英语国家概况第讲

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英语国家概况Unit 1

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Unit 1
A Brief Introduction
Full name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Shortened form: United Kingdom or UK Popular names: the UK, Britain, England, British Isles In 1927 the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was adopted.

The
Nickname: John Bull

The Union Flag/Union Jack
Symbols

St. George's Cross ,
St, Andrew’s Cross,
St. Patrick’s Cross
The national anthem: God Save the Queen (King) The national emblem: the British Royal Arms
The differences of British society
1. Britain is divided economically: it is a society with a class-structure. 2. Another difference which marks British society is that of region. Even within each of the four countries there are different regions. 3. Part of the reason for that economic difference between north and south is found in another distinction which marks British society: the difference between the capital and the provinces. (the significant role of London.

《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_1_Land_and_People

第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。

因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。

这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。

英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。

约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。

它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。

但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。

英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。

成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。

英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。

目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。

Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。

它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。

南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。

英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。

英语国家概况课件 Chapter1, Land and People

V. The People
Britain has a population of 57,411,000 (1990). 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. There is a great concentration of population in England. Of about 57 million people, 47 million live in England. 14 million live in London and south-eastern England.
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
About 100 years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. The two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.
II. Geographical Features
• England: London, which is the largest populous and generally speaking the richest section. The highest peak of England is Scafell (978m). • Scotland: Edinburgh. There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). • Wales: Cardiff. Snowdonia (1,085m) in the northwest is the highest mountain in Wales. • Northern Ireland: Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.

《英语国家概况》课件

Detailed description
01
Overview of the United States
Summary: The United States has a rich and diverse geographical and historical background, which has had a profound impact on national development.
01
Overview of other English speaking countries
Summary
A country with abundant natural environment and resources, and a fusion of diverse cultures
Detailed description
THE FIRST LESSON OF THE SCHOOL YEAR
《英语国家概况》PPT课件
目
CONTENTS
introductionOverview of the UKOverview of the United StatesOverview of CanadaOverview of other English speaking countries
要点一
要点二
Detailed description
Canada is located in the northern part of North America, with vast land and abundant natural resources. Its history can be traced back to the indigenous period and later became a colony of France and Britain. After Canada gained independence, it gradually developed into a multicultural developed country.

英语国家概况必背-英语国家概况答案

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英语国家概况精讲系列（一）

Chapter 1第⼀章Land and People英国的国⼟与⼈民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官⽅正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛—⼤不列颠岛（较⼤的⼀个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔⼠。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部，是，⼈⼝最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠的北部。

英语国家概况(英国部分)

Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。

面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。

英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。

受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。

公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。

随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。

公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。

罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。

到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。

1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。

不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。

1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。

18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。

19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。

到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。

第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。

随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。

I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。

英语国家概况第一课An Introduction to English-Speaking Countries

Map of the UK
Map of the Republic of Ireland
Map of Australia
Map of New Zealand
Map of the USA
Map of Canada
联合国承认的英语作为官方语言的其它国家
Antigua and Barbuda 安提瓜和巴布达 Bahamas 巴哈马 Barbados 巴多斯 Belize 伯利兹 Botswana 博茨瓦纳 Cameroon 喀麦隆 Dominica 多米尼加 Fiji 斐济 Gambia 冈比亚 Ghana 加纳 Grenada 格林纳达 Guyana 圭亚那 India 印度 Jamaica 牙买加 Kenya 肯尼亚 Lesotho 莱索托 Liberia 利比里亚 Malawi 马拉维 Mauritius 毛里求斯 Micronesia 密克罗尼西亚 Namibia 纳米比亚 Nigeria 尼日利亚 Pakistan 巴基斯坦 Papua New Guinea 巴布亚新几内亚 Philippines 菲律宾 Saint Kitts and Nevis 圣基茨和尼维斯 Saint Lucia 圣卢西亚 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 Sierra Leone 塞拉利昂 Singapore 新加坡 Solomon Islands 所罗门群岛 South Africa 南非 Tanzania 坦桑尼亚 Trinidad and Tobago 特立尼达和多巴哥 Uganda 乌干达 Vanuatu 瓦努阿图 Zambia 赞比亚 Zimbabwe 津巴布韦
Countries in which English is used as official language

英语国家概况Chapter课件

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Practical influence
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Historic influence
1
2
3
4
5
The Civil War (1861~1865)
Do you know the origin of American slavery system?
Discuss with your partner
Shots in Lexington in 1775 the Second Continental Congress in 1775 George Washington Declaration of Independence A great victory at Saratoga in 1777 Yorktown campaign 1781 Treaty of Paris in 1783
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South----- Agricultural economy (plantations) The abundant land was suitable for farming and the planters had to manage their plantations using black African slaves. Black slaves could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly. The Southerners advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.
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They could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly.

