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GIS专业英语常用术语

GIS专业英语常用术语(F-N)facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue 地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table 特征属性表feature bounded 边界标识地物feature class 特征分类feature codes menu 特征码清单feature codes 特征码feature coding 特征编码feature extraction 特征提取feature identifier 特征标识符feature ID 特征标识符feature instance 特征实例feature item 特征项feature marked 有标记特征feature number 特征标识符feature selection 特征选择feature separation 特征分类feature spanned 跨区特征feature supported 支持特征feature user-ID 特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing 联邦信息处理标准Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/ 联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTSfield ［数据］域file ［计算机］文件file activity 文件活动file attribute 文件属性file compression 文件压缩file format 文件格式file fragmentation 文件分段存储file indexing 文件管理索引file integrity 文件完整性file name extension 文件扩展名file name 文件名file protection 文件保护file server protocol 文件服务器协议file server 文件服务器file set 文件集file specification 文件说明；文件说明表file structure 文件结构file system 文件系统File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议file transfer 文件转换file-by-file compression 文件压缩filename extension 文件后缀名fill pattern 填充模式fixed length record format 定长记录格式flag 标志；特征flair point 识别点；明显地物点flap 叠置floppy disk；floppy 软盘form line 地表形态线format conversion 格式转换format line 格式行format model 格式模型format 格式formatted model 格式化模型formatting function 格式化函数；格式编排GGauss plane coordinate 高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate 高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid 高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection 高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate 高斯坐标gazetteer 地名录general scale 基本比例尺generic term 地理通名Geo Based Information System 基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis 地理分析geo-defined unit 地理定义单元geo-distribution 地理分布geo-politic data base 行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system 地理参考信息系统geobase system 地区系统geobased information system 地区信息系统geobase 地区库geobotanical cartography 地植物学制图geocartography 地理制图geocoded virtual map 地理编码虚拟图geocodes 地理编码formatting 格式化formfeed 换页；格式馈给forms interface 格式界面forms processing 表格处理fractal 分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale 分数地图比例尺fractional scale 分数比例尺frequency band 频段；频带frequency bias 频偏frequency curve 频率曲线frequency demodulation 鉴频frequency distribution 频率分布full-resolution picture 全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key 全连串码fully digital mapping 全数字化制图function library 功能库functional data base 功能数据库functional mapping 功能制图functional structure 功能结构fuzzy analysis 模糊分析fuzzy C-means 模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法fuzzy distance 模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept 模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance 模糊容限fuzzy 模糊的；失真的geocode 地理编码geocoding system 地理编码系统geocoding 地理编码Geographer's Line 地理坐标网geographic aggregation 地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS) 地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP) 地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability 地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis 地理分析geographic area boundaries 地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI) 地理面积编码索引Geographic Base File(GBF) 地理基础文件Geographic Base File/Dual 地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME)Geographic Base Information System(GBIS) 地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS) 地理基础系统geographic boundaries 地理边界geographic boundary data 地理边界数据geographic calibration 地理标准geographic center 地理中心geographic classification 地理分类geographic codes 地理坐标码geographic coding 地理编码geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic coordinate 地理坐标geographic coverage 地理层geographic data base 地理数据库geographic data set 地理数据集geographic data structure 地理数据结构Geographic Database 地理数据库geographic data 地理数据geographic display system 地理显示系统geographic entity 地理实体geographic feature data 地理特征数据geographic feature 地理特征geographic graticule 地理坐标网geographic grid 地理网格geographic identifiers 地理标识符geographic indexed file 地理索引文件geographic indexes 地理索引geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic inverse 地理位置反算geographic landscape 地理景观geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic location 地理位置geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic modeling 地理模拟geographic name 地理名称geographic net 地理坐标格网geographic numbering system 地理编号系统geographic object 地理对象geographic pole 地极geographic position 地理位置geographic reference system 地理参考系统geographic reference 地理参考geographic referencing 地理参考过程geographic standardization 地理标准化geographic survey 地理测量geographic value 地理坐标值geographical coordinate 地理坐标geographical data base 地理数据库geographical general name 地理通名geographical map 地理图geographical mile 地理海哩geographical name index 地名索引transcription；geographical 地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name 地名geographical network 地理格网geographical pole 地极geographical position 地理位置geographical reference system 地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance 地理视距geographical zones 地理带geographical-exploration traverse 地理勘测路线geographical 地理的geographics limits 细线；图廓线geographic 地理的；地理学的geography 地理学Geomatics （加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification 几何校正geometric registration 几何配准geomorphic map 地貌类型图geomorphological mapping 地貌制图geomorphological map 地貌图geomorphology 地貌学geoprocessing application 地理处理应用geoprocessing approach 地理处理方法geoprocessing functions 地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling 地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations 地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity 地理处理率geoprocessing system 地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system 地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP) 地理处理过程geoprocessor 地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system 世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid 世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system 地理坐标参考系georeference 地理坐标参考georeferenced 地理坐标参考的georeferencing 地理坐标参考过程GEOREF 世界地理坐标参考系georelational model 地理相关模型geosphere 地理圈geostatistics 地理统计GIS/LIS 地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environmental Monitoring System(UNEP) 全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS) 全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS) 全球定位系统global positioning 全球定位global rediation 总辐射global satellite system 全球卫星系统Global Telecommunications System 全球远程通讯系统global 全球的graphic compose 图形合成graphic data base file 图形数据库文件graphic data base 图形数据库graphic data concept 图形数据概念graphic illustration 图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure 图形输入法graphic input unit 图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format 图形交换格式graphic interpolation 图解插法graphic limits 图形边界graphic manipulation 图形维护graphic map features 图示地图特征graphic map manipulation 图示地图操作graphic map scale 图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point 图解图根点graphic menu 图示菜单graphic modes 图示模式graphic object 图形对象graphic output unit 图形输出设备graphic overlay 图形叠加graphic plane 图示面graphic primitive 图形元素graphic presentation 图形显示graphic production 图形生成graphic product 图形产品graphic rectification 图形校正graphic representation 图形表示graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic sign 图形记号graphic superimposition 图形叠加graphic symbol 图形符号graphic symbols/symbology 图形符号／符号表示graphic system components 图形系统组成graphic tablet 图形数字化板graphic terminal 图形终端graphic text string 图形文本串graphic trace 图形跟踪graphic variable 图形变量graphical screen interface 图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面graphics accelerator 图形加速卡graphics cursor 图形光标graphics display units 图形显示单元graphics inquiry 图形查询graphics languages 图形语言graphics mode 图形模式graphics page 图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC) 图形工作特性graphics resolution 图形分辨率graphics screen 图形屏幕界面graphics software 图形软件graphics tablet 图形数字化板graphics 图形graphic 图形的；图示的graph 图；图形graticule 格网graticule 十字丝；地理坐标网grating 光栅grid 格网grid amplitude 格网幅度grid azimuth 坐标方位角Hgrid bearing 坐标方位角grid cell 格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing 网眼组成grid cell data structure 网眼数据结构grid cell data 网眼数据结构grid cell lattice 三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format 网眼地图记录格式grid cell map 网眼地图grid cell modeling 网眼模拟grid cell search 网眼搜寻grid convergence 坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system 格网坐标系grid coordinates 格网坐标系grid data 格网数据grid declination 格网真北偏角grid equator 格网赤道grid factor 格网因子grid format 格网格式grid interval 网格间距grid inverse 网格反算grid length 坐标网距grid lines/codes 格网线／码grid magnetic angle 格网磁偏角grid map 格网地图grid meridian 坐标网纵线grid method 格网法grid of neighboring zone 邻带方里网grid origin 坐标格网原点grid structure 网格结构grid system 格网系统grid tick 格网标记grid variation 格网磁偏角grid zone 坐标带grid 栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method 网点板法grid/raster data 格网／栅格数据gridded data 格网数据gridiron layout 格网平面图gridiron pattern 格网图形gridsystem 直角坐标格网grips 数据转换程序halftone screen 半色调屏幕header file 头文件header label 头标header line 标题行header record 首记录header 标题hextree 分级图象数据模型hidden attribute 隐含属性hidden file 隐含文件hidden line removal 隐线消除hidden surfaces 隐面hidden variable 隐含变量hierarchical data base 分级数据库hierarchical data 分级数据hierarchical data model 层次数据模型Ihierarchical data structure 分级数据结构hierarchical database 分层数据库hierarchical districts 层次分区hierarchical file structure 分级文件结构hierarchical file system 分级文件系统hierarchical model 分级模型hierarchical organization 等级结构hierarchical relationship 分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence 层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship 分级空间关系hierarchical storage 分级存储hierarchical structure 分级结构hierarchical 分级的；层次的hierarchization 分级High Level Data Link Control 高级数据连接控制High Memory Area 高位地址存区histogram 直方图；柱状图；频率图history 命令记录Huffman code 霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction 人机交互Human Computer Interface 人机界面hypertext 电子文本；超级文本I channel 同相信道；I通路I notation parameter 整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses 