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黑龙江东方学院本科生毕业论文（设计）论文题目：Skills of Reciting the English Words姓名刘希文学号074430512专业英语班级07级5 班指导教师冯莉学部外国语学部答辩日期2011年5月21日Skills of Reciting the English wordsAbstractWith the development of economy, the communication with foreigners increasing rapidly, to master an international language, English is very important. But in our country since there is no good English language environment, words between Chinese and English have nothing in common, which caused English studying a tough work. To remember new English words is the only road of learning English. How to effectively, quick, long-term memory words, has become the biggest concern of the English learners. Word is one of the three elements of a language, is the language “building materials”, the footstone of constructing knowledge of English. In the whole of English learning process, word learning task is the hardest. Words about how much and proficiency directly influence the use the language expressing ideas of accuracy, vocabulary many has a direct impact on student’s abilities. Therefore, whether can clever memory English vocabulary become a key that a person will quick breakthrough in English. However, many learners master a certain amount in vocabulary, still can’t get rid of “rote” memory patterns, which caused time consuming, energy expending, and the effect also is not very good. This paper introduces some simple and effective English words memory methods for English learners.Key words: skills; English words; recitation; methodsOutlineI. The significance of reciting the English words (1)II．Basic methods of rec iting the words (1)2.1 Root and affix mnemonic (2)2.2 Pronunciation mnemonic (2)2.3 Classification mnemonic (3)2.4 Memorization (4)III．Other advisable means to recite the words (4)3.1 Memory loop (4)3.2 Special remind mnemonic system (5)3.3 Combination mnemonic (5)3.4 Imagination mnemonic (6)3.5 Way of doing words exercise (6)3.6 Other interesting methods (7)Conclusion (8)Skills of Reciting the English WordsI. The Significance of Reciting the English wordsV ocabulary is the foundation and fundamental of listening, speaking, reading, and writing such language skills. Practice has proved that vocabulary size and vocabulary is high or low is the key to the ability of using English rapidly. That is to say, reciting the English words is the first step to studying English well, however, English words is different from pinyin, so, for Chinese students English, studying is really a tough work.In English vocabulary learning, facing massive new words often makes people feel boring and bewildered. In learning English, English vocabulary is said to be the top priority, also the key to master English well. Linguist D.A.Wilkins said: “Without grammar, one can not express many things, without words, one can not express anything.” (威尔金斯，2009). English words are the foundation; every little English word make up the sentence, and multiple sentence formation make up the whole text. The hardest work of learning English is the words memorizing. For most students, there is no good method in memorizing words, only by rote, mechanical memorizing words of each letter, do not only remember not familiar, but also very easy to forget.All in all, in traditional teaching activities, the ways of word memorizing is often reading, reciting, and writing these mechanical memory methods. Reading the words, memorizing words, writing words become the main method of memory. Therefore, how to adopt effective memory method improving student's word memory effects have been exploring the focal point.II. Basic methods of reciting the wordsReciting the new English words, every learners has his or her study method, most of them take the basic ones. Sometimes long time reciting forms the peculiar methods. To memory English words is a kind of mental process, from “remember”to “recall”process. And of the memory of English words is different from other knowledge system memory. By Chinese learning habits, plus neglect rules, these factors will trouble the English studying;make broad learners difficult to go out of the “rote” erroneous zone. Before we improved the memory methods, we must see to the concentration, specific goals and motivating memory of interest, in order to conquer English vocabulary memory. The followings are the most common basic methods for English learners to use.2.1 Root and affix mnemonicAmong the English vocabulary, there are many words formed by root or affix. Morpheme is formed by two parts- the root and affixes, while affix contained the prefix and suffix. Most affixes express the meaning of affirmative and negative which is easy to master. In English words, the root and affix with very little quantity control the other 80 present in English vocabulary. As the name suggests, through remembering stem affix, and to infer containing the stem affix the meaning of the new words, to strengthen the memory, stem has two kinds: one kind is to apply out many of the same-rooted words root, which is also a separate word, and