Concrete mixture proportioning with water-reducing admixtures to enhance durability A quantitative m
PEC土木工程英语证书考试-施工专业术语大全
PEC土木工程英语证书考试-施工专业术语大全试件sample；test coupon；test piece试件材料material for test试件个数number of test-pieces试块coupon；test block试孔prospect hole；test well龄期age；instar；stadium龄期强度关系age strength relation混凝土坝concrete dam；concrete weir混凝土拌和设备concrete mixing plant混凝土保护层concrete cover混凝土板桩concrete sheet-piling混凝土拌合料concrete mix混凝土泵concrete pump；pumpcrete machine混凝土泵送concrete pumping混凝土标号concrete grade混凝土标准立方体standard cube of concrete 混凝土表面光洁度concrete finish混凝土表面振捣vibrating concrete float混凝土剥落concrete scaling混凝土掺合料concrete additive；concrete admixture混凝土层段lift line混凝土层concrete layer；layer of concrete混凝土厂concrete plant；ready-mix plant混凝土成分concrete composition；concrete ingredient；constituents of concrete；ingredients of concrete混凝土稠度concrete consistence混凝土稠度试验consistency test of concrete 混凝土处理treating with concrete混凝土大块体concrete monolith混凝土当量concrete equivalence混凝土挡墙concrete guard wall混凝土导墙concrete guide wall混凝土捣实器concrete vibrator混凝土捣碎机concrete breaker混凝土的钢筋腐蚀损坏steel corrosion damage of concrete 混凝土的加速养护accelerated curing of concrete混凝土的泵送性能pumpability of concrete混凝土的搅拌mixing of concrete混凝土的配合proportioning of concrete混凝土的收缩shrinkage of concrete混凝土的熟化maturing of concrete混凝土的可浇置性concrete placeability混凝土的怜性fluidity of concrete混凝土的机械加工mechanical tooling of concrete混凝土的分批拌合量batch of concrete混凝土导管tremie混凝土当量concrete equivalence混凝土带输送灌注塔concrete belt placing tower混凝土充填管柱concrete-filled tube column混凝土沉箱concrete caisson混凝土衬砌concrete lining混凝土板concrete slab混凝土板护坡concrete slab revetment混凝土板桩防波堤concrete sheetpile breakwater混凝土鞍座concrete saddle钢筋bar reinforcement；concrete iron；concrete reinforced bar；concrete reinforcement bar；concrete reinforcing bars；iron reinforcement；rebar；reinforced bar；reinforcement；reinforcement bar；reinforcement metal；reinforcing bar；reinforcing iron；reinforcing steel；reinforcing steel reinforcement；steel bar；steel reinforcement钢筋百分比percentage reinforcement；steel ratio钢筋百分率percentage of reinforcement；steel ratio钢筋保护层cover；cover to reinforcement钢筋搭接mutual anchorage钢筋的断配和弯曲cutting and bending of reinforcement钢筋调直bar straightening；straightening of bars钢筋调直机bar straightener；reinforcement bar straightening machine 钢筋调直切断机reinforcing steel adjusting cutter钢筋腐蚀reinforcement corrosion钢筋工作reinforcing work钢筋构成bar formation钢筋构架reinforcement frame钢筋骨构架焊接机reinforcing cage welding machine 钢筋骨架cage of reinforcement；framework of steel reinforcement；reinforcement cage钢筋规格bar gauge钢筋棍reinforcing rod；steel reinforcing rod钢筋和混凝土的共同酌mutual action of steel and concrete 钢筋横截面bar cross section钢筋混凝土armored concrete；armoured concrete；ferroconcrete；iron concrete；reinforced concrete；steel concrete钢筋混凝土坝reinforced concrete dam钢筋混凝土板armored concrete slab；armoured concrete slab；reinforced concrete slab钢筋混凝土工程reinforced concrete works钢筋混凝土构件reinforced concrete member钢筋混凝土构架reinforced concrete frame；reinforced concrete framework钢筋混凝土构件厂casting plant钢筋混凝土骨料aggregate for reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土骨架reinforced concrete skeleton frame 钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋混凝土管concrete reinforced pipe；reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)钢筋混凝土轨枕reinforced concrete sleeper；steel concrete sleeper钢筋混凝土合成梁steel concrete composite girder钢筋混凝土弧形闸门reinforced concrete radial gate钢筋混凝土基础reinforced concrete foundation钢筋混凝土剪力墙reinforced concrete shear wall钢筋混凝土建筑reinforced concrete construction钢筋混凝土建筑物concrete steel building钢筋混凝土结构reinforced concrete structure；reinforced framing钢筋混凝土结构规范code for reinforced concrete structure 钢筋混凝土井架concrete headframe钢筋混凝土空心板reinforced concrete hollow slab钢筋混凝土块结构reinforced concrete block construction 钢筋混凝土框架结构reinforced concrete frame structure钢筋混凝土拉杆reinforced concrete tie rod模板casting box；DNA；DNA templateDNA；follow board；form；form board；formwork；match board；match plate；mother plate；mould；moulding board；mounted pattern；mplate；pattern plate；shuttering；stencil；template；templet；templete模板安全性formwork safety模板保温form insulation模板比较template matching模板表面加工surface finish from formwork 模板工form fixer；form setter模板工作shuttering work模板骨架form cage模板胶合板form plywood模板接缝form joint模板拉杆form tie；formwork tie模板拉条form brace模板涂油form coatig；form coating模板支撑form bracing；form hanger；formwork supports 模板支架falsework模板支柱stud模板支撑装配form-tie assembly卷扬机drawing machine；hoist；hoisting machine；winch；windlass卷扬机卷筒lifting drum卷扬绳hoist rope；lift rope卷杨能力hoisting capacity凿岩机blast hole drill；bore hammer；drifting machine；drill carriage；drill hammer；drill jumbo；gadder；hammer drill；hammerdrill；jack drill；jack hammer；jackdrill；jackhammer；percussion borer；plugger；quarrying machine；rock boring machine；rock drilling machine 凿岩机司机drill runner测量admeasurement；gaging；measuration；measure；measurement；measurement；measuring；measuring out；mensuration；meterage；metering；survey；surveying；taking off测量比较仪measuring comparator测量比例尺survey scale测量臂gage beam测量变换器measurement translator测量变换器测量传感器measuring transducer测量标surveying marker测量标尺surveying rod；surveyor's rod测量标杆overcasting staff；surveyor's pole；surveyor's rod测量标记survey mark测量标石survey monument测量标志survey beacon；survey marker测量标桩measuring plug测量标准误standard error of measurement 测量补偿器measuring compensator测量不确定度uncertainty of measurement 测量不确定性measuring uncertainty测量长度gage length经纬仪altazimuth；altometer；theodolite；transit；transit instrument水准仪balance level；bubble level；gradienter；level；level gauge；level instrument；levelling box；levelling instrument；sight level；surveyor's level水准仪三脚架levelling tripod水准原点basic levelling origin；leveling origin水准仪常数level constant水准仪调节器level compensator水准仪管level tube水准原点basic levelling origin；leveling origin水准指示器stage indicator；water level indicator；water-level indicator钢结构steel construction；steel structure；steel work；steelwork钢结构安装工steel erector钢结构防火包壳encased steelwork for fireproofing；encasing steelwork for fire protection 钢结构工程steel structure work；structural steelwork基础布置图foundation arrangement drawing基础anlage；base；basis；bottom；foot；footing；foundation；fundament；grassroots；ground；infrastructure；rudiment；substructure；underpinning；understructure基础沉降foundation settlement；yielding of foundation基础底基foundation ground基础底面bottom of foundation；foundation bed基础底板foundation mat；foundation slab；sole plate基础底座sole plate基础地层学prestratigraphy基础工程foundation work基础类别base class基础结构base structure；foundation architecture 基础框架foundation framework 主体case；key body；main block；main body；main bulk；main part主体工程main work主体结构major structure主体框架main body frame图纸blueprint；drawing；drawing paper；drawing sheet；working drawing图纸名称designation of drawing；title of drawing图纸编号drawing number；图纸更改通知drawing change notice 图纸设计blue print；drawing design；layout design图纸资料information and drawing 图纸校正revision of map变更alteration；change；variation变更合同variation on contract变更记录change record变更通知field order施工construct；construction；execution；execution of works施工安装图construction and erection drawing 施工办公室building office施工便道pioneer road施工标桩construction stake施工布置图construction plan施工步骤construction procedure；construction steps施工材料费用cost of construction materials施工测量construction survey施工场地construction plant施工程序construction program；construction sequence；execution programme for works 施工程序表construction schedule施工程序网络图project network施工贷款construction loan施工单位builder；construction organization施工道路builder's road；construction road施工地点job location施工吊车construction hoist施工定额construction norm施工队construction corps；construction team施工方法construction methods；job practice；job practices施工方式form of construction work 施工费用construction cost施工缝construction joint；constuction joint施工工程construction work；construction works施工工程师construction engineer；operating engineer施工工期construction period施工工种construction trade施工管理construction management；construction practice；construction supervision；execution control施工规程construction regulations施工规模scope of construction item；size of construction施工过程work progress施工合同construction contract施工荷载construction loads；working load施工机械building machinery；construction equipment；construction machinery施工机械费cost of constructor's mechanical plant 施工机械化mechanization of building operation；mechanization of construction施工基面formation level施工计划construction plan；construction program(me)施工计划图execution scheme drawing施工监督monitoring；supervision；supervision of construction；supervision of works施工检查inspection of construction施工检查员construction inspector施工建议书construction recommendations施工阶段construction phase；construction stage施工进度construction progress施工进度表schedule of construction；schedule of operations；work-schedule 施工进度计划detailed construction schedule 施工经理construction manager施工经验construction experience施工卷扬机builder's hoist；builder's winch施工临时螺栓construction bolt施工坑道construction adit施工流水作业法construction streamline method 施工面积floor space under construction 施工平面图construction plan施工期construction period施工企业construction enterprises施工起重机construction hoist施工前阶段preconstruction stage施工区construction area施工缺陷constructional deficiency施工人员builder；constructor施工人员升降机personnel job hoist施工日志builder's diary施工容许误差construction tolerances；constuction fits施工设备construction equipment；plant for construction施工设计detailed engineering；tail design；working design施工水平仪builder's level施工说明general description of construction施工说明书construction specifications施工台架builder's staging质量保证计划quality control system质量保证控制程序quality assurance operating procedure 质量保证手册quality control (assurrance) manual 质量保证体系quality assurance (control) system质量保证验收标准quality assurance acceptance standard 质量保证制度quality certification system质量变坏debase质量标准quality level；quality specification；quality specifications；quality standard螺栓bolt；gudgeon；screw bolt；threaded bolt螺栓柄grip of bolt螺栓端bolt end螺栓杆bolt shank；shank of bolt螺栓杆bolt shank；shank of bolt螺栓钢料bolt stock螺栓固定bolting螺栓和螺母screw bolt and nut螺栓挤压bolt shank extruding螺栓间距pitch of bolts螺栓紧固bolt-on；bolt-up螺栓孔bolt hole；holes for screw螺栓孔数量number of bolt hole螺栓孔直径diameter of bolt hole螺栓连接bolt connection；bolt fastening；bolt joint；bolted connection；bolting；pin connection螺栓直径diameter of bolt螺栓中心圆直径diameter of centre hole in bolts 螺栓有效长度grip吊车crane；crane truck；derrick truck；hoisting machine；sling van；suspended ceiling吊车臂arm of crane；crane boom；gib arm of crane吊车吊架crane link吊车钢轨steel beam for crane吊车钢丝绳crane rope吊车轨crane rail吊车过头防止装置hoist over-wind device吊车梁crane (runway) girder开窗装置windowing facility平台deck；flat；flatbase；flatform；floor；gallery；level table；plain stage；platform；surface plate；table；terrace平台式框架结构platform frame construction 罐jar；kettle；pot；tank罐底tank bottoms电站electric station；generating plant；power plant；power station电站布置layout of power station电站厂房上部结构power-house superstructure电站厂房下部结构power-house substructure电站地上部分power-house superstructure block 电站地下部分power-house substructure block电站锅炉station boiler；utility boiler电站汽轮机power station steam turbine；steam-turbine for power plant电站设备power station equipment电站输水道plant waterway电站位置plant location电站装机容量installed capacity of power station；installed plant capacity污水处理厂sewage treatment works污水处理场sewage disposal plant；sewage farm；sewage thertment plant；waste water treatment污水处理系统sewage disposal system；sewage treatment system污水处理装置sewage-treatment plant污水净化池sewage purificer污水滤池sewage；sewerage filter污水量配池dosing chamber；dosing tank污水渗井leaching cesspool；pervious cesspool循环水系统circulating water system；circulation烟囱chimney；chimney flue；chimney stack；funnel；heating tube；shaft；smoke pipe；smoke stack；stack；stovepipe烟囱标志funnel mark烟囱标志灯funnel light烟囱抽风chimney draught；chimney ventilation；stack draught烟囱抽气罩chimney aspirator烟囱出灰门soot door of chimney烟囱调节风门funnel damper烟囱顶部chimney top；chimneyhead烟囱顶盖chimney pot烟囱顶罩funnel apron；funnel bonnet；funnel cap；funnel umbrella烟囱泛水chimney flashing烟囱废气stack gas烟囱风挡chimney damper烟囱风帽chimney cap；chimney cowl烟囱风门chimney damper；damper of chimney烟囱盖funnel cover烟囱高度chimney height；stack height烟囱隔板withe；wythes烟囱基座funnel base烟囱截面stack cross section烟囱连接段connected stack烟囱内衬chimney lining；flue lining烟囱排放smoke stack emission烟囱漆funnel paint烟囱身chimney shaft烟囱头smoke stack head化学水处理chemical water treatment沥青混凝土asphalt concrete；bituminous concrete沥青冷底子油asphalt primer；asphaltic base oil；bituminous primer；bituminous priming solution沥青块asphalt blocks沥青卷材屋面asphalt prepared roofing；asphalt roll roofing；bitumen felt roofing沥青结合层asphalt binder course；asphalt intermediate course；bituminous binder course沥青绝缘bitumen insulation沥青混凝土路面asphalt concrete pavement沥青锅asphalt heating pot沥青防潮层asphalt damp-proof course；bitumen damp-proof course沥青薄膜防水asphalt membrane water-proofing 沥青拌和装置bituminous mixing plant沥青asphalt；asphalt(um)；asphaltum；bitum；bitumen；mineral pitch；pitch；tar沥青拌合料压成的路面road mix surface沥青比值bitummen ratio油漆coating compound；oil paint；oil varnish；paint油漆工程painter's work抹灰plastering；rendering；troweling抹灰凹圆角plaster cove抹灰板条firring；furring；lath；rendering lath；single lath抹灰爆裂blowing of plaster抹灰层floated coat抹灰打底key rendering；pricking up；rendering抹灰的底层key floating抹灰的墙plastered wall抹灰底层key for plaster；plaster base；primary coat；rendering coat抹灰顶棚plastered ceiling抹灰格间floating bay抹灰工灰板plasterer's hawk抹灰工抹子plasterer's float抹灰工手锤lath hammer抹灰刮板wet screed抹灰厚度depth of plastering；thickness of plastering 抹灰护角条plaster bead；plaster head；plaster staff抹灰灰浆rendering mortar抹灰基层plaster base抹灰基层修整dubbing out抹灰空鼓gaul抹灰麻刀plasterer's hair抹灰面层finish coat of plaster；finish plaster；plaster skin coat；setting coat抹灰面疵病plastering defect抹灰面发裂crazing of plaster抹灰面刮尺floating rule抹灰泥刀plasterer's trowel抹灰腻子plasterer's putty抹灰平顶flat plaster ceiling抹灰砂plastering sand；rendering sand抹灰饰面floated finish抹灰天花板plaster ceiling panel；plaster ceiling slab抹灰托板hawk抹灰脱层addling抹灰线脚plaster moulding 抹灰压光面hard finish；putty coat；trowel finish in plastering 抹灰用钢丝网steel lathing抹灰用毛发plasterer's hair抹灰找准木条plaster grounds抹灰罩面层set；setting coat；skimming coat抹灰准尺nning rule抹灰准木plaster ground抹灰准条running screed；screed抹灰子float砖厂brick field；brickyard砖工bricklaying；brickwork砖过梁brick beam砖拱brick arch砖地面brick flooring砖壁brick wall砖衬brick lining；bricking；brick-set；lining防火砖fire proofing tile空心砖air brick；cavity brick；cell brick；holbrick；hollow block；hollow brick；hollow tile空心砖楼板构造hollow tile floor construction空心桩hollow pile焊接点pad；point of weld；soldering point；weld；wiped joint焊接方法welding method；welding process焊接钢结构welded steel structure焊接附件welded attachment焊接符号welding symbol焊接方向direction of welding；welding direction焊接方位direction of welding焊接板材的准备preparation of plates for welding 焊接变形welding deformations；welding distortion焊接部分welding portion焊接部件welding assembly；welding sub assembly焊接部位welding position 焊接残余变形welding residual deformation焊接残余应变residual strain by welding焊接残余应力residual stress by welding；welding residual stress焊接衬垫welding backing焊接程序welding procedure；welding procedure