输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR) 输入／输出字符识别I/O error 输入／输出错误I/O port 输入／输出端口image coding 图象编码image compression 影（图）象压缩image contrast 影象反差image coordinate 影象坐标image correlation 影象相关image data base 影象数据库image data collection 图象数据收集image data compaction 图象数据压缩image data retrieval 图象数据检索image data storage 图象数据存储image data 影（图）象数据image definition 影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation 影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image description 影象描绘image digitization 图象数字化image displacement 影象位移image distortion 影（图）象失真image integrator 图象综合image intensifier 影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity 图象强度image interpretation 影象判读image magnification 影（图）象放大image matching 影象匹配image processing rectification 图象处理校正复原and restorationimage processing 图象处理校正复原image ray 象点投影线image recognition 影（图）象识别image reconstruction 影（图）象重建image reconstructor 影象再现装置image registration 图象配准image representation 影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution 影象分辨力image scale 影象比例尺image size 影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象围image space coordinate system 象空间坐标系image space 象空间image stack 影（图）象栈image transform 影（图）象变换image transformation 图象变换image translator 影（图）象转换器image；imagery 影象image 象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature 影象特征index to Names 地名索引indexed sequential file 顺序索引文件indexed 索引化的indexing 索引；加下标；变址index 指标；指数；索引informatics 信息学information area 信息区information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information collection 信息采集information content 信息量information explosion 信息爆炸information extraction 信息提取information float 信息浮动information format 信息格式information management 信息管理information network 信息网information overlays 信息叠加information rate 信息传输速率Information requirement(IR) 请求信息information revolution 信息革命information science 信息科学information system 信息系统information technology(IT) 信息技术information theory 信息论information window 信息窗口infowmation 信息input area 输入区input data 输入数据input device 输入设备input image(inimage) 输入影（图）象input/output analysis 输入／输出分析input/outpu model 输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O) 输入／输出input 输入inquiry 查询insert 插入；嵌入integrated data base 集成数据库K-Lintegrated data layer 集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System 集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies 综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated spatial system 综合空间信息系统integrated system 综合系统interactive 交互式interactive digitizing 人机交互数字化interactive display 人机交互显示interactive drafting 交互式绘图interactive editing 交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System 交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System 交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive 交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics 交互式制图interactive image processing system 人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode 交互式模式Interactive Multimedia 交互式多媒体interactive processing mode 人机交互模式interactive processing 人机交互处理interactive processing 交互式处理interactive restoration 人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling 交互式地表建摸interactive topology 交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling 交互式立体模型intercell plot 单元间图（或文件）interchange format 交换格式interchange modeling 交换模拟interchange model 交换模型internal data model 部数据模型internal data structure 部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file 部数据库文件interrecord data structures 交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换isoline 等值线isolith 等厚度线isolong 等经度改正线isomagnetic chart 等磁力线图isometric coordinate 等量坐标isometric design 等角投影isometric latitued 等量纬度isometric map projection 等量地图投影isometric mapping 等量制图isoperimetric map projection 等量地图投影isoplane 等平面isopleth mapping 等值线制图isopleth map 等值线图isoplethic mapping 等值线制图isoplethic map 等值线图isopleth 等值线key 关键字key attributes 关键属性key bed 标准层key entry 键盘输入key feedback area 码反馈区key field 关键字段key file 关键文件key horizon 标志层key identifiers 关键标识符key map 索引图；总图key pad 键座key value dictionary 关键值索引key variable indexing 关键变量索引keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key 键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷命令keyboard 键盘land evaluation 土地评价Land Information System(LIS) 土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT) 土地信息技术land types 土地类型land unit 土地单元land use 土地利用landform 地表形态landscape drawings 景观绘图landscape map 景观地图layer file 层文件layer index 图层索引layer index 层索引layer system 分层设色法layer-tinted map 分层设色地图layered style map 分层设色地图layered style 分层设色表示法layering 分层；层化layers 层次layer 层layover 覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index 叶区域索引leaf level 叶层次league 里格leaking polygon 未闭合多边形legend 图例lettering 地图注记lineage 数据说明line element 线状要素line feature 线状特征line follower 线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization 趋势线概化line graph 线状图line in polygon calculation 多边形线判断计算line in polygon retrieval 多边形线判断查询line intersection 线段交叉line map 线画图line of nodes 交轨线line symbologics 线状符号表达法line symbol 线状符号local database 局域数据库local datum 局部定标数据logical block 逻辑块logical channel number 逻辑通道Mlogical consistency 逻辑一致性logical contouring 逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB) 逻辑数据库logical data model 逻辑数据模型logical data structure 逻辑数据结构logical decision 逻辑判定logical design 逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image 影象逻辑异运算logical expression 逻辑表达logical links 逻辑连接logical mounting 逻辑安装logical name 逻辑名字logical operation 逻辑运算logical operator 逻辑运算符logical order 逻辑指令logical overlap 逻辑重叠logical record 逻辑记录logical security 逻辑安全性logical selection 逻辑选择logical storage structure 逻辑存储结构logical unit 逻辑单元logic 逻辑login (=logon)注册lot and block 地块与街段lot dimensions 地块尺寸lot line 地块边界lot of record 地块记录lot 地块LPT port 并行口LU pooling 逻辑单元合并machine bias 机器偏差machine code 机器码machine encoding 机器编码machine language 机器语言machine processable 机器可处理的man-machine interface 人机接口manager access 管理者存取manual digitizer 手扶数字化器manual digitizing 人工数字化manual encoding 人工编码manual link 人工连接manual map enhancement 人工地图增强manuscript map 原图；稿图manuscript 原图many-to-one relate 多对一关系map accuracy (absolute) 绝对地图精度map accuracy (relative) 相对地图精度map accuracy level 地图精度水平map accuracy specifications 地图精度说明map accuracy standards 地图精度标准map adjustment 地图接边；图幅接边map algebra 地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange 地图与图表间数据交换map appearance 地图整饰map average 地形特征地图map black clouds 地图数据密集区map border 图廓map chart 作战海图map clarity 地图清晰性map closure 地图闭合map code （１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data 地图边缘数据map color atlas 地图色谱map compilation 地图编绘map complexity 地图复杂性map composition 地图编制map computerization 地图计算机化map coverage 地图层map data base 地图数据库map data retrieval 地图数据查询map data structure 地图数据结构map data 地图数据map decoration 地图整饰map deformation 地图变形map description 地图描述map digitization 地图数字化map digitizing 地图数字化map directory 地图目录map display 地图显示map distortion 地图畸变map distribution 地图供应map edge 图幅边缘map editing 地图编辑map extent 地图围map face 图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature 地图特征map files 地图文件map generalization 地图综合map graphics to text data linkage 图形－文本数据连接map graphics 图形－文本数据连接map grid 地图格网map information 地图信息map interpretation 地图判读map join 图幅连接map layer 图层map layout 图面配置map legibility 地图易读性map limits 图围map linkage 图连接map load 地图负载量map making 制图map matching guidance 地图匹配导航map matching 地图匹配map measure 量图轨map miles 地图英里坐标系统map model system 地图模型系统map nadir 图面底点map name 地图名map of neotectonic strength 图上量算map origin 图坐标原点map overlay analysis 地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis 地图叠置模拟分析map overlay 地图叠置map parallel 图横线map perception 地图感受map plotting 填图map point 图上定位点；图面点map positional file 地图叠置文件map position 地图定位map projection system 地图投影系统map projection transformation 地图投影转换map projection 地图投影map projector 地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad 地图标准图幅map query 地图查询map reading 读图map registration 地图对齐map representation file 地图表示文件map resolution 地图分辨率map revision 地图更新map scale number 地图比例尺数map scale 地图比例尺map scaling 地图比例变换map section 图区map series 系列地图map set miles 图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation 图幅操作map sheet 图幅map shift 图幅移位map sliver 地图细小多边形map specifications 地图规map standards 地图标准map substitute 临时版地图map symbolism 地图符号体系map symbol 地图符号map systematic errors 地图系统误差map test 地图检测map theme 地图专题map title 图名map tolerance 地图容限map transformation 地图转换map types 地图类型map unit tolerance 地图单位容限map units 地图单位容限map use 地图利用map zoom 地图放大map 地图map-controlled mosaic 地图控制镶嵌图map-grid 地图格网map-matching guidance 地图匹配指导map-projection aspect 地图投影轴map-to-page transformation 地图－页变换mapland 制图地区mapping accuracy standards 制图精度标准mapping accuracy 制图精度mapping angle （子午线）收敛角mapping control 图根控制mapping control point 图根点NMapping Data Interchange Format (MDIF) 制图数据交换格式Mapping Information Management System (MIMS) 制图信息管理系统mapping 制图；测图MAPSAT 制图卫星mapsheet 图幅marginal data 图廓资料margin 边缘；图边；页边；空白master map projection 母型投影master model 立体地图原型medium 媒体；中等的megabit ram 兆字节存储器menu bar 菜单条menu box 菜单盒menu button 菜单按钮menu icons 菜单图标menu item 菜单项menu mark 菜单符号menu origin 菜单原点menu tablet 菜单输入板menu title 菜单标题menu-controlled program 特征码清单控制程序menu 清单；菜单minimum access time 最小存取时间minimum boundary rectangle 最小边界矩形minimum distance classification 最短距离分类minimum distance routing 最短距离选择minimum mapping units 最小制图单元minimum path network 最短路网minimum path tree 最短路径树modular software 模块化软件modular 模数的；模块的Modulator；DEM modulator 数字地面模型模块module field 模块区（空间数据转换）multi-media 多媒体multimedia GIS 多媒体GISmultimedia systems 多媒体系统multimedia 多媒体multiuser 多用户native code 本机语言native map 本土地图natural resource data 自然资源数据network analysis 网络分析network architecture 网络结构network basefile system 网络基本文件系统netwok chain 网络链network data 网络数据network data model 网络数据模型network database 网络数据库Network File Server 网络文件服务器Network File System(NFS) 网络文件系统Network Interface Card 网络接口卡network layer 网络层network model 网状模型Network Operating System 网络操作系统OTnetwork protocol 网络协议network simulation 网络模拟network structure 网络结构neutral networks 神经网络neutral net 神经网络non-graphic attribute 非图形属性non-graphic information 非图形信息nongeographic information 非地理信息。