the other kind is the opposite, which could not form a word.For example the following a few English words can be remembered by word-formation. In remembering the word "cordial", we can find the fact that the word “cord”is equal to "heart", and “-ial”as its adjective suffix. So we easily get its meaning. At the same time remember its other forms such as cordially, cordiality, and concordance. The other method, taking “ease” as an example, an independent word, it is light, easiness easily. Another kind is not independent using as a root, but it has a basic meaning in different words while the basic meaning is almost the same among different words. Such as: the words mirror and mirage, here "mir-" the root is equivalent another example “marvelous”and “surprising”has the meaning of “singular and surprise”and they are almost the same. Therefore, when memorizing English vocabulary should know basic stem and affix, these roots, affix knowledge can be learned by listening to the teacher lectures and from word-formation aspects of textbooks, related dictionary, or searching the Internet and so on to obtain.2.2 Pronunciation mnemonicEnglish is alphabet writing, according to the English speech words characteristics and the letters come to the organic union, which can enhance the words of memory. Through the International Phonetic Alphabet we can remember English vocabulary. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the logo marker of English phonetics system. If familiar with the International Phonetic Alphabet and mastery of the rules and letters, letter combinations of pronunciation, we can accord the phonetic symbols to direct spelling words in English,especially some more long and hard words to remember. Word pronunciation and letters and their combination pronunciation between have close relationships. For instance: how cow, now the letter combinations word “ow” are pronounced /au/ this sound, English pronunciation between words sometimes exactly similar or the same, so we may through comparison, observation, find out their similarities, to deepen our impression and to further enhance memory effect. For example: / tu: / - to, /si: / - sea, /mi: t / - meet, /f: / - for four /rait/-right, write.Some of the words in English pronunciation are directly replaced into Chinese vocabulary; this is because at first in Chinese there isn't this word corresponding glossary. To grasps the transliteration words, we can soon remember these words according to the pronunciation. For instance, tank, jeep, jacket, tofu and so on. Humors mnemonic system is based on the pronunciation, semantic, pronunciation, relationship, using humorous and absurdity to memorize vocabulary. For example, Ponderous (pronunciation) “fat to death”(meaning) heavy; Quaff (pronunciation) “speak highly of his father” (meaning) getting drunk; scowl (pronunciation) “thinking” (meaning) frown; tremble (pronunciation) “ship” (meaning) shake; sentimental (pronunciation) “Three drawer steamed bread” (meaning) moonstruck and so on. Therefore, memorizing and using letters and letter combinations of the rules of pronunciation, mastering this vocabulary method, remembering words when they don’t need a letter of a letter to learning by rote. It can save a lot of time, enhance the interest, confidence, and increased fulfillment, to further study English so as to lay a solid foundation.2.3 Classification mnemonicClassification mnemonic is classified on the basis of the condition such as theme, scope of vocabulary, and then take the integrated memory method. It is known to all, the words themselves, concerned with each other more or less, many words in English vocabulary has its near synonyms and antonyms, and polysemy, or form sound word and internal or external shape of word itself. Therefore, the main method is to memorize words through its relationship of the meaning, or through comparing, summary, studying the words form and all aspects we can classify. Classification is also to find the link between words, resulting in more associated conditions, which make students into stringing to memorize new words to acquire multiplier effect.Comparison is the main means people know the in the objective world; there is an important means to distinguish. If there is no comparison, it is hard to clarify the relationshipbetween things. Everything in the world have the sign to compare, such as if there are male, there will be female; if there exists long, there will be short and so on. To remember new English words this method also can be used. And such symmetric way is really easy to memorize.For instance people’s mouth (mouth) and bird mouth (beak), the person’s nose (nose) the elephant’s nose (trunk), the beard lips mustache above (below) and the lips of whiskers (beard), etc. To use this strategy memory, English vocabulary is the best of things keep pace with joint using reflection mnemonic system, the effect will be better. For example when seeing men’s shirt (shirt) immediately we will think of women's shirt (blouse), and seeing the waiter immediately