英语国家概况 Chapter 1

The United Kingdom
The Multicultural UK
1. A multiracial society
Roots: • A history of invasion --- being invaded and invading
aboriginals: ancient Celts
Confusing Terms
Separate nations make up the country
England Wales
UK
Scotland
The United Kingdom
Northern Ireland
Click
Landforms
England—the largest region
The United Kingdom
Confusing Terms
Difference between UK, England, Great Britain and the British Isles
England
Great Britain
UK
The British Isles
The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom
Geography of the UK
Influence of geography Influence-Climate: • temperate maritime --- warmed by the Mexico Gulf stream • Warmer in winter and cooler in summer • Mild, chilly and often wet
1.What are the features of British geography? 2. What is the relationship between its geography and its culture ?

英语国家概况课件全chapter2 British History

Viking and Danish invasions (8th Century—1066)
King Edward, “the Confessor”
Poets' Corner
• Westminster Abbey, built in1052, by the penultimate King of England, the Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
II The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
Norman Rule The Great Charter
The origins of Parliament
The Hundred Years’ War The Wars of the Roses
The Shaping of the Nation
Research Questions
• Why to say “British history has been a history of invasi on”? Illustrate this point with examples. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?
France Germany Roman Empire
Influence
S , I,W race & culture Latin language Christianity English race & language
Germany
Denmark
dialect
Normandy
Feudalism
Roman Britain (43 AD—5th Century)

英语国家概况第一章PPT课件

Thames
I Geography
❖ 1. Geographical Feature ❖ 2. Climate ❖ 3. Major Cities
Map of the UK
Read the map to find:
▪Atlantic Ocean ▪North Sea ▪Irish Sea ▪The English Channel (The Channel Tunnel ) ▪The Republic of Ireland
Because it’s the largest, the most populous and the richest section.
Capital: London
❖What industry is most important in Scotland? Tourism.
❖What do people enjoy ? Scotch whisky Kilts bagpipes
England:
Scotland:
Wales:
Ben Nevis in Scotland — the highest point in UK
Northern Ireland: It’s mostly hilly.
Why people tend to use “England” and “English” when they mean “Britain” and “British”?
Capital :Edinburgh
Lake District
Lake poets
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" ---William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云，

英语国家概况(中英)(57页)

英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。

2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。

3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。

5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。

6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。

7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。

8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。

同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。

二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。

2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。

3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。

5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。

6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。

7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。

8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。

好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。

三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。

2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。

3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。

5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。

6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。

自考英语国家概况精讲系列第二章

Chapter 2第⼆章The Origins of a Nation （5000BC-1066）英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。

2. At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。

3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。

4. The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。

II. Roman Britain （55BC-410AD）罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC， Julius Caesar， a Roman general，invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years， Britain was under the Roman occupation， though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。

英语国家概况精讲(很详实哦)

Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.Names1.Different names for Britain and its parts2.British Empire (100 years ago)About 100 years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had 1/4 of the world’s people and 1/4 of the world’s land area. It had colonies in North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.monwealth (1931)The commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colo nies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.4.Reason for Britain Empire changed into a Commonwealth: the two world wars greatly weakened Britain.Ⅱ.Features1.LocationAdvantage: No part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbours. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportation.2.General featuresa.T ilting: ①Rising in North-West cause highlands there; ②Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.b.Ice Age: responsible for Britain’s spectacular mountain scenery.3.England (more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island)a.Pennines, principal mountain chain.b.Scafell (978 m), the highest peak of England.c.Capital: London.4.Scotland (78,760 square kilometres)a.Three zone:①Highlands in the north: plateau;②Central Lowlands: most important area in Scotland which contain most of the industry and population;③Southern Uplands: moorland.b.Ben Nevis (1,343 m), the highest mountain in Britain.c.Capital: Edinburgh.5.Wales (20,761 square kilometres which takes up less than 9% of the whole island)a.Most of Wales is Mountainous;b.12% of the land is arable;c.Massif 断层;d.Snowdonia (1,085 m), highest mountain in Wales;e.Capital: Cardiff.6.Northern Ireland (14,147 square kilometres which takes up 1/5 of Ireland)a.It has a rocky and wild northern coastline;b.Capital: Belfast.Ⅲ.Rivers and Lakes1.Riversa.Importance:①Great ports (through river) to sea;②Rivers to both European Continent and fishing grounds;③Rivers (carry raw materials) to inland.b.Rivers:①Severn River (338 km): longest river;②Thames River (336 km): second largest and most important (water transportation, Oxford site);③River Clyde: most important river in Scotland.kesa.Lough Neagh: largest lake in Britain (located in Northern Ireland).ke District:①One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain;②15 lakes, the largest ones are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater and Coniston Water;③The home of the lake poets of 19th century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Ⅳ.Climate1.Maritimea.Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b.Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c.Small range of temperature.2.Factorsa.The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it offin summer;b.The Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping thetemperatures moderate;c.The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3.Rainfalla.General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain isover 1,000 mm;b.Character: ①Water surplus in north and west; ②Water deficit in south and east.c.Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands.4.Natural calamitiesa.In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke anddirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying. So most cities in Britain have introduce “Clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allow to burn smokeless fuel.b.Many areas are subjected to severe gales, which cause flooding, shipwrecks and loss of life, especially in winter. Ⅴ.People (Britain has a population of 57,411,000 in 1990)1.General features:a.Densely populated with an average of 237 people per square kilometer;b.Unevenly distributed: 90% in urban, 10% in rural;c.Concentration: most in England (most in London and south-eastern England);position: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Welsh 1.9%, Irish 2.4%, Northern Irish 1.8%, Immigrants 2.8%.2.Englisha.Origin: Anglo-Saxons.nguage: ①Southern: BBC (except Cockney); ②Northern: broader.c.Cockney: A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells – the bells of the church of StMary-Le-Bow Bells in east London.d.It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and theEnglish language were born.3.Welsha.Origin: Celts.nguage:①Welsh, an ancient Celtic language: 1% people only speak Welsh, it was given equality with English for allofficial use in Wales in 1965, names beginning with “Ll”;②English.c.Character: emotional, cheerful.d.Culture: Eisteddfodau (威尔斯诗人音乐家大会) / National Eisteddfod, with an purpose to keep the welshlanguage and culture alive.4.Scotsa.Origin: Celts.b.Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.nguage:①Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and theirnames beginning with M’, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic;②English;d.Character: ①said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; ②in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly.5.Irisha.Origin: Scots and English Protestants.b.Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the RomanCatholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.nguage（爱尔兰共和国）:①Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland;②English: second.d.Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls.6.Immigrantsa.Origin: West Indies, India and Pakistan.b.Discrimination: Usually the colored immigrants have to take the lowest paid jobs, and when there isunemployment they are usually the first to be sacked.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC -1066)Ⅰ.Settlers (5000 BC –55 BC)1.Iberians (the first known settlers)①At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula,now Spain.②Long barrows in Wiltshire and Dorset were their communal burial mounds.③Stonehenge in Wiltshire is more dramatic monuments, which may have religious and political means.2.Beaker Folk①At about 2000 BC they come from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.②They took the name from their bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions inindividual graves.③They built hill forts, with the finest examples of Maiden Castle.3.Celts①A taller and fairer race began to arrive about 700 BC.②They may originally come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany.③They came in three main waves: a. Gaels at 600 BC (Gaelic); b. Brythons at 400 BC; c. Belgae at 150 BC(industrious and vigorous).