外文翻译——摘要

摘要1：随着GIS商业应用的不断发展，以及卫星遥感产业不断发展，GIS技术和遥感图像应用在区域规划和模拟区域环境已有较为广泛的研究。

实现区域环境的可视化环境下的空间信息和属性信息集成、模拟和预测, 为更多研究人员提供宏观监测方法，便于从宏观角度评估退耕还林样地在碳储备和水土保持方面所做贡献。

从宏观角度观测和模拟样地生物量变化和沟壑侵蚀强度, 将是区域规划与管理的未来重要发展趋势。

在先前宏观监测方面，已有学者在区域规划与管理中应用GIS技术和RS技术。

两项技术的结合和宏观模拟预测方法，利用信息技术为研究人员和决策人员提供便捷的预测和管理方法，将成为不变的潮流和趋势。

本文在分析了现有GIS技术与RS技术结合分别对生物量模型和侵蚀沟侵蚀模型的应用不足，阐述了用集成方法表述退耕还林样地贡献率的必要性。

作者对现有技术进行充分结合和利用，并进行改进,即在VS2005环境中利用C#语言，嵌套Arcengine模块进行开发，通过编程实现了黄土丘陵区三维图像显示，并模拟该区域退耕还林对当地环境的贡献率。

该系统中能够实现图像放大缩小漫游、模拟区域生物量变化及其他属性功能查询等功能，为决策者提供宏观可视信息。

摘要2：几十年来，极端天气的出现和影响范围之广已经备受关注。

因此全球气候变化已成为国际科学研究的热点问题。

众所周知，陆地生态系统与气候变化之间存在这密不可分的相互作用过程。

而陆地生态系统中，植被是最重要的、同时也是对气候变化最敏感的组分。

无论在全球尺度，还是在区域尺度上，植被动态变化通常是气候变化的关键驱动因子。

在中国，促进城市生态发展或者进行退耕还林工程改造已经变得尤为重要。

目前，在中国大部分地区，植被活动也呈增强趋势。

在大、中尺度的区域研究中,遥感方法是监测全球和区域植被变化的有效手段,利用遥感数据与方法分析植被的覆盖变化具有独特的优势并为其提供了可靠的实时数据源。

采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)来表征区域植被覆盖状况,它能很好地反映植被覆盖、生物量及生态系统参数的变化,与植被覆盖度呈正相关。

地理信息系统专业外语段落翻译

1.The science and technology of acquiring , storing , processing , managing , analyzing and presenting geographically referred information (geo-spatial data ). This broad term applies both to science and technology,and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies including surveying and mapping ,geodesy , satellite positioning , photogrammetry ,remote sensing, geographic information system(GIS), land management ,computer systems ,environmental visualization and computer graphics .2.A horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by two intersecting vertical planes , or a horizontal angle between two lines is the angle between the projections of the lines onto a horizontal plane .For example ,observations to different elevation pointsB andC from A will give the horizontal angle BAC which is the angle between the projections of two lines (AB and AC) onto the horizontal plane . It follows that , although the points observed are at different elevations ,it is always the horizontal angle and not the space angle that is measured . The horizontal angle is used primarily to obtain relative direction to a survey control point ,or to topographic detail points ,or to points to be set out .3.The first step in measuring the distance between the GPS receiver and a satellite requires measuring the time it takes for the signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver . Once the receiver knows how much time has elapsed , the travel time of the signal multiplies the speed of light (because the satellite signals travel at the speed of light , approximately 186,000 miles per second )to compute the distance . Distance measurements to four satellites are require to compute a 3-dimensional (latitude ,longitude and altitude )position .。

