Stylistics Course and the Literature Appreciation： Take The Portrait of a Lady for an Example
Literary Stylistics Chapter 1 Introduction
Some basic English and Chinese concepts and terms in stylistics, such as style, variety, register, and genre and their definitions and mutual differences
2. Do the terms have identical or different concepts? If not, how do you tell them from each other?
3. Do scholars deal with the terms always in the same way in English and in Chinese?
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1.1.1 The definition of style
Richard Nordquist, on a webpage of the website, likewise offers dozens of definitions under 6 broad headings.
4. How to achieve a delicate balance between innovation and inheritance when rendering the terms into the target language?
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Chapter 1 Introduction Questions for you to consider
Some of the definitions listed are very familiar to us.
Stylistics
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and method ology of mod ern linguistics to the study of style.It studies the use of language in specific contexts and attempts to account for the characteristics that mark the language use of individuals and social groups. It is usually concerned with the examination of written language, particularly literary texts. The stylistic analysis of a text involves the d escription of a writer’s/speaker’s verbal choices which can be abstracted as style.Concepts of style:1.”styl e” may refer to some or all of the language habits of one person. 2.The word may refer to some or all of the language habits shared by a group of peopl e at one time,or over a period of time. 3.the word may be used in an evaluative sense, referring to the effectiveness of a mod e of expression. 4.Partly overlapping with the three senses just mentioned, the word may refer solely to literary language.The needs for stylistics:1.styl e is an integral part of meaning. 2.Stylistics may help us to acquire a “sense of styl e”. 3.Stylistics prepares the way to the intrinsic study of literature.The concept of text: A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not.The concept of context: “Context” has been und erstood in various ways. It may be linguistic or extra-linguistic. Linguistic context is alternatively termed as CO-TEXT, which refers to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. Extra-linguistic context refers to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning. The term CONTEXT may includ e not only the co-text, but also the extra-linguistic context of a text.An elliptical sentence is contextually conditioned. The ellipsis is recoverable from the preceding linguistic context. The ellipsis avoids repetition so as to focus on the new information.Incomplete sentences: sentences in which for some reason the speaker never reaches the end of what he intends to communicate.Reiteration refers to the use of an alternative expression as a replacement for an expression in the preceding context.Collocation may refer to: A. the conventional restriction of the ways in which words are used together. B. a tend ency of co-occurrence. Sets of words tend to turn up together.Medium refers to graphic signs or speech sounds by meas of which a message is conveyed from one person to another.Attitud e is related to the Role Relationships in various situations. Role Relationships range from temporary to permanent. Some role relationships are easier to id entify by the language than others.Fiel d of discourse refers to the type of social activity in which language plays a part. One aspect of the field is the subject matter. The subject matter can be practically anything, ranging from technical to non-technical: the theory of relativity, physiology and medicine.Another important aspect of the field—the purpose which the language serves in a social activity.The administration=the government/ apartment=flat/attorney=solicitor or barrister/automobile=car/bar=pub/biscuit=scone/can=tin/cookie or cracker=biscuit/elevator=lift/engineer=engine driver/faculty=staff/fall=autumn/first floor=ground floor/gas or gasoline=petrol/mail=post/movie=firm/one way ticket=single(ticket)/overpass=flyover/round-trip ticket=return(ticket)/sneakers=plimsolls/store=shop/truck=lorry or van/yiel d=give awayslang: baby=girl or woman/bad=good or excellent/hip=sophisticated or uptodate/high=a non-intoxicated feeling of exhilaration/square=a conventional person/swell or super or some=good or excellent or outstanding or notable or distinguished/a couple of=a few/kind of or sort of=somewhat or rather/a lot or lots of=a great d eal or many/sure=surely or absolutely/awfully or so or plenty or real=very or extremely or exceedingly or acutelyeuphemisms: senior citizen for ol d man or woman/newly single for divorced/memorial park for graveyard/funeral director for und ertaker/sanitation collector for garbage collector/industrial action for strike/to eliminate for to kill or to murd er/domestic helper for servant/hair stylist for barber/airhostess for waitress aboard a plane/knowl edge-based nonpossessor for idiot/the South, or the developing countries for countries that have littl e industrialization and low standard of living/Two freedom fighters took the oppressor’s life away for The general was murdered by two terrorists头韵：Alliteration/腹韵：Assonance/辅韵：Consonance/倒韵：Reverse Rhyme/头尾韵：Pararhyme/韵:Rhyme。
语言学讲义 考研 9 Stylistics
• In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
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• Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people‘s dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular language registers语域, etc.
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• Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.
