Chapter_02_System Description
语言学教程02Chapter 2_sound(2)
If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音. If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation后滞协同 发音, as is the case of map.
In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the „broad‟ transcriptions.
3.3 Allophones 音位变体
Allophones---- the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.
Velarization: clear l and dark l // [] / _____ V [] / V _____
Think about tell and telling!
Phonetic similarity发音近似性: the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.
The word „phoneme‟音位 simply refers to a „unit of explicit sound contrast‟: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.
chap02
Purpose–thorough requirements analysis and structuring Deliverable–functional system specifications Analysis Analysis
Logical Design Physical Design
Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Purpose–develop technology and organizational specifications Deliverable–program/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns
Database activity–Thorough and integrated conceptual data modeling
Implementation Maintenance
Chapter 2
18
Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Chapter 2
4
Information Systems Architecture (ISA)
• Conceptual blueprint for organization’s desired information systems structure • Consists of
Chapter 2
Planning
Purpose–information requirements elicitation and structure Deliverable–detailed design specifications
27037本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理Chapter2Linguistics
Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学2.1 The scope of linguistics:语言学的研究范畴Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.语言学是对语言的科学研究。
It may be a study of the structure of language，the history of language，the functions of language，etc.它可能研究语言的及结构,语言的历史、语言的功能等。
It is a scientific study beacause “it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data，conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure”（Dai Wei dong，1988:1）这是一个科学研究因为“这是基于语言数据的系统考察,和语言结构一般理论的研究之上的”2.1.1 Lyons’ distinctions 莱昂斯的区分1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics. 普通语言学与描写语言学：The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language.前者处理一般语言，而后者涉及一个特定的语言。
2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics. 共时语言学与历时语言学：Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.历时语言学追溯了语言的历时发展和记录了发生的连续时间点间的变化，共时语言学提供了一个账户的语言，因为它是某个特定的时间点。
bachmann操作手册翻译
与M1的控制系统,简单到复杂的控制系统可以放在一起。
此外,终端可以集成在系统和多个控制器可以通过一个控制中心联网。
下图示意性地示出的M1控制系统各部件之间的连接。
图2：M1控制系统原理图工具M1控制器一个M1控制器自主工作。
如果多个M1控制器在同一网络中,他们可以互相交流。
开发的PC开发计算机用于控制器的配置和调试开发上位机与控制器通过网络进行通信。
.终点站终端和巴赫曼电子工业电脑用于呈现信息和应用和操作机器。
该连接是由一个控制器或通过在网络中的集成。
进一步的信息：硬件〔产品说明〕> 15章"操作和观察装置〔可视化〕"单独的终单独的终端手册端手册控制站控制站是用于监视从一个中央位置的多个控制器。
先决条个人电脑和控制器之间的网络通信必须是可能的件：控制站电脑必须设置适当的软件网络> 4章"控制室联网"2M-BASE V3.91M1 control system2 Hardware structure本章提供了一个概述的各个组成部分,与控制系统可以放在一起。
个别组件的详细描述：--- 硬件〔产品说明〕背板背板用于安装单独的模块和处理器模块与其他模块之间的通信。
电源单元电源或电源模块提供硬件模块通过背板的电源。
每个背板需要电源模块。
这可以是一个自治的模块〔如nt255〕或集成电源模块〔如bes212 / N〕。
处理器模块控制器有一个处理器模块。
通过处理器模块的完整的通信和配置的控制器发生。
处理器模块的软件结构：M1控制系统> 3章"软件结构"输入/输出模块传感器或执行器与输入/输出模块连接到控制器。
总线模块对于分布式控制系统,主站和从站通过总线系统联网。
具体的模块,必须的使用取决于总线系统使用。
M1控制系统>第2.2.2"分布式控制系统"特殊模块在M1控制系统、专用模块可用于特定的应用程序。
实例：网格测量〔gmp2xx〕振动测量〔aic212〕温度测量〔ti214〕2.2不同的应用程序的变种,可根据控制系统的复杂性和应用程序。
语言学简明教程Chapter_2
Vocal tract
Pharyngeal cavity
Glottis/Throat
Pharynx, velum
Oral cavity mouth
Nasal cavity nose
12
13
The process of sound production
trachea
airstream
larynx
18
Place of articulation
bilabial: / p, b, m/ labiodental: / f, v/
dental: / θ, ð / alveolar: / t, d, l, n, s, z / palatal : / j, ∫, з / velar: / k, g, ŋ / palatal-alveolar: / t ∫, d з / glottal: [h]
7
Henry Sweet, in his Handbook of phonetics made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription. Compare : broad and narrow transcription
words: pit broad transcription: /pit/ narrow transcription: /phit/ feel /fi:l/ /fi:ł/ later /’leitə/ /’leiDə/
(vocal cords)
voiceless velum voiced glottal stop
oral cavity
nasal cavity
德森印刷机说明书之操作手册
Shenzhen Desen Precision Machine Co., Ltd.
目 录 Table of Contents
统描述...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter I System Description....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 功能特性........................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Functional characteristics............................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 技术参数......................................................................