ARCGIS英汉对照

AAbsolute X,Y X,Y的绝对坐标Abstract 抽象，抽象类Access 数据库文件Activate 激活，使数据框架进入操作状态Alias 字段假名Aligned，alignment 字符注记对齐Allocation 空间配置，临近分配Animation 动画Annotation 地图注记、注记要素Application 应用，应用单元Attribute 属性Attribute table 属性表B Background 地图显示、制图的背景Band 影像波段Barrier 网络障碍Basic tool bar 基本工具条BMP 一种通用的图像数据格式Border 地图外框线、图廓线Brightness 图像显示亮度Buffer 临近、缓冲Buffer zone 临近区、缓冲区CCAD feature dataset CAD数据集Callout 引线式注记Catalog ArcCatalog的目录表、目录窗口Categories 定性分类Cell 栅格单元Cell size 栅格单元大小Charts 统计图（同Graph）Class 类Classification 分类Clip 裁剪，一种叠合处理方式Coclass visual basic 的组件类Closest facility 最近设施Cluster tolerance 线簇容差Color ramp 色彩过渡表Commands 命令Connectivity 网络连接Contract 图像显示的对比度Contour 等值线，等高线Control point 校正坐标用的控制点Coordinate system 坐标系，坐标系统Copy parallel 平行复制Cost distance 考虑成本的距离Cost weighted distance 以成本为权重的距离Coverage ArcInfo的一种数据格式Customize 用户化，自定制Cut/fill 填挖方DDangle node 悬结点Data frame 数据框架Data frame properties 数据框架特征设置对话框Data source 数据源Data view 数据视图Dataset 数据集dBASE 一种数据库管理软件的名称DBF,dbf 一种属性数据库的文件格式（dBASE的）Delta X,Y 相对偏移坐标Density 密度DGN 一种CAD数据文件格式Digitizing 数字化，矢量要素输入计算机Dimensions 相对距离注记Dirty area 问题区，可能存在违反拓扑规则要素的范围Display units 地图显示单位Dissolve 多边形归并、融合Drawing tool bar 绘图工具条Drop shadow 使制图元素具有阴影效果Dot density 点密度地图DXF 一种CAD数据文件交换格式DWG 一种CAD数据文件格式EEdge 网络线段，网络边线Edge match 地图接边Element 图形元素Elevation 高程End 端点End node 线的终点Endpoint 同End nodeEqual interval 等间距分类Extend 线要素延伸Extent(s) 数据的空间范围Extensions 扩展、软件的扩展模块FFacility 设施Feature 要素、地理要素Feature attribute table 要素属性表Feature class 要素类Feature dataset 要素数据集Field 属性表的字段Fill symbol 填充符号Fillet 加圆角From end 网络线段的起点、端点GGeodatabase 地理数据库、空间数据库Geographic coordinate system 地理坐标系Geometric network 几何网络用于市政公用设施的网络数据模型Geoprocessing 地理处理、空间处理Gradient fill symbol 渐变填充符号Graduated color 颜色渐变图Graduated symbols 符号渐变图Graph 统计图Graphic 图形Graphic element 图形元素Graphic text 图形注记Grid 格网HHistogram 直方图（常用于影像分类）Hyperlink 超链接IIcon 图标Identify 要素识别，显示要素的属性Image 影像、图像Image adjust 影像配准Incident 网络分析中的事件Index 索引Info arcinfo的属性数据库，和coverage对应Impedance 网络阻抗Integer 整数型数据Intersect 交叉，一种叠合处理方式Interpolate，interpolation 插值、空间插值Item 数据项JJoin 连接，表和表连接Junction 网络中线段端点和端点的交汇处LLabel 地图标注、属性标注Latitude 纬度、纬线Layer 地图图层，专题图层Layer properties 图层特征Layer file 图层设置文件Layout 地图布局Layout view 地图布局视图Legend 图例Line(feature) 线、线状要素Line symbol 线状要素符号Linear reference 线性参照Longitude 经度、经线MMacro(s) 宏命令，宏语言Marker symbol 点要素符号Map document 地图文档Map elements 地图制图元素Map template 地图制图模板Map topology 地图拓扑Map units 地图单位Match to symbol in a style 匹配某个格式文件中的符号Merge 要素合并Metadata 元要素Multi band 多波段影像Multi-part feature 组合要素，一个要素有多部分合并而成Multiple attributes 多重属性NNatural breaks 自然区分类Neatline 图廓线、图框线、地图分割线Network 网络Network dataset 网络数据集No data 无值的栅格单元Nodata 同No dataNormalization 归一化North arrow 指北针OOverlay 叠合、叠置Overshoot 过长OMDs(object model diagrams) 对象模型图OLE(object linking and embedding) 对象连接和嵌入Oneway 交通单向行驶PPan 图形平移Path 基于栅格的路径Parallel 平行Perpendicular 垂线Personal Geodatabase 个人地理数据库Picture 图片Pixel 像元、像素Pixel value 栅格单元值、像素单元值Point(feature) 点元素Polygon(feature) 多边形要素Polyline(feature) 线要素Precision 精度Preview 预览Profile 剖面Projected coordinate system 投影坐标系Project 项目、工程Projective 投影变换Proportional symbols 比例分配图Proximity 邻近、相邻Pseudo node 伪结点Pyramids 金字塔数据结构、数据索引QQuantities 定量分类（地图）Quartile 等量分类（地图）Query builder 查询工具，条件组合查询Query text box 查询文本框RRank 等级Raster 栅格Reclassify 再分类、重分类Record 记录，属性表的行Reference scale 参照比例显示、制图Reflection 偏转角度Relate 表和表的关联、连接Relational 关系型、关系模型Report 报表Residual error 残差，坐标转换后控制点和参照点坐标的差距RMS(root mean square) 坐标转换残差、平均根方差Rotate 要素旋转Route 网络路径Rubber sheeting 橡皮拉伸、坐标拉伸Rule 规则，拓扑规则Rulers 标尺SScale 地图比例要素缩放Scale bar 比例尺、图形比例尺Scale range 比例范围Scale text 比例说明、文字型比例尺SDE(spatial database engine) 空间数据引擎Segment 线要素的某一段Select 选择Selectable layer 可选要素的图层Selected feature 被选要素、入选要素Selected layer 被选图层Selection 选择、选择集Service area 基于网络的服务区Shape 要素的几何类型Shapefile 一种空间数据格式Shortest path （基于栅格的）最短路径、最佳路径Sketch 任意线Slope 坡度Snap，snapping 捕捉Spatial adjustment 空间校正Spatial join 空间连接Spatial reference 空间参照Split 线要素打断，插入结点Standard tool bar 标准工具条Start node 线要素的起点、起结点Start point 文字注记的起始点Stop （网络）停靠站Stretch 拉伸，调整影像的显示灰度、颜色Style 地图符号式样Surface 地面、地表Summarize 汇总统计Symbol 符号Symbology 符号规则，用于控制要素显示符号的对话框Symbol property editor 符号特征编辑器TTable 表、属性表Table of contents 操作界面中的目录表Target(layer) 编辑的目标图层Template 模板、制图模板Thiessen (polygon) 泰森多边形Thumbnail 缩略图TIN(triangular irregular network) 不规则三角网Title 标题，地图标题、插图标题To end 线段的终点Tolerance 容差Topology 拓扑Topology relation 拓扑关系Topology rule 拓扑规则Transform 坐标转换Transparence 透明方式显示图层Transparency 图像显示的透明度Trim 线要素剪切UUndershoot 线过短Union 合并，一种叠合计算方式Unique values 唯一值Utility(network) 市政公共设施（网络）U-Turn 转弯调头VValue 属性值，数值取值VBA(visual basic for application) 编程语言Vector 矢量Vertex 线的拐点Viewshed 视域Visible 字段的可见性，地物的可见W Workspace 工作空间XXML(extensible markup language) 可扩展标记语言Z Zoom 图形缩放Zoom in 图形放大Zoom out 图形缩小。

摘要英文翻译

The research of the reformed "four-in-one" ASTM335P9 furnace tubes welding and the furnace shaft transition technologyThe continuous reformer of FSPC-3 had been carried on capacity expansion modification during 2005. It was expanded from 300,000 tons per year to 600,000 tons per year. The essential equipment of the reformer which we know as "three-in-one" heating-furnace is also upgraded into "four-in-one". The mediators inside the reformer heating-furnace tubes are gasoline oil and hydrogen. The inlet temperature is 456～525℃while outlet temperature is 545℃. The inlet pressure is 1.42～1.59Mpa while outlet is 1.42～1.59Mpa, therefore, the "four-in-one" heating-furnace radiation room tubes adopted ASTM335P9 furnace tubes made in Japan, it has resistant characteristic property such as H and H2S corrosion resistant and also the thermostability. It is equivalent to Cr9Mo. In order to meet with the requirements of the ambient conditions, we should add enough Cr、Mo alloying agents. The chief effect of Cr is to promote the oxidation resistance and the elevated temperature strength, while alloy Mo can only promote the elevated temperature strength. Because it contains more elements like Cr and Mo, so Cr9Mo steel has hardenability tendency. By the study of welding technology test and the morphology and nature of the welding joint, we found that near the weld zone it was easy to harden, and it would crack under stiffness conditions. So it is necessary to perform weld preheating and postweld high tempering in order to modify morphology. Because of the high preheating temperature and weld heat input, we will find intergranuler caibide precipitation in the weld joint zone. We all know it is harmful to the toughness of the joint, and also it will lower the hardness of the heat-affected zone, but if we low down preheating temperature it will generate colding crack. In order to settle the welding of Cr9Mo tubes problems, we propose the following pinciple, first is to prevent joint cracking and then try to avoid the weld zone harding and the descending of the toughness and hardness in the heat-affacted zone. We choose the suitable welding procedure and the proper postweld heat treatment. By analysing welding procedure test, metallographic analysis and mechanical property test, we put forward a plan for welding procedure and take it as the creterion of qualification of welding procedure. By using welding procedure, we evaluate the welding and then compile the reports, complete the welding procedure specification, all of the above will give instuctions to practices. In order to ensure the quality of the erectionand construction we present a standard of field welding procedure. Because Cr9Mo tubes will work under the long-term corrosion mediator and high temperature conditions and also it has complicated mediator even may contains Cl- inside tubes, so we study the corrosion behavior about Cr9Mo steel under ferric chloride solution circumstance so as to supply test data for safety application of furnace tubes. At last we draw the following conclusions: the corrosion of Cr9Mo steel is quite obviously when we put it into ferric chloride solution, it become more and more serious when we raise the density of ferric chloride solution. If the density of chloride ion is identical, the corrosion is more serious in the ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid mixed solution.The combination of Fe3+ and OH- raise the density of H+, it will turn into hydrochloric acid when H+ and Cl- meet with each other which have very high corrosive characteristics. As the further dissolution of positive pole, the density of H+ step up, we will get a high density value and then corrosion rate increasing. There is almost no corrosion when we put Cr9Mo steel into NaCl solution. The corrosion rate can be ignored in 50% H2SO4 solution.The normal installation cycle of 100,8 tons "four-in-one" heating-furnace need four months in course of construction, but the "three-in-one" heating-furnace only need 40 days. In order to ensure the reformer to be put in use on time, we establish a temporary base on the fire passage in the west part of the "three-in-one" heating-furnace and then prefabricate "four-in-one" heating-furnace, remove "three-in-one" heating-furnace when we finish pre-installation, then use track transite the whole part. By using this method we successfully complete the project. KEYWORDS: ASTM335P9 furnace tubes, welding, structure and performance, Cl- corrosion, "four-in-one" furnace。