However, in Linguistic Criticism, Roger Fowler makes the point that, in non-theoretical usage, the word stylistics makes sense and is useful in referring to an enormous range of literary contexts, such as John Milton‘s ‗grand style‘, the ‗prose style‘ of Henry James, the ‗epic‘ and ‗ballad style‘ of classical Greek literature, etc. (Fowler, 1996: 185).12题三：Chiming 谐音
Stylistics summary
Stylistics summarystylisticsThe scope of chapter 1What is stylistics? Stylistics is a subject that teaches us how touse language and how to apply different styles of language.Stylistics specifically refers to the stylistic feature, refer to apply to the concept of modern linguistics and its skills, learning a language style used in a discipline, including general stylistics and literary stylistics.What is language, different people's definition of language, the development of time, the definition of language is constantly changing and improving. Language is essentially a social activity.Philosophic view holds that language system is the function and activity of language in society.Words are compared to languages. The word code usually refers to a series of symbols, symbolizing the transmission of information. Thesmall amount of information is the process of translating a series of words into a voice and allowing the receiver to receive the information.The use of speech in speech. Language is constantly used in human social activities, and in the speech is determined by three bad circumstances: the normative, the size and the type of the activity.Language variations and functions: the use of language is influenced by the use of the occasion, and different languages must be used indifferent contexts. Different scenes, different people, different times, different places, different media, different social situations use different languages.Language in this ancient, script and spoken English, have a conceptof function and functional points (a service for expression of speaker, a service) for writing the real world.Style is the key to distinguishing between different language habits. Each person has their own language style. For example, "the salsa style." A style is a person's language habit and a group language.The study of style: the study of stylistics is called style, and the study of stylistics is very early in the west. And stylistics as an independent language specification we need to have a full understanding to him, stylistic study of learning style tend to be more standardized, theoretical, make a linguistic description of the more strict specification.The learning of stylistics is the essence of modern science. It hasto do with literature; She is the continuation and development of rhetoric; He approaches critical literature with a new image andprovides a point of support for it.The second chapter is necessary to study the stylisticsThe study of stylistics helps us to develop a correct sense oflanguage.Language is not a unifying phenomenon. He is a broad collection.Only in different situations can people communicate properly withdifferent correct languages. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate a good sense of language that makes it easier for us to communicate.The study of stylistics makes it easier to understand and appreciate the work of literature.In critical literature, there are three stages: the descriptive stage, the interpretation stage and the evaluation stage. In literary creation, the author will continue to make the choice and judgment of language, including the choice of words and sentence structure. When we interrupt the regular use of a new language structure, we call it "variation." This is called "repetition" when we overuse a structure. This departure from the reader's mind is a psychological one.In addition to the prospect,Some authors also for some special effect, a large number of imitation, some of great lethality is because they are significant difference between the novel and drama opened the way you talk, use a lot of dialect makes the language more vivid, close to life.Study of stylistics helps us gains in terms of translation, the role of language in different function in a different language series, each kind of display is the same rule of language features, the translation is not enough to simply express the original meaning of a sentence. The translation must conformto the meaning of the language, which should be combined with the structure of the sentence and the analysis of the style, which makes the translation of the language more perfect. In translation, it isnecessary to put our energy in the same height, the same level, as the sentence.Chapter 3: variations of languageIncludes the dialect variant and the language domain variantDifferent characteristics of speech in different bad circumstances make the language different. The learning of language features has evolved, and modern linguistics has been divided into a series of divisions.Dialect variants are divided according to the user's differences; The language domain variant is determined by the use of bad situations.Dialects can be divided into individual dialects, time dialects, regional dialects, social dialects, and standard dialects. Social dialects can be subdivided into socioeconomic status variations, ethnic variations, gender variations, age variations.The language domain includes: the range of discourse, the way of discourse, the concept of the tone of the discourse.Most of our work has to do with our work, which is to use different languages for our different jobs. Discourse means the tools that language users use when communicating. The tone ofthe speech is about the relationship between the individual and the speaker/writer, listener/reader. A series of actions spoken by language speakers for speech purposes are called functional language.The presence of a variation in the language domain helps us get alot of information about a person, such as who we can judge from aperson's accent.The language domain and the dialect are interdependent. Language variants are of great social significanceThe purpose of language description in literature. In this relationship, it is to prove the theoretical analysis. At the level, language can be divided into: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics/handwriting.The grammar level can be divided into grammar and syntax; Grammar is the key of linguistics. In the study of lexical learning, the choice of special terms, the analysis of linguistic level.Stylistic feature mainly appear in semantics, grammar and vocabulary phonetics graphology, in the first level in stylistic feature, semantic features are: the segmental features (onomatopoeia, phonetic symbols, sound assimilation, alliteration/half harmonics), super sound characteristics (melody). A feature (rereading, rhythm, intonation,pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/pitch/sound).The second level of stylistic features: grammatical featuresshould be considered in terms of words. The types of sentences are: statements, questions, imperative sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences,sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences, sentences Clause/sentence types are: independent, non-independent, non-finite, and sentence elements.Phrases (nouns, pronouns, numerals, non-qualifier and noun structure (noun pre/post phrases); Verb phrase (verb, prepositional verb), passive and abbreviative.The word types have (roots, prefixes, suffixes) the high frequency compound words, composite words, mixtures, temporary words, conversions and pun.The general tendency is to notice six "no matter" and connotation, denotation, jargon, new words, and slang. Notice the combination of words.Stylistics third level: the semantic unit, linguistic connection [word cohesion should pay attention to the turning point ofwords/phrases, grammar structure of ellipsis, substitution, refers to each other on the (refers to, refer to below), vocabulary reuse three aspects], segmentation, discourse/textual patterns, rhetoric (metaphor meaning [metaphor, metonymy], ridiculous words and deeds cheat)/rhetoric/escape situation, semantic role.Note the four steps, the actual description and the analysis of the linguistic description.Chapter v the comparison of formal language of formal languageThe interpersonal function of language, the function that surrounds language, the interpersonal function that speaks language. Further theformal degree of language, functional language and formal degree. There are five levels of classification: informal, formal, z...The formal and phonetic characteristics of the language: the formal and informal language of the language depends on our words, the relationship to phonology, syntax rules, semantics.To establish a similar characteristic, the formal and informal language of the language depends on the vocabulary, phonology morphology, syntactic semantics. The article finally explains the difference between the content of the intervention and the informal language.Chapter 6 comparisons of spoken and written languagesProminent differences: different listening/readers, different linguistic, and different preparation statesThe difference of stylistics: speaking and writing are different in grammar, and different in terms of vocabulary, but also inphonetics/handwriting. After telling the difference between the two, there are plenty of examples to compare thetwo.The more subtle difference between the way of discourse: the difference in lifestyle, the way in which it is written,It includes: style, tone, rangeChapter 7 English conversationThe text tells the necessity of learning how to speak, the necessity of learning the conversation.Learning content of the session: economy, politics, theinternational situation, culture, education, science, sports, entertainment, news, family, children, the friendship, the weather, andso on.Adapt to the way the session is copied. The text lists many examplesof informal conversationsGeneral characteristics of English conversation:In terms of language levels of stylistic feature: grammatical features, preference for short and loose sentence, often adapt toelliptical sentence and incomplete sentences, often adapt to questions, using a simple noun and verb phrase structure; Vocabularycharacteristics, like to use short words and inaccurate expression, high frequency of acronyms, idioms, and a lot of phrasal verbs, use exaggerated words and slang. In phonetic features, the frequent use of some basic metrical features, the rhythmic variation in the tones, andtheemergence of the sublinguistic effects of freedom; A series of viewson semantic characteristics,Rough synonyms, even using illogical languages.Summary: the conversation sometimes relies heavily on the bad background knowledge of the time.Other session types include: discussion, telephone conversation, etc.。
Stylistics-1-2
General Stylistics
Literary Stylistics
Literary Text Style
Variety Features
Genre Features
2. Object of stylistics: it studies the stylistic features of the main varieties of language, covering 1). functional varieties功能变体 from the dimension of fields of discourse (different social activities), 2). formal vs informal varieties from the dimension of tenors趋向 of discourse (different addresseraddressee relationships), 3). spoken vs written varieties from the dimension of modes of discourse (different mediums). 4). various genres体裁 of literature (fiction, drama, poetry) in its study.