语言学chapter 2
教案（首页）教案填写说明：①教材和主要参考资料要求表明教材或参考文献的名称、作者、出版社和出版时间。
②教学方法、手段指使用直观教具、挂图、板图、多媒体教学及双语教学等方法。
③教学进程内容包括课堂教学内容、教学方法、辅助手段、师生互动、时间分配、板书设计和作业布置等。
④板书设计可在教学进程中直接用横线、浪线等标示出来。
⑤教后感是对本次教学过程中自我感觉成功的地方以及存在的不足和学生反馈的信息情况进行总结。
课程名称：课程类型：第次课 3 学时：上课日期：1、Contents：Chapter 2: Phonetics: the study of speech soundsT eaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.Focal points: description of consonants and vowels; basic knowledge about phonologyT eaching difficulties: phoneme; allophone; minimal pair; complementary distribution2、Teaching Objectives: let the students have the general idea about phoneticsLet the students understand the system of the articulatory apparatusLet the students know how to describe consonants and vowels3、Teaching importances: description of consonants and vowels;Teaching difficulties: manners and places of articulation:I.Phonetics: is the scientific study of speech sound. It is mainly concerned with how each speech sounds is articulated and what phonetic features it has.II.Speech organs:①The oral cavity②The nasal cavity③The pharynxSee the Figure 2.1 the articulatory apparatus( page 15)课程名称：课程类型：第4次课学时：上课日期：1、Contents：Chapter 2: Phonetics: the study of speech soundsT eaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.Focal points: description of consonants and vowels; basic knowledge about phonologyT eaching difficulties: phoneme; allophone; minimal pair; complementary distribution2、Teaching Objectives: let the students have the general idea about phoneticsLet the students understand the system of the articulatory apparatusLet the students know how to describe consonants and vowels3、Teaching importances: description of consonants and vowels;Teaching difficulties: manners and places of articulationIII.Classification of speech soundsEgressive sounds: produced by pushing the air stream out of the glottis, all English sounds and Chinese sounds.Ingressive sounds: by sucking the air in.A consonant is a sound produced by an obstruction or blocking of the airflow coming out from the two lungs and then going out through the oral or nasal cavity.A vowel is produced with the vibration of the two vocal cords but with no closure or obstruction when the air stream passes through the mouth.. Classification of consonants:1. V oicing2. Places of articulation (position or place of the obstruction of the air flow)3. Manners of articulation.1.Voiceless consonants:are those that are produced when the vocal cords are apart and the airflow passes freely through the vocal tract.Voiced consonants:are those that are produced when the vocal cords are together and the airstream forces its way through the two vocal cords and caused the vibrate.Whispering is invariably voiceless.* The binary system of description:[+voiced]: [b][d][g][-voiced]: [p][t][k]2.Places of articulationLabials:Bilabials :[p] [b] [m]Labiodentals: [f][v]Labiovelars: [w][M] [ ]Interdentals: [][]Alveolars: [t][d][n][s][z][l][r]Palatals: [ ][ ][ ][ ][j]Velars: [k][g][]Glottal: [h]3.Manners of articulationStopsBilabial stopsAlveolar stopsVelar stopsAspirationpin spin怕爸他搭喀嘎fricativesLabiodental fricativesInterdental fricativesAlveolar fricativesPalatal fricativesGlottal fricativeAffricates:Liquids:[l] The front of the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge, but the sidesof the tongue are down and the air can escape laterally through the two sides of the tongue. It is called a lateral.[r] It is formed with the tongue tip raised and curled back behind the alveolar ridge, it is called a retroflex.Glides:Nasals:Classification of vowelsmonophthongs diphthongs triphthongsDescription of simple vowels1.The part of the tongue involvedhat hut heart2.The height of the tongueFeet fit fetch fat3.The state of the musclesTense vowels: long vowels and diphthongsLax vowels: short vowels4.The shape of lipsRounded vowels:Unrounded vowels:DiphthongsCentering diphthongs: (from the front or back to the center)Rising /closing diphthongs: ( from a lower vowel to a higher one)IV Phonetic features and natural classesSounds can be analyzed into their phonetic features[u] has the features: [+high] [-back] [+round] [-tense]Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes. [+anterior] (a feature to specify consonants) bilabials, labiodentals, interdentals and alveolar, but not labiovelars.[+continuant] : fricatives, liquids, glides.[+sibilant]( [+strident]): are produced with a hissing noise, and they are called sibilants.[+sonorant]: vowels, glides, liquids and nasals[+syllabic]: vowels and [m] [ n] [l ]V. The IPADid he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas? 1888, The International Phonetic AssociationThe latest version revised in 1993 and updated in 1996The broad phonetic transcription transcribes only the sounds that contrast words in meaning.The narrow phonetic transcription provides minute differences in producing sounds.Symbols in IPA and those in American EnglishExercises:1.Fill in the following blanks1).Human communication usually takes place in the form of __________-communication and ___________communication.2).The medium of spoken language is __________.3).___________phonetics is the primary concern in linguistics.4).___________phonetics focuses on the perception of speech sounds.5).Speech organs are composed of three parts, the pharyngeal cavity, the________cavity, and __________cavity.6).The International Phonetic Transcription was devised in the year_______and has undergone several revisions.2. Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions.1).Lateral liquid2).Lax high back vowel3).V oice bilabial oral stop4).Mid central lax vowel5).V oiceless labiodental fricative6).Low front vowel7).Palatal glide8).V oice interdental fricative9).V oiced affricate10).V elar nasal consonant11).V oiceless alveolar fricative12).Aspirated bilabial stop13).High front tense unrounded vowel14).Low back vowel15).High back tense vowel16).Mid back lax vowe5、References: 《语言学概论》杨忠高等教育出版社;《新编简明英语语言学教程》戴伟栋何兆熊上海外语教育出版社;《语言学导论论》陈林华吉林大学出版社;《语言学教程》胡壮麟北京大学出版社( 必读书籍)6、Summary after teaching: It is difficult for the students to understand the meta functions of language. I should make a further study for this part.一、双音节词一般地说，一个单词中有几个发音的元音字母，就有几个音节。
USER'S MANUAL(英文版)
Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 11.1 Safety Instruction 11.2 System Description 21.3 Rear Panel’s Explanation 31.4 Communication Port(DB9) 42. Installation and Operation 72.1 Unpacking and Inspection 72.2 Installation 72.3 Storage Instruction 73. Troubleshooting3.1 Troubleshooting Chart 84. AppendixSpecification 9Chapter One：Introduction1.1Safety InstructionCaution：The UPS contains voltages which are potentiallyhazardous. All repairs should be performed byqualified service person. The UPS has its owninternal energy source (battery). The outputreceptacles may be live even when the UPS is notconnected to an AC supply.For safe and continuous operation of the UPS depend partially on the care taken by user. Please observe the following precautions.1. Do not disassemble the UPS.2. Do not place the UPS near water or in environmentof excessive humidity.3. Do not allow liquid or any foreign object to getinside the UPS.4. Do not plug appliances, such as hair dryers, intothe UPS receptacles.5. Do not place the UPS under direct sunshine orclose to heat-emitting source.6. The power socket should be installed near theequipment and be easily accessible. To isolatefrom AC input, disconnect the plug in the powercord.7. The printer may best be connected directly to wallreceptacle instead of UPS. (laser printer can’t beconnected to the UPS.)8. The battery will discharge naturally. If it is chargedperiodically, its life time will be prolonged. It willbe damaged if long-term no use, which will not becovered in our warranty.Page 11.2System DescriptionThe UPS equipped with AVR (Auto voltage regulator) Break-down features accepts wide range input windows without using batteries. It is your best choice for LAN and PC.To enable user to start on the UPS without Utility Power, it is also equipped with “cold start function”.Compact size, lighter weight and quiet operation allow for convenient placement in any office or workplace.Key Features：1. AVR (Auto voltage regulator) Break-down2. Wide Range Input V oltage Windows3. Cold Start Function Built4. Green for CPU version only function5. Compatible with DOS/Windows, Novell, NT, Unix, etc.6. Complete Power Protection7. SNMP ReadyPage 21.3Front/R ear Panel’s Explanation (please refer page5)1)Main SwitchIt is used to control the UPS on / off when user want toturn-on/turn-off the UPS by A C-start function. Please push the main s witch button about 5 seconds until buzzer alarm.2) LED Function(a)Line: green LED When utility power is normal.