makes us think of waitress.If you see something o r the symmetrical things couldn’t come up with the time, look up the dictionary to confirm the claims in English. Such contrast memory, on the one hand, can make interest increased through memorizing vocabulary and learners not feel boring; on the other hand, it is not easy to forget if plus constantly and timely review words, so the memory word’s effect will be strengthened.2.4 MemorizationIn learning English, in addition to talking outside, we still must skillfully spell the new words, so as to eliminate the obstacles in English writing. The main chapter of this part is to tell English majors to pick up the old means to recite the new words. That is to say, spell the new words again and again so that we can memorize the new words well. If you read the word repeatedly you can gradually deepen impression, achieve firm existence in the memory. Although memorization is not the best way, it is the most solid way to recite. When you remember a word through this way you will never forget them in any way. However, there is still shortcut if you reciting the new words by spelling them. When you writing new words you can list a line in Chinese then spell the words again and again. When you finished reciting, it’s time for you to examine yourself then fold the paper and makes them covered then you can have a text by yourself. It is really a good method for this boring task.III. Other advisable means to recite the words3.1 Memory loopRepeat can deepen the memory. Common saying says “a setback, second time friends”But this repetition is not a simple, mechanical reciprocating, but have the proper intervals,rest, according to Hermann Ebbinghaus forgotten curve, the person’s forgotten is fast at first and then slowly to remember things, therefore, a review of the time interval should be short at first and then longer which can form a long memory and the effect is also good.Specific operation as follows: Firstly, spare two hours of everyday and last ten days or twenty days, especially the time before sleeping to memorize words, and then find a book, which contain thousands of words. Secondly, recite a part of the each page of the book every day. If one’s memory is good, ten days will be finished, if one’s memory is so-so, twenty days also can be fixed. The third step is to recite the words page to page, not every page, but the only head of every page, recite and review them day by day. Once you have time to pick up the book and begin to recite, after ten days or twenty days you can master this book, and the best reciting time is in the morning, because there is no proactive interference when wake up in the morning. Using this new method and other methods referred in this paper, thousand words is no more a problem at all. In economics of business English, we call it policy mixes; this means is a creative in English reciting. Sooner or later, this method will be popular in the future.3.2 Special remind mnemonic systemSpecial remind mnemonic system is a perfect way I invited in Junior high school. The process is writing down the words that you are not familiar with on a piece of paper, then hanging on the wall. Take a glance at the words everyday. After several days, you will find that you have conquered these words, and they are familiar to you. Another methods is not convenient for us, but it is really a good way to remember new words—a video disk, which is full of English words, listen to it everyday when you have time, soon you will have a surprising vocabulary. The above two methods can enlarge your extra vocabulary. This kind of mnemonic system can help you remember lots of words.3.3 Combination mnemonicCombination mnemonic is also called the composition change mnemonic system. From its name we can easily know that English words especially some special words as the foundation, and add or subtract even change a letter into other new words. In addition to simplifying the spelling, and new combination, sometimes we need to bring a freakish and hard to remember the words together again, simplify memory program, thus can make it interesting and vivid. For example, the word sign (mark) the “ign”change into “ing”and make sing. The “are” reconstitute“ear” and it is the same with lake, which can change intoleak (uncork).Another combination way is as follows, add a letter in the word, such as read to bread, hear to heart, plane to planet, and so on. Change the sequence of the word; you can get a new word, such as blow to bowl, from to form and anything else.The most common way in this way is that every one knows. “ment”and“tion” is the two familiar letters for us, examples are not necessary, just some special examples: when you recite the word “forest” you can recognized it as the superlative degree of “for”; “together” as a short phrases of “to get her”; “bargain” as the two words “bar and gain” and so on. From these methods you can enlarge you vocabulary and also be interested in learning English.3.4 Imagination mnemonicSome of the words in English pronunciation except