem. It is designed and built according to the region it is located in, keeping in mind the climate, material, availability and building practices. The basic areas of design need to be considered at this stage can be listed as: • Orientation• Reduce Energy Gain or Loss• Lighting• Responsible Landscaping• Waste Management• External VentilationC. Green BuildingA green building places a high priority on health, environmental and resource conservation performance over its life cycle. These new priorities expand and complement the classical building design concerns: economy, utility, durability and delight. Green design emphasize a number of new environmental, resource and occupant health concerns:• Reduce human exposure to noxious materials.• Conserve non-renewable energy and scarce materials.• Minimize life cycle ecological impact of energy and materials used.• Use renewable energy and materials that are sustainable harvested.• Protect and restore local air, water, soil, flora & fauna• Support pedestrian, bicycles, mass transit and other alternatives to fossil-fueled vehicles.Most green buildings are high quality buildings they last longer, cost less to operate and maintain and provide greater occupant satisfaction than standard development.D. Green Roofs & Porous PavementsAs already discussed the rapid urbanization and industrialization is resulting in extensive deforestation as a result the green areas are being covered with pavements and concrete. The rainwater that naturally seeps through land covered with vegetation and trees now just runoff, thereby leading to a major environmental imbalance in terms of groundwater. This problem can be solved to a great extent with the help of the construction of Green Roofs and Porous Pavements.Green roofs & porous pavements present a unique method of ground water conservation. Vegetation to hold water on rooftops, and pavement that lets it percolate in the ground are some of the latest ways that can save water tables. Visually what might come across may be a roof sprouted with plants and a parking lot that drains water like a sieve-probably the latest in groundwater conservation.E. Building MaterialsTons of materials including timber go into building construction. There are three principal approaches to improve the material efficiency of building construction: • Reducing the amount of material used in construction.• Using recycled materials that otherwise would have been waste.• Reducing waste generation in the construction process.Further as far as possible sustainable harvested building materials and finishes should be used with low toxicity in manufacturing and installation.V. CONCLUSIONSSustainability often is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A growing number of people are committed to reaching this goal by modifying patterns of development and consumption to reduce demand on natural resource supplies and help preserve environmental quality. Achieving greater sustainability in the field of construction is particularly important, because building construction consumes more energy and resources than any other economic activity. Not only does a home represent the largest financial investment a family is likely to make, but it also represents the most resource- and energy-intensive possession most people will ever own. Making homes more sustainable, then, has a tremendous potential to contribute to the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable housing design is a multifaceted concept, embracing:• Affordability• Marketability• Appropriate design• Resource efficiency• Energy efficiency• Durability• Comfort• HealthAs a developed society we should not undermine our resource base, the assimilative capacity of our surroundings or the biotic stocks on which our future depends. As a sustainable society our efforts should consist of a long-term and integrated approach to developing and achieving a healthy community. We should realize that the problems associated with sustainable development are global as a result the issues need worldwide attention. If we work together we can bring change faster.中文译文：可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案摘要——越来越多地关注环境和生态条件已经引起了人们对“节能意识”、“友好生态”、“高效节能”的建筑设计的讨论和探索。
绿色建筑英文
绿色建筑英文Green BuildingIntroduction:Green building, also known as sustainable building, is a concept that has gained significant attention in recent years. It emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly materials, energy-efficient designs, and sustainable construction practices. Green buildings aim to reduce their overall impact on the environment while promoting a healthier and more sustainable living or working space. This article explores the importance and benefits of green building in the modern world.1. Environmental Impact:Traditional buildings often have a negative impact on the environment. They consume large amounts of energy, produce significant waste, and contribute towards global warming. In contrast, green buildings minimize their carbon footprint by utilizing renewable energy sources, optimizing energy efficiency, and implementing effective waste management systems. By reducing energy consumption and waste generation, green buildings play a crucial role in mitigating climate change and preserving the ecosystems.2. Energy Efficiency:One of the fundamental principles of green building is energy efficiency. Various strategies and technologies are employed to minimize energy consumption in green buildings. These include using high-performance insulation, efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)systems, as well as using natural lighting and renewable energy sources such as solar or wind. Energy-efficient buildings not only reduce carbon emissions but also lower energy bills for the occupants, leading to long-term savings.3. Water Conservation:Another important aspect of green building is water conservation. Traditional buildings consume vast amounts of water for activities such as irrigation, washing, and sanitation. Green buildings incorporate water-efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and greywater recycling to minimize water usage. Additionally, sustainable landscaping techniques, such as using native plants, can reduce the need for excessive watering. Conserving water in buildings helps to preserve this precious resource and ensure its availability for future generations.4. Indoor Air Quality:Green buildings prioritize the health and well-being of occupants by focusing on indoor air quality. Traditional buildings often suffer from poor ventilation, which can lead to the accumulation of pollutants and allergens, causing various health issues. Green buildings are designed to maximize natural ventilation, use low VOC (volatile organic compound) materials, and implement effective air filtration systems. These measures promote better indoor air quality, reducing the risk of respiratory problems and allergies.5. Material Efficiency:Green buildings emphasize the use of environmentally friendly and sustainable materials. This includes using recycled or locally sourcedmaterials, as well as opting for renewable resources. Additionally, green buildings strive to reduce waste during construction and demolition by employing efficient construction practices such as modular construction or deconstruction. By minimizing the consumption of resources and reducing waste generation, green buildings contribute to a more sustainable construction industry.Conclusion:Green building is a crucial approach to addressing various environmental challenges we face today. By promoting energy efficiency, conserving water, improving indoor air quality, and utilizing sustainable materials, green buildings minimize their negative impact on the environment. Moreover, they provide healthier and more comfortable living and working spaces while reducing operating costs for occupants. As the importance of sustainability continues to grow, green building practices should be embraced and encouraged on a larger scale, contributing to a more sustainable future for generations to come.。
打造绿色建筑,打造乡村旅游新模式外文翻译大学论文
浙江师范大学本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译文献：Francesca D’Alessandro .Green Building for a Green Tourism. A New Model ofEco-friendly Agritourism[J].Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia，2016（8）：201-210译文：打造绿色建筑，打造乡村旅游新模式摘要：这篇论文强调了重视和推广坎帕尼亚区域的乡村旅游的重要性，强调打造绿色乡村对于可持续发展和增强竞争力的重要性。
文章就如何打造自然、环保、富有文化气息的景观建筑并合理开发提出了一些观点和有价值的建议。
乡村旅游不仅促使我们价值感悟，回归传统文化,而且它也引起我们对乡村建筑和景观建筑的关注和兴趣。
乡村旅游的推广是对健康的一份关爱, 是对生命欣喜的表达，而且有利于提升空气和水源质量。
绿色乡村里有真正绿色并且健康的食物，并且有带给我们满足和放松的源泉的自然景观。
绿色建筑意味着以人民幸福为目标，环境保护在促进个人心理和生理健康、社会经济和环保平衡中扮演了重要角色。
乡村旅游的理想模型旨在环境友好和美好景观的内涵中推动有创造力的实践活动，保护自然和历史建筑，鼓励农场和乡村旅行住宿服务建筑可持续发展。
关键词：乡村旅游；绿色建筑；原型；农业旅游1 引言“像音乐和文章一样，建筑也是一种语言。
像音乐和文章的作用一样，建筑起着沟通的作用，它永远在我们身边，在我们的生命中陪伴着我们，我们离不开它。
像音乐和文章那样，一个好的建筑使我们的生活更美好，但有太多糟糕的建筑剥削者我们的环境。
不喜欢的音乐，我们可以决定不听，不喜欢的书，我们可以不看，但是建筑不由得我们关闭或合上。
正统建筑的质量不能够被编码，或仔细斟酌，它是文化、文明、个人和集体意识共同的产物。
相反的是，建筑的可持续性是技术发展到足够精确乃至可供我们控制选择的程度的结果。
绿色建筑术语英文翻译2
绿色建筑术语的英文翻译以下是绿色建筑术语的英文翻译：1. 绿色建筑：Green Building2. 节能：Energy Efficiency3. 低碳：Low Carbon4. 可再生能源：Renewable Energy5. 零排放：Zero Emission6. 生态：Ecological7. 可持续发展：Sustainable Development8. 资源高效利用：Resource Efficient Use9. 自然采光：Natural Lighting10. 自然通风：Natural Ventilation11. 绿色材料：Green Materials12. 建筑节能：Building Energy Efficiency13. 建筑能效：Building Energy Performance14. 建筑环境：Built Environment15. 绿色生态设计：Green Ecological Design16. 绿色建筑认证：Green Building Certification17. 生命周期评估：Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)18. 能效标准：Energy Efficiency Standards19. 生态足迹：Ecological Footprint20. 可再生能源系统：Renewable Energy Systems21. 低碳交通：Low Carbon Mobility22. 绿色屋顶：Green Roofs23. 绿色建筑标准：Green Building Standards24. 绿色建筑评价体系：Green Building Evaluation System25. 生态城市：Eco-city26. 节能建筑：Energy-saving Buildings27. 可再生能源利用：Renewable Energy Utilization28. 被动式节能设计：Passive Energy-saving Design29. 能耗监测系统：Energy Monitoring System30. 可再生能源证书：Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)31. 碳足迹：Carbon Footprint32. 节能减排：Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction33. 绿色办公楼：Green Office Buildings34. 绿色工业建筑：Green Industrial Buildings35. 绿色校园：Green Campuses36. 环境友好型建筑：Environmentally Friendly Buildings37. 低影响开发（LID）：Low Impact Development (LID)38. 智能建筑管理系统（BMS）：Intelligent Building Management System (BMS)39. 能效标识制度：Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme40. 绿色建材市场：Green Building Materials Market41. 绿色建筑补贴政策：Green Building Subsidy Policies42. 可再生能源项目融资：Renewable Energy Project Financing43. 能效审计与咨询服务：Energy Audit and Consulting Services44. 环境影响评估（EIA）：Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)45. 能效标准与标识（ES）：Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling (ES)46. 能效性能等级（ERP）：Energy Performance Rating (ERP)47. 能效设备认证（EEI）：Energy Efficiency Equipment Identification (EEI) Labeling Scheme。