(LED light.)(b)Inv: yellow LED When UPS working in battery mode.(LED light.)(c)Battery low: red LED When UPS battery voltage less than11.0V (LED light.)(d)Short protection: When UPS working over normal range.(about over 125%) All of LED lighted,buzzer alarm continuously.(e)Overload: When UPS working in overload mode. Inv LED andBat LED will light.3) Secondary SwitchThis is to control the on/off of the UPS. (For NON-CPU version only)4) AC InputThis is to be connected with an AC power cord for plugging into the wall receptacle.5) AC Input FuseThis is to disconnect line input to protect outlets from overload orPage 3short-circuit. A spare fuse is also enclos ing in the bracket forpossible replacement purpose.6) Comm PortAn interface PCB with DB9 connector is mounted on the rear panel to provide signals to the computer via optional UPS kit or Novell monitor board. The pin ass ignments of the interface will be illustrated on page5. (This feature jus t for CPU version)7) UPS OutputThis is to be connected to the computer sockets, which will beprotected by the UPS.8) Telephone portThis is to connect the modem plug and the telephone line.Page 4Page 5Page 61.4 Communication Port(DB9)The communication port on the rear panel of the UPS provides a dry contact type.For DOS/Windows’, Novell’s, & Unix’s solutions, you may contact with local distributor for more details.＊True RS232 TypeF O R ST A N D A R D C A B L EDB 9-M 594837261DB 9-F 594837261UPS MONITOR PIN DEFINES.1. Pin5: UPS Shutdown Control Phase.2. Pin8: UPS DC/ON Phase.3. Pin1: UPS BATTERY STATUS.Chapter Two: Installation and Operation2.1 Unpacking and InspectionExamine the packing carton for damage. Notify the carrierimmediately of any damage occurs. Retain the packing for future use.2.2 Installation1)Power off your computer.2)Use your computer’s power cord to connect the UPS (inlet)and a verified grounded 3-wire receptacle.3)Plug the UPS power cord to your computer’s inlet.4)Switch on the UPS by pressing the front panel switch.The “Line” LED will l ight on. The UPS is now considered tobe working properly.5)To test backup function, you may disconnect the power cordof the UPS. The “Line” LED of the UPS will extinguish,“Inv” LED light on (or “Line” LED is flickering) and thealarm will beep every 4 seconds.6)Charge the batteries for 10 hours before use. The UPS willrecharge the batteries automatically whenever its power cordis plugged into a wall receptacle. Y ou may use the UPSimmediately without recharging, but the backup time may beless than the rating.※Caution: Do not plug laser printers into the UPS’s outletbecause they may draw too much power.2.3 Storage InstructionFor extended storage in moderate climates, the batteriesshould be charged for 12 hours every 3 months byplugging the power cord into the wall receptacle. Repeatit every 2 months in high temperature locations.Page 7Chapter Three: TroubleshootingThe Troubleshooting chart covers most of the difficulties that you may encounter under normal working condition. Should the UPS fails to operate properly, please proceed the followings before calling for service.1.Is the UPS plugged into an incorrect wall receptacle?2.If A C input voltage out of windows?When calling for service, please offer the following information:1.Model No. and Serial No.2.Date of problem occur.3.Full description of the problem occur, includingcondition happened, environment installed, devicesconnected to the UPS, etc..Page 8Page 9。
语言学_Chapter 2_Phonetics
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
2.1 The phonic medium
语音学 语音的 发生、传递、感知 不涉及到意义 基本单位：音素 phone （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）
classify and describe them?
• 2. How many consonants are there in English? How • • 3. What is the major difference of English vowels
and consonants? to classify and describe them?
Manner of Articulation
• ... concerns the size of the air
passage:
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; – they may narrow the space considerably; or – they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Of course not! All languages have both voiceless and voiced sounds contrasting in their phonological systems. Try to pronounce English vowels, they are ______. Pronounce [b, g] and [p, k]. Can you find any difference?
SunSet_E20_快速操作手册
快速操作指南
美国胜利电讯公司北京办事处
SunSet E20 & E20c 快速操作手册
美国胜利电讯公司北京办事处 1
Chapter 1 初始化设置 Initial Setup
1.0 开箱检查 Unpacking the SunSet 2.0 电池包检查 Replacing the Battery Pack
SunSet E20 & E20c 快速操作手册
美国胜利电讯公司北京办事处 11
1.0 菜单简介 Introduction
菜单树简介 E20 MAIN MENU TEST CONFIGURATION
E1SINGL E1DUAL E1-MUX MUXTEST DATACOM TEST PATTERN MEASUREMENT RESULT Line 1, Line 2 Summary Line 1, Line 2 Frequency Line 1, Line 2 G.821 Line 1, Line 2 ALM/SIG Line 1, Line 2 M.2100/550 Line 1, Line 2 G.826 OTHER MEASUREMENTS VIEW RECEIVED DATA VIEW FAS WORDS VIEW MFAS WORDS PULSE MASK ANALYSIS X.50 ANALYSIS (N/A E1-MUX mode)
ERROR INJECTION中进行设置
AUTO AUTO 键有两个功能key has two functions: 1) 按 AUTO 键可使仪表自动和接收的线路码型 2) 按 AUTO 键可以重新启动测试
帧结构
测试图案进行同步
operating system操作系统-ch02-operating-system structures-42 共42页
2.3 System Calls
Programming interface to the services provided by the OS Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++) Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application
I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or an I/O device.
File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest. Obviously, programs need to read and write files and directories, create and delete them, search them, list file Information, permission management.
Why use APIs rather than system calls? Program portability/convenience/
2.10
Example of Standard API
Consider the ReadFile() function in the Win32 API—a function for reading from a file
2.5
Operating System Services (Cont.)
Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation of the system itself via resource sharing Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs running concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them Many types of resources - Some (such as CPU cycles,mainmemory, and file storage) may have special allocation code, others (such as I/O devices) may have general request and release code. Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of computer resources Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked computer system may want to control use of that information, concurrent processes should not interfere with each other Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication, extends to defending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts If a system is to be protected and secure, precautions must be instituted throughout it. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.
chapter 2 Goods Descriptions and Quantity
2.1 Names of Goods 2.2 Quality of Goods 2.3 Quantity of Goods
苹果酒品名案例
我国一进出口商出口苹果酒一批，国外开来 信用证货物品名为“Apple Wine”，我方为单 证一致起见，所有单据上均用“Apple Wine” 。不料货到国外后遭海关扣留罚款，因为该批 酒的内外包装上均写的是Cider字样。
HS CODE
The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (商品名称及编码协调制度) also known as the Harmonized System (HS) The HS code consists of 6-digits. The first two digits designate the HS Chapter. The second two digits designate the HS heading. The third two digits designate the HS subheading.
Sales by specifications
Grains and textiles are apt to sell by specifications.
幅宽
Width
商品名称
Name of Commodity 大提花面料 Jacquard Fabrics
长度
Length 60码/匹
经纬密度
60s×40s 173 × 120
雄狮牌锄头质量争议案
申请人：某国工具公司（买方）
02Chapter 2_sound
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. 元音和辅音的根本区别在于气流是否受阻. As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
When they are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop [?] 声门塞音.
1.2 The IPA 国际音标
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers‟ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods.