specification；welding sequence焊接程序评定welding procedure qualification 焊接的超声检验ultrasonic examination of welds 焊接的结构welded structure焊道bead；weld bead焊道裂纹bead crack焊道间未熔合incomplete inter-run fusion；inter-bead lack of fusion焊道隆起humping bead焊道弯曲试验Lehigh bead bend test焊点spot weld焊段长度length of increment焊缝bead；weld；weld bead；weld joint；welded joint；welded seam；welding seam焊缝背垫weld back-up焊缝背面back of weld焊缝边界toe of the weld焊缝边裂纹toe crack焊缝编号welding seam No焊缝表面face of weld；surface of weld；weld surface；zone of weld焊缝表面边缘weld edge焊缝波纹ripple；weld ripple焊缝成形appearance of weld；formation of weld焊缝长度fusion length；length of weld；weld length；welding bead length焊缝尺寸不对incorrect weld size焊缝处退火seam annealing焊缝对口错边量unfitness of butt weld焊缝反面加强weld root reinforcement焊缝反面坡口backing groove of weld焊缝高度weld bead height焊缝合格weld is accepted焊缝厚度actual weld-throat thick-ness；throat depth；throat thickness；weld thickness；weld throat；weld-throat thickness depth 焊缝加厚reinforcement of weld焊缝记号weld mark焊缝根部边缘root edge焊缝根部钝边root face of weld；shoulder of weld焊缝根部间隙root gap of weld；root opening of weld；weld root opening gap水气供热系统water air heating system水水加热器water to water heater水水系统water to water system水坝dam；weir水坝式发电站dam type power plant水坝排水闸dam outlet水坝取水口dam intake水泵compressed water pump；water pump；water pump水泵出水管water pump outlet pipe水泵房pump house；water pump house水泥拌合机cement mixer水泥标号cement grade；cement mark；fineness of cement；grade of cement水泥饼pat of cement水泥薄浆灌入injection of grout水泥厂cement mill；cement plant水泥成品finished cement水泥冲筋cement screed水泥袋bag of cement水泥地面cement floor；cement flooring；cement mortar flooring水泥钉cement nail；concrete nail；masonry nail水泥缝cement (cemented) joint；cement joint水泥工业cement industry水泥含量高的混凝土rich concrete水泥花砖cement tile水泥缓凝剂cement retarder水泥混凝土cement concrete水泥活性activity of cement水泥基粘结剂cement based adhesive水泥及土混合料soil cement 水泥计量器cement batcher水泥浆cement grout；cement paste；cement slurry；grout水泥浆灌法cement injection；cementation method 水泥浆刷面cement wash水泥浆涂料cement paint；cement-water paint 水泥浆找平cement screed；cement screeding水泥桨liquid cement水泥胶cement gel水泥胶结cement bond；cementing水泥焦渣cement cinder水泥焦渣预制块cement cinder block 砂浆mortar；sand pulp砂浆拌和机mortar mill砂浆标号grade of mortar；mortar grade砂浆衬里mortar lining砂浆垫层mortar bed砂浆钩缝mortar-calked joint 砂浆骨料mortar aggregate砂浆集料结合力mortar-aggregate bond (strength) 砂浆配合比mortar mix ratio砂浆铺砌mortar paving；paving with mortar砂浆砌砖brick laid with mortar砂浆强度mortar strength砂浆试块试验mortar-cube test砂浆养生curing of the mortar砂浆找平mortar levelling砂坑sand pit砂砾grail；granule；gravel；grit；gritting material；shingle砂粒sand grain；sand grains砂粒分析mechanical analysis of sand砂粒级配sand-grading预制precut；prefabricate；prefabricatel；prefabrication；preforming预制安装建筑prefabricated building预制板block；precast slab预制板材prefabricated panels预制板材施工法panel construction预制板楼盖precast slab floor预制板式房屋panel-type house；precast panel house预制板式结构precast-slab-type construction 返工do poorly done work over again 返工成本rework cost返工单位数reworked units返工和浪费rejection and waste返工损失率rate of rework losses操作人员attending personnel；operating personnel；operating staff；operation crews操作人员控制台operator's console操作人员误差personal error操作室cab；control room；manipulator cell操作事故operation accident；operation exception操作手册operation manual；workbook一次X射线primary X-ray合格accept；acceptability；acceptable；acceptance；all correct；conformity；合格标记proofmark合格不合格判别GO/NO judgement合格板on-gauge plate合格部分sound part合格操作工qualified operator合格产品目录qualified products list (QPL) 合格的acceptable；eligible；qualified合格的燃料proper fuel合格的人qualifier合格地下泵certified submersible sump 合格防火线certified fire lane合格分数passing score合格焊工qualification welder合格混凝土块grade block合格或不合格acceptance or rejection合格极限acceptance limit合格检查qualification test合格检验人competent surveyor 合格考试qualification test合格可靠性水平acceptable reliability level 合格粒度release mesh合格梁grade beam合格率percent of pass合格品acceptable end-product；quality part合格缺陷标准acceptable defect level合格设备proved apparatus；qualified apparatus合格试验qualification test合格条件acceptance condition合格土粒certified soil particle合格系数acceptance coefficient合格性qualification合格性检验approval test合格压条法certified marcottage合格油correct oil；corrected oil合格原料acceptable material合格证明conformity certificate合格证书certificate of qualification 合格值acceptance value合格指示器accepted indicator合格质量标准acceptable quality level (AQL) 合格质量水平acceptable quality level合格自动焊工qualification welding operator 通过approve；gate through；get by；get through；go in (on)；go-by；got by；pass；passage；plying；sift through；thread through；through；through the medium of通过测试pass test通过初审short-list进行测验test for进行carry through；line feed；make time；proceed；run进行连续取样run continuous samples进行实验experiment on；experimentize管道安装pipe installation；piping erection管道安装工pipe erecter；pipelayer管道安装图isometrics；piping erection drawing 管道保护pipe protection管道保温pipe insulation；pipe lagging；piping insulation管道泵inline pump管道泵站pipe-line pumping station 管道标称尺寸size of pipe and tubing管道布置piping layout；tube arrangemen管道布置图piping diagram管道材料pipeline material管道操作符pipe operator管道尺寸line size防腐antisepsis；antisepticise；antisepticize；asepsis；imbalm；mitigate corrosion；moth balling；防腐材料antiseptics防腐层anticorrosive coating；erosion resistant coating 防腐衬里anticorrosive lining；resistant lining防腐处理anti-corrosive treatment；antiseptic treatment；embalmment；preservative treatment防腐处理过的木桩treated pile防腐处理木材preservative-treated timber防腐的antiputrefactive；antiputrescent；antiseptic；antiseptic(al)；corrosion proof；corrosion resistant；rotproof防腐地面chemical proof floor防腐电杆treated wood pole防腐电缆anti-corrosion cable防腐法preservative process防腐工序preservative process防腐合金覆层木材kalamein sheathing防腐化合物corrosion preventive compound 防腐技术aseptic technic；aseptic technique防腐剂anticorrodant；anticorrosive agent；anticorrosive compound；antiseptic；antiseptic agent；antiseptic substance；antiseptical agent；antiseptics；aseptic；conserving agent；corrosion inhibitor；corrosion remover；preservative；preservative agent防腐配料antirust composition防腐漆anti-decaying paint；anti-fouling paint防腐条件aseptic condition防腐涂料anticorrosive paint；anti-corrosive paint防腐涂饰anticorrosive coating防腐要求requirement for anticorrosion 防腐油漆anti-corrosive paint；antifouling paint防腐作用preservation保温heat insulation；insulation work；lagging；thermal retardation保温板heated board保温材料heat insulating material；heat insulator；thermal insulating material 保温层insulating layer；insulation course保温层找坡insulation to falls保温衬里insulating lining保温工作heat insulation work保温管道utilidor保温管insulating tube保温炉die casting furnace；holding furnace；maintaining furnace保温内衬insulating lining保温木模板insulating form board 保温砖insulating brick保温毡insulation quilt保温性能heat-insulating property 烘干机dryer；drying apparatus；drying machine；warm air drier烘干器drying apparatus烘干砂baked sand烘干土oven-dried soil急救室first aid room急救站dressing station；first-aid station中心center；centrality；centre；centricity；centrum；epicenter；foco；heart中心板center plate 中心标度centre scale中心标记centre mark中心播送室main studio试验报告test report (TR)试验报告编号test report No试验标准test criteria；test norm试验步骤test procedure试验部分test portion试验部门testing department试验材料experimental material；test material试验参数test parameters试验厂trial plant试验厂规模pilot plant scale试验场experimental area；proof ground；proving ground；test site；testing field；testing ground；trial ground试验场地test site试验场设施proving-ground facilities 试验池test tank；testing tank试验次数。
混凝土结构基本原理课程英文
混凝土结构基本原理课程英文Concrete structures are widely used in the construction industry due to their durability and load-carrying capacity. Understanding the basic principles of concrete structures is essential for engineers and architects involved in designing and constructing buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the fundamental principles of concrete structures.1. Constituent Materials:Concrete is made up of several constituent materials, including cement, aggregate (such as sand and gravel), water, and sometimes admixtures (chemical additives that enhance specific properties of concrete). Cement acts as a binder that holds the aggregate particles together, while water is necessary to initiate and facilitate the chemical reaction (hydration) that hardens the mixture into a solid mass.2. Mix Proportions:The proportions of cement, aggregate, and water in a concrete mix are critical for achieving the desired strength and durability. The mix design process involves selecting appropriate proportions based on the required properties and performance criteria of the structure. Factors such as strength requirements, exposure conditions, and construction methods influence the mix design process.3. Mixing and Placing:Concrete should be thoroughly mixed to ensure a uniform distribution of materials. Mixing can be done manually or using mechanical mixers. After mixing, the concrete needs to be placed into the desired location before it starts hardening. Proper placement techniques, such as vibration or compaction, are essential to minimize voids, ensure uniformity, and improve the strength and durability of the structure.4. Curing:Curing involves providing adequate moisture and temperature conditions to facilitate the hydration process, ensuring optimal strength development. Proper curing is crucial for preventing early-age cracking, reducing shrinkage, and enhancing the long-term durability of the concrete structure. Common curing methods include moist curing, ponding, and membrane curing.5. Structural Behavior:Concrete structures rely on the ability of concrete to resist various types of forces and loads. Understanding their structural behavior is vital for designing safe and economical structures. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, which is why reinforcing steel is often used to provide tensile strength and enhance the overall performance of concrete structures. Understanding principles such as equilibrium, compatibility, and structural analysis methods helps engineers design efficient and stable concrete structures.6. Design Codes and Standards:Designing concrete structures involves complying with national or international design codes and standards. These codes provide guidelines, formulas, and safety factors for designing structures capable of withstanding expected loads and potential hazards. Understanding the relevant design codes is essential to ensure structural integrity and safety.7. Quality Control and Inspection:Quality control measures are necessary to ensure that the concrete used meets the required specifications. This includes conducting tests on constituent materials, monitoring concrete mix proportions, and inspecting the construction process to ensure compliance with the design requirements. Quality control measures help prevent potential structural defects and ensure the overall performance and durability of concrete structures.In conclusion, understanding the basic principles of concrete structures is vital for engineers and architects to design and construct safe and durable buildings and infrastructure. The constituent materials, mix proportions, mixing and placing techniques, curing methods, structural behavior, design codes, and quality control processes are essential aspects that contribute to the successful implementation of concrete structures.。
沥青混凝土中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照翻译Asphalt Mixtures-Applications, Theory andPrinciples1 . ApplicationsAsphalt materials find wide usage in the construction industry. The use of asphalt as a cementing agent in pavements is the most common of its applications, however,and the one that will be considered here.Asphalt products are used to produce flexible pavements for highways andairports. The term “flexible” is used to distinguish these pavements from those made with Portland cement, which are classified as rigid pavements, that is, having beam strength. This distinction is important because it provides they key to the design approach which must be used for successful flexible pavement structures.The flexible pavement classification may be further broken down into high andlow types, the type usually depending on whether a solid or liquid asphalt product is used. The low types of pavement are made with the cutback, or emulsion, liquid products and are very widely used throughout this country. Descriptive terminology附 录has been developed in various sections of the country to the extent that one pavement type may have several names. However, the general process followed in constructionis similar for most low-type pavements and can be described as one in which the aggregate and the asphalt product are usually applied to the roadbed separately and there mixed or allowed to mix, forming the pavement.The high type of asphalt pavements is made with asphalt cements of some selected penetration grade.中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献Fig. ·1 A modern asphalt concrete highway. Shoulder striping is used as a safely feature.Fig. ·2 Asphalt concrete at the San Francisco International Airport.They are used when high wheel loads and high volumes of traffic occur and are, therefore, often designed for a particular installation.2 . Theory of asphalt concrete mix designHigh types of flexible pavement are constructed by combining an asphalt cement, often in the penetration grade of 85 to 100, with aggregates that are usually divided into three groups, based on size. The three groups are coarse aggregates, fineaggregates, and mineral filler. These will be discussed in detail in later chapter.Each of the constituent parts mentioned has a particular function in the asphaltmixture, and mix proportioning or design is the process of ensuring that no function is neglected. Before these individual functions are examined, however, the criteria for pavement success and failure should be considered so that design objectives can be established.A successful flexible pavement must have several particular properties. First, itmust be stable, that is to resistant to permanent displacement under load. Deformation of an asphalt pavement can occur in three ways, two unsatisfactory and one desirable.