绿色建筑毕业设计外文翻译中英文对照(可编辑)
绿色建筑毕业设计外文翻译中英文对照（可编辑）########## 大学本科毕业设计外文资料译文年级: 2008级学号: 20087221姓名: 朱莉专业: 铁道工程指导老师:2012年6月原文:Green BuildingAbstract: Green building refers to doing its best to imizeconservation of resources energy, land, water, and wood,protecting the environment and reducing pollution in its life cycle. Providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ de sign, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improving the effectivenessanalysis of the external effects of green building measures, Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effectsWhat is a green buildingGreen building refers to building life cycle,the imum conservation of resources energy, land, water and materials, protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the buildingThe so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally and friendly, makes full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saves energy for the residents and creates almost-natural feeling People, architectures and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance2. the meaning of green buildingThe basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which saves energy and resources; provides a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with goods; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building's coexistence with the environment and sustainable development becomes harmonious3.Development of the significance of green building rating systemEstablish green building rating system is a revolution in the fieldof architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economicangles3.1 Technical SignificanceGreen building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far fromthe only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledgeHowever, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world with the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entereda result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural science, social science, humanities, computer science,information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology and so on. Various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery ofthe retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platformbuilt to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines with clear rule3.2 The social significanceGreen building rating system reflects the socialsignificance of the main advocates of the new way of life,heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation oflocal culture are two aspects To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocatea healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction ofgreen buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It brokes the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the publicand other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community3.3 The economic significanceGreen building rating system, theeconomic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable externalenvironment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategyis more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted3.4 Ethical SignificanceGreen building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: To reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of room. This radically changes the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages for green building design.4.Green building design include the followings:Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greeningReturn to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment5 .Effects of green building5.1 Effects of the composition of green buildingEffects of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable andexternal effects generally include industry effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effectwill cause the private costs internal costs or indirect costs and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effectsSince beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: 1 strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, thelow level. 2 more investments in upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduction, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization. 3 in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room,from lighting, ventilation, drainage and control the damages to the environment. 4 construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economyUnder the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reducing the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increasing, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building6. to improve the external effects of green building measuresEnterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: 1 Construction of natural resources in thelife cycle and minimized energy consumption; 2 reducing building life cycle emissions; 3 protecting the ecological natural environment; 4 to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; 5 the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unitySummary described above, the meaning of green building design and analysisof its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the trend of future construction.译文:绿色建筑摘要: 绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命周期内,最大限度地节约资源节能、节地、节水、节材、保护环境和减少污染,为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间,与自然和谐共生的建筑。
绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential researchin Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current water shortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actual quantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consumption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure of water and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simple water-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate water system device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adoptedin assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediate water for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yield different results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in Taiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basic evaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level issues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction environment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in Taiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in Taiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。
环境艺术设计毕业设计外文翻译—绿色基础设施景观规划
绿色基础设施景观规划：整合人类与自然系统Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning:Integrating human and natural systemsChapter TwelveStockholm: green infrastructure case studyContextThe city and county of Stockholm demonstrate the planning and implementation of green infrastructure advocated in this book. The city is located approximately at latitude 59° N in southeast Sweden (Figure 12.1) within an astoundingly complex configuration of islands, coastline, freshwater lakes and saltwater estuaries on the Baltic Sea (Figure 12.2).About half of the County of Stockholm is composed of primarily fertile coniferous forest, but deciduous forests also occur here. Forested land and the amount of protected forest is increasing in the county at the expense of agriculture, but the rate of increase is insufficient to protect biological diversity.1 Within the city there are eight natural areas, including nature and cultural reserves and an urban national park, with a total area of 5,680 acres (2,299 ha). Of this 828 acres (335 ha) is water and 4,855 acres (1,965 ha) is land.332The built environmentLike many European cities, Stockholm was initially located to be geographically defensible. Constrained by the area of a small island in LakeMälaren, the city was compactly developed with multistory buildings, narrow streets and little natural open space. As the city expanded, especially after World War II, growth followed the road alignments.Today, 872,000 people live in the Stockholm city area of 73 square miles(188 km2). Development within the city is compact since nearly 90 percent of residents live in multi-family buildings (Figure 12.3). The resulting population density is 11,944 inhabitants per square mile (4,638 per km2). The region is increasingly polycentric and growing with the addition of 20,000 people per year.2 The population of the metropolitan area is now 2,050,000.3 The sections below consider the municipal and regional scale, before focusing on a recently developed urban infill district near the city center.In a competitive process, Stockholm was designated the first Green Capital of Europe in 2010. The Green Capital competition assesses many factors of sustainability, which is broader than the consideration of green infrastructure, but many factors overlap, of course. Of particular interest here is the regional, municipal and neighborhood green infrastructure that supports multiple uses.333Figure 12.1 Stockholm location map.Figure 12.2 Physiography of the Stockholm region. Photo 59°19'44. 