ArcGIS英汉对照

ArcGIS 9 ArcToolbox 中英文对照表分析（analysis）注记（annotation）注记要素类（annotation feature class）注记对象（annotation target）属性（attribute）障碍（barrier）绘图（cartography）数据框（data frame）字段（field）障碍（barrier）数据库（database）数据集（dataset）范围（extent）组合要素（multipart feature）图形比例尺（scalebar）空间分析（spatial analysis）符号（symbol）3D Analyst Tools 三维分析工具转换ConversionTIN 三角计算TIN 域值TIN 多边形标志TIN 节点TIN 边TIN 到栅格栅格转TINFunctional Surface 表面功能插值形状表面体积表面点表面长度视线Raster Interpolation 栅格修补克里金地形到栅格曲线拟合用文件地形到栅格自然邻域趋势距离权重倒数Raster Math乘减加取整浮点除Raster Reclass切片查找用ASCII 文件重分类用表重分类重分类Raster Surface坡向坡度填/挖山影曲率栅格计算栅格重分类栅格表面等高线等高线列表观察点视域TIN Creation创建TIN编辑TINTIN SurfaceTIN 坡度TIN 方位TIN 等高线多边形插值成多个面Analysis Tool:ExtractClipSelectSplitTable Select OverlayEraseIdentityIntersect TIN 创建TIN 表面分析工具提取剪切选择拆分表选择叠加分析擦除查看相交Symmetrical Difference 对称差UnionUpdate ProximityBufferMultiple RingBufferNearPoint Distance StatisticsFrequencySummaryStatistics联合更新邻域分析缓冲区多环缓冲区临近点距离统计表频度总结统计Cartography Tool:Masking ToolsCul-De-SacMasks 绘图工具掩模工具Cul-De-Sac 掩模Feature Outline Masks 要素轮廓线掩模Intersecting Layers Masks 相交图层掩模Conversion Tool:From RasterRaster to ASCII 转换工具从删格到...删格到ASCIIRaster to FloatRaster to PointRaster to PolygonRaster to Polyline To CADAdd CAD FieldsCreate CAD XDataExport to CADSet CAD AliasTo Coverage删格到浮点删格到点删格到面删格到线到CAD添加CAD 字段创建CAD 扩展实体数据导出到CAD设置CAD 别名到CoverageFeature Class To Coverage 要素类到CoverageTo dBASE 到dBASETable to dBASE [multiple] 表到dBASETo GeodatabaSEFeature Class To Feature Class要素类到要素类Feature Class to Geodatabase [multiple] 要素类到GeodatabaseImport CAD AnnotationImport Coverage AnnotationImport from CADRaster To Geodatabase[multiple]Table to Geodatabase[multiple]Table To TableTo Raster 到栅格ASCII to Raster ASCII 到栅格DEM to Raster DEM 到栅格Feature to Raster 要素到栅格Float to Raster 浮点到栅格导入CAD 注记导入Coverage 注记从CAD 导入栅格到Geodatabase 表到Geodatabase 表到表Raster To Other Format 栅格到其他格式To Shapefile 到ShapefileFeature Class To Shapefile 要素类到Shapefile Coverage Tool: Coverage 工具AnalysisExtractClipSelectSplitOverlayErase 分析提取剪切选择拆分叠加擦除IdentityIntersectUnionUpdate Proximity判别相交联合更新邻近BufferNearPoint DistancePoint NodeThiessen Conversion 转换From CoverageExport To DLG缓冲近邻点距离点到结点泰森近似多边形从Coverage到DLGExport To Interchange File 到Interchange 文件Export To S57Export To SETSExport To VPFUngenerateTo Coverage到S57到SETS到VPF取消生成到CoverageAdvanced Tiger Conversion 高级Tiger 转换Basic Tiger Conversion 基本Tiger 转换GenerateImport From DLG 生成从DLG 导入Import From Interchange File 从Interchange 文件导入Import From S57Import FromSETSImort From VPF Data ManagementAggregateAppend从S57 导入从SETS 导入从VPF 导入数据管理集合追加Composite Features 要素合成Line Coverage To Region 线Coverage 到区域Line Coverage To Route 线Coverage 到路径Polygon Coverage To Region 多边形Coverage 到区域Region To Polygon Coverage 区域到多边形Coverage Generalization 一般Aggregate Polygons 聚集多边形Collapse Dual Lines To Centerline 分解双线到中心线Dissolve EliminateFind Conflicts Simplify Building 融合消除查找冲突简化建筑物Simplify Line Or Polygon 简化线或多边形IndexesDrop IndexIndex Item ItemsAdd ItemDrop Item 索引项删除索引索引项添加项删除项Joins Join Info Tables Projections 连接投影连接 Info 表 Define Projection Project Transform Tables 表 Add XY Coordinates Renumber Nodes Update IDs Tolerances 容差 Tolerance Topology 拓扑 Build Clean Create Labels VPF Tile Topology 定义投影投影变换添加 XY 坐标重新计数节点更新 ID容差构建Clean创建标注VPF 图块拓扑Workspace Management 工作空间管理Create Coverage Data Management Tools 数据管理工具 Database 数据库 Compact Compress Disconnected Editing 分离编辑 Check In Check In From Delta Check Out Export To Delta Domains 值域 Add Coded Value To Domain Assign Domain To FieldCreate Domain创建 Coverage紧凑压缩检入从增量中检入检出导出增量添加编码值到值域赋值值域到字段创建值域 Delete Coded Value From Domain 从值域中删除编码值 Delete Domain Domain To Table Remove Domain From Field Set Value For Range Domain Table To Domain Feature class 要素类删除值域值域到表从字段删除值域为范围值域设置值表到值域Append Annotation Feature Classes 追加注记要素类 Calculate Default Cluster Tolerance 计算缺省容限值Calculate Default Spatial Grid Index 计算缺省空间格网索引 Integrate 整合Update Annotation Feature Class 更新标记要素类创建要素类Features 要素创建要素类Add XY Coordinates Check Geometry Copy Features Delete Features 添加XY 坐标检查几何形状复制要素删除要素Feature Envelope to Polygon 要素封装到多边形Feature To LineFeature To PointFeature To PolygonFeature Vertices To PointsMultipart To SinglepartPolygon To LineRepair GeometrySplit Line At Vertices Fields 字段Add FieldAssign Default To FieldCalculate FieldDelete FieldGeneral 一般CopyDeleteRenameSelect Data追加Generalization 一般DissolveEliminateSimplify LineSmooth LineIndexes 索引Add Attribute IndexAdd Spatial IndexRemove Attribute IndexRemove Spatial Index Joins 连接Add JoinRemove Join 要素到线要素到点要素到多边形要素定点到点多部分到单部分多边形到线修改集合形状在定点拆分线添加字段设置缺省到字段计算字段删除字段复制删除重命名选择数据追加融合消除简化线平滑线添加属性索引添加空间索引删除属性索引删除空间索引添加连接删除连接Layers and Table Views 图层和表的查看Make Query TableMake Raster Catalog Layer Make Raster Layer 制作查询表制作栅格目录图层制作栅格图层Make XY Event Layer Save To Layer File Select Layer By Attribute Select Layer By Location 制作表视图制作要素图层制作XY 事件图层保存成图层文件通过属性选择通过位置选择制作表视图制作要素图层Projections and Transformations 投影和转换FeatureBatch ProjectProject创建空间参考RasterFlipMirrorProject RasterRescaleRotateShiftWarDefine ProjectionRasterBatch BuildPyramids 栅格要素批量投影投影创建空间参考栅格翻转镜像投影栅格重建比例旋转偏移翘曲定义投影批量建立金字塔Batch Calculate Statistics Build Pyramids Calculate StatisticsClipComposite BandsCopy RasterCopy Raster Catalog Items Create Raster Catalog 批量计算统计表建立金字塔计算统计表剪切组合波段复制栅格复制栅格目录项创建栅格目录Delete Raster Catalog Items 删除栅格目录项Mosaic To NewRasterResample创建栅格数据集镶嵌Relationship Classes 关系类镶嵌到新的栅格重采样创建栅格数据集镶嵌Create Relationship Class 创建关系类Table To Relationship Class 表到关系类SubtypesAdd SubtypeRemove SubtypeSet Default SubtypeSet Subtype Field Table 子类型表添加子类型删除子类型设置缺省子类型设置子类型字段Analyze Change Privileges Copy Rows Delete Rows Get Count Pivot Table 创建表 Topology 拓扑分析改变权限复制行删除行获得数目关联表创建表Add Feature Class To Topology 添加要素类型到拓扑 Add Rule To Topology Create Topology 添加规则到拓扑创建拓扑Remove Feature Class From Topology 从拓扑删除要素类 Remove Rule From Topology Set Cluster Tolerance Validate Topology Versions 版本 Alter Version Create Version Delete Version Post Version Reconcile Version Register As Versioned Unregister As Versioned Workspace 工作空间 Create ArcInfo Workspace Create Feature Dataset Create Folder Create Personal GDB 从拓扑中删除规则设置簇容限值教验拓扑改变版本创建版本删除版本提交版本协调版本注册版本取消注册创建 ArcInfo 工作空间创建要素数据集创建文件夹创建个人 Geodatabase Geocoding Tools Automate Geocoding IndexesCreate Address Locator地理编码工具自动生成地理编码索引创建地址定位器 Deautomate Geocoding Indexes Delete Address Locator Geocode Addresses Rebuild Geocoding Indexes Standardize Addresses 取消自动生成地理编码索引删除地址定位器地理编码地址重建地理编码索引标准化地址 Geostatistical Analyst Tools 地理统计分析工具Geostatistical Layer To Grid 导出地理统计图层到 Grid Linear Referencing Tools Calibrate Routes Create Routes Dissolve Route Events 线性参考工具校准路径创建路径融合路径事件Locate Features Along Routes 沿路径定位要素边界清理Make Route Event LayerOverlay Route EventsTransform Route EventsSpatial Analyst ToolsConditional 条件拾取条件设空Density 密度核密度点密度线密度Distance 距离代价分配代价回联代价距离代价路径欧几里德分配欧几里德方向欧几里德距离走廊路径距离路径距离分配路径距离回联Extraction 提取提取值到点根据属性提取用圆提取用多边形提取用掩模提取用点提取用矩形提取采样Generalization 一般区块组合多数过滤收缩消蚀细化聚合膨胀制作路径事件图层空间分析工具叠加路径事件转换路径事件Groundwater粒子跟踪达西流达西速率透水层Hydrology下陷点填充捕捉汇流点河流分级河流到要素河流连接流向流域流程盆地累积流量Interpolation克里金地形到栅格曲线拟合用文件地形到栅格自然邻域趋势距离权重倒数Local像素统计分级合成大于频率小于频率普及度最低位置最高位置等于频率Map Algebra单输出地图代数多输出地图代数MathBitwise位与位右移位否位异或地下水水文添补本地地图代数数学计算为运算左位移按位或Logical不等于为空大于大于等于小于小于等于测试等于组合与组合异或组合或逻辑与逻辑否逻辑异或逻辑或TrigonometricATan2余弦双曲余弦双曲正切双曲正弦反余弦反双曲余弦反双曲正切反双曲正弦反正切反正弦正切正弦10 的对数10 的指数2 的对数2 的指数上取整下取整乘减加取整否平方逻辑运算三角函数平方根指数整除浮点绝对值自然对数自然指数除MultivariateIsocluster主成分创建特征最大似然性分类波段组统计类概率系统树图功能编辑署名函数Neighborhood块统计点统计焦点流焦点统计线统计过滤Overlay加权叠加Raster Creation创建常量栅格创建正态栅格创建随机栅格Reclass切片查找用ASCII 文件重分类用表重分类重分类Surface坡向坡度填/挖山影曲率等高线等高线列表多元多变量邻域叠加栅格创建重分类表面观察点视域Zonal区域几何区域几何到表区域填充区域统计区域统计到表面积制表Spatial Statistics Tools Analyzing Patterns 区域空间统计工具分析模型Average Nearest Neighbor 平均邻近邻居High/Low Clustering[Getis-Ord General G]高/低聚类Spatial Autocorrelation [Morans I] 空间自相关Mapping Clusters 绘制群体Cluster and Outlier Analysis 群体和群外要素分析Cluster/Outlier Analysis with Rendering 带渲染群体和群外要素分析Hot Spot Analysis [Getis-Ord Gi*] 热点分析Hot Spot Analysis with Rendering 带渲染热点分析Measuring Geographic Distributions 测量地理分布Central FeatureDirectional DistributionLinear Directional MeanMean CenterStandard DistanceUtilities 实用工具Calculate AreasCollect EventsCollect Events with RenderingCount Rendering 中心要素定向分布平均线方向平均中心标准间隔距离计算面积收集事件带渲染收集事件计算渲染Export Feature Attribute to Ascii 导出要素表到Ascii 文本Z Score Renderine湖南师范大学资源环境科学学院GIS 研究中心周亮二00 四年十一月二十四日。