附 录Plastic deformation of a pavement failure and which is to be avoided if possible. Compressive deformation of the pavement results in a dimensional change in the pavement, and with this change come a loss of resiliency and usually a degree of roughness. This deformation is less serious than the one just described, but it, too, leads to pavement failure. The desirable type of deformation is an elastic one, which actually is beneficial to flexible pavements and is necessary to their long life.The pavement should be durable and should offer protection to the subgrade. Asphalt cement is not impervious to the effects of weathering, and so the design must minimize weather susceptibility. A durable pavement that does not crack or ravel will probably also protect the roadbed. It must be remembered that flexible pavements transmit loads to the subgrade without significant bridging action, and so a dry firm base is absolutely essential.Rapidly moving vehicles depend on the tire-pavement friction factor for control and safety. The texture of the pavement surfaces must be such that an adequate skid resistance is developed or unsafe conditions result. The design procedure should be used to select the asphalt material and aggregates combination which provides a skid resistant roadway.Design procedures which yield paving mixtures embodying all these properties are not available. Sound pavements are constructed where materials and methods are selected by using time-tested tests and specifications and engineering judgments along with a so-called design method.The final requirement for any pavement is one of economy. Economy, again, cannot be measured directly, since true economy only begins with construction cost and is not fully determinable until the full useful life of the pavement has been recorded. If, however, the requirements for a stable, durable, and safe pavement are met with a reasonable safety factor, then the best interests of economy have probably been served as well.With these requirements in mind, the functions of the constituent parts can be examined with consideration give to how each part contributes to now-established objectives or requirements. The functions of the aggregates is to carry the load imposed on the pavement, and this is accomplished by frictional resistance and interlocking between the individual pieces of aggregates. The carrying capacity of the asphalt pavement is, then, related to the surface texture (particularly that of the fine aggregate) and the density, or “compactness,”, of the aggregates. Surfa ce texture中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献varies with different aggregates, and while a rough surface texture is desired, this may not be available in some localities. Dense mixtures are obtained by using aggregates that are either naturally or artificially “well graded”. This means tha that are either naturally or artificially “well graded”. This means that the fine t the fineaggregate serves to fill the voids in the coarser aggregates. In addition to affecting density and therefore strength characteristics, the grading also influences workability. When an excess of coarse aggregate is used, the mix becomes harsh and hard to work. When an excess of mineral filler is used, the mixes become gummy and difficult to manage.The asphalt cement in the flexible pavement is used to bind the aggregateparticles together and to waterproof the pavements. Obtaining the proper asphalt content is extremely important and bears a significant influence on all the items marking a successful pavement. A chief objective of all the design methods which have been developed is to arrive at the best asphalt content for a particularcombination of aggregates.3 . Mix design principlesCertain fundamental principles underlie the design procedures that have beendeveloped. Before these procedures can be properly studied or applied, someconsideration of these principles is necessary.Asphalt pavements are composed of aggregates, asphalt cement, and voids.Considering the aggregate alone, all the space between particles is void space. The volume of aggregate voids depends on grading and can vary widely. When the asphalt cement is added, a portion of these aggregate voids is filled and a final air-voidvolume is retained. The retention of this air-void volume is very important to thecharacteristics of the mixture. The term air-void volume is used, since these voids are weightless and are usually expressed as a percentage of the total volume of thecompacted mixture.An asphalt pavement carries the applied load by particle friction and interlock. If the particles are pushed apart for any reason , then the pavement stability is destroyed. This factor indicates that certainly no more asphalt should be added than the aggregate voids can readily hold. However ,asphalt cement is susceptible to volume change and the pavement is subject to further compaction under use. If the pavement has no air voids when placed, or if it loses them under traffic, then the expanding asphalt will overflow in a condition known as bleeding. The loss of asphalt cement throughbleeding weakens the pavement and also reduces surface friction, making the roadway附 录hazardous.Fig. ·3 Cross section of an asphalt concrete pavement showing the aggregate framework bound together by asphalt cement.The need for a minimum air-void volume (usually 2 or 3 per cent ) has been established. In addition, a maximum air-void volume of 5 to 7 per cent should not be exceed. An excess of air voids promotes raveling of the pavement and also permits water to enter and speed up the deteriorating processes. Also, in the presence of excess air the asphalt cement hardens and ages with an accompanying loss of durability and resiliency.The air-void volume of the mix is determined by the degree of compaction as well as by the asphalt content. For a given asphalt content, a lightly compacted mix will have a large voids volume and a lower density and a greater strength will result. In the laboratory, the compaction is controlled by using a specified hammer and regulating the number of blows and the energy per blow. In the field, the compaction and the air voids are more difficult to control and tests must be made no specimens taken from the compacted pavement to cheek on the degree of compaction being obtained. Traffic further compact the pavement, and allowance must be made for this in the design. A systematic checking of the pavement over an extended period is needed to given factual information for a particular mix. A change in density of several per cent is not unusual, however.Asphalt content has been discussed in connection with various facets of the ix design problem. It is a very important factor in the mix design and has a bearing an all the characteristics ld a successful pavement: stability, skid resistance, durability, and economy. As has been mentioned, the various design procedures are intended to provide a means for selecting the asphalt content . These tests will be considered in中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献detail in a future chapter ,but the relationship between asphalt content and the measurable properties of stability, unit weight, and air voids will be discussed here.Fig.4 Variations in stability, unit weight, and air-void content with asphalt cement content.If the gradation and type of aggregate, the degree of compaction, and the type of asphalt cement are controlled, then the strength varies in a predictable manner. The strength will increase up to some optimum asphalt content and then decrease with further additions. The pattern of strength variation will be different when the other mix factors are changed, and so only a typical pattern can be predicted prior to actual testing.Unit weight varies in the same manner as strength when all other variable arecontrolled. It will reach some peak value at an asphalt content near that determined from the strength curve and then fall off with further additions.As already mentioned, the air-void volume will vary with asphalt content. However, the manner of variation is different in that increased asphalt content willdecrease air-void volume to some minimum value which is approached asymptotically. With still greater additions of asphalt material the particles of aggregate are only pushed apart and no change occurs in air-void volume. In summary, certain principles involving aggregate gradation, air-void volume, asphalt content, and compaction mist be understood before proceeding to actual mix design. The proper design based on these principles will result in sound pavements. If these principles are overlooked, the pavement may fail by one or more of therecognized modes of failure: shoving, rutting, corrugating, becoming slick when the max is too …rich‟; raveling, cracking,having low durability when the mix is too …lean‟.It should be again emphasized that the strength of flexible is, more accurately, a附 录stability and does not indicate any ability to bridge weak points in the subgrade by beam strength. No asphalt mixture can be successful unless it rests on top of a properly designed and constructed base structure. This fact, that the surface is no better than the base, must be continually in the minds of those concerned with any aspect of flexible pavement work.中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献译文：译文：沥青混合料的应用、理论和原则1、应用沥青材料如今在建筑行业广泛使用。
外加剂基准混凝土凝结时间
外加剂基准混凝土凝结时间引言在建筑工程中，混凝土是一种常用的材料，被广泛应用于各种结构中。
为了提高混凝土的性能和使用寿命，常常会添加外加剂来改善其性能。
其中一个重要的指标就是混凝土的凝结时间。
本文将探讨外加剂对基准混凝土凝结时间的影响，并介绍一些常见的外加剂及其作用。
基准混凝土的特性基准混凝土是指未添加任何外加剂的普通混凝土。
其主要成分包括水泥、砂、骨料和水。
在施工过程中，通过搅拌、浇筑和养护等步骤，基准混凝土最终形成坚固的结构。
外加剂对基准混凝土的影响加速剂加速剂是一种常见的外加剂，可以显著缩短混凝土的初次和最终凝结时间。
它们通过促进水泥颗粒之间的化学反应来实现这一效果。
加速剂可以提高混凝土的早期强度，从而加快施工进度。
然而，过量使用加速剂可能会导致混凝土的收缩和开裂。
减缓剂减缓剂是另一种常见的外加剂，可以延长混凝土的凝结时间。
这对于大型施工项目来说非常重要，因为它给施工人员提供了更多的时间来操控混凝土。
同时，减缓剂还可以提高混凝土的流动性和可泵性。
塑化剂塑化剂是一类能够增加混凝土流动性和可塑性的外加剂。
它们通过改变水泥和骨料之间的相互作用来实现这一效果。
塑化剂可以使混凝土更易于施工和模具拆卸，并提高其表面光洁度。
空气包裹剂空气包裹剂是一种能够在混凝土中形成微小气泡并稳定其分布的外加剂。
这些微小气泡可以提高混凝土的抗冻融性能和耐久性。
空气包裹剂还能够降低混凝土内部应力和渗透性。
高性能混凝土外加剂高性能混凝土外加剂是一类特殊的外加剂，可以显著改善混凝土的性能。
它们可以提高混凝土的强度、耐久性和抗裂性能，同时降低渗透性和收缩率。
高性能混凝土外加剂常用于需要承受较大荷载或极端环境条件下的工程结构。
外加剂基准混凝土凝结时间测试方法为了评估外加剂对基准混凝土凝结时间的影响，通常使用以下测试方法： 1. 开始和终止时间法：通过观察混凝土表面开始变硬和完全干燥的时间来确定其凝结时间。
2. 压实法：使用压实仪测量在不同时间点施加相同压力时混凝土的变形情况，以确定其强度发展和凝结时间。
路基施工中水泥稳定混合料的配合比设计
路基施工中水泥稳定混合料的配合比设计摘要：水泥稳定混合料是一种半刚性基层材料，在国内外高速公路建设工程中被广泛用作道路基层、底基层填筑材料。
水泥稳定混合料的配合比方案直接影响到路面质量和道路的安全耐用性，施工时必须结合道路设计要求和相应原材料的特性进行配合比设计、试验和试铺。
关键词：道路；路基；水泥稳定；配合比；设计Abstract: the cement stabilized mixture is a kind of semi rigid base course materials, in the domestic and foreign highway construction project has been widely used as road base, filling material. Cement stabilized mixture proportioning scheme directly affects the quality of pavement and road safety durability, construction must be combined with the road design requirements and corresponding to the characteristics of raw materials, mix design, experiment and test shop.Key words: road; roadbed; cement stabilization; mix design;前言随着道路施工技术的发展，以沥青混凝土为代表的柔性路面具有了越来越高的稳定性和耐久性，这就对道路结构中用于承重的路基施工提出了更高的要求。
半刚性水泥稳定混合料具有良好的力学性能，适合于各种等级的道路施工，同时具有良好的抗滑、抗渗、耐疲劳的性能以及高温稳定性和低温抗裂性，因而被国内外道路工程广泛应用。
土木工程专业英语Chapter2
Chapter 2 Structural Material
2.1 2.2 2.3
Materials for Concrete and Mix Proportions
Properties of Concrete
Steel Materials
2.4
The aggregate’s physical and chemical properties also affect concrete properties; aggregate size, shape, and grade influence the cement of water required. For example, limestone aggregate requires more water than marble aggregate of similar size. Aggregate surface texture influences the bond between the aggregate and the cement paste. In properly mixed concrete, the paste surrounds each aggregate particle and fills all spaces between the particles. The elastic properties of the aggregate influence the elastic properties of the concrete and the paste’s resistance to shrinkage. Reactions between the cement paste and the aggregate can either improve or harm the bond between the two and consequently, the concrete’s quality.
英文翻译后
Concrete consist primarily of a mixture of cement and coarse aggregates (sand,gravel,crushed rock,and/or other materials)to which water has been added as a necessary ingredient for the chemical reaction of curing. The bulk of the mixture consists of the fine and coarse aggregates. The resulting concerete strength and durability are a function of the proportions of the mix as well as other factors, such as the concrete placing , finishing and curing history.混凝土主要由水泥和粗骨料（沙子、碎岩石和其它材料）的混合物构成，其中必须添加水以完成固化反应。
混合物的大部分是粗细沙石。
合成的混凝土的强度和耐用度受混合比例的影响，也受其它因素如混凝土浇注、精加工和固化时间等的影响。
The compressive strength of concrete is relatively high.Yet it is a relatively brittle material,the tensile strength of which is small compared with its compressive strength.Hence steel reinforcing rods(which have high tensile and compressive strength)are used in combination with the concrete;the steel will resist the tension and the concrete the compression.Reinforced concrete is the result of this combination of steel and concrete.In many instances,steel and concrete are positioned in members so that they both resist compression.混凝土的抗压强度相对较高。
土木工程外文翻译
英文翻译1外文原文出处：ACI Structural Journal; Nov/Dec2009, Vol. 106 Issue 6, p858-867, 10p, 2 Diagrams, 4 Charts, 6 Graphs.Gholamreza Fathifazl, A. G. Razaqpur, O. Burkan Isgor, Abdelgadir Abbas, Benoit Fournier, and Simon A再生骨料生产的钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能一种混合配制新方法被用于检测以粗再生混凝土骨料(简称RCA)制成的钢筋混凝土梁的弯曲性能，在这个方法中，RCA被视为由剩余砂浆和天然骨料两种材料组成的混合物；然而，当它以一定比例混合时，每个阶段的含量和性质就应该被分开来考虑。
几种钢筋混凝土梁的制作和测试过程都是采用了混凝土混合物设计的新方法，比如他们的挠度；开裂时刻，屈服时间，最终时刻；裂缝间距，开裂模式和失效模式等方面都还在研究中。
调查结果显示，在适用性和承载能力极限状态两方面表明，用RCA混合配制新方法制造的混凝土梁的抗弯性能要比传统的混凝土梁还好。
一般的弯曲理论和当前有关弯曲设计的规定是可行的，该规定对再生钢筋混凝土梁不进行任何的更改。
关键字：弯曲强度；混合物比例；钢筋混凝土；可操作性能；废物管理。
简介尽管经济和环境因素有利于用再生混凝土骨料(简称RCA)作原料的RCA混凝土的生产，但是建筑业已不能容纳它,特别是在结构应用性方面，部分原因正如以前的研究结论所说的那样，RCA混凝土从本质上来说比用天然骨料制造的常规混凝土差一点。
在过去，混合物配制新方法在常规混凝土原料上所做的修改，就是用来设计RCA 混凝土混合物的。
主要修改就是增加了水泥量，但没有考虑RCA混凝土的剩余灰浆体积分数。
虽然在水泥量、水灰比(w/c)以及RCA混凝土的混合比例方面做了适当的调整，所造出的混凝土比最早先生产的RCA混凝土具有更高的抗压强度。
混凝土专业毕业设计外文翻译---混合物配合比设计[管理资料]