15" N, 18°3'53.68" E,12 September 2007 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth.334Figure 12.3 Stockholm urban core. Photo 59o19'21.92" N 18o04'26.36" E, 12 September2007 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth.335Regional systemGreen wedgesThe concept of a regional green infrastructure was articulated in the 1930s. Alternating fingers of natural landscape and human habitation with transportation infrastructure was adopted as a general planning principle (Figure 12.4). Traditionally, Swedish farmsteads and villages were constructed on high ground or benches above a river or stream. The floodplain and agricultural fields lay between the watercourse and the settlement. It is often this floodplain and old agricultural fields or pastures that form the spines of the green wedges flanked by the settlements and the roads that connect them.4 Voluntary comprehensive planning of green wedges and then legally binding detailed development plans for cities and towns were in place by 1998. Stockholm adopted an urban infill plan in 1999 and in 2001 the County of Stockholm adopted a spatial, green wedge regional development plan, which was updated in 2010.2These decisions resulted in a radial regional plan with wedges of continuous green infrastructure that had significant biodiversity value while being close to residential districts. The plan features ten long corridors of agriculture, forest and habitat at least 1,640 feet (500 m) wide (Figure 12.4). These corridors connect huge natural preserves outside the city and are essential to the high biodiversity near the city center. Ecologists in Stockholm found that habitat areas of 740 acres supported the needs of most native species, particularly when the area was more compact, rather than linear in shape. The widths of ecological corridors are variable according to the target species, but a 0.3 mile (0.5 km) width is defined by the regional development plan as the minimum to accommodate both wildlife and recreation uses. There are many existing areas within the green wedges that are less wide than the recommendation, particularly near the city center. These are identified and labeled as one of three categories of weak points where more careful planning is to take place to avoid further erosion and where mitigation measures are to be undertaken. In fact, a detailed study identified all of the corridor breaks and barriers as a first step toward mitigation. Planning documents also stress the almost insurmountable obstacles to dispersal of some species that busy highways present.5 336Figure 12.4 The green wedges are shown as core habitat (dark green), secondary habitat(light green) and large recreation and natural areas (orange) within the urban (white) andaquatic (blue) matrix.2Human use of the green wedges (Figure 12.5) is as important as the biodiversity benefits. For example, the National Urban Park in Stockholm receives 15 million visitors each year.6 To foster public use of this and other green areas, 43 public transit stations have been designated as green stations. These are transit stops where citizens can walk 984–1640 feet (300–500 m) to reach a green wedge. Major green transit stations feature information about the adjacent natural resource.5337Figure 12.5 Social areas and recreation use are major components of the green infrastructure and this area of the National Urban Park.The green wedges are being increasingly codified. In 2003 the county made the commitment to add 71 new nature reserves and 28 study areas. By 2012 36 of these were realized. This official protection, rather than planning guidelines, assures that urban growth will follow the existing roads and rail lines rather than sprawling into the landscape infrastructure.The National Urban ParkStockholm established the world’s first urban national park in 1995 (Figure 12.6). The park is part of one of the regional green wedges and the largest park within the city limits. It also extends into two other municipalities. In the European tradition, the 6,670-acre park is a mixture of cultural facilities, such as museums, recreation areas and protected wildlife habitat.Initially the Parliament defined the area as one of natural interest. The core of the park was inherited from royal hunting grounds of the previous centuries. The municipalities were given planning authority to foster democratic participation but secret negotiations between private construction companies and municipalities regarding development of public land before the initiation of public processes resulted in the development of hundreds of acres within the national interest area boundary. The controversy generated by this practice led 338to citizen planning efforts and petitions organized by non-governmental organizations and supported by the media. With the prospect of a large road infrastructure project that would have damaged the area, the National Parliament voted unanimously in late 1994 to establish the National Urban Park. The act took effect in 1995 and specified more clear boundaries (Figure 12.6), purposes and protections.7Figure 12.6 Plan view of the Stockholm National Urban Park. Photo59°23'34.56" N,18°01'28.84" E, 3 April 2012 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth. Development of new buildings and roads was not prohibited by the act, but development is not permitted if it negatively impacts any of the three purposes of the park — cultural, recreational and environmental. Existing buildings can be expanded if they do not impact the park. In contrast, facilitates in support of park purposes were to be developed and protected within the park boundaries. Figure 12.6 shows that the park boundary encloses two core areas and a corridor through the urban development.7Public agencies are focused on strengthening the ecological connections diminished before the park was created8 and on the development plans for the industrial and port area to the east of the park.Ecology and the green wedges339In the initial stages of planning the green wedges, ecologists studied native forest species in need of conservation attention to determine whether the green wedges had the capacity to sustain them. Some species are difficult to sustain in growing urban districts due to large territory requirements, large core arearequirements, specialized habitat needs, small or scattered populations or low dispersal rates. Species with one or more of these characteristics are especially vulnerable to the habitat fragmentation and degradation that accompanies urbanization. Two of the bird species in the study (nutcracker and the honey buzzard) have specialized habitat requirements associated with certain species of shrubs and trees, and both had low and scattered populations. In the study area, forest clearing, removal of mature trees and conversion of deciduous forest to coniferous forest were the most serious threats to the study species.9 The six bird species included in the study were honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), stock dove (Columba oenas), black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) and nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). The study found that the size of the available habitat, and the type and degree of connectivity, determined the presence of breeding pairs of these birds. The study mapped the green wedges and identified 67 sites within and outside the green wedges. Surveys were conducted in 28 of these sites. These defined a gradient from the city center to the rural landscape. Near the city center habitat patches were smaller and more isolated. The forest coverage for the study area was 39 percent. For the area within 6.2 miles (10 km) of the city center, the forest coverage was 25 percent, while the area within 6.2 miles of the city center but outside the green wedges had only 15 percent forested area.The study discovered a wide range of habitat requirements for the target species. The black woodpecker required territory with mature, mostly coniferous, forest as large as 1,235 acres (500 ha). However, this could be comprised of several habitat patches within an agricultural matrix with only 26 percent forest cover. In contrast, the lesser-spotted woodpecker preferred strips of moist deciduous forest along lake shorelines and required only 49–123 acres (20–50 ha) of good habitat. However, this habitat type is not as extensive as coniferous forest.The goshawk prefers large forest areas but has adapted to breed in fragmented patches within the urbanizing region. The nutcracker and the honey buzzard required the largest territories, but benefited from good connectivity between habitat patches.The study outlined above determined that the needs of the bird species in the 340Stockholm region can be met in the green wedges if large and diverse forest habitats are preserved. It also determined that smaller habitat fragments are valuable if proximity is good.9 Continuous corridors linking habitat fragments will be more important for terrestrial animals than for the bird species in thisstudy.Large habitat areas still exist in Stockholm County, but nearer the city center habitat is fragmented into smaller parcels with a few exceptions. However, in this situation groups of fragments may serve as territory for some native species. For birds and mobile terrestrial species, the fragments can simply be close together, but for many species an ecological corridor must connect the habitat fragments. This was demonstrated in a study of a bird, the coal tit (Parus ater), in the Stockholm region. This bird was known to be a habitat specialist requiring coniferous forest habitat of 25 to 74 acres (10–30 ha). However, the bird was found in habitat fragments within a network. Patch networks with a total area of 12–25 acres (5–10 ha) but where the fragments were separated by no more that 164 feet (50 m) served as breeding territory. The bird was found in habitat fragments greater than 2.5 acres (1 ha).10 This finding is important for physical planning in urban and suburban areas where extensive damage to habitat has occurred. As noted earlier, for terrestrial animals it is more likely that the habitat fragments will need to be connected with ecological corridors for the network to serve as breeding habitat.Figure 12.7 This wetland and forest is in the northern core of the National Urban Park, butadjacent to high-density urban development.Wetlands amount to, at most, 4 percent of Stockholm County. About 1.2 341square miles (3 km2) of wetlands have been lost and 4.6 square miles (12 km2) remain (Figure 12.7). Wetlands have been lost to roads and other development and 90 percent of the remaining wetlands are impacted by human activity. There are 850 lakes in the county and about 100 of these are impacted by acidification (30 are treated with lime regularly to mitigate the acidity). This is primarily the result