ArcGIS中英文对照表

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sks‎要素轮廓‎线掩模‎I nter‎s ecti‎n g La‎y ers ‎M asks‎相交图层‎掩模‎Conv‎e rsio‎n Too‎l: ‎From‎Rast‎e r ‎Rast‎e r to‎ASCI‎I‎转换工具‎从删格到.‎..删格‎到 ASC‎I I‎Ra‎s ter ‎t o Fl‎o atR‎a ster‎to P‎o int‎R aste‎r to ‎P olyg‎o n‎R aste‎r to ‎P olyl‎i ne ‎To C‎A DA‎d d CA‎D Fie‎l ds‎C reat‎e CAD‎XDat‎aExp‎o rt t‎o CAD‎Se‎t CAD‎Alia‎sT‎o Cov‎e rage‎‎删格‎到浮点删‎格到点删‎格到面删‎格到线到‎CAD ‎添加 C‎A D 字段‎创建‎C AD 扩‎展实体数据‎导出到‎C AD设‎置 CAD‎别名‎到 Cov‎e rage‎Fe‎a ture‎Clas‎s To ‎C over‎a ge 要‎素类到 C‎o vera‎g e T‎o dBA‎S E ‎到 d‎B ASE ‎Tab‎l e to‎dBAS‎E [mu‎l tipl‎e] 表到‎dBAS‎ETo ‎G eoda‎t abaS‎EFea‎t ure ‎C lass‎To F‎e atur‎e Cla‎s s‎要素类‎到要素类‎Feat‎u re C‎l ass ‎t o Ge‎o data‎b ase ‎[mul‎t iple‎]要素类‎到 Geo‎d atab‎a se ‎I mpor‎t CAD‎Anno‎t atio‎nImp‎o rt C‎o vera‎g e An‎n otat‎i onI‎m port‎from‎CAD‎R aste‎r To ‎G eoda‎t abas‎e[mul‎t iple‎]T‎a ble ‎t o Ge‎o data‎b ase[‎m ulti‎p le]‎T able‎To T‎a ble ‎To R‎a ster‎到栅格‎ASCI‎I to ‎R aste‎r ASC‎I I 到栅‎格DEM‎to R‎a ster‎DE‎M到栅格‎Feat‎u re t‎o Ras‎t er ‎要素到栅‎格Flo‎a t to‎Rast‎e r 浮点‎到栅格‎导入 CA‎D注记‎导入 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ding‎Inde‎x esS‎t anda‎r dize‎Addr‎e sses‎取消自‎动生成地理‎编码索引‎删除地址定‎位器地理‎编码地址‎重建地理编‎码索引标‎准化地址‎Ge‎o stat‎i stic‎a l An‎a lyst‎Tool‎s地理‎统计分析工‎具Geo‎s tati‎s tica‎l Lay‎e r To‎Grid‎导出地理‎统计图层到‎Grid‎L‎i near‎Refe‎r enci‎n g To‎o ls‎C alib‎r ate ‎R oute‎sCre‎a te R‎o utes‎Di‎s solv‎e Rou‎t e Ev‎e nts‎线性‎参考工具‎校准路径‎创建路径‎融合路径‎事件‎Lo‎c ate ‎F eatu‎r es A‎l ong ‎R oute‎s沿路径‎定位要素‎Make‎Rout‎e Eve‎n t La‎y er ‎Over‎l ay R‎o ute ‎E vent‎sTra‎n sfor‎m Rou‎t e Ev‎e nts ‎S‎p atia‎l Ana‎l yst ‎T ools‎C‎o ndit‎i onal‎条‎件拾取‎条件设空‎Dens‎i ty ‎密度‎核密度点‎密度线密‎度Dis‎t ance‎距‎离代价分‎配代价回‎联代价距‎离代价路‎径欧几里‎德分配欧‎几里德方向‎欧几里德‎距离走廊‎路径距离‎路径距离‎分配路径‎距离回联‎E xtra‎c tion‎提取‎提取值到点‎根据属性‎提取用圆‎提取用多‎边形提取‎用掩模提取‎用点提取‎用矩形提‎取采样‎G ener‎a liza‎t ion ‎一般区块‎组合多数‎过滤收缩‎消蚀细‎化聚合‎膨胀边界‎清理制‎作路径事件‎图层叠加‎路径事件‎转换路径事‎件空‎间分析工具‎‎Gro‎u ndwa‎t er ‎粒子跟‎踪达西流‎达西速率‎透水层‎H ydro‎l ogy ‎下陷点‎填充捕捉‎汇流点河‎流分级河‎流到要素‎河流连接‎流向流域‎流程盆‎地累积流‎量Int‎e rpol‎a tion‎克里‎金地形到‎栅格曲线‎拟合用文‎件地形到栅‎格自然邻‎域趋势‎距离权重倒‎数Loc‎a l像‎素统计分‎级合成‎大于频率‎小于频率‎普及度最‎低位置最‎高位置等‎于频率M‎a p Al‎g ebra‎单‎输出地图代‎数多输出‎地图代数‎M ath ‎Bit‎w ise‎位与位‎右移位否‎位异或‎‎地下水‎‎水文‎‎‎‎添补‎‎本地‎‎‎地‎图代数‎数学计‎算为运‎算左位移‎按位或L‎o gica‎l不等于‎为空‎大于大‎于等于小‎于小于‎等于测试‎等于‎组合与‎组合异或‎组合或逻‎辑与逻辑‎否逻辑异‎或逻辑或‎Trig‎o nome‎t ric ‎ATa‎n2余弦‎双曲余‎弦双曲正‎切双曲正‎弦反余弦‎反双曲余‎弦反双曲‎正切反双‎曲正弦反‎正切反正‎弦正切‎正弦‎10 的对‎数10 ‎的指数2‎的对数‎2的指数‎上取整‎下取整乘‎减‎加‎否‎平方‎‎逻辑运‎算‎‎‎‎三‎角函数‎平方‎根指数‎整除浮点‎绝对值‎自然对数‎自然指数Mu‎l tiva‎r iate‎I‎s oclu‎s ter‎主成分创‎建特征最‎大似然性分‎类波段组‎统计类概‎率系统树‎图功能编‎辑署名函数‎Neig‎h borh‎o od ‎块统计‎点统计‎焦点流焦‎点统计线‎统计过滤‎Over‎l ay ‎加权叠‎加Ras‎t er C‎r eati‎o n创‎建常量栅格‎创建正态‎栅格创建‎随机栅格‎R ecla‎s s ‎切片查‎找用 A‎S CII ‎文件重分类‎用表重分‎类重分类‎Surf‎a ce ‎坡向‎坡度填/‎挖山影‎曲率等高‎线等高线‎列表‎‎‎多‎元多变量‎‎‎邻域‎‎叠‎加栅‎格创建‎重‎分类‎‎表面‎观察点‎视域Z‎o nal ‎区域几何‎区域几何‎到表区域‎填充区域‎统计区域‎统计到表‎面积制表‎Spa‎t ial ‎S tati‎s tics‎Tool‎s An‎a lyzi‎n g Pa‎t tern‎s‎‎区域‎‎‎‎空间‎统计工具‎分析模型‎Ave‎r age ‎N eare‎s t Ne‎i ghbo‎r平均‎邻近邻居‎High‎/Low ‎C lust‎e ring‎[Geti‎s-Ord‎Gene‎r al G‎]高/低聚‎类Spa‎t ial ‎A utoc‎o rrel‎a tion‎[Mor‎a ns I‎]空间自‎相关M‎a ppin‎g Clu‎s ters‎‎绘制群体‎Clus‎t er a‎n d Ou‎t lier‎Anal‎y sis ‎群体‎和群外要素‎分析C‎l uste‎r/Out‎l ier ‎A naly‎s is w‎i th R‎e nder‎i ng 带‎渲染群体和‎群外要素分‎析Hot‎Spot‎Anal‎y sis ‎[Get‎i s-Or‎d Gi*‎]热点分‎析Hot‎Spot‎Anal‎y sis ‎w ith ‎R ende‎r ing ‎带渲染‎热点分析‎M easu‎r ing ‎G eogr‎a phic‎Dist‎r ibut‎i ons ‎测量地理‎分布‎C entr‎a l Fe‎a ture‎Dire‎c tion‎a l Di‎s trib‎u tion‎Line‎a r Di‎r ecti‎o nal ‎M ean ‎Mea‎n Cen‎t erS‎t anda‎r d Di‎s tanc‎eU‎t ilit‎i es ‎实用工具‎Calc‎u late‎Area‎sCol‎l ect ‎E vent‎sCo‎l lect‎Even‎t s wi‎t h Re‎n deri‎n gCo‎u nt R‎e nder‎i ng‎中心要素‎定向分布‎平均线方向‎平均中心‎标准间隔‎距离‎计算面积‎收集事件‎带渲染收集‎事件计算‎渲染E‎x port‎Feat‎u re A‎t trib‎u te t‎o Asc‎i i 导出‎要素表到‎A scii‎文本Z‎Scor‎e Ren‎d erin‎e湖‎南师范大学‎资源环境‎科学学院‎G IS 研‎究中心周‎亮二 0‎0四年十‎一月二十四‎日‎。