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附录外文翻译MIX DESIGN & PROPORTIONING（一）MIX DESIGNThe concrete mix design (CMD) for QC/QA superstructure concrete must produce a workable concrete mixture having properties that will not exceed the maximum and/or minimum values defined in the special provision. Workability in concrete defines its capacity to be placed, consolidated, and finished without harmful segregation or bleeding. Workability is affected by aggregate gradation, particle shape, proportioning of aggregate, amount and qualities of cementitious materials, presence of entrained air, amount and quality of high range water reducer, and consistency of mixture.Consistency of the concrete mixture is its relative mobility and is measured in terms of slump. The higher the slump the more mobile the concrete, affecting the ease with which the concrete will flow during placement. Consistency is not synonymous with workability. Two different mix designs may have the same slump; however, their workability may be different.Selection of target parameters by the contractor for any mix design must consider the influence of the following:1. material availability and economics2. variability of each material throughout period of usage3. control capability of production plant4. ambient conditions expected at the time(s) of concrete placement5. logistics of concrete production, delivery, and placement6. variability in testing concrete propertiesof heat in large structural elements and differential in thermal gradientThe qualities of the cementitious paste provide a primary influence on the properties of concrete. Proper selection of the cementitious content and water/cementitious ratio is dependent on the experience of the concrete producer and becomes a very important first step in preparing a design. For workable concrete, ahigher water cementitious ratio is typically required when aggregate becomes more angular and rough textured. The presence of air, certain pozzolans, and aggregate proportioning will work to lower the water cementitious ratio; however the most significant reduction in water demand comes through the use of a high range water reducing chemical admixture.Water/cementitious ratio is determined from the net, per unit, quantity of water and total cementitious materials. The net water content excludes water that is absorbed by the aggregates. For a given set of materials and conditions, as water/cementitious ratio increases, strength and unit weight will decrease. Compressive strength is a concrete parameter used in combination with unit weight and air content to evaluate the durability of the superstructure concrete's exposure to freeze / thaw action, and exposure to deicing salts. It is important to note that the designer of the bridge structure does not recognize the benefit of increased compressive strength. The slab still relies on a minimum design compressive strength (f'c) of 4000 psi at 28-days.Proportioning of aggregates is defined by the volume of fine aggregate to the volume of coarse aggregate, as a percent. The lower percentage of fine to total aggregate provides an increase in compressive strength at the expense of workability. The gradation, particle shape and texture of the coarse aggregate along with fineness modulus of the fine aggregate will determine how low the fine to total aggregate percentage can be for a given workability requirement.（二）MIXING PROPORTIONINGOnce the cement content, pozzolan content, water/cementitious ratio, and fine to total aggregate percentage are defined for the concrete's intended use in the superstructure, proportioning of the mix in terms of design batch weights can begin. Specific gravities must be accurately defined for each material being utilized in order to proportion the mix properly by the absolute volume method. Cement is typically accepted as having a specific gravity of . Pozzolans will typically vary between and . Pozzolan suppliers should readily be able to provide current values for their material. Approximate specific gravities are identified for each source on the Department's Approved/Prequalified Materials list; however, they should not be considered the most current.Bulk specific gravity, in the saturated surface dry condition, must be used toproportion the fine and coarse aggregate. Accurate testing of one or more samples of fine and coarse aggregate must be accomplished by the Contractor as part of any proportioning for a mix design. Subsequent shifts in benching at the aggregate source may cause significant shifts in bulk specific gravity and absorption. These are important aggregate properties to monitor as part of concrete quality control.Proportioning concrete by the absolute volume method involves calculating the volume of each ingredient and its contribution to making one y d3or 27 f t3of concrete. V olumes are subsequently converted to design weights, which then become the basis for actual production of concrete from the plant. For cementitious materials and water, the weight to volume conversion is accomplished by dividing the weight (lbs) by the specific gravity of the material and again dividing by the density of water. Converting from volume to weight is accomplished simply by taking the known volume of the ingredient and multiplying by the specific gravity of the ingredient and again multiplying by the density of water. V olume to weight conversions for aggregates are accomplished by the same series of computations; however, bulk specific gravity (SSD) must be used. The target air content is established at % by the special provision, which converts to a volume of f t3within a cubic yard of concrete.（三）LINEAR EQUATION OF UNIT WEIGHT vs. AIR CONTENTIt is known that the unit weight of plastic concrete is inversely proportional to air content. That is to say, as air content increases unit weight decreases. This relationship becomes a very useful tool when evaluating plastic concrete. Unit weight and air content are properties of plastic concrete that can be easily and quickly measured in the field. A unit weight measurement, at a known air content, that deviates excessively from the linear relationship provides information as to the possible deficiencies in the mix and potential effects on properties such as workability, durability, and strength.The linear equation to predict unit weight based on a given air content is presented below in directional form:UW = m (Air) + bWhere: m is the slope of lineAir is the plastic concrete air content (independent variable, xcoordinateor abscissa of point)b is the y-interceptUW is the plastic concrete unit weight (dependent variable, ycoordinate,or ordinate of point)If all points (Air, UW) associated with the solution set of this linear equation were plotted on a graph, there would be a straight line as illustrated by Figure . This linear relationship can be determined for any concrete mix design.（四）THRESHOLD FOR MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE W ATER / CEMENTITIOUS RATIOJust as concrete unit weight is affected by changes in air content, it is also affected by the amount of water that is available to react with cementitious materials. As the amount of water increases the water/cementitious ratio also increases, producing concrete of inferior quality. This serves to lower the concrete unit weight at any given air content. Since the maximum allowable water/cementitious ratio for QC/QA superstructure concrete is , a threshold line or limit can be determined. This threshold line would be parallel to the linear equation for the mix design; however, the unit weight would be lower. The threshold limit has relevancy to results from quality control as well as Acceptance sampling and testing. Should the measured unit weight at any given air content be at or lower than the threshold, it could indicate that the maximum allowable water cementitious ratio was exceeded. It is important to understand that quality control works to center production about the linear equation for the mix design.There are several ways in which additional water could enter a concrete mix. The methodology presented in this chapter assumes that the increase in water/cementitious ratio is due soley to excessive batch water. This provides a simple and accuratedetermination of the threshold limit equation. The methodology begins with the linear equation already established for the mix design. By establishing a single point below the linear equation, representing concrete with excessive water, the equation for threshold limit can be determined. The easiest point to select is at the y-intercept, where the concrete has no entrapped nor entrained air. This point is defined as Point 3, having coordinates (x3, y3). The line for the threshold equation should be parallel to the linear equation for the mix design, which results in the same slope. Knowing the slope and y-intercept the threshold limit equation can then be written.（五）Mix Design & Proportioning WorksheetsIf at least two points are known to be a solution to the equation, algebra can be utilized to solve for the two unknown variables (. slope and y-intercept). The form in Appendix D (under tab 11) entitled "WORKSHEET FOR CMD LINEAR EQUATION" provides the format in which two points can be defined and the equation determined.The Cartesian coordinates of one solution point is already available from the mix design. We can define this as Point 2 with coordinates (x2, y2). The value of x2is the target air content of the mix design (. x2= %). The value of y2is the unit weight of the concrete stated in the mix design. This is determined by obtaining the summation of the design batch weights and dividing by the summation of designabsolute volumes which will always be ft3. The following example calculations for the worksheet are based on the mix design and proportioning values presented earlier in this chapter.Example: x2 = %= Σ Design Batch Weights ÷ ft3y2= 3871 lbs ÷ ft3y2y= lbs/f ft3(rounded to the first decimal place)2A plot of the coordinates for Point 2 (x2= , y2= ) is illustrated in Figure . It is important to note that the unit weight for Point 2 is calculated to the nearest lbs/ ft3 Point 1, representing the y-intercept having coordinates (x1, y1), must now be determined. This is accomplished by theoretically removing all the entrapped and entrained air from the mixture and calculating the concrete unit weight. The value ofx1is % air content. The value of y1is determined by again obtaining the summation of the design batch weights and divide by the summation of design absolute volumes except for entrapped or entrained air. This volume will always be ft3 – ft3= ft3. The following example illustrates how the worksheet calculates the coordinates for Point 1.Example: x1= %y1= Σ Design Batch Weights ÷ ft3y1= 3871 lbs ÷ ft3y1= lbs/ ft3(rounded to the first decimal place)The Cartesian coordinates of Point 1, (x1= ,y1= ), is graphed along with Point 2 in Figure , to illustrate the example. Again note that the unit weight is calculated to the nearest lbs/ ft3It is important to remember that as air is removed from concrete the individual weights of cementitious materials, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water no longer represent amounts relative to yd3of concrete. Concrete without the % target air content ( ft3) would only yield yd3of concrete. The actual cement and water contents per yd3concrete would increase as a result of the under yielding. If air content increases over the % target, the actual cement and water contents per yd3 would be less as a result of the over yielding. However, in either case the water cementitious ratio and fine to total aggregate ratio remain unchanged.From the x and y coordinates of Points 1 & 2, there is now enough information to solve for the variables of slope and y-intercept in the linear equation. The worksheet calculation for slope, also known as "rise / run", is exemplified as follows: Example:slope = m = ( y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)m = ( – ) / ( – )m = (⎯ ) / ()m = ⎯(negative value, rounded to second decimal place)It is important to note that slope will always be negative since unit weight is inversely proportional to air content.The y-intercept value (b) is simply the ordinate of Point 1, which has already been determined. In the example problem, the worksheet would show the solution b as follows:Example:y-intercept = b = y1b = lbs/ ft3The calculated and rounded values for slope and y-intercept can now be inserted in the linear equation for the variables m and b, respectively. The linear equation can now be written for the concrete mix design. The numbers from the example result in the following:Example:Predicted Unit Weight = m (Air) + bPredicted Unit Weight = ⎯ (Air) +（六）DEPARTMENT CONCURRENCE OF MIX DESIGNIt is the responsibility of the Department's Project Engineer / Project Supervisor to conduct a complete and thorough review of every mix design and proportioning for QC/QA Superstructure Concrete. There is a substantial amount of work that is based on the targets established by the CMD, not the least of which is the linear equation forthe threshold limit that represents the maximum allowable water/cementitious ratio. This threshold limit is of critical importance in determining whether additional cylinders are to be cast as part of an acceptance sample for testing per AASHTO T 277 and subsequent action, which may involve a failed material investigation.The first step in proper review of a CMD is to verify that the materials are from current approved sources. The list of Approved and/or Prequalified Materials is to be used to verify approved sources of cement, fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume, chemical admixtures and air entraining agents. The fine and coarse aggregate ingredients of the concrete mix must be materials from an approved Certified Aggregate Producer. The gradation and quality requirement for the aggregates must also be verified, particularly if stay-in-place metal deck forms are used to facilitate construction of the deck. If AP Quality coarse aggregate is required in the superstructure, the PE/PS will substantiate the quality status. This would include the nature of the mining operations that produce aggregates of the desired quality. The PE/PS should contact the District Materials & Tests Engineer or the District Geologist for confirmation.In addition to the aggregates gradations the PE/PS must verify the bulk specific gravity (SSD) and absorption for the fine and coarse aggregate as being reasonable for the source. If the Contractor's value for absorption differs by more than the multi labortory precision defined within the appropriate test method, the discrepancy will be investigated.The bulk specific gravity and absorption for aggregates are measured by the Department as part of the annual "Summary of Production Quality Results", and periodic Point-Of-Use samples. This data provides the correct basis for comparison of absorption and specific gravity. Figures and graphs of bulk specific gravity (ssd) vs. absorption for a fine and coarse aggregate and are presented as examples of what historical data might look like for specific products at an aggregate source.Usually sources will demonstrate a trend of bulk specific gravity (SSD) being inversely proportional to absorption; however, such may not always be the case. Figure represents data from the INDOT Summary of Production Quality Results for a specific source of #8 coarse aggregate. The AP quality stone comes from ledges 1803, 1804, 19, & 20 processed as one working bench. These four ledges have thicknesses of ft, ft, ft, and ft, respectively. Since these ledges range in absorption from 2 % to 4 %, the consistency of bulk specific gravity and absorption depends on the aggregate source's ability to process the bench in a uniform manner. The District Geologist is the best source for obtaining historical data from "Summary of Production Quality Results" and "Point-of-Use" samples obtained from the aggregate source. They will assist the PE/PS in the proper review of contractor testresults for aggregates.It is important to understand that INDOT historical records for bulk specific gravity (dry or SSD) from coarse aggregate sources are based on procedure of AASHTO T 85. The Contractor must therefore test the coarse aggregate according to the same procedure even though the result is typically not appropriate for concrete mix design. If the mix design is submitted with enough advance notice, it becomes preferable for the Department to obtain a Point-Of-Use sample of the coarse aggregate and test for bulk specific gravity (SSD) by procedure of AASHTO T 85, which is appropriate for concrete mix design. Splitting a sample between the Contractor and the Department to compare test results would be even better.The air entraining and chemical admixtures that are approved for use are as stated in the special provision and the Approved/Prequalified Materials List referenced therein. It is important to recognize the limitations of Type F admixtures or HRWR Admixture Systems. These chemical admixtures have no retarding capability and would not be appropriate for superstructure concrete that is placed in conditions where concrete and ambient temperatures are above 65°F, and where dead load deflections are of concern.After verifying the materials as being approved for the concrete, the initial parameters for the Mix Design must be checked against the specification requirements. The remainder of the PE/PS check involves checking the math for proportioning, and the linear equations for the CMD and threshold limit. Use of the forms and worksheets by the contractor will provide the quickest and most complete review by the Department and therefore help eliminate unnecessary delays by recognizing problems early on.混合物配合比设计（一）混合物设计混凝土配合比设计混凝土质量保证上层建筑（CMD）用于QC /QA必须出示有一个和易性好的混凝土混合物的性能，将不会超过最大和/或最低的特别规定定义的值。