语言学填空题
Chapter 1 Introductionnguage is a system of a _____vocal symbols used for human communication. arbitrary2.The description of a language as it changes through is a d _____ study. diachronic3.L ____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared all the members of a speech community. Langue4.The desire features of language are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, andd_____.displacement5.The functions of language includes informative, interpersonal, performative,emotive, phatic, recreational and m_____metalingual.6.The main branches of linguistics should include phonetics, phonology,morphology, syntax, s_____ and pragmaticssemantics.7.The branches of macrolinguistics have psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, a_____linguistics, and computational linguistics. anthropological8.The paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICAL relation, or c____relation. CHOICE9.The Syntagmatic relation is nowadays also referred to as the HORIZONTALrelation or c______ relation. CHAIN1.Linguistics is generally defined as the.scientific study of language2.The study of language as a whole is often called. general linguistics.3.The study of used in linguistic communication led to the establishment ofphonetics. Sounds4.The study of is known as semantics. meaning5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to. psychology6.The study of is generally known as applied linguistics. applications7.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be. descriptive8.The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic. history;changes9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing. prior10. _refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of aspeech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.langue; parole11.Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammar is. prescriptive12.Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.spoken13.Many of the rules of traditional grammar apply only to the language.written14.When the study of meaning is,not in isolation ,but in the context oflanguage use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. conducted15.Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.types21. Chomsky defines“ competence” as the ideal user’ s k__________ of the rules of his language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions andapplication of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaninglessindividual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is called s________.26.Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.27.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.nguage is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.21. knowledge22. abstract23. Duality24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)Chapter 2 Speech sounds1.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is a ____phonetics. articulatory2.The four sounds /p/ , / b / , / m/ and / w/ have one feature in common, i.e. , they are all b______. bilabial3.In English there are a number of d______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.diphthongs4.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments are called the a ______ of that phoneme. allophones5.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are m ______ . morphemes6.Sound change as a result of sound movement, known as m ______, involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.metathesis7.Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be divided into three main areas, which are a_____ phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.10.The present system of the IPA (International phonetic Association) wasdeveloped in the 1920s by the British phonetician Daniel J_____, who put forward cardinal vowels, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging. Jones11.The formation of new pronunciation includes factors as loss, addition,metathesis and a_____. assimilation12.Phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines while phonetictranscriptions are placed between s______brackets. square brackets.13.There are usually two terms of number: Singular and p_____.Plural14.P____is a branch of linguistics that studies how speech sounds are producedand classified. phonetics1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.phonic medium2. The three branches of phonetics are, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics beled articulation phonetics3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _and the other is in terms of. manner of articulation; place of articulation4.Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language_______.the speech sounds5.The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics environments are called the of that phoneme. allophones6. The assimilation rules assimilates one sound to another by“copying” a feature ofa_______; thus making the two phones similar sequential. phoneme7.The assimilation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations. varying pronunciation8.The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.orthographically representednguage is first ______through its sounds perceived.10.The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner ofarticulation is _______. bilabial; stops11. _______, not phonetic identity is the criterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language phonetic similarity .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding in the _______. oral cavity13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of_____and______ vowels .tense; lax14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______. simultaneous distinctive features15.Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements. compound noun1.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other. tongue2.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or interms of p_______ of articulation. place3.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, thespeech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. stop4.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level ofthe segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.Suprasegmental5.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language arecalled s____ rules. sequential6.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. intonation8.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology9.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone10.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofstress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentence1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.Aspiration2.A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to producethe speech sounds and how they differ. Articulatory3.The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. they areall b_______ sounds. bilabial4.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other. tongue5.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or interms of p_______ of articulation. place6.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, thespeech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. stop7.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level ofthe segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. Suprasegmental8.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language arecalled s____ rules. sequential9.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. intonation11.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology12.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity. oral 13.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone 14.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofstress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentenceChapter 3 Morphology1. M____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology2.Noun, verb, adj. and adv. are m_____ lexical categoriesmajor.3.An a _____ is a shortened form of a word or phrase which representsthe complete form. abbreviation4.Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: i ______morphology and lexicalor derivational morphology. inflectional5.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds______ and suffixes. prefixes6.The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching of English as a ForeignLanguage) is referred to as a_____. acronym7. A W_____ is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, alexical item, or a lexeme. 31. articulatory phonetics WORD8.M_____ studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which wordsare formed. MORPHOLOGY9.Apart from compound and derivation, new words and expressions are createdby means of invention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation,analogical creation and b_____. borrowing10.W _____ is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words workin the grammar of a language. Word11.B______ advocated treating sentence as “the maximum free form ”and word“ the minimum free form （Bloom”. Field ）12.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified intoGRANNATICAL WORDS and L______ WORDS. LEXICAL13.English vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and L_____. Latin.14.A s _____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which aninflectional affix can be added. stem15. Affix is limited in number in a language, and is generally classified into threesubtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and i____. infix16. Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class shift, folk e_____ and orthographic change.etymologypounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the e_____ compound. exocentric.18.There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing. They areLoanwords, Loan blend, Loan shift and loan t_____. translationChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language. free form2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information about meaning orfunction. smallest unit of language3.The root constitutes the _____ of the word and carries the major components ofits meaning. core4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no natural connection between theirsound and meaning. arbitrary5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new wordsare derived , or formed. derivational morphemes6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and category distinctfrom that of its bases. affixational process7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound, words_______.carry meaning8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language. words9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammer that isconcerned with ______ and ________. word formation; word structure10.The content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs, aresometimes called open class words. nouns; verbs; adjectives11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme.do not12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers andsignify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________. inflectional morphemes13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways toproduce new words. derivation; compounds14.The ways word are formed are called _______. morphological rules15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be in this category.grammatical category1.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme2.The affix -ish“” in the wordboyish‘’conveys a g____ meaning. grammatical3.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently buthave to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.Bound4.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes. derivative5.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create wordsDerivative.6. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the originalword and it may case change its part of speechsuffix.7.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new pounding8.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m___________ rules.morphological9.In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as theaddition of affixes to stems to form new words. derivation10.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself towhich a derivational affix can be added.stem1.Morpheme2. grammatical3. Bound4. derivative5.Derivative6.suffix7. Compounding8. morphological9. derivation 10. stemChapter 4 Syntax1.Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a s____ such as "that", "if", and" before". subordinator2.S____is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Syntax3.A s ______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command. Sentence4.The studies of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentencesin a language or the study of the formation of sentences is called s_____. syntax5.There are only two operations in the computational system now: Merger andM_____. Move6.In the book Syntactic structures published in 1957, Chomsky proposed alinguistic model consisting of three components: Phrase Structure Component, T_______Component and Morpho-phonemic Component. Transformational7.The base components itself is divided into two sub-components: categories andl______. lexicon8.Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes:SUBORDINATE and c_________ constructions. COORDINATE9.Halliday argues that there are three general functions of language: ideational,interpersonal and t_____. textual1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usuallyemployed:,,. meaning，inflection, distribution2. The XP rule is. XP→(specifier)X(complement)3. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rulesthat. govern the formation of sentences4.The S rule is. S→NP VP5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure. XP rule , head’ s6. questions begin with a wh- word are called. questions7. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called. suffice structure8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is. qualifier9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds:and. major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category arecalled. phrases11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are . coordinate structures 12.The informationabout is included in the head and termedsubcategorization. a word’s complement13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of handis. modifiers14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is. transformation15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded iscalled. matrix clause1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. simple2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command. .sentence3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedesthe predicate.subject4.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and whichsays something about the subject is grammatically called p_________predicate. 5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the plex6.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normallycalled an e_______ clauseembedded.7.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words areconstantly added.open8. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a caserecipient should stay adjacent to each otheradjacency.9.P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate inone way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languagesParameters.10.The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear onlyin subject and object positions.CaseChapter 5 Semantics1.S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. sense2.The c ______ view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic formand that it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. conceptualist3.The word which is more general in meaning is called the s ______ . superordinate4.The seven types of word meaning recognized by G. Leech so far are conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning,co locative meaning and th _____ meaningthematic. meaning5.The representative approaches to syntax are the traditional approach, the structural approach, the generative approach and f_____ approachthe. functional6.In Saussure's view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of signified (concept) and S_____.SIGNIFIER7.The theory of meaning that relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for, is known as the r_____ theory. the referential theory8.For componential analysis or semantic components, the meaning of the word WOMAN may be analyzed into“ Human” ,“ AdultF”and” . Female“9.There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, Sameness relation, Oppositeness relation, and I______ relation. inclusivenessor labeis for things .1.According to the naming theory , words arejust names2.referent3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe. linguistic context4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and. native words, borrowed words5.Synonyms can be divided into the, stylistic synonyms,and collocational synonyms. Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.When two words are identical in,they are.When two words areidentical in ,they are homographs. homophones, spelling 7.. swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms is morespecific8. three kinds of antonymy are recognized： Gradable antonymys,,and. complementary antonyms, relational opposites, 9. There are four certain relations between sentences,they are:,and preswpposes.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning grammatical meaningand meaning . semantic11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is. entails12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by. primary , related , coincidence13.Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience. linguistic ,non-linguistic14.held the view that “ we shall know a word by the company it keeps” . J.R.Firth15.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of. meaning1.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning. Semantics2.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguisticform and what it refers to. direct3.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. Reference4.Words that are close in meaning are called s________. synonyms5.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h__________. homophones6.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items. Relational7.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can bedivided into meaning components. Componential8.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. selectional9.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical withthe nominal element(s) in a sentence. argument10.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are takento be labels of the objects they stand for. namingFill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given:11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items.17.C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical withthe nominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are takento be labels of the objects they stand for.11.Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homophones 16.Relational 17. Componential 18. selectional 19. argument 20. namingChapter 6 Pragmatics1.A l____act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act ofconveying literal meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology. locutionary2.C____were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. Constatives3.C _____ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speakerto some future course of action. Commissives4.A p ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. perlocutionary5.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in c_____. context13.P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences toeffect successful communication.14.What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15.The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.17.The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.18.C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19.P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the actof conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21.An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker intention; it is’s theact performed in saying something.22. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23.An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive24. quantityChapter 7 Discourse analysis。
欧盟CE认证电气标准教材
电器安全的主要要求着重从四个方面给予考虑：1. 供电电源的安全 2. 用电器具的安全及其保护措施 3. 承担保护的元器件自身的安全 4. 接地措施为了保证电器安全的其它措施：包括对线径尺寸、线路颜色、线标；按钮、操作手柄、提示灯的颜色的要求等；1.要求机器设有外置的总电源开关，型式可采用符合IEC 60974-3（GB 14048.3 -1993）的隔离开关或符合IEC 60947-2/EN 60947-2的断路器。
（注：必须让厂家提供电源开关的CE证书，且证书上表明是符合相应的标准的）。
总电源开关的位置距地面以上0.6m～1.7m 之间。
2.要求所有开关应用“│”、“○”标注开(起动/接通)与关（停止/断开）功能。
3.电柜门应带锁。
建议总电源开关和电柜门有联锁保护。
4.关键元气件（如电源开关、断路器、交流接触器、电机、变频器、温控仪、液压元件、气压元件等等）采用认证产品，并提供认证证书复印件。
5.动力电路、控制电路、照明电路等要有过电流保护措施。
6.功率大于500W的电动机要配备过载保护。
7.电气箱包括机器内线路，中性线（N）应使用浅蓝色线，接地线用黄绿线用黄绿双色线。
其他导线不允许使用黄线、绿线和浅蓝色线。
8.内部接线（导线）不允许采用黄色和绿色线，及容易与中线混淆的浅蓝色线。
中线（N）用浅蓝色，浅蓝色是中性线的专用线色。
9. 建议绝缘导线使用以下颜色代码：——黑色：交流和直流动力电路；——红色：交流控制电路；——蓝色：直流控制电路；——橙色：由外部电源供电的连锁控制电路。
10. 每根线的线端均有线标标识。
11. 中线的的截面积至少要等于或等效于有关相线。
12. 电柜内高压端子要用防护罩防护。
13.变频器的安装应与其他电气元件隔一定距离（参照变频器使用说明书）。
14.布线应有固定措施，导线不能跨越端子。
15.导线入口锋利处用套管防护。
（进线处应尽量少开孔）。
16.接线措施：应设置单独接地排，机器各导电部件（如电机、门、罩、变压器、变频器、加热管、照明灯、PLC、开关电源等）外壳均应有黄绿双色导线连接到接地排上，一条接地线连接一个接线端子，机器内部的接地端用标注，接地排应留有一个总接地端子供连接外部接地用，并用“PE”标明。
语言学练习题 Chapter 2 Linguistics
Chapter Two Linguistics1. Define the following terms.1)syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relation2)langue vs parole3)competence vs performance4)descriptive linguistics vs historical linguistics5)theoretical linguistics vs applied linguistics6)deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguistics7)synchronic vs diachronic linguistics8)macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics9)Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguistics2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)( ) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics because it cantell us how to speak correct language.2)( ) C ompetencce and performance refer respectively to a language user‘s underlyingknowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concretesituations.3)( ) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky.4)( ) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia.5)( ) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of language developmentthrough time.6)( ) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not with how they canbe improved.7)( ) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions‖ what is a language‖ and ―How does alanguage work‖.8)( ) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, which shows thearbitrary nature of languages.9)( ) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of sound and a systemof meaning.10)( ) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must belearned a new by each speaker.11)( ) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information and ideas.12)( ) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite setof sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.13)( ) Hall iday‘s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole and performance14)( ) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and development of language.15)( ) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal andsituational constraints.16)( ) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students is basicallydescriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners ‗ communicative skills.17)( ) Saussure‘s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics18)( ) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning.19)( ) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)( ) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of a language over aperiod of time.21)( ) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance andlinguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of thelanguage.22)( ) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of a particularlanguage.23)( ) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)( ) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)( ) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts for the rules oflanguage in general.26)( ) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable.27)( ) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)( ) All the English words are not symbolic.29)( ) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)( ) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)( ) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about how a sentence isformed.32)( ) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)( ) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a language at aparticular point of time.3. Multiple Choice1) ______ made the distinction between competence and performance.A. SaussureB. Chomsky C Bloomfiled D. Sapir2) Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is knowns as ________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics3) _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of speechcommunity.A. ParoleB. langue C speech D. writing4) Which of the following is not the major brach of linguistics?A. phonologyB. pragmaticsC. syntax D speech5) ________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6) Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences among languages?A. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. Comparative linguistics.7）________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons8) The study of language as a whole is often called ---.A. general linguisticsB. sociolingyusticsC. psycholinguisticsD. applied linguistics9) The study of language meaning is called--.A. syntaxB. semantics C morphology D. pragmatics10) The description of a language at some point in time is a – study.A synchronic B. diachronic C descriptive D. prescriptive4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:1) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity.2) is the actual realization of one‘s linguistic knowledge in utterances.3) Modem linguistic is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language israther than lay down some rules for people to observe.4) The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.5) Saussure put forward two important concepts, refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by all members of a speech community.6) Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure‘ s langue and Chomsky‘ s .7) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)(4)8) Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.9) The branch of general linguistics which is named studies the internal structureof sentences.10) In Saussure‘s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signif ied(concept) is .11) is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in languageand society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics ofits users.12) The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure.The distinction between competence and performance is made by the Americanlinguist .13) The writing system.of English is. known as the sound writing system while that ofJapanese as ___writing system.14) According to John Lyons, ___ linguistics_ deals with language in general and _linguistics is concerned with one particular language.15) In de Saussure‘s term, _____ refers to the system of language and _____ refers to thespeaker‘s speech.16) _____ is the science that deals with the sound system.17) Syntax studies two kinds of rules: _____ rules and rules18) Langue or competence is ______ and not directly observed, while parole or performanceis _____ and directly observable.19) A ________ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.20) ___ ___ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about the sounds and sound patternsof his language.21) ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about how a word is formed.22) ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about whether a sentence isgrammatical or not.23) ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about the meaning of language,including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.24) ______ is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.25) ______ examines word formation and the internal structure of words.5. Answer the following questions.1) What is the difference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics?2) What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics? Is it easy to drawa sharp line between them if we look at language closely?3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptivegrammar.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of language?5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.6) What are the main differences between ―competence‖ and ―performance‖?7) What is the major difference between Saussure‘s distinction of langue and parole andChomsky‘s distinction of competence and performance? what should be studies inlinguistics in your opinion and why?8) Expla in ―speech and writing‖, and cite two ormore examples.Key to Chapter Two1. Define the following terms.1）syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relationEssentially the relations between linguistic elements are of two dimensions, usually syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic or sequential relations are those holding between elements forming serial structure, or ―strings‘ as they are sometimes called. In syntax, the horizontal relationship between elements shows how a form (X) combines with others (W + X + Y) in a serial combination. It refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence. Paradigmatic relations are those holding between comparable elements at particular places in structures. The vertical or substitutional relationship shows how other different forms (Xa, Xb, Xc) can function in the same place in structure in a paradigmatic relation.2) langue vs paroleSaussure refers ―langue‖ to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers‖ parole‖ to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. For Saussure, parole isa mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist oughtto do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, i.e., to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole andmake them the subject of linguistics.The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on laterlinguists.3) competence vs performance(1)According to N. Chomsky, ―competence‖ is the ideal language user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language, and ―performance‖ is the arctual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker‘s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker‘s performance does not always match or equal h is supposed competence.(2)Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.(3) Chomsky‘s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, F. de Saussure‘s language parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.4) descriptive linguistics vs historical linguisticsLinguistic study can be divided into descriptive linguistics (synchronic linguistic study) and historical linguistics (diachronic linguistic study). The former refers to the description of a language at a particular point of time in history while the latter, a diachronic study of language, studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5) theoretical linguistics vs applied linguisticsA third dichotomy is that which holds between theoretical and applied linguistics. The former copes with language and languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structure and functions and without regard to any practical applications that the investigation of language and languages might have, whereas the latter is chiefly concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks, including language teaching.6) deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguisticsA linguistic study is descriptive if it only describes and analyzes the facts of language, and it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for ―correct‖ language behavior. Linguistic studies before 20th century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on ―high‖ (literary or religious) written records. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive, however, which believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy. These, with changes inlvocabulary and structures, need to be explained also.The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.7) synchronic vs diachronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language throughthe Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.The description of a languageat some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchronic study (synchrony). The description of a language as it changes through timeis a diachronic study (diachrony). An essay entitled‖ On the Use of THE‖, for example, may be synchronic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.8) macrolinguistics vs microlinguisticsMacrolinguistics falls on the verge of linguistics. It includes the following disciplines: philosophical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Lyons has the same distinction.Microlinguistics concentrates on the study of all the interior aspects of a language system. Traditional linguistic study describes language system from two aspects — lexicon and grammar. Dictionaries and grammar books are products of such researches and studies.9）Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguisticsComparative historical linguistics draws on the special historical comparison in linguistics to study the historical development of some related languages (languages originating from a uniform ancestry). It is in fact a special part of historical linguistics.Thanks to the development of historical comparative linguistics in 19th century, linguistics comes to be an independent discipline. Contrastive linguistics focuses on structural similarities and differences of two or more languages (relevant or unrelated) by means of comparison and contrastive study. This study belongs to descriptive linguistics. It can help people have a deep understanding of the properties and universal characteristics of different languages and thus exerts great influence on foreign language teaching.