of air pollution originating on the European continent. The Stockholm archipelago is impacted by excess nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage plant effluent and stormwater runoff and by heavy metals from urban runoff.1 The cityand county have an ambitious, continuous and cooperative environmental monitoring program. It correctly focuses on habitat and species monitoring to assure sustained biodiversity. However, annual tracking of the populations of target species, such as greater cormorants and other species, is undertaken to monitor endangered species or sudden changes in species numbers.1 342Urban parks and open spaceThe green wedges extend from the county into the city. Within the city there are21,000 acres (8,500 ha) of parkland representing 40 percent of the total land area and resulting in 27 acres (11 ha) of parkland per 1,000 residents.11 This compares to Los Angeles, with 10 percent of its area dedicated to parkland, and Portland with 15.8 percent.11 The parkland in Stockholm includes 12 parks that are over 200 acres (81 ha) in size. The dozen parks contain about one-third of the city land area.The goal of green space near every resident is taken seriously in Stockholm since surveys demonstrate the public demand. Seventy percent of inner-city residents wish to visit green spaces more often and spend more time there. This desire is independent of gender, age and socio-economic status. Distance from a green space and lack of time are the two reasons for less use of green spaces than desired.5 New planning goals established distance and park size standards. Residents are to be no more than 600 feet (200 m) from a pocket or neighborhood park 2.5–12.5 acres (1–5 ha) in size and no more than 1,500 feet (457 m) from a district park of 12.5–125 acres (5–51 ha). In addition, residents are to be no more than 0.6 miles (1 km) from a nature preserve larger than 125 acres (50 ha) in size.11As demonstrated earlier, the parkland amenity is also an economic value as expressed by rent and property values. When comparing condominiums, those near 27 acres (11 ha) of park land commanded $783 more for each 11 ft2 of floor area (600 €/m2) compared to similar units with parks with 17 acres (7 ha) of park environment.4343Ecosystem value of the National Urban ParkDeciduous forests dominated by red oak trees are prized in Stockholm. In the National Urban Park one-quarter of all trees are oaks (see Figure 12.9). Oak trees had royal protection beginning in the 1300s and could not be legally cut by private parties until the late 1800s, due in part to their value in shipbuilding. However, much illegal harvesting took place and other oaks were lost when forest was converted to farmland. In 1809 the royal hunting park in Stockholm was formalized and protected the oak forest.7Figure 12.8 The Eurasian jay is critical for the maintenance of the oak woodland andprovides valuable ecosystem services.Hundreds of species are associated with old-growth stands of oaks. For example, the oaks are dependent on the Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandiarius) to spread their seeds (Figure 12.8). Jays bury a store of acorns in the fall and live on them in the winter. The nearly 100 jays living in the National Urban Park hide about half a million acorns per year. About 30 percent of these are notrecovered from the soil and can grow into new oaks. An estimated 85 percent of the park’s oaks are the result of the jay’s natural seed dispersal. In order to estimate the economic value of birds’ work, the cost of humans planting oaks can be calculated. Depending on the planting method (seeds or seedlings) each pair of jays does a job that corresponds to $880–3,920 per acre. Jays are limited to oak forests and unwilling to cross open areas. Therefore, it is important that large areas of oak forest or corridors connecting smaller patches are preserved to maintain the population of both birds and oaks.4 344Figure 12.9 The National Urban Park provides heterogeneous ecosystems. In this image awetland and heron rookery are framed by oak and coniferous woodlands.The National Urban Park contains a great diversity of habitats including deciduous and coniferous forests, meadows and pastures, wetlands, lakes and rivers, a long coastline and numerous islands. There are 880 species of flowering plants, 40 fish species, 1,000 species of butterflies and about 100 species of birds that breed in the park. Nine of the 14 species of bats in Sweden are found in the park, including two threatened species (whiskered and Natterer’s bat). Of course, many exotic, invasive species exist here too. One is the American mink.The most important habitat type in the park is the deciduous forest, since most of the country is dominated by coniferous forest. In this forest, the oaks are associated with elm, ash, linden and maple. Man has managed all habitat types in the park, including the deciduous forest, for centuries through mowing, grazing and tree planting. Groves of 200–300-year-old trees create a unique ecological environment, which is increasingly rare in Sweden and Europe. As limbs or entire oak trees die, they remain standing and become a long-lasting resource for hole-nesting birds, mammals and a host of beetles and other insects. There are actually about 1,500 species of insects, wood fungi and lichens linked to oaks, especially the ancient ones. The 1,200 species of beetles, which are involved in the decomposition of the bark and decaying wood, make up the majority of the species linked to the oak trees. Ninety percent of the beetle species prefer standing trunks in sunlight. Many endangered 345invertebrates, such as the broad-banded beetle (Plagionotus detritus) are members of the old-growth oak groves. In addition, oak and beech acorns support birds and mammals.12The large size of the park supports core habitat areas, although the species most sensitive to human activity or needing the largest territories may becompromised. Keys to the dispersal of offspring are corridor connections between the north and south core areas of the park and more regionally to the deciduous forest stands south of Stockholm (Figure 12.4). The corridors between the core areas are vulnerable to development and habitat loss. The city is working carefully to develop the royal port, on the eastern edge of the city, to strengthen the corridor within the National Urban Park and reduce the hostility of the matrix. Extending an ecological corridor south of the park will be difficult and require local and regional coordination and public support. Since deciduous forest is not the dominant forest type and because the National Urban Park is more isolated by urban development than in the past, there is a concern that the deciduous woodland in the park is a relic landscape that will slowly decline. Reduction of the original oak ecosystem below 25 percent of its original size is a threshold that threatens the viability of the ecosystem. The long life span of the oaks creates some uncertainty about the long-term prospects of the forest.City centerThe green infrastructure of the city center primarily expresses human values. Vibrant streets, public squares, urban parks, historic districts and sustainable transportation serve the citizens in the cultural, government and financial old town. These spaces are also part of the green infrastructure of the city, even if they don’t focus on the non-human aspects of the environment. They are volumesthat make high-density, mixed-use districts vibrant and desirable places to live, work and shop. Stockholm offers a full range of urban spaces from the largely paved plazas that can host thousands of people for celebrations (Figure 12.10)to green oases that provide a respite from the bustle of the city. There are promenades (Figure 12.11) along the water and through the old town that connect a variety of spaces and use areas, such as transportation centers, government complexes and the urban waterfront.The combination of high population density and high percentage of open space is unusual. In San Francisco, the population density is higher than in Stockholm, but this is at the expense of parkland and especially biodiversity.346Only 14 percent of the land area in San Francisco is park and open space and the park acreage per person is very low (Table 12.1). In contrast, the city of Austin covers more than three times the area of Stockholm but has only onequarterof the density. The percentage of land dedicated to open space is muchlower in Austin than in Stockholm, although acres per 1,000 people are quite high. Austin manages two Texas state parks within the city limits. In summary,Austin is a sprawling low-density city with a great open-space system, while San Francisco is a very urban, high-density environment without the balance of habitat and open space amenities of Stockholm.14Figure 12.10 Outstanding architecture frames a series of urban plazas and parks largeenough to host civic celebrations, fairs and street performers.347Figure 12.11 Pedestrian streets, anchored by transportation hubs and the government center,teem with tourists and locals for shopping and entertainment.New Urbanism proponents in the US worry that green infrastructure is arecipe for the ruralization of American towns and cities. Stockholm demonstrates that cities can have it all — vibrant urban environments and rich biodiversity. Providing 25 percent or less open space in a city stresses the remaining ecosystems and is too low to accommodate both recreation and urban biodiversity without conflict. Population densities need to increase in most American cities in order to preserve land for recreation, scenery, stormwater treatment, habitat and other ecosystem functions and services.The high population density in Stockholm has substantial secondary benefits since it precludes the loss of natural landscape to suburban sprawl. This regional city is clearly the center of civic life and remains the focus of smaller cities connected to it by roads and rail lines.348背景斯德哥尔摩市、县展示的策划和实施在这本书中提倡的绿色基础设施。
设计一个绿色建筑英语作文