Example
(From a novel)After a quarrel between the two lovers: With a flow of words, she started to argue with him, then she checked herself and said calmly, ―listen, John, I imagine you‘re tired of my company. There‘s no sense in having tea together. I think I‘d better leave you right here.‖ ―That‘s fine,‖ he said. ―Good afternoon.‖ ―Good-by‖
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Press剑桥应用语言学丛书（外研社）General Linguistics普通语言学Aronoff, M．et aI．(eds) The Handbook of Linguistics语言学综览Beaugrande，R．D．Linguistic Theory：The Discourse of Fundamental Works语言学理论：对基要原著的语篇研究Bloomfield．L．Language语言论Poole，S．An Introduction to the study of Speech语言学入门Radford，A．et a1．Linguistics：An Introduction语言学教程Robins．R．H General Linguistics普通语言学概论Spair，E Language: An Introduction to the Studyof Speech 语言论：言语研究导论Saussure．F．D Course in General Linguistics普通语言学教程Yule．G The Study of Language Second edition语言研究Phonetics and Phonology 语音学与音系学Chen．M．Y Tome Sandhi：Patterns across Chinese Dialects汉语方言的连读变调模式Clark，J．et al An htroduction to Phonetics and PhonologySecond edition语音学与音系学入门Cruttenden，A．(ed) Gimson’s Pronunciation of English Sixth Edition吉姆森英语语音教程Gussenhoven．C．et al Understanding Phonology音系学通解Kager．R Optimality Theory 优选论Roach．P English Phonetics and Phonology：A Practical Course Secondedition 英语语音学与音系学实用教程Syntax句法学Baltin，M．et a1．(eds) The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory当代句法理论通览Chomsky，N Knowledge of Language：Its Nature，Origin，and Use语言知识：其性质、来源及使用Cook．V Chomsky's Universal Grammar：An Introduction Second edition乔姆斯基的普遍语法教程Ouhalla，J Introducing Transformational Grammar：From Principles and Parameters to Minimalism Second edition转换生成语法导论：从原则参数到最简方案Radford．A Syntax：A Minimalist Introduction句法学：最简方案导论Radford．A Transformational Grammar：A First Course转换生成语法教程Smith．N Chomsky：Ideas and Ideals乔姆斯基：思想与理想Semantics语义学Lappin，S．(ed) The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory当代语义理论指南Lyons,J Linguistic Semantics An Introduction语义学引论Saeed，J．I Semantics语义学Morphology 形态学Matthews．P．H．Morphology Second edition形态学Packard，J．L The Morphology of Chinese：A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach 汉语形态学：语言认知研究法Pragmatics 语用学Mey，J．L． Pragmatic：An Introduction Second edition语用学引论Levinson．S．C Pragmatics语用学Peccei，J．S Pragmatics语用学Sperber，D．et al Relevance：Communication and Cognition Second edition关联性：交际与认知Verschueren，J Understanding Pragmatics语用学新解Discourse Analysis话语分析Brown．G．et al Discourse Analysis话语分析Gee，J．P An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory & Method话语分析入门：理论与方法Philosophy 0f Language语言哲学Austin，J．L How to Do Things with Words Second edition如何以言行事Grice．H．P Studies in the Way of Words言辞用法研究Searle，J．R Speech Acts：An Essay in the Philosophy of Language言语行为：语言哲学论Searle，J．R Expression and Meaning：Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts 表述和意义：言语行为研究Language 0rigin语言起源Aitchison，J． The Seeds of Speech：Language Origin and Evolution言语的萌发：语言起源与进化History of Linguistics语言学史Robins，R．H． A Short History of Linguistics Fourth edition语言学简史Lexicography词典学Bej 0int，H Modern Lexicography：An Introduction现代词典学入门Cowie．A．P English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners：A History英语学习词典史Hartmann．R．R．K．et al Dictionary of Lexicography词典学词典Stylistics文体学Leech．G．N A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry英诗学习指南：语言学的分析方法Leech．G．N．et al Style in Fiction：A Linguistic Introduction to EnglishFictional Prose小说文体论：英语小说的语言学入门Thomborrow，J．et al Patterns in Language：Stylistics for Students of Languageand Literature语言模式：文体学入门Wright，L．et al Stylistics：A Practical Coursebook 实用文体学教程Typology语言类型学Croft．W．Typology and Universals语言类型学与普遍语法特征Anthropological Linguistics人类语言学Foley，W． An Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction人类语言学入门Sociolinguistics 社会语言学Coulmas，F．(ed) The Handbook of Sociolinguistics社会语言学通览Crystal．D English as a Global Language英语：全球通用语Fasold．R The Sociolinguistics of Language社会语言学Hudson．R．A Sociolinguistics Second edition社会语言学教程Wardhaugh，R Introduction to Sociolinguistics Third edition社会语言学引论Psycholinguistics心理语言学Aitchison，J The Articulate Mammal：An Introduction to PsycholinguisticsFourth edition 会说话的哺乳动物：心理语言学入门Carroll．