钢筋混凝土中英文资料外文翻译文献
钢筋混凝土中英文资料翻译1 外文翻译1.1 Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of anystructural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructionalmethod compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.1.2 EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline.Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m ³ struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.1.3 Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as unserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designedfor. There are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions offabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) 。
混凝土拌和物 砂浆(cement) 4
混凝土拌和物（mixture）assurance strength of concrete，混凝土保证强度bleeding rate，泌水率cement-sand ratio，灰砂比design strength of concrete，砼设计标号flowability of concrete，混凝土的流动性mix proportion（proportion of mixture），混凝土的配合比mixture uniformity，拌和物的均匀性penetration-obstruction method，贯入阻力法probability of ensuring strength of concrete，混凝土强度保证率sand rate，砂率unit consumption of water，单位用水量water retention（water retentiveness），保水性water-cement ratio，水灰比硬化混凝土（hardened concrete）axial tensile strength，轴向抗拉强度coefficient of thermal conductivity，导热系数cooling rate，冷却率core of concrete，混凝土芯样creep deformation（time deformation），徐变变形creep of concrete，混凝土徐变expand with wet and contract with dry，干缩湿胀form coefficient（form factor），形状系数freezing-melting circulation，冻融循环frost-resistance mark，抗冻标号heat property of concrete，混凝土热学性能height-diameter ratio，高径比linear expansion coefficient，线膨胀系数loss of weight，重量损失natural frequency，自振频率permeate，渗透permeated height，渗透高度permeated-resisting mark，抗渗标号relative coefficient of permeability，相对渗透系数resonance frequency，共振频率sample，试件self-grown volume deformation，自生体积变形splitting tensile strength，劈裂抗拉强度static compressive modulus of elasticity，静力抗压弹模temperature conductivity，导温系数tensile modulus of elasticity，抗拉弹性模量thermal insulation warming，绝热温升ultimate tensile strength，极限拉应变wear rate，磨损率wear-resisting strength，抗冲磨强度砂浆（cement）cement lime mortar，水泥石灰砂浆cement mortar，水泥砂浆cement-clay mortar，水泥黏土砂浆epoxy mortar，环氧砂浆lime mortar，石灰砂浆plastering mortar，抹面砂浆pointing joint mortar，沟缝砂浆Ⅲ、土（soil）accumulation curve（cumulative curve），累计曲线activity index，活性指标angle of friction，磨擦角Atterberg limits（water content as limit），阿太堡界限（界限含水量）California bearing ratio，载重比coarse-grained soil，粗粒土coefficient of compressibility，压缩系数coefficient of cubical compressibility，体积压缩系数coefficient of curvature，曲率压缩系数compression，压缩compression index，压缩指数compression modulus，压缩模量consolidated-undrained（quick）shear test，固结不排水剪（固结快煎）试验consolidation，固结consolidation coefficient，固结系数consolidation settlement，固结沉降consolidation stress，固结应力continuous grading/gradation，连续级配contraction test（shrinkage test），收缩试验core cutter method，环刀法creep curve，蠕变曲线critical slope，溢出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy’s law，达西定律degree of consolidation，固结度degree of free swelling，自由膨胀率direct shear test of reiteration，直接剪切试验direct shear test of reiteration，反复直接强度试验distribution curve，分布曲线drift soil（shifting soil，mass flow），流土effective angle of inner friction，有效内摩擦角effective strength envelope，有效强度包线expansion force，膨胀力expansion ratio（specific expansion），膨胀率filtering flow（seepage flow），渗流fine-grained soil，细粒土flow net（drift net），流网hydraulic slope，水力坡降hydrometer method，比重计法hydrostatic head method，常水头法limit equilibrium state，极限平衡法liquefaction，液化liquid limit，液限liquidity index，液性指标maximum dry density，最大干密度method of sieving，筛分法Mohr’s stress circle，摩尔应力圆Mohr-coulomb failure criteria，摩尔-库仑破坏曲线normal stress，法向应力oedometer curve，压缩曲线optimum moisture content，最优含水率piping，管涌plastic limit，塑限plasticity index，塑性指标pore water pressure，孔隙水压力porosity，空隙率principal stress，主应力proctor compaction test，普氏击实试验relative density，相对密度sand replacement method，罐砂法saturability（saturation degree，percent saturation），饱和度saturated unit weight，饱和容重seepage deformation，渗透变形seepage force(seepage pressure)，渗透力seepage line，渗透线seepage speed，渗透速度shear stress，切向应力（剪应力）shrinkage limit，缩限skip(gap,jump) grading，间断级配specific gravity of soil particle，土粒比重steady seepage field，稳定渗流场stress path，应力路径total strength envelope，总强度包线triaxial compression test，三轴压缩试验unconfined compression strength，无侧限压缩试验unconsolidated undrained test，不固结不排水剪（快剪）试验variable head method，变水头法void(pore) ratio，空隙比water replacement method，罐水法wet density，湿密度。
土建专业英文解析
混凝土成分concrete composition混凝土稠度concrete consistence混凝土构造物concrete construction混凝土输送管concrete conveying pipe混凝土空心板concrete core slab混凝土养护concrete curing混凝土切断机concrete cutting machine混凝土坝concrete dam浇注混凝土concrete deposit混凝土混合料离析concrete desintegration混凝土分配器concrete dispenser混凝土整面机concrete finishing machine混凝土底板concrete floor放射线屏蔽用混凝土concrete for radioactive ray shielding 浇混凝土用模板concrete form混凝土基础块concrete foundation block混凝土构架concrete frame混凝土梁式桥concrete girder bridge混凝土格床concrete grillage混凝土浆concrete grout混凝土灌浆机concrete grouter混凝土喷枪concrete gun混凝土硬化concrete hardening混凝土空心砌块concrete hollow block大体积混凝土concrete in mass水中混凝土concrete in water混凝土工业concrete industry混凝土联锁瓦concrete interlocking tile混凝土接缝封塞料concrete joint sealing compound混凝土试验室concrete laboratory混凝土层concrete layer混凝土摊铺机concrete laying machine混凝土整平层concrete levelling course混凝土照鸣concrete lighting columm混凝土拌合料的振动concrete mix vibration运货汽车混凝土搅拌机concrete mixer on truck混凝土振动搅拌机concrete mixer with vibrating blades 混凝土搅拌concrete mixing混凝土混合料concrete mixture混凝土灰浆concrete mortar混凝土模板用油concrete mould oil混凝土钉concrete nail干稠度混凝土concrete of dry consistency早强混凝土concrete of high early strength等稠度混凝土concrete of one consistency干硬性混凝土concrete of stiff consistency混凝土涂料concrete paint混凝土路面修补concrete patching混凝土面层concrete pavement混凝土路面摊铺机concrete pavement spreader 混凝土铺路机concrete paver混凝土桩帽concrete pile follower混凝土桩基础concrete pile foundation混凝土排桩concrete piling混凝土浇注机concrete placer混凝土塑化剂concrete plasticiser混凝土准备设施concrete preparing equment混凝土制品concrete products混凝土工程进度表concrete progress chart混凝土泵送concrete pumping混凝土防辐射罩concrete radiation shield混凝土反应堆护罩concrete reactor shield混凝土钢筋concrete reinforcement混凝土钢筋笼concrete reinforcing cage耐气侯混凝土concrete resistant to weather混凝土道路concrete road混凝土屋顶concrete roof混凝土屋顶板concrete roof deck混凝土锯concrete saw混凝土凝固concrete setting混凝土收缩concrete shrinkage混凝土骨架concrete skeleton混凝土喷洒concrete spraying钢筋混凝土建筑物concrete steel building混凝土石concrete stone混凝土立方体试块concrete test cube混凝土纹理concrete texture混凝土瓦concrete tile混凝土运送机concrete transporter混凝土混合料输送车concrete truck混凝土格子板concrete waffle slab混凝土防水剂concrete waterproofer碎石混凝土concrete with crushed stone蜂窝状混凝土concrete with honeycombed spots 混凝土工程concrete work混凝土工concrete worker浇注混凝土起重机臂concreting boom混凝土工奏concreting gang冻期灌筑混凝土concreting in freezing weather分层灌筑混凝土concreting in lifts现场灌筑混凝土concreting in site混凝土施工设备concreting outfit混凝土浇筑用纸concreting paper混凝土浇注次序concreting sequence 混凝土吊斗concreting sk混凝土浇灌塔concreting tower混凝土列车concreting train冷凝水管路condensate line凝结水泵condensate pump凝结水回收管condensate return pe 凝汽筒condensate trap凝结condensation冷凝水槽condensation tank冷凝器condenser冷凝压力condensing pressure冷凝装置condensing unit契约条例condition of contract不稳定性条件condition of instability 劳动条件condition of labor负载情况condition of loading空气第空间conditioned space第器conditioner第conditioning曝光条件conditions of exposure 导体conductor水路conduit圆锥cone圆锥贯入仪cone penetrometer 锥形薄壳cone shell锥体试验cone test受压水confined water圆锥形屋盖conical broach roof 共轭梁conjugate beam共轭水深conjugate depths结合conjugation连接螺栓connecting bolt22 楼Date: 2008-06-25 07:55:38可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复连接钢筋connecting reinforcement接头connection连接尺寸connection dimension劈锥曲面壳conoidal shell守恒conservation稠度consistance稠度指数consistency index混凝土稠度试验consistency test of concrete稠度计consistometer固结灌浆consolidation grouting固结仪consolidation test apparatus等截面柱constant dimension column施工程序表construction schedule建筑规范construction specifications建筑用钢construction steel建筑施工监督管理机构construction supervising authority 建筑施工方法construction techniques建筑工艺学construction technology建筑理论construction theory施工容许误差construction tolerances工程运输列车construction train有执照建筑construction under licence构造混凝土constructional concrete建筑缺点constructional defect构造详图constructional detail建筑用钢铁constructional iron建筑计划constructional project施工人员constructor构造用涂料construuction paint施工缝constuction joint建筑载荷constuction loads用户煤气管道consumer gas ping消费曲线consumption curve接触曝气池contact aerator接触表面contact area接触滤床contact bed接触过滤contact filtration接触絮凝搅拌器contact flocculator接触压力contact pressure无触点传感器contactless pick up反应堆的外壳结构containment structure 捣土建筑物contbeat cob construction 意外费用总额contingency sum连续性continuity连续性方程continuity equation连续矩continuity moment连续计量器continuous batcher多跨连续梁continuous beam on many supports 连续浇筑混凝土continuous concrete连续灌筑混凝土continuous concreting连续施工法continuous construction连续性开裂continuous cracking连续怜曝气槽continuous flow aeration tank连续怜沉淀槽continuous flow settling basin连续基础continuous foundation连续梁桥continuous girder bridge连续级配continuous grading连续拌合装置continuous mix plant连续搅拌机continuous mixer连续式配料设备continuous proportioning plant连续板continuous slab连续流continuous stream连续结构continuous structure连续悬梁continuous suspension girder连续式浓缩器continuous thickener连续焊continuous welding连续级配骨料continuously graded aggregate连续配筋的混凝土continuously reinforced concrete围线排水contour drainage承包合同contract agreement合同条件contract condition发包工程contract construction合同文件contract documents承包管理者contract manager合同价格contract price契约技术条件contract specifications控制酌control action等室control building控制舱control cabinet混凝土质量管理control of concrete quality校核试验control test受控条件controlled condition控制的行人横道controlled pedestrian crossing 可胆风controlled ventilation对寥convected heat对寥传达convection heat transfer对两供热convection heating对寥交换convective heat exchange锯材converted timber可交替附件convertible attachments床椅两用长沙发convertible couch凸面convex camber凸状瓦convex tile输水建筑物conveyance structure传送带conveyor带式戽斗搬运设备conveyor type bucket loader 厨房cookhouse冷却剂coolant冷却空气cooling air降温及栎暖cooling and heating供冷供热装置cooling and heating unit冷却弃cooling apparatus冷却盘管cooling coil排管蒸发器cooling grid冷却负载cooling load冷却池cooling pond冷却能力cooling power冷却塔cooling tower冷却塔罩cooling tower packing坐标轴coordinate axes坐标coordinates坐标示图coordination drawing复制装置copying mechanism支架corbel piece挑砖corbelling绳索cord中心地区core area岩芯钻core drill柱芯子core of column截面核心core of section心墙core wall心墙坝core wall dam软木cork墙角护条corner bead墙角柜corner cabinet角凿corner chisel隅角柱corner column角柱corner post隅角抹子corner trowel走廊形房屋corridor type block of flats防锈掺会料corrosion inhibiting admixture 卷曲钢纤维corrugate steel fibers波状铝板corrugated aluminium波状石棉水泥板corrugated asbestos波纹齿环corrugated toothed ring成本计算cost account有经济效益的设计cost efficient design施工材料费用cost of construction materials23 楼Date: 2008-06-25 07:57:33可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复建筑施工费cost of construction work合同费用cost of contract设计费用cost of design工程的装配施工费cost of erecting work of construction 七费cost of furniture劳动工资费cost of labour养护费cost of maintenance材料费cost of materials运转费cost of operation生产成本cost of production运输费cost of transportation维持费cost of upkeep单价cost per unit棉织带cotton tape睡椅couch副斜杆counter交叉撑counter brace吊平顶counter ceiling逆两拌合机counter current mixer泛水帽盖counter flashing粗地板counter floor逆两热交换器counter flow heat exchange计算机构counter mechanism交叉斜撑counterbracing逆龄却塔counterflow cooling tower后扶垛坝counterfort dam后扶垛式发电厂counterfort type powerhouse 扶壁式围墙土墙counterforted retaining wall 竖旋吊桥counterpoise bridge逆斜度counterslope郊区住宅country house农村居住区规划country planning农村道路country road力偶couple闭合式对偶屋顶couple close roof对椽屋顶couple roof成双屋顶结构couple roof construction 耦合器coupler联接器coupling对角砌砖层course of diagonal bricks 丁砖层course of headers成层的砌砖coursed brickwork成层砌体coursed masonry成层铺面coursed pavement成行缝coursing joint庭院court法院court building凹圆形天棚照明cove lighting盖子cover保护层厚测定仪cover meter盖板cover plate瓦片屋面covering in scale tiles覆盖灰浆covering mortar道路铺面covering of roadway盖面护墙板covering panel盖面石板瓦covering slate盖面瓷砖covering tile牛栏cow house起重绞车crab裂绞控制crack control裂缝形成crack formation裂纹图形crack pattern裂缝宽度crack width裂开cracking开裂极限状态cracking limit state 开裂力矩cracking moment壁钩crampet起重机梁crane beam起重机吊架crane boom起重机安装crane erection起重机吊钩crane hook吊车荷载crane load起重机轨道crane runway手摇钻crank brace安全护拦crash barrier窄小空间crawl space覆带起重机crawler crane覆带挖土机crawler excavator履带式打桩装置crawler mounted piling rig 窄小通道crawlway裂纹craze托儿所creche蠕变系数creep coefficient蠕变线creep line混凝土蠕变creep of concrete蠕变率creep rate蠕变试验creep test门窗长插销cremorne bolt框形物crib木龙围堰crib cofferdam木龙填石坝crib dam筛cribble十字形斜撑criss cross diagonals纵向弯曲准则criterion of buckling临界纵向弯曲载荷critical buckling load临界密度critical density临界流critical flow临界水头critical head临界高度critical height临界水力陡度critical hydraulic gradient临界极限状态critical limit state临界载荷设计法critical load design 临界力矩critical