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)(F) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics because itcan tell us how to speak correct language.2)(T) C ompetencce and performance refer respectively to a language user‘sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language inconcrete situations.3)(F) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky. (中国矿业大学，2004)4)(T) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia. (中国矿业大学，2004)5)(F) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of language developmentthrough time. (中国矿业大学，2004)6)(T) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not with howthey can be improved. (中国矿业大学，2004)7)(T) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions‖ what is a language‖ and ―Howdoes a language work‖. （南京师范大学，2002）8)(F) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, which showsthe arbitrary nature of languages. （中国矿业大学，2002）9)(T) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of sound and asystem of meaning. （中国矿业大学，2002）10)(T) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic systemmust be learned a new by each speaker. （中国矿业大学，2002）11)(F) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information and ideas. （中国矿业大学，2002）12)(F) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending aninfinite set of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality. （中国矿业大学，2002）13)(F) Halliday‘s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole andperformance14)(T) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and development oflanguage.15)(T) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personaland situational constraints.16)(T) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students is basicallydescriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners ‗ communicativeskills.17)(F) Saussure‘s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallinguistics.18)(T) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories tolanguage teaching and learning.19)(F) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)(T) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of alanguage over a period of time.21)(F) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in anutterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the samesub-system of the language.22)(F) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of aparticular language.23)( T) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)(F) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)(F) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts for therules of language in general.26)(T) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable.27)(T) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)(T) All the English words are not symbolic.29)(F) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)(T) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)(F) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about ho w a sentenceis formed.32)(F) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)(F) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a language at aparticular point of time.3. Multiple choice1) – 5): BCBDC 6) – 10): DBABA4. Word completion1) Langue 2) Performance3) descriptive 4) diachronic5) langue 6) competence7) (1) consistency (2) economy (3) objectivity (4) exhaustiveness8) Morphology 9) syntax10) arbitrary 11) socialinguistics12) Chomsky 13) syllabic14) general, descriptive 15) langue, parole16) Phonology 17) phrase structure, transformational18) abstract; concrete 19) syntagmatic20) Phonological 21) Morphological22) Syntactic 23) Semantic24) Phonetics 25) Morphology5. Answer the following questions.1) What is thedifference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics?The former deals with language in general, i.e. the whole human language whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language. The former aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general while the latter attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language, such as Chinese, English, French, etc. General Linguistics and descriptive linguistics are dependent on each other. In the first place, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which any particular language can be described, studied and analyzed. Very often, it may supply several different frameworks for descriptive linguists to choose from. Depending on their different views on language, they may follow one model exclusively or combine two or more models. In the second, the resulting descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguistics. In other words, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other despite their different objects of study and different goals.2) What is the difference between synchronic.and diachronic linguistics? Is it easy to drawa sharp line between them if we look at language closely?(1) Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present)as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.(2) Synchronic/diachronic perspective toward language is one of Saussure‘s most centralideas expressed in the form of pairs of Concepts. The former sees languageas a living whole;existing as a ―‗state‖ at a particular moment in time; the latt er sees it as a continually changing medium. In this view, it is always necessary to carry out some degree of synchronic work before making a diachronic study: before we can say how a language has changed from state X to state Y, we need to know.something about X and Y. Correspondingly,a synchronic analysis can be made without referring to history. This can be illustrated asSanssure did using an analogy with a game of chess. A state of the set of chessmen is like a state of language. ―The respective valu e of the pieces depends on their position on the chessboard just as each linguistic term derives its value from its opposition to all the other terms.‖ On the other hand, the value of each piece also;depends on the convention--the setof rules that exists before the game begins. This is like the set of rules that exists in language.A state of the game of chess is momentary just like a state of language change. When one piece is moved, the game passes from one state of equilibrium to the next. This corresponds closely to the situation of language between states. To study this static state is called synchronic linguistics. The moving of one piece is like one type of change in language. The consequence of one move can be very big or small; the same is true with language changes. The player of a chess game is solely concerned with the momentary positions of the pieces; he does not need to remember the previous moves so as to decide the next move. A player who knows the history of the game does not necessarily have more to say about the next move than a man who has just come to the game, ignorant of what has happened before. Similarly, a speaker of a language can learn the languagewell without knowing its historical statesl We can describe a state of a game without bothering the techniques both players have used to bring about the state. Likewise, we can describe the state of a language without knowing its history,3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.(1) The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things actually are. The essence of prescriptivism is the notion that one variety of languages has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. Although prescriptivism is still with :us, descriptivism wins more and more understanding. It proposes that the task of the grammarian is to describe, not prescribe——to record the facts of. linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of being language police and trying to. stop language from changing, or imposing on members of a language community the so-called norms of correctness.(2) Weakness of prescriptive grammar (Merits of descriptive grammar). ①The reason why present-day linguists are so insistent about the distinction between the two is simply that traditional grammar was very strongly normative in chara cter, e.g. ―you should never use a double-negative‖;―you should not split the infinitive‖ etc.People realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority, stipulated ―standards!‘. We can appeal neither to logic nor to Latin granunar when it comes to deciding whether something is or is not correct in English. ②Prescriptivism is an individual attitude. The related social attitude that goes to the extreme of prescriptivism is purism, which is something we should guard against. Pure prescriptive grammar will lead to artificial claims that are hard to maintain in light of the facts. While prescriptivists would prefer the use of the past subjunctive after if (If I were you, etc.), it is very difficult to claim that everyone who uses ―was‖ is wrong, especially as.they are the majority in spoken language. While ther e are still traditionalist grammarians claiming that they are right and half the population is wrong, most have modified their approach and talk of this form as preferable, or describe it as formal register. ③The prescriptive attitude seems to ignore the fact that English has evolved over the centuries into what it is today whereas the descriptive attitude seems to be more sensitive to anything that goes on to a certain extent. A language is a living creature. There is no fixed form for any language. No one speaks Shakespearean medieval English today. However, no one says the British today speaks the incorrect English. It will and should change over time.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of language?The four principles to make a scientific study of language are exhaustiveness, consistency, economy, and objectivity.(1) Exhaustiveness: the linguist should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation. Language is extremely complex; he cannot attempt to describe all aspects of language at once, but to examine one aspect at a time.(2) Consistency: there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statement.(3) Economy: other things being equal, a shorter statement or analysis is preferred to a longer or more involved one. The best statements are the shortest possible, which can account most fully for all facts.(4) Objectivity: a linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis‘of data, allowing no prejudice to influence his generalizations. He should not omit any linguistic facts because he himself considers there to be ―inelegant‖ or ―substandard‖. Nor should he conceal facts that do not conform to his generalizations. His aim should be to present his analysis in such a way that every part of it can be tested and verified; not only by himself, but by anyone else who makes a description of different data based on the same set of principles. It is the insistence on these principles, particularly objectivity that gives linguistics the status of a science.5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.(1) Most linguistic analysis today is focused on speech rather than writing. Everything considered, speech is believed to be more representative of human language than writing. In spite of the common features they share, they differ because they are transmitted in different channels. This is one major difference between linguists today and the grammarians of the 19th century;(2) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is hugely prescriptive. Many early grammars were based on ―high‖ (literary, religious) written language. Grammarians often use logical and aesthetic criteria to judge the correctness of sentences and lay down rules for ―correct‖ behavior. Linguists today, however, have made a special point of guarding against prescriptivism. They believe that whatever occurs in natural speech should be described ir/their analysis.(3) Another difference is the priority of synchronic descriptions over the traditional diachronic studies. Modem linguistics holds that unless the various states of a language am successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.6) What are the main differences between ―competence‖ and ―performance‖?(1) This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.A language user‘s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.(2) Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recoguizegrammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker‘s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. For。
Chapter_02
Land
Accounts Receivable
Buildings
Asset Accounts
Supplies
Notes Receivable
Equipment
Prepaid Accounts
Slide 6
C3
LIABILITY ACCOUNTS
Accounts Payable Notes Payable
Page 1
Credit
in ledger.
ACCOUNT No.