D．W Psychology of Language Third edition语言心理学Intercultural Communication文化交际Samovar．L．A．et al Communication Between Cultures Second edition跨文化交际Scollon．R．et aI． Intercultural Communication：A Discourse Analysis跨文化交际：语篇分析法Translatology 翻译学Taylor Baker．M． In Other Words：A Coursebook on Translation换言之：翻译教程Bell．R．T Translation and Translating：Theory and Practice翻译与翻译过程：理论与实践Cognitive Linguistics认知语言学Taylor，J．R Linguistic Categorization：Prototypes in Linguistic TheorySecond edition 语言的范畴化：语言学理论中的类典型Ungerer，F．et al An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics认知语言学入门Functional Linguistics功能语言学Bloor．T．et al The Functional Analysis of English：A Hallidayan Approach英语的功能分析：韩礼德模式Halliday，M．A．K An Introduction to functional Grammar Second edition功能语法导论Leech．G．N Halliday，M．A．K Language as Social Semiotic：The Social Interpretationof Language and Meaning作为社会符号的语言：从社会角度诠释语言与意义Halliday，M．A．K．et al Cohesive English英语的衔接Thompson．G Introducing Functional Grammar功能语法入门Historical Linguistics历史语言学Lehmann，W．P． Historical Linguistics：An Introduction Third edition历史语言学导论Trask．R．L Historical Linguistics历史语言学Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学Biber．D．et a1． Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学Kennedv，G． An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学入门Statistics in Linguistics语言统计学Woods．A．et al． Statistics in Language Studies 语言研究中的统计学History of the English Language 英语史Baugh．A．C．et al A History of the English Language Fourth Edition英语史Freeborn．D From old EnglishtoStandard Englishecond edition英语史：从古代英语到标准英语First Language Acquisition 第一语言习得Foster-Cohen，S．H． An Introduction to Child Language Development儿童语言发展引论Goodluck．H． Language Acquisition：A Linguistic Introduction从语言学的角度看语言习得Peccel，J．S． Child Language New edition 儿童语言Second Language Acquisition第二语言习得Cohen．A．D Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language学习和运用第二语言的策略Cook．V Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition语言学和第二语言习得Cook．V Second Language Learning and Language Teaching Second edition 第二语言学习与教学James，C Errors in Language Learning and Use：Exploring Error Analysis 语言学习和语言使用中的错误：错误分析探讨Larsen-Freeman．D．et a1 An Introduction Second Language Acquisition Research第二语言习得研究概况Nunan．D Second Language Teaching and Learning第二语言教与学Reid，J．M Learning Styles in the ESL／EFL Classroom ESL／EFL英语课堂上的学习风格Richards，J．C．et al Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms第二语言课堂教学反思Language Education语言教育Brown．H．D Principles of Language Learning and Teaching Third edition 语言学习和语言教学的原则Brown．H．D Teaching by Principles： An Interactive Approach to LanguagePedagogy 根据原理教学：交互式语言教学Brown，J．D The Elements of Language Curriculum: A Systematic Approach to Program Development语言教学大纲要素：课程设计系统法Harmer，J How to Teach English怎样教英语Hatch，E．et a1 Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education词汇、语义学和语言教育Johnson，K An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching外语学习与教学导论Richards，J．et a1 Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching语言教学的流派Trudgill，P．et al International English Third edition英语：国际通用语Ur．P A Course in Language Teaching：Practice and Theory语言教学教程：实践与理论Research Method研究方法McDonotlgh，J．et al Research Methods for English Language Teachers英语教学科研方法Slade．C Form and Style：Research Papers，Reports，Theses Tenth edition如何写研究论文与学术报告Thomas，J．et al. (eds) Using Corpora，for Language Research用语料库研究语言Wray，A．et al Projects in Linguistics：A Practical Guide to Researching Language 语言学课题：语言研究实用指南Testing测试学Alderson，J．C．et al Language Test Construction and Evolution语言测试的设计与评估Bachman，L．F．et al Interfaces between Second Language Acquisition and LanguageTesting Research 第二语言习得与语言测试研究的接口Davies。
English-Stylistics1
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
The eventual thrust of literary criticism is to evaluate works of literature. But interpretation comes before evaluation, and description comes before interpretation. Stylistic analysis, by starting with linguistic facts, relates description to interpretation and formal features to their artistic function. It thus forms an essential part of literary critical activity.