onomatopoetic words, besides, mostly with things no direct link. But adults can use their own associating capabilities to make word pronunciation and meaning through associations among related words to memorize English vocabulary.The best way to memorize words is not to isolate, but to relate stuff to remember as far as possible. Creative and imaginable way is through the internal logical relationship of the word between itself and the external logic relationship of the word to memorize words. The old in new，such as “bridge” is seen as letter “b” and word ridge；“ Sharp” is seen as “s” and “harp”. Then you can remember “ridge” and “harp”. The new inside old, such as “cleave” is seen as letter “c” and “leave”, “Tact” as letter “t” and “act”.We can imagine from its meaning and form, for example, imagine the two “e” in the word “eye”as its two eyes, and imagine the letter “a”in the word “banana”as a lot of bananas, “b” and “d”as the word bird’s wings. Mimetic word, image actual voice, such as: “gong” can make a sound like “gongs”; “coo” make the sound like “goo”. The word “puffs”, when smoking you have to make the sound “pooh”.3.5 Way of doing words exerciseIn adults, especially in fixed mental labor adults, generally speaking, their working environment is good, they can read a lot of English newspapers, magazines, and novels, which makes the conditions in their work among adults or in the working time to read a lot of English books to help them repeat a lot of English vocabulary in order to remember new English words indirectly. After a day’s work at the same time, one can express English through keeping an English diary or essays way. After doing this for a long period of time,one can accumulate over a long period of the English vocabulary memory which will be sure to succeed. Reading a lot of English books is the key to increase English vocabulary, when you meet unknown English vocabulary, copy on a little book for a long time and try to browse it and in order to be familiar with a lot of different themes or articles to increase English vocabulary. You can put the note in your pocket and take out them to memory words anytime.Extracurricular reading can improve students from many sided use of English. If doing a lot of extracurricular reading, then getting along with repeated words, you will have a permanent memory.3.6 Other interesting methodsTo recite the English words, we should according to the conditions, such as theme, pronunciation, the scope of vocabulary and also should undertake the classification summary and then integrate memory method. We can learn from medical, shopping foreign trade and so on, which is also can be classified according to the time, determination, attitude, etc, and then based on the theme summarize the memory principle.There are several interesting ways to memorize words. Firstly, Many English songs are equipped with beautiful lyrics and translation, so singing English songs is an entertainment method to memorize words, it is helpful to recite the English words. Secondly, using the image chart for memory, its advantage is very significant and steady. Thirdly, playing games and contests can be used to arouse students’great interest in reciting English words. The teacher once has used this method to let us recite the poetry and finally he made it. Finally, you can use the antonyms and synonym of the words to memorize and enlarge your vocabulary.ConclusionEnglish vocabulary memory is a long accumulated work for non-native learners, but by using the above strategies, English learners can also make their English vocabulary expand constantly. But in English vocabulary memorizing, we should consider the following aspects. First of all, one should not use a certain way automatically, but use different memory strategies flexibly according to his or her own situation. Secondly, according to these skills that mentioned above and the unremitting efforts, one can master the English vocabulary easily. At last, do some spoken English exercise or speak English with your friends as much as you can. Even though, it will be very hard for you at the very beginning, after doing this for a long time you will find it become a part of your daily life. All of your friends do as what I said, and then you will get an improvement in English study. In a word, English vocabulary memory of this problem can be resolved effortlessly. If everyone promotes this method from the beginning of their English studying, English reciting will become an easy task for us English learners.- 8 -Bibliography[1] D.A. Wilkins. Linguistics in Language Teaching [M]. Edward Amold Press, 2009.[2] Hymes. D. On Communicative Competence [M]. In Pride, J. B. &D. A. Wilkins.1999.[3]Zusne. Leonard. Biographical dictionary of psychology [M]. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.[4] Hermann Ebbinghaus. Classics in the History of Psychology [M]. Wozniak. R. H. 1999.[5] Brumfit, C. J. &K. Johnson. The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching [M].上海外语教育出版社,1999.[6] 桂灿昆.美国英语应用语音学[M].上海外语教育出版社,1985.。