④The Celtic bribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of bothWelsh and Gaelic.⑤The Celts’ religion was Druidism (human sacrifices). The Druids were the wise men, astrologers and soothsayers.Ⅱ.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1.Roman ConquestBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. He returned the following year, but he didn’t succeed. The successful invasion was take place in AD43, headed by the Emperor Claudius.2.Reasons for untotal occupation: a. some parts of the country resist; b. Roman troops were often withdraw from Britainto fight in other parts of Roman Empire.3.Ways to keep Picts: They built two great walls to keep the Picts, so called because of their “painted faces”, out of thearea they had conquered. These were Hadrian’s Wall and Antonine Wall.4.Three problemsa.Picts still attacked them periodically;b.Saxon pirates attacked them in the southeast;c.Control was only effective in the south-eastern part of the country.5.Achievementwork of towns and roads.①Caster and Chester means camp.②Capital: London (Londinium).③T wo cities: Y ork had been created as a northern stronghold; Bath rapidly developed because of its waters.b.Make use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.6.Religion: Christianity.7.Reasons for withdraw in AD 410: a. barbarians from Eastern Europe at the gates of Rome; b. repeated attacks fromPicts and Scots; c. needing to set up a new military front on the east coast to hold off the Germanic Saxon tribes invading from Europe.8.Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅲ.Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1.Anglo-Saxons and the found of HeptarchyThe Anglo-Saxons were three tribes of the Germanic people who originally lived in the northwest of modern Germany.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three T eutonic tribes. The leader of Jutes, Hengist, became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. The Angles settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.2.Wars among Heptarchya.Offa, King of Mercia, built the great earthwork known as Offa’s Dyke, control for a long time virtually all central,eastern and south-eastern England.b.In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English.3.Religiona.T eutonic religion (The names T uesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from their gods)b.Christianity①Columba, 563, convert north commoner.②In 597, Pope GregoryⅠsent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England toconvert the heathen English to Christianity. In 597, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of thecommon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.c.Disagreement: The Roman missionaries held that the Pope’s authority was supreme, and the Celtic missionariesheld that Christian belief did not require a final earthly arbiter. They held a conference at Whitby in 664. Finally,the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand.4.AchievementsThe Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires. They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system. They also established the manorial system. And they created the Witan.5.QuestionsⅣ.V iking and Danish1.The Norwegian V ikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. The V ikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom.2.Alfred, king of Wessex was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with themin 879.a.Danes gained control of north and east of England, i.e. “the Danelaw”.b.Alfred, king of Wessex, rule the rest.3.Alfred’s achievements.Alfred, king of Wessex, is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a str ong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade. He also reorganized the fyrd (the Saxon army), making it more efficient. Alfred, who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40, translated into English Bede’s Ecclesiastical history of the English People. A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.4.Successors.a.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders, who renewed invasions because the successors reconqueredthe Danelaw, to stay away by imposing a tax, called the danegeld, on his people.b.Canute, the Danish leader, was chosen by Witan as king. He made England part of Scandinavian empire whichincluded Norway as well as Denmark.Ⅴ.The Norman Conquest (1066)1.Background: King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But, when Edwardwas on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Finally, the Witan chose Harold as king. Four men: King of Norway / T ostig Ⅼ→Harold (king) →Duke of Normandy( join together ) ( fight ) ( fight )2.Process: ①1066.10.14, the battle on Senlac Field (near Hastings), where Harold was killed; ②1066 Christmas,William crowned King of England by the Archbishop of Y ork.3.Measure to face Saxon risings in the north: “harrying of the north”.4.Significance: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William theConqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule witha strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with theContinent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation(1066-1381)Ⅰ.An outline of this period:1.Norman House: WilliamⅠ2.Plantagenet House: HenryⅡ①Parliament; ②100 years war; ③Uprising 1381; ④Roses (House of Lancaster – House of Y ork)3.T udor House (200): ①Civil war; ②HenryⅧ; ③ElizabethⅠ; ④Renaissance.4.Stuart House: ①JamesⅠ; ②CharlesⅠ; ③Civil war.mon wealth: Cromwell.6.Restoration: 1688 Glorious Revolution.7.Rise and fall of the Empire: Commonwealth.Ⅱ.Norman Rule (1066-1381)1.William’s Rule (1066-1087)①Feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the landpersonally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for military service and a produce. The barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and ser vices. At the bottom were the villains or serfs, unfree peasants.②Feature: All landowners took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, butalso to the king.③William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.