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
Definition: The study of style (Wales, 1989:437) The study of literary discourse from a linguistic
orientation (Widdowson,1975:3) The study of the use of language in literature, a
谈论文学要知道哪些英语单词
谈论文学要知道哪些英语单词谈论文学要知道哪些英语单词文学是以语言文字为工具，形象化地反映客观现实、表现作家心灵世界的艺术，包括诗歌、散文、小说、剧本、寓言童话等，是文化的重要表现形式，以不同的形式即体裁，表现内心情感，再现一定时期和一定地域的社会生活。
文学就在我们生活里。
但你和外国人谈论文学时，一定要知道下面这些英语单词。
1).author n.作者，作家The author of this novel must be a detective这本小说的作者一定是一个侦探。
2).write v.书写，写作If you miss me, please write letters to me如果你念我，就请给我写信。
3).literature n.文学，文学作品As far as literature is concerned.I am very fond of classics就文学作品而言，我很喜欢古典作品。
4).work n.作品If my memory serves me right, the famous sonnet is Shakespeare's work如果我没记错的话，这首著名的十四行诗是莎士比亚的作品。
5).stylistics n.文体学，风格学Stylistics is a branch of linguistics文体学是语言学的一个分支。
6).poetry n.诗歌，诗集l often recite poetry as possible as I can in my spare time在我有空时，我经常尽可能的多背诗。
7).antithesis n. 对句，对偶The foreign friend is puzzled about the antithesis那个外国朋友看不懂对句。
8).verse n.诗，韵文From whom did you quote these verses?你从谁那里引用了这些诗句?9).ballad n.歌谣，民谣My mother likes ballads while I like pop music我妈妈喜欢民谣，但是我喜.欢流行音乐。
The relationship of Stylistics and Rhetoric
The relationship of Stylistics and RhetoricFirst of all, Stylistics is a scientific study of style.It is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used.It is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use. The word style used in the definition refers to a distinctive or characteristic manner of expression in language.However,Rhetoric is the scientific study of how language could be employed expressively and effectively in Modern times.Secondly, Stylistics study the languages to suit for different situations, which broke through the mechanical rhetoric.Rhetoric makes the language clear ，fluent and refined, but in some situations it is not appropriate.Thirdly,stylistics is the continuation and development on rhetoric. However,discarding the traditional practices of rhetoric to establish norms for people to model on,stylistics turns to the presentation of the functional features of language,it is descriptive, not prescriptive.It does not aim at a so-called refined style of writing,but at a manner appropriate to the situation.If you want me to express it in a vivid way,I think Stylistics is like a person’s characteristics, while Rhetoric is the clothes that make one attractive.。
Stylistics
Procedure of stylistic analysis:
• The components and the procedure of stylistic analysis. A stylistic analysis involves description, interpretation and evaluation. When discussing components of literary criticism, Short has pointed out: "the three parts are logically ordered: Description ← Interpretation ← Evaluation"
Page 6
• a grief ago • The phrase violates two rules of English: a)
the indefinite article clashes syntactically with the uncountable noun grief, because it normally modifies a countable one; b) the postmodifying adverb ago clashes semantically with the head word grief, for it usually is able to modify a noun to do with time. But grief is a word which expresses emotion. The highly deviant nature of the phrase
process which includes silent pause --- silent breaks between words, and filled pause, e.g. um, er, ah Caesura )
English Stylistics
English StylisticsFrom the contents of our book on English stylistics，we can easily find that it is divided into four parts: The Potential Stylistic Features, Practical Style, Literary Style and The Theory of Stylistics. Each part consists of several chapters. After ten weeks of learning this course, we get to know stylistics gradually. In chapter one, we know style is important both in writing and speech and find it interesting to sense the differences between utterances of different style. Different styles result in saying different contexts, what the speakers’backgrounds are and different functions of different texts. To achieve particular styles, a lot of linguistic devices, including sound features, spelling, words, grammar, meaning are used. In chapter two,the book focus on lexicology. Two ways to achieve stylistic effects are morphemic devices and lexical devices. About the former one, it tells us the types of morphemes first, which include root, prefix and suffix. Stylistic effects are achieved by qualitatives deviation and quantitative deviation .In terms of morphology, stylistic effects can be obtained by adding morphemes to roots to make new words,or by creating new morphemes to make up meaningless words, or by making a certain morpheme occur in unexpected high frequency. The lexical devices include selection of words, classification of words and rhetorical series, word implications as well as rhetorical devices. Among them, the last one consist of meaning transference ,meaning extension and contraction, contradiction in logic, meaning conversion and play on homonymy.In the next chapter, it comes to grammar, as the core of grammar, syntax is used to achieve a particular style by syntactic deflection and syntactic incongruity. In chapter four, the author talks about phonology andgraphology.we have learned the first part, which includes syntactic deflection(the unexpected high frequency of occurrence, long sentences and short sentence),the overregular use of certain patterns or models. Some figures of speech are parallelism, antithesis and repetitions of various kinds and syntactics incongruity. And syntactic incongruity includes using sentences of unusual structure and breaking the rule of grammar.。
Stylistics and Translation
In all these varieties, language performs various communicative roles, ie FUNCTIONS. For example, language is used to communicate ideas, to express attitudes, and so on. The roles that language plays are ever changing and the number of the roles can be numerous. There have been many attempts to categorize these roles into a few major functions.
1.4. Language Varieties and Function When language is used, it is always used in a context. What is said and how it is said is often subject to a variety of circumstances. In other words, speech events differ in different situations, for different purposes, through different media, and amidst different social environments. We often adjust our language according to the nature of the situation. Some situations seem to depend generally and fairly consistently on a regular set of linguistic features: as a result, there have appeared different types of a language which are called VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE. For example, there are different types of English. There is no such thing as a homogeneous English.