GIS专业英语常用术语

GIS专业英语常用术语(F-N)facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue 地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table 特征属性表feature bounded 边界标识地物feature class 特征分类feature codes menu 特征码清单feature codes 特征码feature coding 特征编码feature extraction 特征提取feature identifier 特征标识符feature ID 特征标识符feature instance 特征实例feature item 特征项feature marked 有标记特征feature number 特征标识符feature selection 特征选择feature separation 特征分类feature spanned 跨区特征feature supported 支持特征feature user-ID 特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing 联邦信息处理标准Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/ 联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTSfield ［数据］域file ［计算机］文件文件活动文件属性文件压缩文件格式文件分段存储文件管理索引文件完整性extension 文件扩展名文件名文件保护protocol 文件服务器协议文件服务器文件集文件说明；文件说明表文件结构文件系统Protocol 文件传输协议文件转换compression 文件压缩extension 文件后缀名fill pattern 填充模式fixed length record format 定长记录格式flag 标志；特征flair point 识别点；明显地物点flap 叠置floppy disk；floppy 软盘form line 地表形态线format conversion 格式转换format line 格式行format model 格式模型format 格式formatted model 格式化模型formatting function 格式化函数；格式编排GGauss plane coordinate 高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate 高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid 高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection 高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate 高斯坐标gazetteer 地名录general scale 基本比例尺generic term 地理通名Geo Based Information System 基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis 地理分析geo-defined unit 地理定义单元geo-distribution 地理分布geo-politic data base 行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system 地理参考信息系统geobase system 地区系统geobased information system 地区信息系统geobase 地区库geobotanical cartography 地植物学制图geocartography 地理制图geocoded virtual map 地理编码虚拟图geocodes 地理编码formatting 格式化formfeed 换页；格式馈给forms interface 格式界面forms processing 表格处理fractal 分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale 分数地图比例尺fractional scale 分数比例尺frequency band 频段；频带frequency bias 频偏frequency curve 频率曲线frequency demodulation 鉴频frequency distribution 频率分布full-resolution picture 全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key 全连串码fully digital mapping 全数字化制图function library 功能库functional data base 功能数据库functional mapping 功能制图functional structure 功能结构fuzzy analysis 模糊分析fuzzy C-means 模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法fuzzy distance 模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept 模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance 模糊容限fuzzy 模糊的；失真的geocode 地理编码geocoding system 地理编码系统geocoding 地理编码Geographer's Line 地理坐标网geographic aggregation 地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS) 地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP) 地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability 地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis 地理分析geographic area boundaries 地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI) 地理面积编码索引Geographic Base ) 地理基础文件Geographic Base 地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME)Geographic Base Information System(GBIS) 地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS) 地理基础系统geographic boundaries 地理边界geographic boundary data 地理边界数据geographic calibration 地理标准geographic center 地理中心geographic classification 地理分类geographic codes 地理坐标码geographic coding 地理编码geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic coordinate 地理坐标geographic coverage 地理层geographic data base 地理数据库geographic data set 地理数据集geographic data structure 地理数据结构Geographic Database 地理数据库geographic data 地理数据geographic display system 地理显示系统geographic entity 地理实体geographic feature data 地理特征数据geographic feature 地理特征geographic graticule 地理坐标网geographic grid 地理网格geographic identifiers 地理标识符geographic indexed file 地理索引文件geographic indexes 地理索引geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic inverse 地理位置反算geographic landscape 地理景观geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic location 地理位置geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic modeling 地理模拟geographic name 地理名称geographic net 地理坐标格网geographic numbering system 地理编号系统geographic object 地理对象geographic pole 地极geographic position 地理位置geographic reference system 地理参考系统geographic reference 地理参考geographic referencing 地理参考过程geographic standardization 地理标准化geographic survey 地理测量geographic value 地理坐标值geographical coordinate 地理坐标geographical data base 地理数据库geographical general name 地理通名geographical map 地理图geographical mile 地理海哩geographical name index 地名索引transcription；geographical 地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name 地名geographical network 地理格网geographical pole 地极geographical position 地理位置geographical reference system 地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance 地理视距geographical zones 地理带geographical-exploration traverse 地理勘测路线geographical 地理的geographics limits 细线；内图廓线geographic 地理的；地理学的geography 地理学Geomatics （加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification 几何校正geometric registration 几何配准geomorphic map 地貌类型图geomorphological mapping 地貌制图geomorphological map 地貌图geomorphology 地貌学geoprocessing application 地理处理应用geoprocessing approach 地理处理方法geoprocessing functions 地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling 地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations 地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity 地理处理率geoprocessing system 地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system 地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP) 地理处理过程geoprocessor 地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system 世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid 世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system 地理坐标参考系georeference 地理坐标参考georeferenced 地理坐标参考的georeferencing 地理坐标参考过程GEOREF 世界地理坐标参考系georelational model 地理相关模型geosphere 地理圈geostatistics 地理统计GIS/LIS 地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environmental Monitoring System(UNEP) 全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS) 全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS) 全球定位系统global positioning 全球定位global rediation 总辐射global satellite system 全球卫星系统Global Telecommunications System 全球远程通讯系统global 全球的graphic compose 图形合成graphic data base file 图形数据库文件graphic data base 图形数据库graphic data concept 图形数据概念graphic illustration 图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure 图形输入法graphic input unit 图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format 图形交换格式graphic interpolation 图解内插法graphic limits 图形边界graphic manipulation 图形维护graphic map features 图示地图特征graphic map manipulation 图示地图操作graphic map scale 图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point 图解图根点graphic menu 图示菜单graphic modes 图示模式graphic object 图形对象graphic output unit 图形输出设备graphic overlay 图形叠加graphic plane 图示面graphic primitive 图形元素graphic presentation 图形显示graphic production 图形生成graphic product 图形产品graphic rectification 图形校正graphic representation 图形表示graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic sign 图形记号graphic superimposition 图形叠加graphic symbol 图形符号graphic symbols/symbology 图形符号／符号表示graphic system components 图形系统组成graphic tablet 图形数字化板graphic terminal 图形终端graphic text string 图形文本串graphic trace 图形跟踪graphic variable 图形变量graphical screen interface 图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面graphics accelerator 图形加速卡graphics cursor 图形光标graphics display units 图形显示单元graphics inquiry 图形查询graphics languages 图形语言graphics mode 图形模式graphics page 图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC) 图形工作特性graphics resolution 图形分辨率graphics screen 图形屏幕界面graphics software 图形软件graphics tablet 图形数字化板graphics 图形graphic 图形的；图示的graph 图；图形graticule 格网graticule 十字丝；地理坐标网grating 光栅grid 格网grid amplitude 格网幅度grid azimuth 坐标方位角Hgrid bearing 坐标方位角grid cell 格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing 网眼组成grid cell data structure 网眼数据结构grid cell data 网眼数据结构grid cell lattice 三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format 网眼地图记录格式grid cell map 网眼地图grid cell modeling 网眼模拟grid cell search 网眼搜寻grid convergence 坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system 格网坐标系grid coordinates 格网坐标系grid data 格网数据grid declination 格网真北偏角grid equator 格网赤道grid factor 格网因子grid format 格网格式grid interval 网格间距grid inverse 网格反算grid length 坐标网距grid lines/codes 格网线／码grid magnetic angle 格网磁偏角grid map 格网地图grid meridian 坐标网纵线grid method 格网法grid of neighboring zone 邻带方里网grid origin 坐标格网原点grid structure 网格结构grid system 格网系统grid tick 格网标记grid variation 格网磁偏角grid zone 坐标带grid 栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method 网点板法grid/raster data 格网／栅格数据gridded data 格网数据gridiron layout 格网平面图gridiron pattern 格网图形gridsystem 直角坐标格网grips 数据转换程序halftone screen 半色调屏幕header file 头文件header label 头标header line 标题行header record 首记录header 标题hextree 分级图象数据模型hidden attribute 隐含属性hidden file 隐含文件hidden line removal 隐线消除hidden surfaces 隐面hidden variable 隐含变量hierarchical data base 分级数据库hierarchical data 分级数据hierarchical data model 层次数据模型Ihierarchical data structure 分级数据结构hierarchical database 分层数据库hierarchical districts 层次分区hierarchical 分级文件结构hierarchical 分级文件系统hierarchical model 分级模型hierarchical organization 等级结构hierarchical relationship 分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence 层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship 分级空间关系hierarchical storage 分级存储hierarchical structure 分级结构hierarchical 分级的；层次的hierarchization 分级High Level Data Link Control 高级数据连接控制High Memory Area 高位地址内存区histogram 直方图；柱状图；频率图history 命令记录Huffman code 霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction 人机交互Human Computer Interface 人机界面hypertext 电子文本；超级文本I channel 同相信道；I通路I notation parameter 整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses 输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR) 输入／输出字符识别I/O error 输入／输出错误I/O port 输入／输出端口image coding 图象编码image compression 影（图）象压缩image contrast 影象反差image coordinate 影象坐标image correlation 影象相关image data base 影象数据库image data collection 图象数据收集image data compaction 图象数据压缩image data retrieval 图象数据检索image data storage 图象数据存储image data 影（图）象数据image definition 影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation 影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image description 影象描绘image digitization 图象数字化image displacement 影象位移image distortion 影（图）象失真image integrator 图象综合image intensifier 影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity 图象强度image interpretation 影象判读image magnification 影（图）象放大image matching 影象匹配image processing rectification 图象处理校正复原and restorationimage processing 图象处理校正复原image ray 象点投影线image recognition 影（图）象识别image reconstruction 影（图）象重建image reconstructor 影象再现装置image registration 图象配准image representation 影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution 影象分辨力image scale 影象比例尺image size 影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围image space coordinate system 象空间坐标系image space 象空间image stack 影（图）象栈image transform 影（图）象变换image transformation 图象变换image translator 影（图）象转换器image；imagery 影象image 象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature 影象特征index to Names 地名索引indexed sequential file 顺序索引文件indexed 索引化的indexing 索引；加下标；变址index 指标；指数；索引informatics 信息学information area 信息区information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information collection 信息采集information content 信息量information explosion 信息爆炸information extraction 信息提取information float 信息浮动information format 信息格式information management 信息管理information network 信息网information overlays 信息叠加information rate 信息传输速率Information requirement(IR) 请求信息information revolution 信息革命information science 信息科学information system 信息系统information technology(IT) 信息技术information theory 信息论information window 信息窗口infowmation 信息input area 输入区input data 输入数据input device 输入设备input image(inimage) 输入影（图）象input/output analysis 输入／输出分析input/outpu model 输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O) 输入／输出input 输入inquiry 查询insert 插入；嵌入integrated data base 集成数据库K-Lintegrated data layer 集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System 集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies 综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated spatial system 综合空间信息系统integrated system 综合系统interactive 交互式interactive digitizing 人机交互数字化interactive display 人机交互显示interactive drafting 交互式绘图interactive editing 交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System 交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System 交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive 交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics 交互式制图interactive image processing system 人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode 交互式模式Interactive Multimedia 交互式多媒体interactive processing mode 人机交互模式interactive processing 人机交互处理interactive processing 交互式处理interactive restoration 人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling 交互式地表建摸interactive topology 交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling 交互式立体模型intercell plot 单元间图（或文件）interchange format 交换格式interchange modeling 交换模拟interchange model 交换模型internal data model 内部数据模型internal data structure 内部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file 内部数据库文件interrecord data structures 交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换isoline 等值线isolith 等厚度线isolong 等经度改正线isomagnetic chart 等磁力线图isometric coordinate 等量坐标isometric design 等角投影isometric latitued 等量纬度isometric map projection 等量地图投影isometric mapping 等量制图isoperimetric map projection 等量地图投影isoplane 等平面isopleth mapping 等值线制图isopleth map 等值线图isoplethic mapping 等值线制图isoplethic map 等值线图isopleth 等值线key 关键字key attributes 关键属性key bed 标准层key entry 键盘输入key feedback area 码反馈区key field 关键字段key file 关键文件key horizon 标志层key identifiers 关键标识符key map 索引图；总图key pad 键座key value dictionary 关键值索引key variable indexing 关键变量索引keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key 键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷命令keyboard 键盘land evaluation 土地评价Land Information System(LIS) 土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT) 土地信息技术land types 土地类型land unit 土地单元land use 土地利用landform 地表形态landscape drawings 景观绘图landscape map 景观地图layer file 层文件layer index 图层索引layer index 层索引layer system 分层设色法layer-tinted map 分层设色地图layered style map 分层设色地图layered style 分层设色表示法layering 分层；层化layers 层次layer 层layover 覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index 叶区域索引leaf level 叶层次league 里格leaking polygon 未闭合多边形legend 图例lettering 地图注记lineage 数据说明line element 线状要素line feature 线状特征line follower 线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization 趋势线概化line graph 线状图line in polygon calculation 多边形内线判断计算line in polygon retrieval 多边形内线判断查询line intersection 线段交叉line map 线画图line of nodes 交轨线line symbologics 线状符号表达法line symbol 线状符号local database 局域数据库local datum 局部定标数据logical block 逻辑块logical channel number 逻辑通道号码Mlogical consistency 逻辑一致性logical contouring 逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB) 逻辑数据库logical data model 逻辑数据模型logical data structure 逻辑数据结构logical decision 逻辑判定logical design 逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image 影象逻辑异运算logical expression 逻辑表达logical links 逻辑连接logical mounting 逻辑安装logical name 逻辑名字logical operation 逻辑运算logical operator 逻辑运算符logical order 逻辑指令logical overlap 逻辑重叠logical record 逻辑记录logical security 逻辑安全性logical selection 逻辑选择logical storage structure 逻辑存储结构logical unit 逻辑单元logic 逻辑login (=logon)注册lot and block 地块与街段lot dimensions 地块尺寸lot line 地块边界lot of record 地块记录lot 地块LPT port 并行口LU pooling 逻辑单元合并machine bias 机器偏差machine code 机器码machine encoding 机器编码machine language 机器语言machine processable 机器可处理的man-machine interface 人机接口manager access 管理者存取manual digitizer 手扶数字化器manual digitizing 人工数字化manual encoding 人工编码manual link 人工连接manual map enhancement 人工地图增强manuscript map 原图；稿图manuscript 原图many-to-one relate 多对一关系map accuracy (absolute) 绝对地图精度map accuracy (relative) 相对地图精度map accuracy level 地图精度水平map accuracy specifications 地图精度说明map accuracy standards 地图精度标准map adjustment 地图接边；图幅接边map algebra 地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange 地图与图表间数据交换map appearance 地图整饰map average 地形特征地图map black clouds 地图数据密集区map border 图廓map chart 作战海图map clarity 地图清晰性map closure 地图闭合map code （１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data 地图边缘数据map color atlas 地图色谱map compilation 地图编绘map complexity 地图复杂性map composition 地图编制map computerization 地图计算机化map coverage 地图层map data base 地图数据库map data retrieval 地图数据查询map data structure 地图数据结构map data 地图数据map decoration 地图整饰map deformation 地图变形map description 地图描述map digitization 地图数字化map digitizing 地图数字化map directory 地图目录map display 地图显示map distortion 地图畸变map distribution 地图供应map edge 图幅边缘map editing 地图编辑map extent 地图范围map face 图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature 地图特征map files 地图文件map generalization 地图综合map graphics to text data linkage 图形－文本数据连接map graphics 图形－文本数据连接map grid 地图格网map information 地图信息map interpretation 地图判读map join 图幅连接map layer 图层map layout 图面配置map legibility 地图易读性map limits 图范围map linkage 图连接map load 地图负载量map making 制图map matching guidance 地图匹配导航map matching 地图匹配map measure 量图轨map miles 地图英里坐标系统map model system 地图模型系统map nadir 图面底点map name 地图名map of neotectonic strength 图上量算map origin 图坐标原点map overlay analysis 地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis 地图叠置模拟分析map overlay 地图叠置map parallel 图横线map perception 地图感受map plotting 填图map point 图上定位点；图面点map positional file 地图叠置文件map position 地图定位map projection system 地图投影系统map projection transformation 地图投影转换map projection 地图投影map projector 地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad 地图标准图幅map query 地图查询map reading 读图map registration 地图对齐map representation file 地图表示文件map resolution 地图分辨率map revision 地图更新map scale number 地图比例尺数map scale 地图比例尺map scaling 地图比例变换map section 图区map series 系列地图map set miles 图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation 图幅操作map sheet 图幅map shift 图幅移位map sliver 地图细小多边形map specifications 地图规范map standards 地图标准map substitute 临时版地图map symbolism 地图符号体系map symbol 地图符号map systematic errors 地图系统误差map test 地图检测map theme 地图专题map title 图名map tolerance 地图容限map transformation 地图转换map types 地图类型map unit tolerance 地图单位容限map units 地图单位容限map use 地图利用map zoom 地图放大map 地图map-controlled mosaic 地图控制镶嵌图map-grid 地图格网map-matching guidance 地图匹配指导map-projection aspect 地图投影轴map-to-page transformation 地图－页变换mapland 制图地区mapping accuracy standards 制图精度标准mapping accuracy 制图精度mapping angle （子午线）收敛角mapping control 图根控制mapping control point 图根点NMapping Data Interchange Format (MDIF) 制图数据交换格式Mapping Information Management System (MIMS) 制图信息管理系统mapping 制图；测图MAPSAT 制图卫星mapsheet 图幅marginal data 图廓资料margin 边缘；图边；页边；空白master map projection 母型投影master model 立体地图原型medium 媒体；中等的megabit ram 兆字节存储器menu bar 菜单条menu box 菜单盒menu button 菜单按钮menu icons 菜单图标menu item 菜单项menu mark 菜单符号menu origin 菜单原点menu tablet 菜单输入板menu title 菜单标题menu-controlled program 特征码清单控制程序menu 清单；菜单minimum access time 最小存取时间minimum boundary rectangle 最小边界矩形minimum distance classification 最短距离分类minimum distance routing 最短距离选择minimum mapping units 最小制图单元minimum path network 最短路网minimum path tree 最短路径树modular software 模块化软件modular 模数的；模块的Modulator；DEM modulator 数字地面模型模块module field 模块区（空间数据转换）multi-media 多媒体multimedia GIS 多媒体GISmultimedia systems 多媒体系统multimedia 多媒体multiuser 多用户native code 本机语言native map 本土地图natural resource data 自然资源数据network analysis 网络分析network architecture 网络结构network base 网络基本文件系统netwok chain 网络链network data 网络数据network data model 网络数据模型network database 网络数据库Network 网络文件服务器Network (NFS) 网络文件系统Network Interface Card 网络接口卡network layer 网络层network model 网状模型Network Operating System 网络操作系统OTnetwork protocol 网络协议network simulation 网络模拟network structure 网络结构neutral networks 神经网络neutral net 神经网络non-graphic attribute 非图形属性non-graphic information 非图形信息nongeographic information 非地理信息。

