牛津译林语态之被动语态解析

被动语态
一般现在时：I eat an apple. --> An apple is eaten by me.
一般过去时：I ate an apple yesterday. --> An apple was eaten by me yesterday.
一般将来时：I will eat an apple tomorrow. --> An apple will be eaten by me tomorrow.
过去将来时：I told him that i would eat an apple tomorrow.
--> I told him that an apple would be eaten by me tomorrow.
现在进行时：I am eating an apple now. --> An apple is eaten by me now.
过去进行时：I was eating an apple when he came in.
--> An apple was eaten by me when he came in.
现在完成时：I have eaten an apple. --> An apple have been eaten by me.
过去完成时：I had eaten an apple before he came in.
--> An apple had been eaten by me before he came in.
一、被动语态的特殊结构形式
1.带有情态动词的被动结构。

其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。

Finally, children should________(send) to somewhere where life is hard if possible.
--> be sent
Young trees must _________ (water) often. --> be watered
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可以分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动。

一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。

My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
--> I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语改为主语，则在间接宾语前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
--> A present was given to me yesterday.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。

如：
make sb. do sth.→Sb.+be+made to do sth.
see sb. do sth.→Sb.+be+seen to do sth.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.
--> The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
A boy saw my wallet drop when he passed by.
--> My wallet was seen to drop by a boy when he passed by.
4. 短语动词要把它们看作一个整体，变被动语态时，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。

常见这类短语动词有：
laugh at, operate on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, hand in, catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, take care of等。

We can't laugh at him. --> He can’t be laughed at by us.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. --> The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
二、不能使用被动语态的情况
1）当句子的谓语是不及物动词或系动词时。

常见的不及物动词有：appear, die, happen, occur, last, die, remain等。

The fire lasted for two days.
All the information was true.
2.不能用于被动语态的动词及动词短语
become, possess, contain, exist, fit, suit, lack, resemble, look like, consist of, break out, come about, take place, come true, come up, belong to, date back to, come out, run out等。

3.表示“希望，意图”的动词，如wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等没有被动语态。

如：
My parents wish me to go to a better university.
He wants a computer as his birthday present.
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1）某些连系动词如look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove等用主动形式表示被动意义。

This kind of cloth feels soft.
That dog looks dangerous.
My advice proved to be wrong.
2）read, sell, wash, clean, write, last, dry, tear 等动词和well, badly, easily, quickly, smoothly等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能时，看作不及物动词，用主动形式表示被动意义。

如：
sell well（畅销，好卖）break easily（容易断）tear easily（容易破）write well（好写）read well（好读）dry easily（容易干）wash well（好洗）last well（耐穿）
3）当open, close, shut, lock, move等用做不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。

他们通常与can’t, won’t等连用。

The door won’t shut.
Suddenly the door opened. (不强调谁开了门)
4）某些表示开始和结束的动作如begin, start, finish, end等，当主语是事物且不强调动作的执行者时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。

When does the concert begin?
The film ended at ten o’clock.。