moment临界压力critical pressure临界坡度critical slope临界孔隙率critical void ratio钩crook四通管cross横撑cross arm横杆吊索cross bar sling横向弯曲cross bending横向支撑cross binding交叉砌合cross bond横向联接cross connection横割锯cross cut saw横向坡cross fall交叉流cross flow横向力cross force横撑架cross frame字形蝶铰cross garnet butt t十字铁cross iron横缝cross joint横钢筋cross reinforcement十字路cross road廉横截面cross section of stream横截面尺寸cross sectional dimensions 24 楼Date: 2008-06-25 07:59:14可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复十字形截面柱cross shaped column人行横道cross walk横墙cross wall横墙构造cross wall construction交叉道路cross way横盖缝条cross welt交叉钢筋cross wise reinforcement撬杆crow bar拱顶铰crown hinge顶点标高crown level拱顶crown of arch坩埚钢crucible steel十字形交叉路cruciform cross生污水crude sewage原焦油crude tar碎骨料crushed aggregate粉碎的混凝土crushed concrete碎砾石crushed gravel碎石块底盘crushed stone base course碎石灰尘crusher dust未筛碎石crusher run stone压碎crushing破碎节选装置crushing and grading plant压碎试验crushing test立方体压碎强度cube crushing strength立方体冲豢度cube impact strength方块造型cube mould二十八天龄方块强度cube strength of 28 days 立方体强度试验cube strength test容积应变cubic strain容积量cubical content体积膨胀cubical dilatation有棱角颗粒骨料cubicle aggregate体积测量cubing累积径龙线cumulative runoff diagram方头螺栓cup square bolt碗柜cupboard圆屋顶cupola穹顶坝cupola dam路缘curb固化剂curing agent养护毯子curing blanket养生开裂curing cracking养护用薄膜curing membrane养护周期curing period养护温度curing temperature翘曲并开裂curling cracking电流流current水链态current regime窗帘curtain幕墙结构curtain wall construction曲率curvature最大弯矩曲线curve of maximum bending moments 曲线描绘仪curve plotter曲梁curved beam曲线桥curved bridge曲线curved line曲面石料curved stone曲面curved surface缓冲层cushion coat软垫层cushion course定制模板custom built forms泌工艺cut and cover technique稀释沥青cut back asphalt屋顶台地cut roof无门坎门cut through door截璃cutoff valve切断机cutting off machine自行车道cycle path多次重复酌cyclic action周期载荷状态cyclic load regime周期应变cyclic strains乱石cyclopean aggregate巨型毛石方块cyclopean block毛石混凝土cyclopean concrete毛石砌筑cyclopean rubble masonry 蛮石砌体壁cyclopic wall沉井cylinder caisson管状沉箱基础cylinder caisson foundation 混凝土圆柱试件cylinder of concrete管柱基础cylinder pile foundation圆筒状壳体cylinder shell圆筒形围堤cylindrical cofferdam圆筒形水闸cylindrical sluice gate圆筒形储罐cylindrical tank25 楼Date: 2008-06-25 08:00:39可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复形裂纹 d cracking d灰浆饼块dabbed mortar昼夜第池daily pondage basin装饰板材dalle坝dam坝体dam body坝混凝土dam concrete堤坝工程dam construction水坝取水口dam intake水坝排水闸dam outlet坝址dam site挡起dam up筑坝damming防潮damp proofing减震能力damping capacity吸音材料damping material混凝土弄湿damping of concrete舞厅dance hall危险断面dangerous section刮板抹子darby浇泼涂层dash coat资料data实际竣工日期date of substantial completion 石面凿毛daubing天日day日产量day output昼夜供给蓄水池day supply reservoir每日现场检查day to day site supervision日光daylight日光照檬daylight factor昼光照明daylight illumination天然采光面积daylighting area直接照明ddirect lighting假门dead door终端锚dead end anchor固定静负荷挠曲dead load deflection挡墙dead wall死水空间dead water space自重dead weight死窗dead window分支deadleg锚定桩deadman真空混凝土deaerated concrete除气deaeration脱灰deashing拦砂坝debris dam衰减;腐败decay拆除模架decentering分散排水系统decentralized sewage system 上路桥deck bridge屋顶面钢夹deck cl桥面构筑框架deck framing上承式大梁deck girder铺板标高deck level上承结构deck structure上承式桁架deck truss结合破坏decohesion脱色剂decolorizing agent降压室decompression chamber 去污系数decontamination factor 装饰砌块decorative blck装饰砌合法decorative bond装饰设计decorative design装饰玻璃decorative glass装饰涂料decorative paint装饰肋decorative rib装饰者decorator除尘dedusting壁梁deep beam深水段水门deep gate底部闸门deep sluice深井泵deep well pump防御物defence国防工程defence construction挠曲钢筋束deflected tendon挠度计deflectometer变形性deformability变形测定计deformability meter变形deformation每单位长度变形deformation per unit of length 变形钢筋deformed bars溶解defrosting退降degradation去油脂degreasing度degree日degree day 度老化程度degree of aging压实度degree of compaction压缩度degree of compression污染程度degree of contamination不燃性程度degree of incombustibility净化度degree of purification安全度degree of safety泡胀度degree of swelling干燥dehumidification减湿能力dehumidifying capacity防结冰剂deicer延迟delay迟发雷管delay action detonator延迟介质delay medium精确蝶delicate adjustment杨程高delivery head输出软管delivery hose输送压力水头delivery pressure head需要demand峰值需要量demand pattern拆毁demolition拆毁工作demolition work脱模demoulding灵活隔断demountable partition密实骨料dense aggregate密实石碴混凝土dense ballast concrete浸灌防腐剂的木材densified impregnated wood 密度控制density control除臭deodorization部department粉石齿面depeter磕曲线depletion curve浇管depositing淤积地区depositing site平坦拱depressed arch降落曲线depression curve梁高度depth of beam建筑物高度depth of building压实分层厚度depth of compacted layer 排泄深度depth of drainage基础深度depth of foundation冻结深度depth of frost penetration粉刷层厚度depth of plastering径令度depth of runoff截面高度depth of section桁架高度depth of truss高与跨度比depth to span ratio水深临关系曲线depth velocity curve导出derivation引水道隧洞derivation tunnel德立克吊derrick改变起重臂倾角derricking干燥剂desiccant图样design设计通行能力design capacity设计合同design contract设计坝顶标高design crest level设计标准design criteria设计资料design data设计方案design decision设计图试制阶段design development phase设计量design discharge设计文件design document设计特点design feature设计适应性design flexibility计算公式design formulas设计原则design fundamentals设计坡度design grade设计水头design head计算热耗design heat loss设计限制design limitations计算力矩design moment模壳设计design of form配合比设计design of mix proportion生产构造物设计design of production structure 修复设计design of repair断面设计design of section地下构造物设计design of underground structure 设计室design office设计最优化design optimization设计机关design organ绘图纸design paper26 楼Date: 2008-06-25 13:14:58可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复设计参数design parameters设计基准期design reference period设计状况design situation设计温度地图design temperature map计算极限载荷design ultimate load设计能力designed output设计designing设计院designing institute清淤desilting独立烟囱detached chimney独立式车库detached garage详细detail详图detail drawing零件细目表detail sheet细部计划detailed plan绘制详图detailing蓄洪水库detention basin蓄洪坝detention dam沉砂池detritor发展development张拉区间粘着应力development bond stress 传达长度development length开拓工作development works施加预应力装置device for prestressing铺沥青路面加热器devil带钉抹子devil float露dew露点dew point排水系数dewatering coefficient排水装置dewatering installation凹地排水dewatering of excavation 露点温度dewpoint temperature斜杆diagonal对角钢筋带diagonal band对角砌合diagonal bond对角撑diagonal brace对角裂缝diagonal crack受压斜杆diagonal in compression受拉斜杆diagonal in tension斜拉杆diagonal member斜角覆盖层diagonal sheathing斜拉应力diagonal tensile stress简图diagrammatic drawing斜肋楼板diagrid floor直径diameter劈裂试验diametral compression test 菱形筛孔diamond mesh隔膜泵diaphragm pump薄膜阀diaphragm valve硅藻土砖diatomaceous brick硅藻土滤池diatomite filter硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate热反应涂料dicating paint差动压力differential pressure差动压调differential pressure controller 差动式倒水箱differential surge tank散光照描备diffuse light luminaire扩散空气曝气diffused air aeration扩散空气装置diffused air device扩散式空气补充diffused air supply散光照明diffused illumination漫射光diffused light扩散器diffuser扩散板diffuser plate化污池digestion tank挖土铲斗digging bucket挖掘深度digging depth挖掘半径digging radius堤坝决口dike breach护堤dike dam破烂建筑物dilapidated building伸缩缝dilatation joint稀释剂diluent尺寸线dimension line标准尺寸木材dimension lumber有尺度的图dimensional drawing尺寸稳定性dimensional stability硅石砖dinas brick小餐室dinette勾缝dinging厨房餐间dining kitchen食堂dining room铲斗dper直接空气供热系统direct air heating system 27 楼Date: 2008-06-25 13:16:49可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复直接倾倒direct dumping直接电气养护direct electric curing顺廉加热器direct flow water heater天然基础direct foundation直接供热direct heating直接热水系统direct hot water system 直射光照描备direct light luminaire直接应力direct stress直射阳光direct sunlight直接系统direct system下坡方向direction of fall解体disassembly圆盘disc过水断面面积discharge area泄水渠discharge canal排泄能力discharge capacity排放开关discharge cock排水渠道discharge conduit量曲线discharge curve排气风扇discharge fan排水沟断面discharge section水文测站discharge site卸货discharge 量;卸货站台discharging platform不连续结构discontinuous construction 间断级配discontinuous grading松散集料discrete aggregate圆盘式机械抹子disk type power float拆卸式家具dismantling furniture分配器dispenser消散器dissator溶剂dissolvent梁间隔distance between girders防火间隔distance separation变形强度distortion strength混凝土裂缝distress in concrete分布力distributed force分布钢筋distributing bars配水管道distributing pe line分配板distributing plate分配总管distribution header混凝土混合料分配distribution of concrete 日光分布distribution of daylight力分布distribution of forces配水池distribution reservoir区域district区域锅炉房district boiler house分区冷却district cooling区域供热district heating区域公园district park区域性道路district road均衡破坏disturbance of equilibrium昼夜温度幅度diurnal temperature range昼夜变化diurnal variation差异系数diversity factor造船厂dockyard第杆件doctor bar文件document扒钉dog抓钩dog iron白云石灰岩dolomitic limestone系船柱dolphin穹顶天窗孔dome light圆顶状薄壳dome shell居住建筑domestic architecture家用锅炉domestic boiler生活垃圾domestic garbage民用煤气设备domestic gas installation家用供热domestic heating家用供热装置domestic heating appliance 家用热水domestic hot water居住房屋domestic house生活污水domestic sewage生活污水管系统domestic sewerage system 民用给水domestic water supply圆顶式建筑domical architecture大型垫圈donut门的装配door assembly门销door bolt门边立木door buck门铰链door butt门闩door catch门钩door hanger挂门door hanging门环door knocker窗门扇间竖框door mullion门洞door opening门自动启闭装置door operator门牌door plate门一览表door schedule门扇边挺door stile门道door way双扉门door with two leaves门铃doorbell门制止器doorstop老虎窗dormant window宿舍区dormitory area点线dot line推拉门double acting door双酌液压油缸double acting hydraulic jack 复动桩锤double acting pile hammer双角钢double angle复式钢筋double armouring双重板条double batten可容双人床卧室double bedroom双窝double box双支管double branch pe双层桥double bridge双重涂层double coat双层式道路double deck road双层筛double deck screen双层沉淀池double deck settling basin双开门double door双鸠尾键double dovetail key双滚筒提升机double drum hoist双头板手double end wrench双重铺地面double flooring镶双层玻璃double glazing双头钉double headed nail双铰拱double hinged arch拼连住宅double house双进风口扇风机double inlet fan复式交叉桁架double intersecting truss工字钢double iron双板条double lath双翼式开合桥double leaf bascule bridge双翼大门double leaf gate双翼平旋桥double leaf swing bridge套管冷凝器double pe condenser双管供热系统double pe heat supply system 双坡屋顶double pitch roof双杆支脚手架double pole scaffold双柱式屋架double post roof truss复式屋顶double roof双层升降窗double sashed window双层板桩double sheetpiling双立管系统double stack system双重楼梯double stairs双重立式缝double standing seam形梁double t beam 双t双榫double tenons双线桥double track bridge双层窗double window双翼门double wing door双重预应力混凝土doubly prestressed concrete配复筋的梁doubly reinforced beam配复筋的混凝土doubly reinforced concrete双对称断面doubly symmetrical section灌洗douche胶dough燕尾榫dovetail装配用喷枪dowel driver榫钉接合木结构doweled joint wooden construction 倒风down draft下给系统down feed system自俩水管down service落水管downcomer下坡downgrade暴雨downpour肋形楼板梁downstand beam下游护坦downstream apron下游侧第downstream control下行通风downward ventilation 通风第器draft check damper 通风安定器draft stabilizer制图drafting绘图室drafting department绘图员draftman28 楼Date: 2008-06-25 13:20:25可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复牵引索drag cable牵引碎石撒布机drag spreader 拉铲挖掘机dragline排水面积drainage area排水工程师drainage engineer 排水柴排drainage mattress排水设备drainage plant排水构筑物drainage structures排水的地基drained ground base通风计drauft gage地下水降落曲线drawdown curve图纸drawing绘图用两脚规drawing compass绘图墨水drawing ink不按比例尺绘图drawing not to scale绘图笔drawing pen图钉drawing pin绘图台drawing table修整过的顶棚板条dressed ceiling boarding 修琢过的尺寸dressed size修琢石dressing of stone更衣室dressing room干燥机drier钻孔岩心drill core钻孔桩drilled pile钻台drilling platform钻探装置drilling rig滴水挑檐dr cap掘进driving铁箍桩帽driving band替打桩帽driving cap打桩试验driving test吊顶drop ceiling跌水槽drop chute退潮曲线drop down curve下给式供热系统drop heating system 挂梁drop in beam动力触探试验drop penetratoin test 落差结构drop structure跌水墙drop wall引入线drop wire潜堰drowned weir圆桶drum滚筒混合机drum mixer转筒筛drum screen鼓形溢吝drum weir干空气滤器dry air filter干拌物dry batch干拌分批重量dry batch weight干拌骨料dry batched aggregate干砌砖dry brick building干密度dry density干砌筑dry masonry干拌混合料dry mix干灰浆dry mortar干燥混合料dry pack干捣实混凝土dry packed concrete干法充填dry packing干压砖dry pressed brick干制法dry process干残渣dry residue干燥饱和蒸汽dry saturated steam干权面dry shake建筑物的干式工艺dry technique of construction 清水墙壁结构dry wall construction干重分拌dry weighed batch干重dry weight干燥室drying chamber干性油drying oil干燥设备drying unit曲线筛dsm screen两用房间dual purpose room风沟duct风道截面计算duct sizing风管网路duct system打气式模型ductube仿真负载dummy load假置单位荷载dummy unit load假置单位荷载法dummy unit load method 假置单位力矩dummy unit moment应急排放阀dump valve翻车机dumptruct耐久性durability耐用材料durable material耐久设计duration design拌合时间duration of mixing日照时间duration of sunshine尘埃收集器dust accumulator垃圾溜槽dust chute尘土滤器dust filter防尘口罩dust mask防尘构造dust tight construction防尘性dust tightness垃圾箱dustbin垃圾间dustbin room集尘器duster无尘环境dustfree environment起尘dusting防尘围栏dustproof enclosure防尘照冒置dustproof lighting fitting 粉状粒级dusty fraction荷兰式拱门dutch arch荷兰式砌合dutch bond荷兰式柴排dutch mattress值班室dutch tongs冲坏数duty cycle短隔屏dwarf partition居住条件dwelling condition住宅建筑dwelling construction居住环境dwelling environment居住单元dwelling unit染料dye动态酌dynamic action动力学解析dynamic analysis动平衡dynamic balance动态dynamic behavior动态压曲dynamic buckling动力蠕变dynamic creep排出动压头dynamic delivery head动酌系数dynamic effect factor动水头dynamic head动力荷载dynamic loading转动惯量dynamic moment of inertia动力打桩阻力dynamic pile driving resistance 动力打桩公式dynamic pile formula动压dynamic pressure动阻力dynamic resistance动力强度dynamic strength吸引动压头dynamic suction head动态试验dynamic testing动力荷载. dynamical load动力学dynamics29 楼Date: 2008-06-25 13:23:37可爱的小金鲤看我其他帖子看我的日志看我该帖回复早期养护early curing早硬强度early strength早强剂early strength admixture 快硬混凝上early strength cement 土石坝earth and rockfill dam土背压earth back pressure粘土防渗层earth blanket土渠earth canal土围堰earth cofferdam土壤夯实earth compaction土混凝土earth concrete土壤固结earth consolidation土坝earth dam挖土工程earth excavation土木坎earth fill timber dam土基础earth foundation地面坡度earth grade土混合物earth mixtures土方机械earth moving machinery 土质颜料earth pigment土龙earth ridge土样品earth sample半土屋earth sheltered home土坡earth slope。
材料英汉单词