Chapter_1__A_survey_of_stylistics
Chapter_1__A_survey_of_stylisticsBooks for references秦秀白《英语文体学入门》钱瑗《实用文体学教程》王守仁《英语文体学要略》申丹《文学文体学与小说翻译》张德禄《功能文体学》Thornborrow, J. & Wareing, S. (2000). Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature. 外语教学与研究出版社.Leech, G.N. (1969). A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. London: Longman. Leech, G.N. (2007). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Pearson Education.Jeffries, L. & McIntyre, D. (2010). Stylistics. Cambridge University Press. JournalsLanguage and LiteratureStyleJournal of Literary Semantics and English Text Construction Others优秀硕博士论文库（知网）Search engine：Google scholarChapter 1 Stylistics: A SurveyModern stylistics is a sub-branch of modern linguistics, exactly speaking, an interdisciplinary subject linking linguistics and literary criticism.2. Definition and classification of stylistics2.1 Defining stylisticsStylistics can be defined in its narrow sense （literarystylistics）as well as its broad sense （general/theoretical stylistics）2.1.1 Stylistics in its narrow sense: literary stylisticsWiddowson (1975: 3), stylistics is “the study o f literary discourse from a linguistic orientation”, which is essentially a means of linking literary criticism and linguistics.Leech (1969: 1-2) defines stylistics as the “study of the use of language in literature”and considers stylistics a “meeting-gro und of linguistics and literary study”.2.1.2 Stylistics in its broad sense: general stylisticsA sub-discipline of linguistics that is concened with the systematic analysis of style in language and how this can vary according to such factors as genre, context, historical period and author (Leech, 2008).---Analyzing style means looking systematically at the formal features of a text and determining their functional significance for the interpretation of the text in question.2.2 Tasks of stylisticsAccording to Lang (1987) and Toolan (1990), there are three tasks for stylistic studies:1) serving the purpose of teaching and learning foreign languages;2) providing a base for the application of linguistic theories, to be tested and verified, further improved and perfected; and3) offering a methodology for literary studies.2.3 Relation between stylistics and other disciplinesModern stylistics is rooted in modern linguistics, using models and methods of linguistic description in the stylistic analysis of texts. Stylistics is also closely related to literary theories.---its root in formalist school of literary criticism in Russia in the early 20th century with representatives such as Roman Jakobson. It aims to isolate properties and characteristics of literary language.---stylistics draws upon theories and models from other fields more frequently than it develops its own theories.2.4 Classification of stylisticsThere are various types of classification of stylistics based on different criteria:1) Based on the scope of studyliterary stylistics (such as Wang Shouyuan, 2000; Shen Dan, 1995; and Cook, 1999), non-literary stylistics, general/theoretical stylistics (such as Hu Zhuanglin, 2000; Wang Zuoliang & Ding wangdao, 1987; and Xu Youzhi, 2005),practical stylistics (such as Qian Yuan, 2006).2) Based on data or object of studya. literary stylistics including fictional stylistics, poetic stylistics, dramatic stylistics,essayistic stylistics, etc.;b. practical stylistics including advertising stylistics, journalistic stylistics, political stylistics, legal stylistics, stylistics of business language, oratorial stylistics, scientific and technological stylistics, hypertext/e-text stylistics, etc.3) Based on linguistic theoriesformalist stylistics, structuralist stylistics, functionalist stylistics, discourse stylistics, socio-historical and socio-cultural stylistics, contextualized stylistics, pragmastylistics/literary pragmatics, cognitive stylistics, corpus stylistics, etc.4) In the literature of stylistics, there is a special type ofstylistics termed“feminist stylistics”.2.5 Scope of stylistics---Range of texts: no restrictions though traditionally more emphasis on literary texts---Range of theories: open and eclectic,Originated in literary criticism of Russian formalismCognitive Psychology (cognitive stylistics): process in which readers respond to linguistic style Critical discourse analysis (critical stylistics): discover ideological assumptions embedded in the text (e.g. power relations)Corpus linguistics (corpus stylistics): computer analysis of large quantities of data Multimodal discourse by Kress & van leeuwen (2006): relating multimodality to stylistics2.6 process of stylistic analysisAccurate descriptionReasonable interpretationFair evaluation---Analyzing style means looking systematically at the formal features of a text and determining their functional significance for the interpretation of the text in question.2.7 Role and significance of stylistics researchStylistic analysis is of great importance for language teaching, literary criticism and appreciation, language communication, and translation.1) Stylistic study helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness;Example:Now allow me to propose a toast to the health of our friends!Here’s to the health of our friends!Cheers!2) stylistic study sharpens understanding and appreciation ofliterary works and helps to account for why a piece of work can be understood in a certain way;3) stylistic study helps achieve adaptation in translation. (Xu Youzhi 2005: 14-23) Example:他对小儿子说：”那时候，干一天活儿累得连炕都上不去，浑身疼得要命，睡也睡不着。
文体学重点
1. What is stylistics?Stylistics is the "study of the use of language in literature"Stylistics is defined as “study of the use of language in literature” and is a "meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study"Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.2. Procedure of stylistic analysis:A stylistic analysis involves description, interpretation and evaluation. When discussing components of literary criticism, Short has pointed out: "the three parts are logically ordered: Description ← Interpretation ← Evaluation"3. What is style?① Style is deviance. The difference of a literary text resides in its departure from the characteristics of what is communicatively normal. This has led to approaches to style as deviance.② Style is choice. By style as choice is meant that style " results from a tendency of a speaker or writer to consistently choose certain structures over others available in the language". It concerns the characteristic choices in a given context.③Style is foregrounding ,which is a concept of pictorial arts, referring to that part of composition that appears to be closest to the view.Foregrounding 的定义与分类Definition : foregrounding is a concept of pictorial arts, referring to that part of the composition that appears to be closest to the view.Classification: deviation and overregularityDeviation includes phonological, graphological, syntactic, lexical and semantic deviation.Overregularity is a surface structure phenomenon and therefore exists mainly at the phonological and syntactic levels of language.4.修辞格①oxymoron ②paradox ③synecdoche ④metonymy ⑤metaphor⑥overstatement ⑦understatement ⑧irony ⑨repetition ⑩parallelism5.the cooperative principle 合作⑪ the maxim of quantity ⑫ the maxim of quality⑬ the maxim of relation ⑭ the maxim of manner。