设计一个绿色建筑英语作文Green Architecture: Designing for a Sustainable Future.In the face of escalating climate change and environmental degradation, the architectural industry faces a critical imperative to adopt sustainable practices. Green architecture, a philosophy that emphasizes the harmonious integration of buildings with their natural surroundings, offers a transformative approach to designing structures that minimize ecological impact while promoting occupant well-being.Green architecture encompasses a comprehensive array of design principles and construction techniques thatprioritize energy efficiency, water conservation, material sustainability, and indoor air quality. It seeks to create buildings that are both aesthetically pleasing and environmentally responsible, adhering to the principles of the triple bottom line: economic, social, and environmental sustainability.Energy Efficiency.Reducing energy consumption is paramount in green architecture. Buildings account for a significant portion of global energy use, making energy efficiency a crucial factor in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Green architects employ various strategies to achieve this, including:Passive solar design: Orienting buildings to maximize sunlight exposure in winter and minimize it in summer, reducing heating and cooling costs.Insulation and airtightness: Using high-performance insulation and sealing gaps to prevent heat loss or gain.Efficient appliances and lighting: Installing energy-efficient appliances, lighting fixtures, and windows to reduce energy consumption.Renewable energy sources: Incorporating renewableenergy systems, such as solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal heat pumps, to generate clean energy on-site.Water Conservation.Water scarcity is a growing concern worldwide. Green architecture promotes water conservation through measures such as:Low-flow fixtures: Using water-efficient appliances, such as low-flow toilets and faucets, to minimize water consumption.Rainwater harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater for use in irrigation, flushing toilets, or other non-potable purposes.Greywater reuse: Reusing wastewater from sinks and showers for irrigation or other non-potable applications.Landscaping with native plants: Using native plants that require less water and are adapted to the localclimate.Material Sustainability.The choice of building materials significantly impacts the environmental impact of a building. Green architecture emphasizes sustainable materials, such as:Recycled and renewable materials: Using materials that have been recycled from post-consumer waste or that are derived from renewable sources.Low-embodied energy materials: Selecting materialsthat require minimal energy to produce, such as natural stone, clay, or bamboo.Non-toxic materials: Avoiding materials that off-gas harmful chemicals, ensuring indoor air quality and occupant health.Regional materials: Sourcing materials locally to reduce transportation emissions and support the localeconomy.Indoor Air Quality.Indoor air quality is essential for occupant health and well-being. Green architecture prioritizes measures to improve indoor air quality, including:Natural ventilation: Providing access to fresh air through operable windows or other natural ventilation systems.Mechanical ventilation with filtration: Using mechanical ventilation systems with high-efficiency filters to remove pollutants from indoor air.Low-VOC materials: Using finishes and materials that emit low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can contribute to poor indoor air quality.Air quality monitoring: Installing air quality sensors to monitor indoor air pollution levels and triggercorrective actions.Beyond Construction.Green architecture extends beyond construction to encompass the entire building lifecycle, including design, operation, and maintenance. Green buildings are designed to be adaptable and flexible to accommodate changing needs over time, avoiding the need for extensive renovations or demolitions. They also prioritize waste management strategies, such as recycling and composting, to minimize environmental impact during operation.Benefits of Green Architecture.Adopting green architecture principles offers numerous benefits, including:Reduced environmental impact: Minimizing energy consumption, water use, and material waste, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preserving natural resources.Improved occupant health and well-being: Creating healthy indoor environments with access to natural light, fresh air, and non-toxic materials.Increased energy and water savings: Reducing operating costs for building owners through energy-efficient appliances, lighting, and water-saving features.Enhanced property value: Green buildings are increasingly becoming a desirable feature in the real estate market, attracting tenants and buyers who value sustainability.Contribution to global sustainability goals: Supporting international commitments to reduce carbon emissions and promote environmental conservation.Examples of Green Architecture.Numerous examples of green buildings showcase the successful implementation of sustainable design principles worldwide. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is a toweringskyscraper that utilizes passive solar design, wind turbines, and rainwater harvesting. The One Angel Square building in Manchester, UK, features a distinctive greenfaçade that filters rainwater and provides natural ventilation. The Eden Project in Cornwall, UK, is a complex of biomes that showcases sustainable building practices and promotes environmental education.Conclusion.Green architecture is a transformative approach that addresses the environmental challenges of our time while creating healthy, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing buildings. By embracing principles of energy efficiency, water conservation, material sustainability, and indoor air quality, green architecture contributes significantly to reducing our ecological footprint and building a more sustainable future. As we continue to face the impacts of climate change, green architecture provides a blueprint for designing buildings that harmonize with their surroundings and enhance the well-being of both occupants and the planet.。
外文翻译---绿色建筑概述
Green Building General State1.The background of green building:Present society the theory of sustainable development have permeated every aspect of human social development, how to can promote the economic development of human society to again solve the problem of environmental protection have also become people broad is the problem of solicitude one. sustainable development ask the development of society economy must restrict in the environment and resource of the earth can bear ability in. well-known, in recent years mankind in economy develop fast at the same time, bring environmental resource consume rapidly and atmosphere 2 C0 plenty of increases, so make atmospheric temperature go up , cause global climate to warm , the damage of ozonosphere, the damage of as well as natural landscape and so on. nowadays mention extensively green building system only put forward according to this problem. Forestation construction is that the opinion that uses ecology ( Ecological thinking) come to working space and the life of creation people. So, create to come out, healthy and comfortable space, not only, do not increase investment , can have energy-saving function actually more and reduce operation cost, and the production efficiency of improvement space user.2. the environmental problem of green buildingIt can offer the comfortable indoor environment that has safety , should at the same time have if so-called green building is not only wanted with natural environment the good building external environment of harmonious appearance.Green building consider local climate, building form and use square work , facility condition , construct process, housing materials and use manage the influence for external environment, as well as comfortable, healthy internal environment, at the same time consider investment person and user , design , install , run , the interests of maintenance technician, change speech may lasting design and good environment and is benefited should have balance between 3 user , well move mutual concern reach the forestation effect .. of optimization Green building is only that the energy of difference and the demand of difference between the coordinative internal and external environment and user and balance of starting point is relied onwith this viewpoint level reaches the nature of building and environment , is melted with.2. 1 The indoor environment of green buildingsGreen building emphasize indoor environment , because the thought of main stream of air-condition circle is want to strive for a relation of balance in between external environment, for internal environment for health , comfortable and building user produce efficiency, show the demand of difference.Temperature problemFirst hot comfortable obvious influence work efficiency. the air-condition system of tradition can maintain indoor temperature, however, in last few years study show , indoor reach absolute comfortable, cause easily " air-condition disease " problem, consume plenty of energies just, increase freon for the damage of ozonosphere。
建筑工程毕业设计外文翻译英文原文