建筑材料单词carbonating 碳化处理carbon steel 碳素钢carbonated shrinkage 碳化收缩carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳cation 阳离子 anion 阴离子cationic emulsifier 阳离子乳液化剂capillary voids (pores) in cement水泥中的毛细管capillary water 毛细管水carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cement 水泥cement clinker 水泥熟料cement fineness 水泥细度cement mortar 水泥砂浆cement resistance to chemical水泥抗化学侵蚀性cement paste 水泥浆cement soundness 水泥安定性cement specifications 水泥规范cement strength 水泥强度cement types 水泥品种cement-water ratio 灰水比characteristic strength 特征强度chemically combined water 化学结合水crack 裂纹chemical property 化学性质chert 燧石 ( 黑硅石 )chloride 氯化物chord modulus of elasticity 弦弹性模量civil Engineering 土木工程clinker 熟料coarse aggregate 粗集料coefficient of permeability of concrete 混凝土渗透系数coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数coefficient of shrinkage 收缩系数coefficient of shrinkage of concrete 混凝土收缩系数compacting factor test 捣实系数试验compaction (consolidation)捣实( 捣固 ) compressive strength 抗压强度computer control system 计算机控制系统cube size 立方体试件尺寸coarse aggregate ratio to fine粗集料与细集料之比composite insulation 复合绝热层component组分 , 成分 , 构件composite 复合 , 合成 , 复合材料composite insulation 复合绝热层composite Portland cement复合硅酸盐水泥concrete 混凝土concrete batching plant 混凝土搅拌站concrete composition 混凝土配合比concrete block 混凝土砌块condensation polymerization 缩聚反应concrete products 混凝土制品concrete pump 混凝土输送泵condensed silica fume 浓缩 ( 凝聚 ) 的二氧化硅烟雾 ( 硅粉 )conductivity 导热性consistency 稠度corrosion of steel in concrete钢筋的腐蚀cost of concrete 混凝土成本cold bending test 冷弯试验cold-laid bituminous concrete冷铺沥青混凝土coal tar 煤沥青coarse aggregate 粗集料coefficient of variation (Cv) 变异系数cohesion 粘聚cohesiveness 粘聚性cold draw 冷拔cold-laid bituminous mixture冷铺沥青混合料cold stretching 冷拉cold working 冷加工colloid 胶体colloidal structure 胶体结构colloid mill 胶体磨compacting factor 捣实因素composite material 复合材料concrete 混凝土concrete mix 混凝土混合料concrete mix proportion 混凝土配合比continuous grading 连续级配cork 软木cork insulation 软木绝热制品creep 蠕变crack 裂缝cracking 开裂creep 徐变crescent ribbed bars 月牙肋钢筋critical aggregate size 临界集料尺寸critical degree of saturation临界饱和度critical stress 临界应力cross grain 斜纹C-S-H 水化硅酸钙crushing test 压碎试验crushing value 压碎值crystallization 结晶(作用) cryogenic behavior 低温性质curing 养护decay 腐朽dense concrete 密实混凝土defect 缺陷deflection 挠度degree of complex flow 复合流动度degree of hardness 硬度degree of humidity 湿度deicing salts action 除冰盐作用design of concrete mix混凝土配合比设计density 密度dense grading 密级配dicalcium silicate (C2S)硅酸二钙disperse phase 分散相dispersion medium 分散介质drying shrinkage 干燥收缩 ( 干缩 ) ductility 延展性durability 耐久性durability factor 耐久性因素dormant period 垫伏期early-age behavior 早期性质early strength cement 早强水泥early wood 早材asphalt cement 粘稠沥青(膏体沥青) asphalt concrete (地)沥青混凝土alkali-aggregate reaction 碱-集料反应bend stress 弯曲应力binder bonding agent 粘合剂binder 结合料blast-furnace slag 高炉矿渣blast-furnace slag cements 高炉矿渣水泥bleeding 泌水性blending method 调和法blender 搅拌器，打浆机bond 粘结Calcium钙，形成层calcium aluminate 铝酸钙calcium aluminate cement 铝酸钙水泥calcium carbonate 碳酸钙calcium chloride 氯化钙calcium ferroalumnates 铁铝酸钙calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙calcium lignosulphonate 木质磺酸钙calcium lime 钙质石灰calcium oxide 氧化钙calcium silicate 硅酸钙calcium silicate hydrate(CHS) 水化硅酸钙calcium silicate insulat1on硅酸钙绝热制品calcium sulfates 硫酸钙calcium sulfoaluminate 硫铝酸钙calcium sulfoaluminate hydrates水化硫铝酸钙carbon disulphide 二硫化碳ettringite 钙矾石flint 燧石float test 浮标试验floating 刮平flow of cement mortar 水泥胶砂流动度flow value 流值formwork removal 拆模fine aggregate 细集料final set 终凝fire resistance 耐火性flowing concrete 流动混凝土flexural property 受弯性能flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度 (B)fiber reinforced plastics 纤维增强塑料fiber-glass reinforced plastics 玻璃纤维增强塑料fiber cement 纤维水泥fiber insulation 纤维绝热材料fineness of cement 水泥细度fineness modulus 细度模数(M) finishing 抹面( 修整 )fibre board 纤维板fiber concrete 纤维混凝土fine sand 细砂fiber saturation point 纤维饱和点filler 填料final set 终凝fire point 燃点fly ash 粉煤灰fly-ash cement 粉煤灰水泥flash set 闪凝( 瞬间凝结 )flash point 闪点flexural strength 弯曲强度graph 图表、图解graphical method 图解法gravel 砾石、卵石gradation 级配ground quick lime 磨细生石灰grading / gradation 颗粒级配grading curve 级配曲线grain-size refinement 颗粒尺寸的优化granite 花岗石gel 凝胶gel pores 凝胶孔gel/space ratio 凝胶/空隙比gap-graded aggregate 间断级配集料gas concrete 加气混凝土gap grading 间断级配fraction 组分fracture mechanics 断裂力学fracture toughness 断裂韧性free carbon 游离碳free calcium oxide 游离氧化钙fresh concrete 新拌混凝土freeze-thaw resistance 抗冻融性frost action on aggregate骨料受到冰冻作用frost action on cement paste水泥浆受到冰冻作用frost action on concrete混凝土受到冰冻作用frost resistance 抗冻性gypsum 石膏gypsum concrete 石膏混凝土hardening 硬化hardness 硬度high-early strength cement 早强水泥high-early strength concrete 早强混凝土high performance concrete 高性能混凝土homogeneous materials 均质材料hydrophilic and hydrophobic 亲水与憎水hydrated (Portland) cement paste 已水化的水泥浆hydration of Portland cement 波特兰水泥的水化hydration reaction of aluminates 铝酸盐水化反应hydration reaction of silicates硅酸盐水化反应hydraulic cement 水硬性水泥hydraulic pressure 水压力impact strength 冲击强度igneous rocks for aggregateimpact ductility 冲击韧性impact strength 抗冲击强度impermeability 抗渗性，不渗透性impact resistance 抗冲击性impact test 冲击试验impact toughness 冲击韧度initial set 初凝1ime 石灰lime cement 石灰水泥lime stone 石灰石loss of slump of concrete混凝土的坍落度损失low alloy steel 低合金钢macrostructure 宏观结构magnitude of self-stress 自应力magnesium oxide 氧化镁manganese steel 锰钢manual plastering 手工抹浆map cracking 龟裂marble 大理石masonry cement 砌筑水泥masonry mortar 砌筑砂浆mass concrete 大体积混凝土maximum aggregate size 最大集料粒径maximum crack width 最大裂缝宽度maximum density curve 最大密度曲线maximum size of sand 砂的最大粒径maximum theorical density 理论最大密度mechanical property 力学性质membrane curing 薄膜养护metal 金属metamorphic rock 变质岩mica 云母microcracking 微裂缝microsilica 微细二氧化硅(硅粉)mild steel 低碳钢microstructure 微观结构mineral admixture 矿物外加剂mineral powder 矿粉minimum crack spacing 最小裂缝间距mix design 配合比设计mixing of concrete 混凝土的搅拌mixing water 拌和用水mix proportioning(designing )配合比(设计)mix proportions 配合比mix proportion by absolute volume绝对体积法配合比(设计)mix proportion by loose volume现场松散体积配合比(设计)mix proportion by weight 重量配合比mixed base 混合基mixed-in-place 现场拌和mixed process 混合过程mixing time 拌和时间mixing water 拌和水mixed cement 混合水泥mixture 混合料modility，fluidity流动性modulus of deformation 变形模量(EB) modulus of elasticity 弹性模量modulus of elasticity concrete 混凝土弹性模量moisture 湿度,水分moisture absorption 吸湿率moisture content (MC) 含水量moisture condition 含水状态moisture content of aggregate骨料含水量monosulphalte 单硫酸盐monosulfate hydrate 单硫酸盐水化物mortar theory 胶浆理论mortar consistency 砂浆稠度mortar strength 砂浆强度needle penetrometer 维卡仪penetration index (PI) 针入度指数penetration 针入度Particle size 颗粒尺寸particle size distribution 粒度分布pat test 试饼法penetration resistance 抗贯入性percentage elongation 伸长率percentage passing 通过百分率percentage retained 存留百分率oven-dry aggregate 炉干骨料ordinary Portland cement普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary concrete 普通水泥混凝土open-graded mixture 开级配混合料poisson's ratio 泊松比physical property 物理性质phosphate 磷酸盐placing of concrete 混凝土的浇筑porosity 孔隙率portland cement 波特兰水泥portland blast-furnace slag cement 高炉矿渣波特兰水泥portland pozzolan cement火山灰质波特兰水泥portlandite 氢氧钙石pore-size distribution 孔径分布pozzolan 火山灰pozzolanic reaction 火山灰质反应preplaced aggregate concrete预填集料混凝土pumped concrete 泵送混凝土quality 质量，性质quality control 质量控制quality assurance 质量保证quartz 石英quartz glass 石英玻璃quartz sand 石英砂quartzite 石英岩quick lime 生石灰quick set 快凝quick setting cement 快硬水泥quick-taking cement 快凝水泥quick hardening 水硬性水泥quench 水淬，骤冷rapid setting and hardening cements快凝与快硬水泥raw limestone 石灰石ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土recycled-concrete aggregate再生混凝土集料regulated-set cement 调凝水泥reinforced concrete (RC) 钢筋混凝土relative density 相对密度resin 胶质，树脂retarder 缓凝剂retarding admixtures 缓凝外加剂retempering 重新调拌revibration 重新振捣rheological characteristics 流变特性sand 砂sand grading 砂的级配sandstone 砂岩sand grading curve 砂的级配曲线sand grading standard region 砂的级配标准区segregation 离析set retarder admixture 缓凝剂set retarding and water-reducing admixture 缓凝减水剂setting time 凝结时间setting of cement paste 水泥浆的凝结setting of concrete 混凝土的凝结shrinkage 收缩shrinkage-compensating concrete收缩补偿混凝土shrinkage crack 收缩裂缝sieve analysis of aggregate集料的筛分析silica fume 硅粉slag 矿渣slump cone test 坍落度锥体试验slump loss in concrete混凝土中的坍落度损softening point test 软化点试验solid／space ratio 固体/空隙比solid-state hydration 固态水化solidification 凝固作用soundness 安定性specific heat 比热specific surface area 比表面积specifications 规范standard specifications 标准规范stiffening of cement paste 水泥浆的变硬standard deviation 标准差standard error 标准误差standard of concrete 混凝土强度standard sand 标准砂standard sieve 标准筛standard test method 标准试验方法static modulus 静弹性模量strain 应变strength 强度strength at 28days 28天强度strength grade of cement 水泥强度等级strength of cement mortar 水泥胶砂强度strength of cube 立方体强度strength of cylinders 圆柱体强度structure high density concrete高表观密度混凝土结构stress 应力stress concentration 应力集中stressed crack 受力裂缝stress intensity factor 应力强度因素stress-strain curve 应力-应变曲线sulfate attack 硫酸盐侵蚀sulfate resisting cement 抗硫酸盐水泥temperature susceptibility 温度感应性temperature shrinkage 温度收缩temperature effects 温度效应tensile strain 拉伸应变tensile strain capacity 拉伸应变能力tensile strength 拉伸强度(抗拉强度) tetracalcium aluminate hydrate水化铝酸四钙test methods 试验方法test sieve 试验筛testing of material 材料试验testing sieve shaker 试验用振动筛分机test load 试验负荷the particle grading 颗粒级配thermal conductivity 导热性thermal contraction 热收缩thermal diffusivity 热扩散性thermal expansion coefficient热膨胀系数thermal insulation material 绝热材料thermal insulation properties 保温性能timber 木材toughness 韧性trial mixes 试拌混合物tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙uncombined CaO 游离CaOVander Wale force 范德华力vapor pressure 蒸汽压力vacuum insulation 真空绝热vapor barrier / water vapor retarder 隔汽层variegated glass 大理石纹Vebe consistency 维勃稠度void 空隙voids detection 空隙的测定voids ratio 孔隙率void in hydrated cement paste水化水泥浆中的孔隙water 水water absorption 吸水率water / cement ratio 水灰比water content 用水量water content (moisture content)含水率( 湿度 )water-lightness 不透水性water repellent admixture 防水剂water-proof 防水的water proofing admixture 防水剂water proofing compound 防水化合物water-reducing admixtures 减水剂water-reducing retaders 缓凝减水剂water-reducing admixture 普通减水剂workability control 和易性控制workability definition 和易性定义workability 工作性workability of ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土和易性workability of light weight concrete 轻混凝土和易性workability measurement 和易性测量。
抗渗混凝土的配合比
抗渗混凝土的配合比英文回答：Reinforced concrete is a widely used construction material due to its high strength and durability. To enhance its resistance to water penetration, an appropriate mix design known as the water-resistant concrete mix design is used. This mix design involves the careful selection and proportioning of various materials to achieve the desired properties.The water-resistant concrete mix design typically includes the use of special additives such as waterproofing admixtures and pozzolanic materials. Waterproofing admixtures, such as hydrophobic agents or crystalline compounds, are added to the concrete mix to reduce water absorption and increase its impermeability. These admixtures create a barrier within the concrete, preventing water from seeping through.Pozzolanic materials, such as fly ash or silica fume, are also commonly used in water-resistant concrete mix designs. These materials react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to form additional cementitious compounds. This reaction not only improves the strength and durability of the concrete but also reduces its permeability.In addition to the special additives, the water-to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) is a critical factor in achieving a water-resistant concrete mix. A lower w/c ratio results in a denser and less permeable concrete, as there is less water available for absorption. However, it is important to strike a balance between a low w/c ratio and workability, as a very low w/c ratio can make the concrete difficult to place and finish.Furthermore, the use of a well-graded aggregate with a low water absorption capacity is essential in water-resistant concrete. The aggregate acts as a skeleton in the concrete, providing strength and stability. By using aggregates with low water absorption, the overallpermeability of the concrete can be further reduced.To illustrate the importance of a water-resistant concrete mix design, consider a scenario where regular concrete is used in a basement construction. Over time, the concrete starts to show signs of water penetration,resulting in dampness and mold growth. However, if a water-resistant concrete mix design had been used, the concrete would have been able to withstand the water pressure and prevent water from seeping through. This would haveresulted in a dry and mold-free basement.中文回答：抗渗混凝土是一种广泛应用的建筑材料，具有高强度和耐久性。
混凝土配合比PPT课件
混凝土拌合物的配合比设计
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000
800 600 400 200
0
粗骨料
细骨料
水泥
水
每立方米混凝土中的材料用量范围
低等级 普通 高等级
6
1）拌合物的工作度 (Workability of mixture)
施工工艺
坍落度(mm)
Construction technics
fcu.0 ≥ fcu.k + 1.645σ
式中：
fcu.0— 混凝土配制强度 fcu.k— 设计混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值； σ —— 混凝土强度标准差（MPa）
标准差按照混凝土搅拌站的 实际生产控制水平而定。12
3）耐久性（以防波堤为例）
环境条件 钢筋混凝土与预应力混凝土 素混凝土
大气区
量
最大水灰比（水胶比）、最小水泥用
浪溅区
含气量、抗氯离子扩散能力
水位变动区
13
3.7.2 配合比设计的基本内 容
得出生产每立方米混凝土所需要的 各组分材料用量 。
普通混凝土比重约 2400Kg/m3；各 组分相互制约：改变一种组分材料的用 量时，其他组份也相应变化。
14
控制参数：
拌合物的用水量与水泥用量之比——水灰比 水泥浆体与骨料用量之比——浆骨比 砂用量/砂石骨料用量之比——砂率 矿物掺合料、外加剂的使用
2.40 2.60 2.80
3.00
10
0.50 0.48 0.46
0.44
12.5
0.59 0.57 0.55
0.53
20
0.66 0.64 0.62
0.60
25
0.71 0.69 0.67
混凝土工程主要检验试验内容及质量标准
混凝土工程主要检验试验内容及质量标准Concrete Engineering: Major Inspection Tests and Quality Standards混凝土工程：主要检验试验内容及质量标准In the field of civil engineering, concrete plays a crucial role as one of the most commonly used construction materials. Whether it's for building foundations, bridges, or even pavements, concrete provides strength and durability. However, ensuring the quality of concrete is essential to guarantee long-term structural integrity. This can be achieved through various inspection tests and adherence to defined quality standards.在土木工程领域中，混凝土作为一种常用的建筑材料之一，起着至关重要的作用。
无论是用于建筑基础、桥梁还是路面，混凝土都能提供强度和耐久性。
确保混凝土质量对于保证长期结构完整性至关重要。
这可以通过各种检验试验以及遵守既定的质量标准来实现。
1. Slump TestThe slump test is a fundamental test used to evaluate the workability of fresh concrete. It measures the consistency and flowability by determining the deformation of a cone-shaped concrete sample after being compacted and then allowed to settle. The slump value indicates whether the concrete has the appropriate water content and mix proportions for proper placement and compaction.1. 塌落度试验塌落度试验是一项用于评估新鲜混凝土可塑性的基本试验。
Mixing Concrete and Curing Concrete
In theory, it takes only 12kg of water to hydrate a completely sack of cement. But this water-cement ratio produces a mixture that is too stiff to be worked. In practice therefore additional water, between 15and 30kg per sack of cement is used to obtain a workable mixture.
In theory, it takes only 12kg of water to hydrate a completely sack of cement. But this water-cement ratio produces a mixture that is too stiff to be worked. In practice therefore additional water, between 15and 30kg per sack of cement is used to obtain a workable mixture.
As a general rule therefore, 23kg.of water per sack of cement should be the maximum amount used for making concrete. And the less the amount of water that is used, the stronger the concrete will be. Also included in the 23kg. is whatever surface moisture is contained in the sand that is part of the aggregate.
土木工程专业外语课文翻译及课后练习答案剖析
专业英语课文翻译Lesson 4Phrases and Expressions1.moisture content 含水量，含湿度; water content 2.cement paste 水泥浆 mortar 3.capillary tension 毛细管张力，微张力 4.gradation of aggregate 骨料级配 coarse fine (crushed stone, gravel) 5.The British Code PC100 英国混凝土规范PC100; nowaday BS8110 6. coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系数 7. The B.S Code 英国标准规范 8. sustained load 永久荷载，长期荷载 9. permanent plastic strain 永久的塑性应变 stress 10. crystal lattice 晶格, 晶格 11. cement gel 水泥凝胶体 12. water-cement ratio 水灰比 13. expansion joint 伸缩缝 14. stability of the structure 结构的稳定性 structural stability15. fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土的疲劳强度Volume Changes of ConcreteConcrete undergoes volume changes during hardening. 混凝土在硬结过程中会经历体积变化。