stylistics文体学英文定义
stylistics文体学英文定义Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the study of style in language. It is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of the linguistic features that contribute to the distinctive character of a text or a speaker's language use. Stylistics examines how language is used in different contexts and for different purposes, and how these choices can convey meaning and create particular effects.The study of stylistics involves the examination of various linguistic elements, such as vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and rhetoric, and how they are used to create a particular style or tone. Stylistics also considers the role of context, including the social, cultural, and historical factors that influence language use.One of the key aspects of stylistics is the concept of foregrounding, which refers to the use of linguistic features that draw attention to themselves and create a sense of prominence or emphasis. This can be achieved through the use of unusual or unexpected language, such as metaphors, alliteration, or unusual sentence structures.Stylistics also considers the relationship between form and content, and how the way language is used can shape the meaning andimpact of a text. For example, the use of formal or informal language, the choice of vocabulary, and the structure of sentences can all contribute to the overall tone and effect of a piece of writing.Another important aspect of stylistics is the analysis of literary texts, where the focus is on the distinctive linguistic features that contribute to the style and meaning of a work of literature. This can include the examination of narrative techniques, such as point of view and characterization, as well as the use of figurative language, symbolism, and other literary devices.Stylistics can also be applied to other forms of communication, such as speech, advertising, and political discourse. In these contexts, the analysis of style can reveal insights into the speaker's or writer's intentions, the target audience, and the broader cultural and social context in which the language is being used.One of the key challenges in the study of stylistics is the need to balance the objective analysis of linguistic features with the subjective interpretation of their meaning and effect. Stylistic analysis often requires a deep understanding of language, as well as a keen eye for detail and a willingness to engage with the nuances and complexities of language use.Despite these challenges, the study of stylistics remains an importantand influential field within linguistics. By examining the ways in which language is used to create meaning and effect, stylistics can provide valuable insights into the nature of language and communication, and can contribute to a deeper understanding of the human experience.。
语言学：语言与文学 名词解释
英语语言学：语言与文学language and literatureStylistics（文体学）:概念：it is the study of the ways in which meaning is created through language in literature as well as other types of text.来源：it may date back to the focus on the style of oral expression,which was cultivated in rhetoric following the tradition of Aristotle’s Rhetoric. Yet the real flourishing of stylistics,was seen in Britain and the United States in the 1960s,and was largely spurred by works done in the field by Russian Formalism such as Roman Jackobson and victor Shklovsky.现在的研究方法和内容：Scholars use linguistic models,theories and frameworks as their analytical tools in order to describe and explain how and why a text works as it does,and how we come from the words on the page.Style (文体)概念：It is defined as variation of language usage.It is the way in which language is used in given context,by a given person,for a given purpose,and so on.Also,style is a motivated choice from the set of language or register conventions （语域惯例）or other social,political,cultural and contextual parameters.来源It has been recognized since the days of ancient rhetoric.注：register:It refers to a language variety which is used by a particular group of people who share the same occupation.Literary stylistics文学文体学:概念：It mainly deals with the close relationship between language and literature.It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.Foregrounding前景化,now a popular term on stylistics,was made use of on literary studies by the Russian formalists,Prague School scholars,and modern stylisticians.It explains the idea that as things become familiar to us,we stop noticing them.来源：It ,originally coming from visual arts and in contrast with backgrounding,is closely related to the Russian formalist concept of defamiliarization which was introduced into literary criticism by Shklovsky.。
unit 1 The concern of stylistics
Aspects of speech events
Three crucial aspects
substance: audible sounds or visible marks form: order or pattern situation: extratextual circumstances
Style
Consider the pattern of choices instead of individual choices in isolation. Measure the frequency of features.
The study of style
The quality of written language. The art of writing. Descriptive and synchronical attitudes (Saussure, Bloomfield) Emphasis on “correctness” of speech and inherited system of rules. Renewed interest in literature. Modern stylistics (1960s- )
Language varieties and functions
Language functions Ideational/referential function Interpersonal/expressive/social function Textual function
Language varieties and functions
Stylistics and other spheres of study
文体学 introduction
1. Definition of Stylistics
Hale Waihona Puke 人们运用语言传递信息，交流思想，实现 社会交际。这种言语交际是在特定的环境 下，以特定的方式，同特定的对象，围绕 特定的目的进行的。不同的交际环境，不 同的交际方式、对象和目的，要求人们使 用不同的“语言”，社会交际的需要使得 语言产生不同的功能变体—文体。英语文 体学就是研究英语各种文体的一门学科。 —秦秀白 《文体学概论》
Denotative meaning—literal sense; Connotative meaning—implied ideas Stylistic meaning—piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, which is decoded through our recognition of different dimensions and levels of usage within the same language.