建筑工程毕业设计外文翻译英文原文The effects of surface preparation on the fracture behavior ofECC/concrete repair systemToshiro Kamada a,*, Victor C. Li ba Department of Civil Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japanb Advanced Civil Engineering Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109-2125, USAReceived 7 July 1999; accepted 15 May 2000AbstractThis paper presents the influence of surface preparation on thekink-crack trapping mechanism of engineered cementitious composite (ECC)/concrete repair system. In general,surfacepreparation of the substrate concrete is considered essential to achieve a durable repair. In thisexperiment, the ``smooth sur face’’ system showed more desirable behavior in the crack pattern and the crack widths than the ``rough surface’’ system. This demonstrates that the smooth surface system is preferable to the rough surface system, from the view point of obtaining durable repair structure. The special phenomenon of kink-crack trapping which prevents the typical failuremodes of delamination or spalling in repaired systems is best revealed when the substrate concrete is prepared to have a smooth surface prior to repair. This is in contrast to the standard approach when the substrate concrete is deliberately roughened to create better bonding to the new concrete. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: ECC repair system; Kink-crack trapping mechanism; Surface preparation; Durable repair1. IntroductionEngineered cementitious composites (ECCs) [1,2] are high performance fiber-reinforced cement based composite materials designed with micromechanical principles. Micromechanicalparameters associated with fiber, matrix and interface are combined to satisfy a pair of criteria, the first crack stress criterion and steady state cracking criterion [3] to achieve the strain hardening behavior. Micromechanics allows optimization of the composite for high performance while minimizing the amount of reinforcing fibers (generally less than 2-3%). ECC has a tensile strain capacity of up to 6% and exhibits pseudo-strain hardening behavior accompanied by multiple cracking. It also has high ultimate tensile strength (5-10 MPa), modulus of rupture (8-25 MPa), fracture toughness (25-30 kJ/m2) and compressive strength (up to 80 MPa) and strain (0.6%). A typical tensile stress-strain curve is shown in Fig. 1. ECC has its uniqueness not only insuperior mechanical properties in tension or in relatively small amount ofchopped fiber usage but also in micromechanical methodology in material design.The use of ECC for concrete repair was proposed by Li et al. [4], and Lim and Li [5]. In theseexperiments, specimens representative of an actual repair system - bonded overlay of a concrete pavement above a joint, were used. It was shown that the common failure phenomenona ofspalling or delamination in repaired concrete systems were eliminated. Instead, microcracksemanated from the tips of defects on the ECC/concrete interface, kinked into and subsequently were arrested in the ECC material (see Fig. 2, [5]). The tendency for the interface crack to kink into the ECC material depends on the competing driving force for crack extension at differentorientations, and on the competing crack extension resistance along the interface and into the ECC material. A low initial toughness of ECC combined with a high Mode II loading configuration tends to favor kinking. However, if the toughness of ECC remains low after crack kinking, this crack will propagate unstably to the surface, forming a surface spall. This is the typically observed phenomenon associated with brittle concrete and even fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). In the case of ECC, the kinked crack is trapped or arrested in the ECC material, dueto the rapidly rising toughness of the ECC material. Conceptually, the ECC behaves like a material with strong R-curve behavior, with lowinitial toughness similar to that of cement (0.01 kJ/m2) and high plateau toughness (25-30 kJ/m2). After kinked crack arrest,additional load can drive further crackextension into the interface, followed by subsequent kinking and arrest.Details of the energetics of kink-crack trapping mechanism can befound in [5]. It was pointed out that this kink-crack trapping mechanism could serve as a means for enhancing repaired concrete system durability.In standard concrete repair, surface preparation of the substrate concrete is considered critical in achieving a durable repair [6]. Inthe study of Lim and Li [5], the ECC is cast onto a diamond saw cut surface of the concrete. Hence, the concrete surface is smooth and is expected as a result to produce a low toughness interface. Higherinterface roughness has been associated with higher interface toughnessin bi-material systems [7].In this paper, this particular aspect of the influence of surface preparation on the kink-crack trapping phenomenon is investigated. Specifically, the base concrete surfaces were prepared by threedifferent methods. The first surface was obtained as cut surface byusing a diamond saw (smooth surface), similar to that used in theprevious study [5]. The second one was obtained by applying a lubricanton the smooth surface of the concrete to decrease the bond between thebase concrete and the repair material. This surface was applied only in one test case to examine the effect of weak bond of interface on the fracture behavior of the repaired specimen. The third surface was prepared with a portable scarifier to produce a roughened surface (rough surface) from a diamond saw-cut surface.Regarding the repair materials, the water/cement ratio of ECC was varied to control its toughness and strength. Thus, two different mixtures of ECC were used for the comparison of fracture behavior in both smooth and rough surface case. Concrete and steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) were also used as control repair materials instead of ECC.2. Experimental procedure2.1. Specimens and test methodsThe specimens in this experiment were designed to induce a defect in the form of aninterfacial crack between the repair material and the base concrete, as well as a joint in thesubstrate. Fig. 3 shows the dimensions of the designed specimen and the loading configuration, and these were the same as those of the previous experiment [5]. This loading condition can provide a stable interface crack propagation condition, when the crack propagates along the interface [8].In this experiment, concrete, SFRC and ECC (with two different W/C ratios) were used as therepair materials. Table 1 illustrates the combinations of the repair material and the surface condition of test specimens. The numbers of specimens are also shown in Table 1. Only in the concrete overlay specimens, a special case where lubricant was smeared on the concrete smooth surface was used.The mix proportions of materials are shown in Table 2. Ordinary mixture proportions wereadopted in concrete and SFRC as controls for comparisons with ECC overlay specimens. The steel fiber for SFRC was ``I.S fiber’’, straight with indented surfaceand rectangular cross-section (0.5* 0.5 mm2), 30 mm in length. An investigation using a steel fiber with hooked ends had already been performed in the previous study [5]. Polyethylene fiber (Trade name Spectra 900) with 19 mm length and 0.038 mm diameter was used for ECC. The elastic modulus, the tensile strength and the fiber density of Spectra 900 were 120 GPa, 2700 MPa and 0.98 g/cm3, respectively. Two different ECCs were used with different water/cement ratios. The mechanical properties of the base concrete and the repair materials are shown in Table 3. The tensile strain capacity of the ECC materials are not measured, but are estimated to be in excess of 3% based on test results of similar materials [2].An MTS machine was used for loading. Load and load point displacement were recorded. The loading rate in this experiment was0.005 mm/s. After the final failure of specimens, interface crack (extension) lengths were measured at both (left and right) sides of a specimen as the distance from a initial notch tip to a propagated crack tip along the interface between the base concrete and the repair material.2.2. Specimen preparationMost of the specimen preparation procedures followed those of the previous work [5]. The base concrete was prepared by cutting a concrete block (see Fig. 4(a)) into four pieces (see Fig. 4(b)) using a diamond saw. Two out of the four pieces were usedfor one smooth surface repairspecimen. In order to make a rough surface, a cut surface was roughened uniformly with ascarifier for 30 s. To prepare a repair specimen in the form of an overlay system, a repair material was cast against either the smooth surface or the rough surface of the base concrete blocks (see Fig. 5). Special attention was paid both to maintain cleanliness and to provide adequate moisture on the base concrete surface just before the casting. In two of the concrete overlay specimens, lubricant was sprayed on the smooth surface just before concrete casting. The initial notch and joint were made by applying a smooth tape on the base concrete before casting the repair materials(see Fig. 4(c)).The specimens were cured for 4 weeks in water. Eventually, the base concrete was cured for a total of 8 weeks, and repair materials were cured for 4 weeks in water. The specimens were dried for 24 h before testing.3. Results and discussion3.1. Comparison of the ECC overlay system with the control systemsFig. 6 shows the representative load-deflection curves in each test case. The overall peak load and deflection at peak load are recorded in Table 4. In the ECC overlay system, the deflections at peak load, which reflect the system ductility, are considerably larger than those of both theconcrete overlay (about one order of magnitude higher) and the SFRC overlay system (over five times). These results show good agreement with the previous results [5]. Moreover, it is clear fromFig. 6 that the energy absorption capacity in the ECC overlay system is much enhanced when it is compared with the other systems. This significant improvement in ductility and in energyabsorption capacity of the ECC overlay system is expected to enhance the durability of repaired structures by resisting brittle failure. The ECC overlay system failed without spalling ordelamination of the interface, whereas, both the concrete and SFRC overlay systems failed by spalling in these experiments (Fig. 7).3.2. Influence of surface preparationBoth in the concrete overlay system and the SFRC overlay system, the peak load and thedeflection at peak load do not show significant differences between smooth surface specimen and rough surface specimen (Table 4). Thetypical failure mode for both overlay systems (for smooth surface) is shown in Fig. 7. In the concrete overlay specimen with lubricant on the interface, delamination between repair concrete and substrate occurred first, followed by a kinked crack which propagates unstably to the surface of the repair concrete. On the other hand, in the concrete overlay system without lubricant, the initial interface crack kinked out from the interface into the repair concrete with a sudden load drop, without any interface delamination. The fractured halves of the specimens separated completely in both smooth surface specimens and rough surfacespecimens. In the SFRC overlay system, the initial interface crack also kinked out into the SFRC and the load decreased gradually in both surface conditions of specimen. In all these repairsystems, a single kink-crack always leads to final failure, and the influence of surface preparation is not reflected in the experimental data. Instead, only the fracture behavior of the repair material (concrete versus SFRC) are revealed in the test data. These specimen failures are characterized bya single kinked crack with immediate softening following elastic response.。