PR Debit Credit
2,500
CASH
101
Balance
Date 2009
Description
Dec. 3
Purchased equipment
G1
20,000.00
Slide 18 ########
P1
POSTING JOURNAL ENTRIES
Slide 10
C5
DEBITS AND CREDITS
A T-account represents a ledger account and is a tool used to understand the effects of one or more transactions.
Account Title (Left side) (Right side) Debit Credit
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+
Debit Credit
+
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Slide 13
C5
DOUBLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING
An account balance is the difference between the increases and decreases in an account. Notice the T-Account.
研华工业平板显示器IDP31-156W系列用户手册说明书
User ManualIDP31-156W Series平板顯示器15.6" Industrial ProFlatProjected Capacitive TouchMonitor申請商:研華股份有限公司地址:台北市內湖區瑞光路26巷20弄1號電話:02-27927818CopyrightThe documentation and the software included with this product are copyrighted 2020 by Advantech Co., Ltd. All rights are reserved. Advantech Co., Ltd. reserves the right to improve the products described in this manual at any time without notice. No part of this manual may be reproduced, copied, translated, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the prior written permission of Advantech Co., Ltd. The infor-mation provided in this manual is intended to be accurate and reliable. However, Advantech Co., Ltd. assumes no responsibility for its use, nor for any infringements of the rights of third parties that may result from its use. AcknowledgementsIntel and Pentium are trademarks of Intel CorporationMicrosoft Windows and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft CorpAll other product names or trademarks are properties of their respective owners Product Warranty (2 years)Advantech warrants the original purchaser that all of its products will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for two years from the date of purchase.This warranty does not apply to any products that have been repaired or altered by persons other than repair personnel authorized by Advantech, or products that have been subject to misuse, abuse, accident, or improper installation. Under the terms of this warranty, Advantech assumes no liability for the consequence of such events.Because of Advantech’s high quality-control standards and rigorous testing, most customers never need to use our repair service. If an Advantech product is defective, it will be repaired or replaced free of charge during the warranty period. For out-of-warranty repairs, customers will be billed according to the cost of the replacement materials, service time, and freight. Please consult your dealer for more details.If you suspect that your product is defective, follow the steps outlined below.1.Collect all the information about the problem encountered. (For example, CPUspeed, Advantech products used, other hardware and software used, etc.) Noteanything abnormal and list any onscreen messages displayed when the prob-lem occurs.2.Call your dealer and describe the problem. Please have your manual, product,and all relevant information readily available.3.If your product is diagnosed as defective, obtain a return merchandize authori-zation (RMA) number from your dealer. This allows us to process your returnmore quickly.4.Carefully pack the defective product, a completed Repair and ReplacementOrder Card, and a proof of purchase date (such as a photocopy of your salesreceipt) in a shippable container. Products returned without a proof of purchasedate are not eligible for warranty service.5.Write the RMA number clearly on the outside of the package and ship it prepaidto your dealer.Part Number: 2006156W01Edition 2Printed in Taiwan May 2020IDP31-156W User Manual iiDeclaration of ConformityCEThis product has passed the CE test for environmental specifications. Test conditions for passing included the equipment being operated within an industrial enclosure. In order to protect the product from damage due to electrostatic discharge (ESD) or electromagnetic interference (EMI) leakage, we strongly recommend the use of CE-compliant industrial enclosure products.FCC Class AThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A dig-ital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to pro-vide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Opera-tion of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference. In such cases, users are required to correct the interference at their own expense. Technical Support and Assistance1.Visit the Advantech website at to obtain the latestproduct information.2.Contact your distributor, sales representative, or Advantech's customer servicecenter for technical support or additional assistance. Please have the followinginformation ready before calling:–Product name and serial number–Description of your peripheral attachments–Description of your software (operating system, version, application software, etc.)–Comprehensive description of the problem–The exact wording of any error messagesiii IDP31-156W User ManualIDP31-156W User Manual ivWarnings, Cautions, and Notes警告使用者這是甲類資訊產品，在居住的環境中使用時，可能會造成射頻干擾，在這種情況下，使用者會被要求採取某些適當的對策。
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EC-Servo Screw driving System
System Description
Content
1General (3)
2Screwdriver Spindle (5)
3Controller (5)
4PC-Software (6)
5Accessories (6)
-2-
1 General
The EC-Servo Screwdriving System is designed for the use in an industrial
environment for a maximum torque of 140 Nm (1,239 inch pounds). This system is especially well suited for the use in an assembly area which has a high demand in regards to flexibility of the screw-assembly and documentation possibility.
The EC-Servo Screwdriving System mainly consists of three components. They are: · the EC-Screwdriver Spindle of the series 310E...
· the controller AST30 with integrated power supply
· the PC-Software TC30 for sequence programming and documentation of screwdriving results
Additional components:
For the correct operation of the Screwdriver Spindle, the controller AST30 with
integrated power supply, as well as motor- and signal-cable, is necessary. The
cables are available in different lengths.
General screwdriving processes are loaded in the sequence controller, so that the operation can occur using only a few steps. This necessitates the connection of a
standard PC and use of the included, very user-friendly Windows® software.
The display- and operating pad integrated in the sequence controller serves as the visualization of operational conditions and screwdriving results and it allows the direct alteration of screwdriving parameters (i.e. speed, shut-off torque) in the production process without a PC connection!
In the automatic mode, the sequence controller is started by the installed PLC. This PLC selects the in each case required screwdriving program and reports at cycle end the status of the assembly.
The communication of PLC and sequence controller can also take place over the
implemented Profi-Bus connection.
Connected multi-spindle systems can be controlled through the Profi-bus port or an Ethernet (optional) in connection with an IPC-connection. This allows a complete
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process control (screwdriving curve, statistics, archiving) and the data exchange with a computer.
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2 Screwdriver Spindle
The EC-electric Screwdriver spindle 310E36-0XX is part of the EC-Servo Screwdriving System.
The essential characteristics of this screwdriver series are: :
· brush-less EC-Servo-Drive with commutator over resolver
· Two Measuring Systems:
· Measuring System for the recording of torque
· Measuring System for the recording of angle
Please find additional information in chapter 4: Screwdriver Spindle 310E… in the
handbook for the Screwdriver Spindle.
3 Controller
The AST30 is a sequence controller with an integrated power supply. The controller is freely programmable and can be initialized using the provided PC-Software. The 4 x 20 digit LCD and keypad allows the possibility to change parameters directly on the controller.
The sequence controller AST30 allows the handling of an extensive range of different types of screwdriving processes. The most common types of screwdriving processes are already stored in the controller; a customer-specific process is available on
request.
Please find additional information in chapter 6 of the handbook: Controller AST30-Operating Instructions and chapter 7 of the handbook: Controller AST30 –
Hardware Description.
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4 PC-Software
The extensive software package TC30-PC offers the possibility of programming the controller, to collect data and to do extensive analysis.
Please refer in this matter to chapter 8 of the handbook: PC-Software TC30-PC Torque Control Software description.
5 Accessories
Implementing different accessories can expand the controller.
Please refer in this matter to chapter9 of the handbook: General - Accessories
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