④Domesday Book (1086): It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085, and stated the extent,value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.a.1/2 the cultivated land in the country was in the hands of 170 tenants-in-chief;b.1/5 was held personally by the King;c.most of the rest by bishops and abbots and other heads of religious houses.⑤His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold itspower.⑥In the reign of the Norman kings the Norman culture flowered on the English soil.2.Success: three sons①Robert gain Normandy;②William Rufus (WilliamⅡ) gain England; (Killed)③Henry gains a large sum of money. After WilliamⅡ’s death, he gain England’s cr own. Henry has no son, so KingStephen took the crown with the compromise of receive Henry, son of Henry’s daughter, as joint ruler. After King Stephen’s death, Henry became king HenryⅡ.Ⅲ.House of Plantagenet1.HenryⅡ’s reformA.Measures to end the disorders: He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands;demolished castles; strengthened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for militia.B.Administrative: a. abolished the annual land tax based on hide, and emerged a new tax which assessed at thepercentage of a subject’s annual rents and chatells; b. revival and elaboration of HenryⅠ’s policies.C.Legal reform: HenryⅡgreatly strengthened the king’s Court and extended its judicial work. He divided thecountry into six circuits and appointed itinerant justices. The common law and jury system came out. He wishing to reform certain abuses in Church government, instead that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts.mon law: It is the unwritten law common to the whole people and is “case-made”, i.e., based on precedentjudgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.2.Conflict between king and Becket.A.Reason: It was these exceptional privileges and benefit of clergy that brought King Henry into collision withThomas Becket.B.Process:a.In 1154, Thomas Becket was appointed Chancellor of England.b.In 1162, Henry made Becket Archbishop of Canterbury.c.The different view of a murder charge of a clerk man brought matters to a crisis.d.In 1164, the Great Council of HenryⅡdrew up the Constitutions of Clarendon to increase the jurisdiction ofthe civil courts at the expense of the church courts.e.Becket rejected them after a reluctantly signed, which angry HenryⅡ. So he spend 6 years on the Continent.f.In 1170, Becket returned to England. Fresh quarrels broke out.g.In 1170, four knights of the royal household took litera lly the King’s wish and murdered Becket.C.Result: a. grave became a place of pilgrimage; b. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (which describes a group ofpilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb); c. T.S. Eliot, Murder in the Cathedral.Ⅳ.Great Charter1.Background: Three crusades and wars against France drain upon financial resources of England, and baronscomplained that the king had failed to protect the Norman lands from the advances of the French King and he had imposed high taxes.2.Demand contents: Magna Carta (1215); Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important matterswere these: no tax should be made freely; no freeman should be arrested except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges.3.Result: A committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry out the Charter, withthe right of declaring war on him should he break its provisions.4.Significant: Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement ofthe relationship between the Crown and the barons. The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation the powers of the king.Ⅴ.Parliament1.HenryⅢ: ①an expensive war with France which ended with the loss of the whole of Poitou; ②demands formoney to enable his son to be crowned King of Sicily which brought the matters with parliament to a head.2.Barons, under Simon de Montfort forced the king to swear to accept the Provisions of Oxford: ①Henry shouldappoint a new Grand Council of twenty-four members, half of whom were to be nominated by the barons themselves;②the King should have a permanent body of fifteen nobles and bishops to advise him, without whose authority theking could not act.3.Civil war between HenryⅢand barons come to the first Parliament in 1265.Henry refused to confirm to the Provisions of Oxford put forward by barons. A civil war broke out between the king’s supporters and the baronial army. In 1264, the king was defeated. Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each county and two burgesses from each town, a meeting which has been seen as that of the earliest parliament.The origin of Parliament is Witan, with the development of Grand Council. Grand Council later developed into the Lords (baron and bishop) and the Commons (knight and citizen, can present petitions), which known as a parliament.4.1284 the Statute of Wales.The Statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law and EdwardⅠpresented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.Ⅵ.100 year’s war1.Reason: The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were the large duchy ofAquitaine. The economic causes were connected with Flanders. England’s desire to stop France from giving aid to the Scots and a growing sense of national consciousness. The French refused to recognize EdwardⅢ’s claim of French Crown.2.Process: ①At first English (EdwardⅢ) were successful; ②After a long peaceful lull, French (HenryⅤ) wonvictory; ③After French King’s death, Joan of Arc drove the English out of France.3.Significance: The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained,the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. Ⅶ.Black death 1348-13491.Definition: Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by ratfleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-50.2.Result: It killed between 1/2 and 1/3 of the population of England. As a result, much land was left untended and therewas a terrible shortage of labor.