建筑专业毕业设计外文资料翻译
Title:The Poetics of City and Nature：T oward a New Aesthetic for Urban DesignJournal Issue：Places, 6（1)Author:Spirn，Anne WhistonPublication Date:10-01—1989Publication Info：Places，College of Environmental Design, UC BerkeleyCitation:Spirn,AnneWhiston.(1989).ThePoeticsofCityandNature：T owardaNewAestheticforUrban Design。
Places，6（1)，82。
Keywords:places，placemaking,architecture,environment，landscape，urbandesign，publicrealm,planning, design，aesthetic, poetics，Anne Whiston SpirnThe city has been compared to a poem, a sculpture, a machine. But the city is more than a text，and more than an artistic or technological. It is a place where natural forces pulse and millions of people live—thinking,feeling，dreaming,doing。
An aesthetic of urban design must therefore be rooted in the normal processes of nature and of living.I want to describe the dimensions of such an aesthetic。
绿色设计英文作文
绿色设计英文作文Green design is all about creating products, buildings, and systems that are environmentally friendly. It's about using sustainable materials, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing waste. It's a way of thinking that takesinto account the impact our actions have on the planet.When it comes to green design, every little detail matters. From the materials used to the way a product is manufactured, every decision can have an impact on the environment. That's why it's important for designers tothink carefully about the choices they make and considerthe long-term effects of their designs.One of the key principles of green design is to use renewable resources whenever possible. This means using materials that can be replenished naturally, such as bamboo, cork, or recycled wood. By using renewable resources, designers can help reduce the demand for non-renewable resources and minimize the impact on the environment.Another important aspect of green design is energy efficiency. Designers should strive to create products and buildings that require minimal energy to operate. This can be achieved through the use of energy-efficient materials, such as insulation and double-glazed windows, as well as the incorporation of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines.In addition to using sustainable materials and reducing energy consumption, green design also focuses on minimizing waste. Designers should aim to create products that are durable and long-lasting, as well as easy to disassemble and recycle at the end of their life cycle. By designing products with the end in mind, designers can help reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.Overall, green design is a holistic approach to creating products, buildings, and systems that are environmentally friendly. It's about thinking carefully about the choices we make and considering the long-term impact of our designs on the planet. By incorporatingsustainable materials, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing waste, designers can help create a more sustainable future for all.。
英语作文-绿色建筑设计标准
英语作文-绿色建筑设计标准Green building design, also known as sustainable architecture, is an approach that seeks to minimize the environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. The concept of green building encompasses a range of techniques and practices that aim to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings, promote resource conservation, and create healthier living environments.The cornerstone of green building design standards is energy efficiency. This is achieved through the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, as well as technologies that reduce energy consumption. Insulation, energy-efficient windows, and lighting, as well as Energy Star-rated appliances, contribute to reducing the demand for non-renewable resources.Water conservation is another critical aspect of green building standards. Techniques such as rainwater harvesting, water recycling, and the use of water-efficient fixtures help in minimizing water wastage. The integration of green spaces, such as green roofs and walls, not only aids in water retention and insulation but also enhances air quality and provides a habitat for wildlife.Materials used in green buildings are selected based on their sustainability, recyclability, and durability. The use of non-toxic, renewable, and locally sourced materials is encouraged to reduce environmental impact and promote the health of occupants. The construction process itself is also considered, with an emphasis on reducing waste and recycling materials.Indoor environmental quality is a fundamental consideration in green building design. The use of low-emitting materials, adequate ventilation, and natural daylighting are essential for creating a healthy indoor environment. These measures help to improve the well-being and productivity of the building's occupants.The design of a green building also takes into account the building's entire life cycle, from construction to demolition. This holistic approach ensures that the building's environmental impact is considered at every stage, with the aim of achieving a sustainable and harmonious relationship with the environment.In conclusion, green building design standards are a comprehensive set of practices that aim to create environmentally responsible and resource-efficient buildings. By adhering to these standards, architects and builders can contribute to the preservation of the planet while providing safe and comfortable spaces for people to live, work, and play. The future of architecture lies in the balance between innovation and conservation, and green building design is at the forefront of this movement. Through thoughtful design and responsible construction, we can ensure that our built environment contributes positively to the health of our planet and its inhabitants.。
建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the gradual improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, building energy-saving technology and green building design have become the development trend of today's construction industry. Building energy-saving technology can effectively reduce building energy consumption and environmental pollution, while improving building comfort and safety. Green building design can take environmental protection and sustainable development factors into consideration at the early stage of design, so as to achieve sustainable development of buildings. This article will discuss the importance of building sustainable development and the application of related technologies from two aspects of building energy-saving technology and green building design.1. Building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology refers to reducing building energy consumption and environmental pollution through scientific design and technical means, while improving building comfort and safety. Building energy-saving technology can be optimized from the following aspects:1. Thermal insulation design of building exterior walls and roofsThe thermal insulation design of building exterior walls and roofs can effectively reduce indoor energy consumption and improve building comfort. The selection of insulation materials and the optimization of construction technology can improve the insulation effect and reduce energy consumption. For example, the use of high-efficiency insulation materials and a design that reduces thermal bridging effects can reduce building energy consumption by more than 10%.2. Optimal design of building energy systemsThe optimal design of building energy systems can effectively reduce building energy consumption and environmental pollution. For example, the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy can reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources, thereby reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. In addition, the use of high-efficiency energy-saving equipment and control systems can also reduce building energy consumption.3. Building lighting designThe architectural lighting design can improve the quality of indoor lighting and reduce the energy consumption of indoor lighting. Reasonable lighting design can reduce lighting energy consumption by maximizing the use of natural light. For example, the design of large-area windows and light pipes can effectively improve the quality of building lighting.4. Building intelligent control systemBuilding intelligent control system can realize efficient control and management of building energy, thereby reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. For example, intelligent lighting and air-conditioning control systems can minimize energy consumption while maintaining indoor comfort.2. Green building designGreen building design refers to the consideration of environmental protection and sustainable development factors in the early stage of building design, so as to realize the sustainable development of buildings. Green building design can be optimized from the following aspects:1. Selection of sustainable materialsIn green building design, priority should be given to choosing sustainable materials, such as the use of recycled and recyclable materials. This reduces waste of building materials and environmental impact.2. Energy saving designEnergy-saving design is an important part of green building design. At the early stage of design, the energy consumption of the building should be considered as much as possible, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials, intelligent control systems, etc., so as to minimize energy consumption.3. Utilization of natural resourcesIn the design of green buildings, natural resources should be fully