If it loses moisture by evaporation, it shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands. 如果蒸发失去水分，混凝土会收缩；但如果在水中硬结，它便膨胀。
工程勘察英语
..Torque 转动扭矩Impose 施加，将…强加于posite 合成的，复合的Sag 下垂Deflect 偏转，弯曲，倾斜Misalignment 安装误差Plaster 灰泥，灰浆，涂层Buckling 弯曲，折曲，下垂Stiffness 刚度，刚性In contradistinction to M 与M截然不同Tension X力，拉力pression 压缩，压力Diagrammatic sketch 示意图Ceramics 陶瓷，陶瓷材料Inertia 惯性Lifetime 使用寿命Iterative 反复的，迭代的Durability 耐久性，持久性Pinpoint 准确定位，针尖Evolve 经过实验研究得出Statics 静力学Strength of materials 材料力学Deformation 变形Influx 流入，灌注Distortion 变形Boring machine 镗床Boom 吊杆，悬臂，起重杆Dragline 拉铲挖土级，挖掘斗Gray cast iron 灰铸铁Modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Rigidity 刚性，刚度，稳定性Slip 滑度，打滑Creep 蠕变Yield 屈服于，屈服Rupture 破裂，断裂，破坏Load-carrying capacity 承载能力Terminology 专用名词Helical spring 螺旋型弹簧Concentrated 集中的，浓缩的Distribute 分布，分发，散布Resultant 合力，合成的Centroid 矩心，重心Torsional 扭的，转的Bending 挠曲，弯曲Flexural 弯曲的，挠性的couple 对，双，力偶Non-load-bearing 非承重brittle 脆弱的，脆性的ASTM 美国材料试验学会BSI 英国标准学会SAA 澳大利亚标准学会Passage 一段，一节Plastic deformation 塑性变形moisture content 含水量Timber 木材veracity 老实，真实性Ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土building contractor 建筑承包商Hydraulic press 水压机grading 分等，分类，级配Fatigue 疲劳ductility 可延展性Toughness 韧性stress-strain curve 应力－应变曲线Durability 耐久性，耐用年限chloride 氯化物，漂白粉Sulphate 硫酸盐alkali 碱性，碱Permeability 渗透性，透气性weathering 风化Disruptive 分裂的，摧毁的thaw 融化，解冻Entrain 携带，传输leaching 浸出，溶析Carbonation 炭化作用blasting 破裂，吹风Attrition 磨损cavity 洞穴Hydraulic structure 水工建筑物pervious 透水的，透光的Aggregate 集料，骨料homogeneous 均质的，均匀的pact 压实，捣紧kerb 路缘，道牙Air-entrained concrete 加气混凝土glaze 珐琅质，上釉Stainless steel 不锈钢galvanize 电镀Gutter 排水沟，楼都不humidity 湿度，湿气Porous 多孔的，疏松的spectrum 谱. .word.zl...Infrared 红外的，产生红外辐射的ultraviolet 紫外的Gravel 砾石，卵石anodized 受过阳极化处理的Hydrate 水合物reinforcement 加强，加固Spall 剥落，散裂erosion 侵蚀，腐蚀Abrasion 磨损，磨耗quarry 方形砖Eddy 涡流，漩涡运动reinforcing steel 钢筋Reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforcing bar 钢筋Longitudinal 长度的，纵向的，轴向的dispose 处置Incline 倾斜，弄斜moment 力矩Bond 结合，结合力，粘合力interlock 连动，连接Forestall 阻止，预防embed 放入，埋入Prestressing steel 预应力钢筋rebar 钢筋Splice 接头congestion 充满Form 模坂ACI 美国混凝土协会Code 法规，规程galvanize 电镀Undue 过度的，过分的BS 英国标准Blending machine 弯筋机mandrel 芯棒Jig 夹具dowel 夹缝丁，暗销Wire clip 钢丝剪reference number 参考号数Mill scale 热轧钢外表氧化皮spacer 隔离物Clip 夹子，剪刀slab 板，块，楼板Cradle 吊架，托架，支架chair 托架，支板Mild steel 低碳钢tack 图钉，点焊焊缝Hydraulic 水力的，液力的additive 添加剂Admixture 外加剂binder 胶结剂Aggregate 聚集，结合，骨料，填料aerate 充气Aerate concrete 加气混凝土cellular 蜂窝状的Portland 波特兰水泥pulverize 粉化，磨碎Granulate 成粒状，轧碎blastfurnace 高炉，鼓风炉Slag 矿渣，炉渣pigment 颜料，色料Retarder 延迟剂，缓凝剂accelerator 加速剂，促凝剂Curing (混凝土)养护paction 压实，捣实Ambient 周围的，外界的shrinkage 收缩，下沉，压缩Autoclave 蒸压器，热压处理frost 粗糙的，无光泽的Efflorescence 风化，粉化，粉化物sodium 钠Calcium 钙potassium 钾Carbonate 炭化pozzolana 火山灰Sulphate 硫酸盐autoclaved aerated concrete 高压蒸养加气混凝土Hard-burnt 高温焙烧的，炼制的veneer 镶片，砌面，表层Mallet 木锤，大锤chisel 凿子Mold 模子，模具mass production 大量生产Update 使现代化trade journal 行业杂志Periodical 定期的，定期刊行的editorial board 编辑委员会Beholder 旁观者ordinance 规格，条例，法令Suspended structure 悬吊构造joist 梁，垳条Through bridge 下承桥chord 弦杆. .word.zl...Bracing 拉条，支撑web-girder 腹板大梁Box-girder 箱梁plan view 平面图Outline 外形，剖面drawing 附图Bills of materials 材料清单radiator 散热器General arrangement 总体布置detail drawing 详图Cladding 包层，包壳panel 面板，仪表盘GA drawing 总体平面图zoom 变焦距In situ 原地，在原地cumbersome 笨重的，麻烦的Parameterized 参数化specification 详细说明，标准Verify 校验，验证，说明homogeneous 均匀的，对等的Buckling 弯曲，翘曲，弯折deterministic 确定的，决定的Probabilistic 概率的，随机的deviation 偏差，偏移，参数Psychological 心理的，精神的cross-section 横断面，横截面Amortization 阻尼proof-load 检验荷载Field 场地，工地survey 调查，测量，勘察Intrinsic 内在的，固有的stochastic 随机的，不确定的Seismic 地震的，与地震有关的single load 集中荷载Foundation 根底，地基gravity 重力Lateral 横向的，侧面的transient 瞬时的，不稳定的Basement 底座，根底，地下室erratic 反复无常的，无规律的Footing 根底，基脚，底座，垫层overdesign 保险设计Underdesign 欠平安设计appurtenance 附属物，附属设备Firewall 防火墙parapet 栏杆，护墙，女儿墙Remold 改造，改型，重铸ductwork 管道系统，管网Tenant 租用latitude 纬度，宽度，范围Tributary 支流，附庸，辅助的cantilever 悬臂，悬臂梁，支架Provision 预防，规定，条款overload 超载，超重Reference 参考书uncertainty 不确定性Slighting 轻蔑的，不尊重的likelihood 像有，相似Pef = pounds per cubic foot 磅/平方英尺reliability 可靠性，平安性Methodology 方法论shield 屏蔽Shield 屏蔽，遮护without recourse to 不依赖Reason 推理，论证weir 堰，拦河堰Spillway 溢洪道，泻水道clause 条款工程Deploy 适用，配置filler wall 填充墙，柱间墙Shear wall 剪力墙ignorance 外行Up-to-date 现代的，最新likewise 同样Bucket 吊斗，挖斗wheelarrow 手推车，独轮小车Buggy 手推车，小斗车segregation 分凝，离析Chute 斜槽place 场所，浇筑Lift 混凝土浇筑层，，升降机displacement 偏移pact 夯实honeyb 蜂窝构造Tamping 夯实，捣固，捣实spinkling 喷洒Calcium chloride 氯化钙settlement 沉陷Grout 水浆，灌浆cohesive 粘聚的，粘结的Workable 和易性好的,塑性的slump 坍塌度. .word.zl...Workability 可塑性air-entraining 加气的Deposit 存储，浇注consolidation 加固，压实Bleeding 渗漏subsidence 沉降，下降Laitance 水泥浮浆float 镘刀，抹子Capillary 毛细管的，毛细现象flash set 急凝Aluminate 铝酸盐burlap 麻袋，粗麻布Membrane 膜，隔板emulsion 乳胶体，乳液Polyethylene 聚乙烯waterproof 防水Harden 硬化，凝固gravel 砾石，卵石Immersion 浸入，插入headroom 净空高度，头上空间Nominal 铭牌的，名义的power-driven 动力驱动的，电动的External vibrator 外表振捣器architect 建筑师Nonhomogeneous 不均匀的，多相的creep 蠕变Shrink 缩小structure code 构造标准Ultimate strength 极限强度load factor 荷载系数From M onwards 从m算起来prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土Faulty 有缺点的，报废的，不合格的embed 放入，埋入Abutment 桥台,岸墩thrust 推，轴向力Jack 千斤顶，支柱motorway 汽车道，快车道Tendon 钢筋束，筋post-tensioned prestressing 后X法预应力Pre-tensioned prestressing 先X法预应力manoeuvrable 机动的，容易驾驶的Plain concrete 无筋混凝土prepression 预加压力，预先压缩Leak 漏，渗漏camber 弯度，曲度，凸形Proportioning 使成比例，确定几何尺寸analogous 类似的，类比的，模拟的With reference to 参考，参照，关于centroid 矩心，面积矩心，质心Refinement 精制，改善，改良bond 结合，粘合，粘合强度Transmit 传递，寄，传送interlocking 可联动的，联锁Plain bar 光面钢筋，无结钢筋formed bar 变形钢筋，竹结钢筋Hoop 环，箍，铁箍tie 拉杆，系杆Stirrup 箍筋，钢筋箍crushing 压碎，轧碎Bearing 承载，承受，支撑点bearing pressure 支承压力Rib 肋，棱，perimeter 周边，周长，周界Blanketing 覆盖，包上，掩盖mortar 砂浆，灰浆，灰泥Bentonite 膨润土，膨土岩trench 沟槽，沟道，沟管Tremie 混凝土导管〔水下浇筑用〕full prestressing 全预应力Partial prestressing 局部预应力reservoir 水库，蓄水池Eccentric 偏心的，呈偏心运动的，偏心器counteract 中和，平衡Intermitterntly 间隙的，断续的，周期的infrequent 不常见的，稀少的Objectionable 不能采用的，不适宜的reverse 颠倒的，改变方向的，交换的Cement paste 水泥浆sack 袋，包，一包，一袋Water-cement ratio 水灰比trial-batch 〔混凝土〕小量试拌Slump test 坍塌度试验truncate 缩短，截去Air-entraining agent 加气剂plasticizer 增塑剂，塑化剂revolving-drum mixer 转筒式搅拌机ready-mixed 运送时搅拌的transit0mixed 运送时拌的batch 配料，分批配料congested 拥挤的，充塞的haul 搬运，运输. .word.zl...discharge 卸货，卸载hopper 漏斗，装料车batching plant 拌和厂batching 配料，定配合比ecclesiastical 基督教会的，教士的landmark 陆标，里程碑，界标mobility 可动性，机动性，流动性topographical 地形的，地形测量的subservient 辅助性的tax 使受压力，负担shear wall core 剪力墙筒体prefabrication 预制的，预制品slip-formwork 滑模crane 起重机，用起重机吊codify 编成法典，编纂elevator 升降机escalator 升降梯，自动扶梯drift 漂移，位移prescribe 规定，命令，指示I-beam 工字梁，工字钢masonry 砖石工程，砌筑体staircase 楼梯lofty 高耸的，极高的condominium 各住户认购各自一套公寓楼brace 支撑，支柱bundle 捆，扎，粘合soaring 高耸的，高涨的tributary 支流，附属的prototype 原型，样机web 腹板，梁板torsion 扭转，转矩orthogonal 互相垂直的，正交的，直角的stiffen 加强，加固urbanization 都市化habitation 住宅，住所deterrent 制止物，威慑因素premium 奖金，质量改良的clutter 混乱，干扰，弄乱multi-discipline 多学科pedestrian 行人，步行者plaza 广场，大空地sway 摇，摆动overturn 倾倒，翻转clear span 净高clear spacing 净距zoning 分区，区域化excavation 挖掘，挖方overlook 检查，监视interim 间歇底，暂时的empiricism 经历主义elastoplastic 弹塑性的subset 子系统partmentalize 间隔化,隔开,分段mantle 罩,外壳,地幔erosion 侵蚀,冲刷,磨损waterborne 水生的,水力运输的boulder 漂砾,大块石cobble 圆石,鹅软石pebble 小软石,小砾石degradation 剥蚀,退化avalanche 山崩,坍方,崩塌stratum 地层,岩层meandering 曲折的,弯曲的,曲流的stratified 有层次的,分层的water table 地下水位detritus 瓦砾,腐质percolation 渗透,渗滤soil profile 土壤剖面,土层剖面residual soil 残积土transported soil 运积土ground water 地下水superstructure 上层构造earth fill 土堤substructure 下部构造,根底工事demarcation 分界限sanitary 环境卫生的sanitary fill 垃圾堆积场reclamation 废料回收,改造,垦殖disposal 处理,清理,处置boring 钻探,打眼mat 席,垫,钢筋网caisson 沉箱retaining-wall 挡土墙uneven settlement 不均匀沉降overburden 超载,过载strap beam 搭扣形梁unsound 不巩固的,不结实的pile 桩,打桩hardpan 硬土层,巩固根底raft 筏,木排bined footing 联合根底cantilever footing 悬臂根底. .word.zl...raft of floating foundation 筏式根底或浮筏根底soil mass 土体pile shaft 桩身stratum 地层，矿层end-bearing pile 端承桩uplift 举起，抬起water table 地下水位scour 冲刷，洗涤deposit 沉积，浇注，矿床soil-exploration 土质勘察footing 根底，基脚，底座strip 带，条，狭长片raft 筏，垫板capital 柱头fixity 固定，不变eccentric 偏心的，不同圆心的nonuniformity 不均匀性，不均质性scheduling 编制时间表drain 消耗，耗尽premium 奖金，佣金hold up 阻碍procurement 取得，获得，采购vector 矢量，向量prerequisite 先决条件，前提concurrent 同时进展的，并行的lead time 产品设计至实际投产时间litigation 诉讼，打官司chronological 按时间顺序的hoist 卷扬机，起重机utility 实用的，公用事业utility line 公用事业管线accrue 产生，出现dismantle 撤除，拆卸remuneration 酬劳，报酬mensurate 同量的，相应的degenerate into 简化成，变质成in-house 机构内部的critical path 关键路径lay down 规定，制定方案wearing surface 磨耗面base course 基层asphalt 柏油landscaping 风景设计，风景布置bulldozer 推土机，压路机vibrating roller 振动压路机bitumen 沥青grill 格栅，铁格网mesh 网，网格，筛concrete train 混凝土铺路机组slipform paver 滑模铺路机hold in place 把…固定在引诱的位置runway 跑道，通道Tokaido line 新干线catalyst 触媒，催化剂Side-effect 副作用decentralization 分散，疏散Unity 整体，单元outstrip 超过Crude 天然的，原油piecemeal 片断，点Ferment 酵素，发酵，蓬勃开展underlying 根底的，根本的Geographer 地理学家operations research 运筹学Cable-stayed 斜拉的，X拉的girder 梁，垳，梁杆Cast-in-place 现场浇筑的AASHT美国洲际公路及运输工作者协会AREA 美国铁路工程师协会crossing 穿插，十字路口Pier 桥墩elevated 高架的，高的，高架铁路Clearance 间隙，净空，间距segment 局部，段Dominance 支配，控制，优势one-way slab 单向配筋板Versus 与…的关系曲线statically determinate structure 静定构造Skew 斜的，扭的，弯曲的on-site 现场的，就地的，工地Shear key 受剪键bituminous concrete 沥青混凝土Dissipate 去除，消除posite structure 混合构造Acronym 缩写词，缩语chore 零星工作，零活In the foreseeable future 在可遇见的未来一段时间内impetus 动力，刺激Draughtsman 绘图员，起草者repetitious 重复的，反复的Mundane 世间的，世俗的jargon 行话，术语，难懂的话. .word.zl...Level 水平，水位，水平仪theodolite 精细经纬仪Envision 想象，遇见，展望contour map 等高线，地形图Plat 地段，地区图，地段图grading 校准，定标，土工修正Stake 标桩，定位木桩picture 图画，设想，想象Cut 挖土，挖方fill 填筑，填方，填土，路堤Borrow 取土，采料，采料场indeterminate structure 超静定构造Myriad 万，无数，无数的photogrammetry 摄影测绘sGeotechnical engineering 岩土工程mass transit 公共交通Transmission line 输电线infiltrate 渗入，渗透Estimator 估价者，评价者rival 对手，竞争，比得上Off-the-shelf 现成的，成品的，畅销的afterthought 回想，反省，懊悔，马后炮Timeliness 及时，时间性，好时机inception 开场，起头，开端Culminate 到达顶点，完毕beneficiary 受益人，受惠人Outset 开场，最初working drawing 施工图Prescribe 规定，命令delineation 描绘，描述Co-ordinate 一样，同等的事物prerogative 特权，特性Board of directors 董事会estimating 估价Margin 边缘，余量，余地tender 投标，承包，标件Incisive 锋利的，深刻的，透彻的realm 范围，部门，类Forethought 预先考虑好的modus 方法，程式Modus operandi 做法，方法，工作方式nullify 废弃，取消Indispensable 不可缺少的，必需的corollary 推论，结果Doom 消灭，灭亡，判决obverse 较显著面Tactical 战术的，策略的deployment 部署，调度，配置Ensemble 整体，总效果pictorial 绘图的，插图的Dispassionate 冷静的，不带偏见的prognosis 预测，预报Ubiquitous 普遍存在的，随遇的denominator 分母，标准Handmaiden 起陪衬作用的liken 比较Jobbing 做临时工trade journal 行业期刊Cost plus 附加费premise 前提，房产Speculation 投机，投机买卖sub-contractor 转包商，分包商Order 订单on-cost 杂费，间接本钱Microfiche 缩微胶片，平片. .word.zl.。
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K. C. Hover
interface and within the paste. Voids in the paste range from capillary pores of 10 nm to 1 pm in approximate diameter5*6 to gel pores of only l-10 nm in equivalent diameter. Aggregate pores are minimized by appropriate aggregate selection, as little can be done to alter aggregate porosity. Cohen7 showed how mineral admixtures can dramatically reduce paste/aggregate interface porosity. Our primary subject in this paper, however, is the paste porosity itself, as indicated in Fig. 1.’ The ‘fuzzy’ ball-shaped objects are hydrating grains of cement, with hydration products forming on the grain surfaces. Cement grains connected to their neighbors via hydration products provide the microstructural framework in the hardened paste for the transfer of loads. The large volume of interstitial void space evident in the figure is striking, however, and it is through these voids that deleterious gases, liquids, and dissolved solids move through the paste. It is also evident that an improvement in the mechanical behavior of the paste, as well as an improvement in durability could be achieved by finding ways to move the cement grains closer to one another, enhancing their mutual bond, and reducing the interstitial void space. It is also evident that it would not be necessary to
eliminate the void space altogether to improve durability; it would be necessary only to block the connectivity of the pores so that gases and liquids could no longer permeate the paste. For these reasons, most of our standard practices for concrete construction have as their objective the minimization of paste porosity, which consequently increases both strength and durability. Low water/cement ratio, control of water addition, consolidation of fresh concrete, and curing so as to maintain appropriately warm and moist conditions for development of the hydration products all reduce porosity and decrease the average proximity of cement grains. Curing is essential because grain-to-grain bonds are established as hydration products extend from grain surfaces, and such development is temperatureand moisture-dependent. Consolidation attempts to remove additional void space contributed by air trapped in the concrete as a result of placing. Control of water addition seeks to minimize the void space occupied by mix water, as does control of water/cement ratio as discussed in the next section. CONTROL OF WATER/CEMENT RATIO: ESSENTIAL WITH OR WITHOUT ADMIXTURES When the relationship between the total mix water and the total amount of cement is expressed as a volume ratio rather than the more common weight or mass basis for water/ cement ratio, the importance of the relationship becomes clear, as shown in Fig. 2.
ratio, durability, mixture proportioning, water-reducers, superplasticizers, microstructure, admixtures.
INTRODUCTION
the purpose of increasing the durability of conprimarily by means of decreasing crete, permeability and improving mechanical properties. Such improvements not only slow the rate of ingress of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and dissolved solids, but also provide increased resistance to stresses generated by external or internal loads. External loads include typical service loads, impact, or abrasion, while internal loads include internal expansion of freezing water, alkali-silica gel, swelling aggregates, Ettringite crystals, or thermal stresses. At the heart of this paper is the principle that all such benefits are derived from a densified microstructure of the hardened cement paste. This densification can be theoretically achieved from judicial use of water and cement alone, but pragmatically, can only be realized in other than laboratory conditions through the use of chemical admixtures, or mineral admixtures, or both. When concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures while in a near saturated condition, air entraining admixtures can be added to the concrete to provide necessary frost resistance, another aspect of ‘durability’. Air entrained concrete is a separate topic within concrete material technology (and discussed in detail elsewherelm4), and is not addressed in this paper.
BACKGROUND: PASTE MICROSTRUCes on the use of normal-, mid-, and high-range water-reducing admixtures for