Ⅷ.Uprising1.Reason: ①unfair treatment by government and land owner (Two Statute: In 1351 the government issued a Statute ofLabourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages; A later statute proposed that any labourer who left his place of work to seek higher wages should be branded with the letter F on his forehead as a sign of falsehood.);②imposition of a series of taxes known as poll taxes, which caused deep and widespread discontent; ③the Lollards(They refer to Poor priests and itinerant preachers who were John Wyclif’s followers. They went about preaching to the equality of men before God. They served as mental encouragement and stimulation and play an important role in the Peasant Uprising of 1381.).2.Processes: ①In 1381, army led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw occupied London; ②They present the demands(abolition of villeinage, reduction of rent, free access to all fairs and markets, general pardon) which were granted by king; ③Finally, they were suppressed.3.Significance: The rebellion was a truly social one, directed against the rich clergy and the lawyers as well as againstthe landowners. The uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and a whole new class of yeomen farmers emerged,paving the way for the development of capitalism.Chapter 4 T ransition to the Modern Age(1455-1688)Ⅰ.T ransition1.Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)①Reason: After the Hundred Y ears’ War, nob les had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an attempt todominate the government at home.②Definition: It referring to these battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and thatof Y ork, symbolized by the white.③Process: (three stages)④Significant: From these wars feudalism received its deathblow. The great medieval nobility was much weakenedand discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. But the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged.2.HenryⅦ①Domestic: a. refill treasury; b. control noble’s power.②Foreign: a. prevent foreign powers to disrupt the country; b. neutralize to all threats.③All above bring HenryⅦboth peace and prestige.Ⅱ.Reformation1.HenryⅧ(6 wives)①Measure:A. Domestic: a. control over border areas; b. gentry control local government (Justices of Peace).B. Foreign: a. aided by Archbishop and Lord Chancellor; b. 1517 peace conference in London; c. ally withsuperpower.②Reformation:a.Reasons: There were 3 main causes: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for manyyears and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money.b.Direct cause: HenryⅧwanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she could not produce a male heir forhim.c.Purpose: Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make anindependent Church of England. (He made his break with Rome g radually. He dissolved all of England’smonasteries and nunneries.)d.T wo acts: a. 1534 Act of Succession; b. 1535 Act of Supremacy.e.Three important effects: they stressed the power of the monarch; Parliament had never done such important; hisattack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church, and he became Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1535.f.Note: Real religious change came in HenryⅧ’s son Edward’s time. People call his switch to Protestant theology“The Reformation”.2.Mary T udor①She attempt to forcibly reconvert England to Roman Catholicism.②She is called “Bloody Mary” for at least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics.③The monarch who lost the French port of Calais during a renewed war with France.④Protestantism and nationalism were now forever synonymous.3.ElizabethⅠ: England has been Protestant ever since.Ⅲ.ElizabethⅠ1.Elizabeth and Parliament①Work with Parliament (the Puritans in the House of Commons demanded further religious reform, but they stillloyal to Queen).②Turbulent for Parliament’s ask: a. right of free speech; b. discussion at will; c. five personal questions (religion,marriage, foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and finance).2.Elizabeth and religion①Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored herfather’s independent Church of England. (keep to Catholic doctrines; free from the Papal contr ol)②Conflict: a. Elizabeth – Protestant; b. Mary – Catholic.3.Elizabeth’s foreign policy①France: friendly.②Spain:A.1588 PhilipⅡ: a. want to bring England back to Catholicism; b. stop England’s aid to the Netherlands whereProtestant rebels were in revolt against their Spanish masters.B.Destruction of Spanish Armada: a. showed England’s superiority as a naval power; b. stop the attempt ofCatholicism to recover the northern countries of Europe; c. enabled England to become a great trading andcolonizing nation.Ⅳ.JamesⅠ1.Controversy: a. Puritan ask for further Reformation; b. James declared “No Bishop, No King”.2.Catholic’s plots.①Cobham’s Plot: Sir Walter was sent to the T ower of London for 13 years. In 1615, JamesⅠrelease him for theneed of money. With 13 ships, he went to Guiana for gold mine, but failed and was executed finally.②Gunpowder Plot: On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministersup in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and severe anti-Catholic laws. (celebration)3.Puritan’s protest①Concession: King James’s Bible, Authorized V ersion 1611.②Flee:A.Many Puritans had left England for Holland.B.In 1620, 201 Pilgrim Fathers sailed from New Plymouth in the Mayflower, and founded New Plymouth inAmerica, Britain’s first settlement in the New World.4.James (a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings) and Parliament: ①none for 7 years; ②1621 recall Parliament;。

英语国家概况谢福之chapter 1

The palace of Westminster
The London Eye
a height of 135 metres (443 ft), the largest Ferris wheel in Europe the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom,
The highlands in Scotland：
sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region, and including the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis
1. Geographical Feature
2. Climate 3. Major Cities
Scotland
4 5
Belfast
2
Edinburgh
Dublin Wales Cardiff
3
1
England
London
England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London
the traditional place of coronation and burial site for monarchs of Commonwealth Realms
Landmarks & Symbols of London
The River Thames
London
-seat of government -center of culture -business center - industrial center -largest population -home to all media -galleries, theatres, museums -combining functions of New York, Washington & Los Angeles -One of the four leading cities in the world: New York, Paris, Tokyo