utilized, such as the use of renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy. In addition, the use of technologies such as rainwater harvesting systems can also make full use of natural resources and reduce the impact on the natural environment.4. Green landscape designIn the design of green buildings, the design of green landscape should be fully considered. Green landscape can not only beautify the building environment, but also purify the air and reduce environmental noise.3. The importance of building sustainabilityThe sustainable development of buildings is one of the important issues facing society today. The construction industry is one of the main sources of energy consumption and environmental pollution. Therefore, the sustainable development of buildings involves not only environmental protection issues, but also energy security and economic development. Building sustainability can bring benefits in several ways:1. Reduce environmental pollution and energy consumptionBuilding energy-saving technology and green building design can effectively reduce environmental pollution and energy consumption. By reducing the consumption of natural resources and reducing the generation of waste, the impact on the environment can be reduced.2. Improve building comfort and safetyBuilding energy-saving technology and green building design can improve the comfort and safety of buildings. By adopting technologies such as high-efficiency thermal insulation materials and intelligent control systems, the comfort of buildings can be improved, thereby improving people's quality of life.3. Promoting the sustainable development of economic buildings can promote economic development. On the one hand, the adoption of green building design and energy-saving technologies can reduce the operating costs and energy consumption of buildings, thereby bringing economic benefits to the construction industry. On the other hand, the sustainable development of buildings can promote the development and application of new technologies and products, and promote industrial upgrading and economic transformation.4. Improve social image and brand valueThe sustainable development of buildings can improve the social image and brand value of enterprises. Today, with the increasing awareness of social responsibility and environmental protection, the adoption of green building design and energy-saving technology can improve the social reputation and brand value of enterprises, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises.To sum up, the sustainable development of buildings is not only related to environmental protection issues, but also involves energy security, economic development and corporate brand image. By adopting green building design and energy-saving technology, the sustainable development of buildings can be realized, thus contributing to the sustainable development of human beings.随着人们对环境保护意识的逐渐提高，建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计已经成为当今建筑业发展的趋势。
毕业设计的译文
2006 Xi’an International Conference of Architecture and Technology，September23—25 2006,Xi’an,P．R．ChinaThe Design Contents and Key Techniquesof the Green Construction MachineryLi le He，Jianxiao Zheng(School of Mec ,Eng, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ of Xi’an，710055，China) ABSTRACT：Explaining the green design is the fundamentalguarantee of the sustainable development for the constructionmachinery and is also the socialization system engineering．Atthe same time，this paper discusses the design contents，thebasic characteristic，the design method and the key techniquesof the green construction machinery．KEYWORDS：the green design，construction machinery，key techniquesThe naissance and development of the construction machineryrelieved the labor force and raised productivity of theengineering construction．But，at present，the pollution thatis produced by the production and manufacture of the conventional construction machinery and the constructionprocess is very serious．Meantime，it has become the majorimpediment to restrict the development of the economy in our country．Therefore，the construction method and the construction machinery that had already severely broken theenvironment will be restricted and washed out．Thereby，it is an urgent to develop a new type of the green construction machinery．1 .BASIC CHARACTERISTIC AND CONTENTS OF THE DESIGN OF THE GREEN CONSTRUCTON MACHINERYAs a branch of the green product，the basic characteristic of the green construction machinery is the more design link，the long manufacturing period and the bad work environment，and it incarnates the interdisciplinary cross and synthesization of some courses，for example，the machine manufacture science，the material science，the sociology science，the management science and the environment science．Therefore，the design of the green construction machinery mostly incarnates the thought of the sustainable development．From the design，manufacture，package， transport and from the using to the discard，and during the whole life cycle of the product，its objective makes the negative influence of the environment minimal and the resource efficiency maximal for the product，and harmonizes and optimizes the profit of the economic and social in the corporation．From the life cycle of the product，the principle of the concurrent engineering will be adopted in the concept design of the product．Under thecondition of guaranteeing the basic function，quantity and cost etc．，the reasonable using of the resources and energy will be considered fully in the each link of the whole life cycle of the product．Currently，the green design of the construction machinery includes the following several aspects．(1)Researching and developing a new type of the high effective and clean energy sources．Researching some clean energy sources how to apply to the construction machinery。
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########## 大学本科毕业设计外文资料译文年级：2008级学号：20087221 *名：**专业：铁道工程指导老师：2012年6月原文：Green BuildingAbstract: Green building refers to doing its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reducing pollution in its life cycle. Providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improving the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures,Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effects1.What is a green buildingGreen building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources (energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building. The so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally and friendly, makes full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saves energy for the residents and creates almost-natural feeling.People, architectures and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use anddestruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.2. the meaning of green buildingThe basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which saves energy and resources; provides a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with goods; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building's coexistence with the environment and sustainable development becomes harmonious .3.Development of the significance of green building rating system Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.3.1 Technical SignificanceGreen building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge . However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world with the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural science, social science, humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend ofintegration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology and so on. Various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines with clear rule.3.2 The social significance.Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itselfwill be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It brokes the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.3.3 The economic significance.Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations,because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.3.4 Ethical Significance.Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: To reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of room. This radically changes the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages for green building design.4.Green building design include the followings:Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer.Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.5 .Effects of green building5.1 Effects of the composition of green buildingEffects of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include industry effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs (internal costs or indirect costs) and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: (1) strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale ofconstruction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level. (2) more investments in upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduction, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization. (3) in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and control the damages to the environment. (4) construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economyUnder the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reducing the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increasing, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.6. to improve the external effects of green building measures Enterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improvethe external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: (1) Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimized energy consumption; (2) reducing building life cycle emissions; (3) protecting the ecological (natural) environment; (4) to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; (5) the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.Summarydescribed above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the trend of future construction.译文：绿色建筑摘要:绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命周期内，最大限度地节约资源(节能、节地、节水、节材)、保护环境和减少污染，为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间，与自然和谐共生的建筑。