文体学是用语言学方法研究文体风格的学 问。就目前的发展情况看，文体学的研究 范围大致包括语体学、文学文体学和理论 文体学三个方面。 语体学研究语言的各种变体。 文学文体学研究语言在文学中的运用情况。 理论文体学研究的是文体观和方法论。 —刘世生 《文体学概论》
General stylistics普通文体学 Literary stylistics 文学文体学 An area of study which straddles two disciplines—literary criticism and linguistics— literary discourse as its object of study; linguistics as a means —王守元 《英语文体学要略》
chapter_1_Style_and_Stylistics_教案
■Course: English Stylistics■Time: Sep.6-30■Course material: English Stylistics: A New Course Book《新编英语文体学教程》董启明编著外语教学与研究出版社■Teaching procedure: Part One Theoretical Preliminaries(理论预备) and Major Varieties（主要变体）of EnglishChapter 1 Style and StylisticsIntroductionWhat is Language? And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on?A. Language is the primary object of the study of linguistics, and linguists construct theories of language in general or of particular languages from differing points of view. The discussion of the concepts of style should focus on some essential aspects of language on which most linguists agree.B. Language is viewed as a system of different types of linguistic organization such as phonology, syntax and lexicon. The English language consists of its pattern of sounds, sets of grammatical rules and a large body of vocabulary.C. Language is also a social phenomenon, or institution, whereby people communicate and interact with each other. A language of a particular society is part of the society’s culture. Language activities operate within social activities. The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex). It also reflects his awareness of the various factors of a social situation in which he finds himself. He should adjust his language in accordance with the medium of communication (speech or writing), the setting (private or public), the relationship with the addressee (in terms of the degree of intimacy or social distance), and the purpose (to inform, to persuade, etc.).2. Varieties 变体of Language(variety=style)A. Varieties in relation to regions---- British/American EnglishB. Varieties in relation to media----Spoken English/Written EnglishC. Varieties in relation to attitude----degrees of formality/politeness/ impersonality/accessibilityD. Varieties in relation to social factors----Women’s English/Black English/T aboo and EuphemismE. Varieties in relation to social Genre----The English of Conversation / Public speaking / News reporting/Advertising/Literary English (The Novel/Poetry)/ Science and Technology/Legal Documents3. Varieties analysis theory----Stylistics (文体学)★Essence of stylistics : Appropriate use of language is considered the key to effective communication.e.g. How to suck an egg? (Example and Analysis: Page 3)★Analysis : The difference lies in the fact that the young student used some big and formal words, such as perforation(齿孔,hole) ,apex (顶点，最高点top), aperture(小孔，缝隙，opening), inhaling（吸气）discharged（流出）, which made her utterance difficult to understand, especially by an old woman without much education, while the old woman used informal words, such as gal, hole, end and suck. As a result, her utterance is easy to understand.★Note: Different styles should be used on different occasions, and the key to the effective use oflanguage is “appropriateness”, and the key to effective communication is the ability to use language appropriately, otherwise we cannot achieve our purpose of communication.1.2 Definitions of Style/Stylistics/Text1. TextDefinition: A TEXT is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. It may be the product of a single speaker/writer (e.g. a sign, a letter, a news report, a statue, a novel), or that of several speakers (e.g. a piece of conversation, a debate).For example,Two boys stood near a jeweller’s shop. They saw a man break the shop win dow and steal all the watches. They ran after him, because they took him for a thief.Analysis:A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not. The connection among parts of a text is achieved by various cohesive devices, and by semantic and pragmatic implication. In the text you may notice the following modifications, which serve as 1) grammatical cohesive devices:(a) the use of the definite article on second mention, e.g.a shop---- the shop a man---- the man(b) the substitution of pronouns for nouns. e.g.two boys---- they(c) the use of conjunction. e.g.They ran after him, because…2) the lexical cohesion in the text is realized by the collocation of the words that are in some way or other typically associated with one another, e.g. steal all the watches; took him for a thief2. StyleDefinition----Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (at least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language.Analysis:①Manners (appropriateness) [Study Aims]indicating prominent②a) linguistic features (phonological /lexical /syntactic /grammatical/semantic features),b) devices orc) Patterns(文体/语体常规“型式”) [Study Scope]③most (or least) frequently occur (words/sentences percentage) [Study Approach]in a particular④text(语篇、篇章、文本) of a particular⑤variety of language. [Study Material]StylisticsDefinition----Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.A branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way [Study Approach] concerning the manners/linguistic features [Study Aims] of different varieties of language [Study Scopes] at different levels [Study Scopes].1.4 The Development of StylisticsTable 1 In the WestTimeRepresentativesWorks1.Ancient “rhetoric(修辞)”famous ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, et al.all contributed a lot to this branch of learning.2. Root of Stylistics1) Word “stylistics” first appeared only in 1882.2) First book on stylistics -----landmark of modern stylisticswritten by a French scholar Charles Bally, student of the famous modern linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in 1902.published in 1909, entitled Traite de Stylistique Francaise.3) “Father of stylistics”German scholar L. Spitzer (1887-1960), began to analyze literary works from a stylistic point of view.3. Modern Stylistics---4 periodsFrom the end of the 1950s to the present time.1) the end of the 1950s---- the end of the 1960s.Formalist Stylistics was the prevailing trend.2) in 1970sFunctionalist Stylistics predominated.3) in 1980sDiscourse Stylistics flourished.4)in 1990sSocio-Historical / Socio-Cultural Stylistics or Contextualized Stylistics developed quickly.5) in 21 centurystylistics has enjoyed further development, The trend is interdisciplinary study, and narrative(叙事) stylistics, cognitive stylistics, feminist(女权主义) stylistics, etc., will get further developed.Table 2 In ChinaTimeRepresentativesWorks1. Ancient time刘勰in the Southern Dynasty南北朝period.a work of literacy criticism----The Carving of the Literary Mind by Liu Xie (465-532)《文心雕龙·刘勰》2. Modern Chinese Stylistics1) Root of Stylistic StudyChen Wangdao’s（陈望道）Principle of Rhetoric（《修辞学发凡》）(1932) indicated the beginning of modern Chinese stylistics.2) The study of modern western stylistics in ChinaA. the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the year 1976. ( fundamental stage ).some scholars, such as Wang Zuoliang（王佐良）, Xu Guozhang（许国璋）, Xu Yanmou, Yang Renjing, et al., began to study stylistics in its modern sense.In 1963, Wang Zuoliang published an article entitled “On the Study of English Style”(王佐良，1980).B. from 1977 up to the present time.It was also Professor Wang Zuoliang who took the lead in the research of modern stylistics. In this period, more and more academic works were published. The following list exemplifies the achievementsWang Zuoliang, 1980.《英语文体学论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社Introduction to English Stylistics----Wang Zuoliang & Ding Wangdao, 1987.《英语文体学引论》. 王佐良，丁往道. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社《文心雕龙·刘勰》摘录《说文》云:“体,总十二属也,从骨。