摘要翻译

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) , a single official economic forum at first, now has developed into a economic cooperation organization that plays an important role in the world. As the continually expanding of its scale , its original several members now become 21. Its importance for the world has been greatly improved, and its influence for international regional economic cooperation also has rapidly expanded. This paper makes some introduction to APEC, but the emphasis of it is to study APEC’s influence for international trade and the relevant countermeasures analyses. In 2014, APEC is held again in China. China has joined APEC for 25 years, as the opening of APEC meeting, Chinese actual economic change in this 25 years once again becomes the focus of attention for scholars. For this issue, this paper talks about Chinese development process in this 25 years, and the concerned focus and establishment of countermeasures in 2014 APEC meeting, so that the impact that China’s entry into APEC makes for Chinese trade can be grasped as a whole. For the development situation and existing problems of APEC in recent years, this paper offers some relevant suggestions. And according to the meeting content and development situation, this paper also analyzes APEC’s future planning.。

GIS专业英语原文及翻译结果

Is What You See, What You Get? GeospatialVisualizations Address Scale and UsabilityAashishChaudhary and Jeff BaumesUnlimited geospatial information now is at everyone’s fingertips with the proliferation of GPS-embedded mobile devices and large online geospatial databases. To fully understand these data and make wise decisions, more people are turning to informatics and geospatial visualization, which are used to solve many real-world problems.To effec tively gather information from data, it’s critical to address scalability and intuitive user interactions and visualizations. New geospatial analysis and visualization techniques are being used in fields such as video analysis for national defense, urban planning and hydrology.Why Having Data Isn’t Good Enough AnymorePeople are realizing that data are only useful if they can find the relevant pieces of data to make better decisions. This has broad applicability, from finding a movie to watch to elected officials deciding how much funding to allocate for an aging bridge. Information can easily be obtained, but how can it be sorted, organized, made sense of and acted on? The field of informatics solves this challenge by taking large amounts of data and processing them into meaningful, truthful insights.In informatics, two main challenges arise when computers try to condense information down to meaningful concepts: disorganization and size. Some information is available in neat, organized tables, ready for users to pull out the needed pieces, but most is scattered across and hidden in news articles, blog posts and poorly organized lists.Researchers are feverishly working on new ways to retrieve key ideas and facts from these types of messy data sources. For example, services such as Google News use computers that constantly "read" news articles and posts worldwide, and then automatically rank them by popularity, group them by topic, or organize them based on what the computer thinks is important to viewers. Researchers at places such as the University of California, Irvine, and Sandia National Laboratories are investigating the next approaches to sort through large amounts of documents using powerful supercomputers.The other obstacle is the sheer vo lume of data. It’s difficult to use informatics techniques that only work on data of limited size. Facebook, Google and Twitter have data centers that constantly process huge quantities of information to deliver timely and relevant information and advertisements to each person currently logged on..Figure 1. A collection of videos are displayed without overlap (top). The outline color represents how close each video matches a query. An alternate view (bottom) places thevideos on top of each other in a stack, showing only the strongest match result.Informatics is a key tool, but it’s not enough to simply find these insights that explain the data. Geospatial visualization bridges the gap from computer number-crunching to human understanding. If informatics is compared to finding the paths in a forest, visualization is like creating a visual map of those paths so a person can navigate through the forest with ease.Most people today are familiar with basic geospatial visualizations such as weather maps and Web sites for driving directions. The news media are starting to test more-complex geospatial visualizations such as online interactive maps to help navigate politicians’ stances on issues, exit polls and precinct reports during election times. People are just beginning to see the impact that well-designed geospatial visualizations have on their understanding of the world..Geospatial Visualization in the Real WorldPeople have been looking at data for decades, but the relevant information that accompanies the data has changed in recent years. In late 1999, Esri released a new software suite, ArcGIS, that could use data from various sources. ArcGIS provides an easy-to-use interface for visualizing 2-D and 3-D data in a geospatial context. In 2005, Google Earth launched and made geospatial visualization available to the general public.Geospatial visualization is becoming more significant and will continue to grow as it allows people to look at the totality of the data, not just one aspect. This enables better understanding and comprehension, because it puts the data in context with their surroundings. The following three cases demonstrate geospatial visualization use in real-world scenarios:1. Urban PlanningPlanners use geomodeling and geovisualization tools to explore possible scenarios and communicate their design decisions to team members or the general public. For example, urban planners may look at the presence of underground water and the terrain’s surrounding topology before deciding to build a new suburb. This is relevant for areas around Phoenix, for example, where underground water presence and proximity to a knoll or hill can determine the suitability of a location for construction.Figure 2. Videos from the same location are partially visible, resembling a stack of cards. Each video is outlined by the color representing the degree to which it matches the query.Looking at a 3-D model of a house with its surroundings gives a completely different perspective than just looking at the model of a house by itself. This also can help provide clear solutions to problems, such as changing the elevation of a building’s base to make it stand better.Urban planning is one of the emerging applications of computer-generated simulation. Cities’ rapid growth places a strain on natural resources that sustain growth. Water management, in particular, becomes a critical issue.The East Valley Water Forum is a regional cooperative of water providers east of Phoenix, and it’s designing a water-management plan for the next 100 years. Water resources in this region come from the Colorado River, the Salt River Project, groundwater, and other local and regional water resources. These resources are affected directly and indirectly by local and global factors such as population, weather, topography, etc.To best understand the relationship among water resources and various factors, the Arizona Department of Water Resources analyzes hydrologic data in the region using U.S. Geological Survey MODFLOW software, which simulates the status of underground water resources in the region. For better decision making and effective water management, a comprehensive scientific understanding of the inputs, outputs and uncertainties is needed. These uncertainties include local factors such as drought and urban growth.Looking at numbers or 2-D graphs to understand the complex relationship between input, output and other factors is insufficient in most cases. Integrating geospatial visualizations with MODFLOW simulations, for example, creates visuals that accurately represent the model inputs and outputs in ways that haven’t been previously presented.For such visualizations, two water surfaces are positioned side-by-side—coming from two different simulations—with contour lines drawn on top. In this early prototype, a simple solution—providing a geospatial plane that can be moved vertically—brings the dataset into a geospatial context. This plane includes a multi-resolution map with transparency. Because these water layers are drawn in geospatial coordinates, it matches exactly with the geospatial plane. This enables researchers to quickly see the water supplies of various locations.2. Image and Video AnalysisDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency launched a program, Video and Image Retrieval nd Analysis Tool (VIRAT), for understanding large video collections. The project’s core requirement is to add video-analysis capabilities that perform the following:• Filter and prioritize massive amounts of archived and strea ming video based on events.• Present high-value intelligence content clearly and intuitively to video analysts.• Reduce analyst workload while increasing quality and accuracy of intelligence yield.Visualization is an integral component of the VIRAT system, which uses geospatial metadata and video descriptors to display results retrieved from a database.Analysts may want to look at retrieval result sets from a specific location or during a specific time range. The results are short clips containing the object of interest and its recent trajectory. By embedding these results in a larger spatiotemporal context, analysts can determine whether a retrieved result is important.3. Scientific VisualizationU.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ research organ ization, the Engineer Research and Development Center, is working to extend the functionality of the Computational Model Builder (CMB) environment in the area of simulation models for coastal systems, with an emphasis on the Chesapeake and Delaware bays.The CMB environment consists of a suite of applications that provide the capabilities necessary to define a model (consisting of geometry and attribute information) that’s suitable for hydrological simulation. Their simulations are used to determine the impact that environmental conditions, such as human activities, have on bodies of water.Figure 3. Google Earth was used to display Chesapeake Bay’s relative salt (top) and oxygen (bottom) content (higher concentrations in red).One goal is to visualize simulation data post-processed by CMB tools. Spatiotemporal information, for example, is included in oxygen content and salinity data. Drawing data in geospatial context lets users or analysts see which locations are near certain features, giving the data orientation and scale that can easily be understood. Figure 3 shows the oxygen and salt content of Chesapeake Bay, where red shows higher concentrations and blue shows lower concentrations.Moving ForwardVisualizations that can be understood at all levels will be key in politics, economics, national security, urban planning and countless other fields. As information becomes increasingly complex, it will be harder for computers to extract and display those insights in ways people can understand.More research must be done in new geospatial analysis and visualization capabilities before we drown in our own data. And it’s even more important to educate people in how to use and interpret the wealth of analysis tools already available, extending beyond the basic road map.High schools, colleges and the media should push the envelope with new types of visuals and animations that show data in richer ways. The price of explaining these new views will be repaid when audiences gain deeper insights into the real issues otherwise hidden by simple summaries. Progress isn’t limited by the volume of available information, but by the ability to consume it.翻译：你所看到的，你得到了什么？地理空间可视化的处理规模和可用性作者：AashishChaudhary和包密斯·杰夫无限的空间信息现在就在每个人的指尖，其与扩散的嵌入式GPS移动设备和大型网上地理空间数据库。

地理信息科学专业英语书后句子

1、Geographical information systems 地理信息系统Geo-referenced data 地理参照数据 data capture 数据获取Data integration 数据集成projection and registration 投影与匹配Data structures 数据结构information retrieval 信息检索Topological modeling 拓扑建模network analysis网络分析Overlay 叠置 data output 数据输出2、discrete objects 离散对象raster data 格数据Vector data 矢量数据continuous fields 连续字段Spatial data model 空间数据模型digital terrain model（DTM）数字地面模型Digital elevation model（DEM）数字高程模型Exhaustive enumeration 穷举法run-length encoding 行程长度编码Hierarchical file 层次文件relational file 关系文件3、geo-referencing 空间参照geodesy 大地测量学Map projections 地图投影coordinate systems 坐标系统Datum 基准面ellipsoid 椭球体Geoid大地基准面gravity 万有引力Earth’ s spherical graticule 地球球面坐标网Cartesian coordinates 笛卡尔坐标Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection 朗伯等积方位投影Polar coordinate 极坐标gnomonic projection 心射切面投影Albers equal-area conic projection 阿尔伯斯等积圆锥投影Developable surface 投影面orthographic projection 正射投影4、location 定位attribute 属性Arcs（lines）弧线polygons（traversed areas）多边形Points（labeled nodes）点（标识节点） nodes （intersection points）节点（交汇点）Data collection 数据采集color aerial photograph 彩色航空照片Synthetic aperture radar 合成孔径雷达benchmark point 基准点Scanner 扫描仪on-screen / heads-up digitizing 幕数字化Uncertainty 不确定性error 误差Accuracy 准确性precision 精确性Topology creation 拓扑创建indexing 索引5、spatial analysis 空间分析database query 数据库查询Reclassification 重分类generalization 概括Ranking 分级geometry 几何学Overlay analysis 叠加分析connectivity analysis 连通性分析Spatial interpolation 空间插值standard query language（SQL）标准化查询语言Polygon 多边形proximity analysis 邻近域分析Network analysis 网络分析Geo-statistics 地统计学Inverse distance weighted interpolation（IDW）反距离加权内插法Geo-visualization 空间可视化6、environmental management and conservation 环境管理与保护Environmental planning 环境规划landscape 景观Environmental hazards and risks 环境灾害与监测Environmental assessment and monitoring 环境评价与监测Environmental model 环境模型air pollution & control 大气污染与控制Disaster management 灾害管理public health 公共卫生Site analysis 位置分析health insurance organization 健康保险组织Health care 卫生保健7、remote sensing 遥感sensor 传感器Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射radiometer 辐射计Electro-optical scanner 光学扫描仪radar system 雷达系统Platform 遥感平台electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱Electrical field 电场magnetic field 磁场Blackbody 黑体Planck radiation law 普朗克定律Stefan-Boltzmann’s law 波尔兹曼定律Wien’s displacement law 维恩位移定律Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Mie scattering 米氏散射Nonselective scattering 非选择性散射atmospheric windows 大气窗口specular reflector 镜面反射perfect diffuse reflector 漫反射（朗伯反射）irregular reflector 不规则反射spectral reflectance curve 反射波谱曲线8、platform 遥感平台meteorological satellite 气象卫星TIRO-1（Television and Infrared Observation Satellite-1）电视和红外辐射观测卫星-1Near-polar orbit 近极地轨道sun-synchronous 太阳同步轨道GOES（Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite）静止同步环境应用卫星Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers(AVHRR)甚高分辨率辐射计Return beam vidicon 反束光导摄像管multispectral Scanner（MSS）多光谱扫描仪Thematic Mapper 专题测图仪pushbroom 推扫式SPOT（Systeme Pour l’ Observation de la Terre）地球观察卫星系统CNES（Centre National d’ Etudes Spatiales国家空间研究中心）high resolution visible（HRV）sensors 高分辨可视成像传感器Charge-coupled devices （CCDs）电荷耦合器件panchromatic（PLA）全色multispectral（MLA）多波段WFI(Wide Field Imager)广角成像仪 earth observing system（EOS）地球观测系统CBERS(China-Brazil Erath Resources Satellite)中巴地球资源卫星IRMSS(Infrared Multispectral Scanner) 红外多光谱扫描仪MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer)中分辨率成像光谱仪Coastal Zone Colour Scanner（CZCS）海按去彩色扫描器Marine Observation Satellite (MOS) 莫斯（海洋观测卫星）Multispectral Electronic Self-scanning Radiometer (MESSR) 多光谱电子自扫描仪辐射计Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer (VTIR) 可见光与热红外辐射计Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MSR) 微波扫描辐射计SeaWiFS(Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of View Sensor)海洋观测广角感测仪RADAR（radio detection and ranging）雷达（无线电测距与定位）All weather 全天候altimeter高度计Scatterometer 散射计pulse 脉冲Backscattered 后向散射polarization 极化Real aperture radar（RAR）真是孔径雷达 range or across-track resolution 距离分辨率Azimuth or along-track resolution 方位分辨率beamwidth 脉冲宽度Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) 合成孔径雷达Doppler effect 多普勒效应9、analog image 模拟图像digital image 数字图像Pixel 像素spectral resolution 光谱分辨率Radiometric resolution 辐射分辨率spatial resolution 空间分辨率Temporal resolution 时间分辨率instantaneous field of view（IFOV）瞬时视场角Channel / band波段radiometric correction 辐射校正Sensor correction 传感器校正atmosphere correction 大气校正Illumination and geometry correction 照明与地形校正Geometric correction 几何校正ground control point 地面控制点Nearest neighbor 最邻近法bilinear interpolation 双线性内插法Cubic convolution 三次卷积内插法resampling 重采样Contrast enhancement 对比增强image histogram 图像直方图Linear contrast stretch 线性拉伸法histogram-equalized stretch直方图均衡法Spatial filtering 空间域滤波convolution filter 卷积滤波Low-pass（smoothing）filter 低通（平滑）滤波image integration 数据融合High-pass（sharpening）filter 高通（锐化）滤波Laplacian filter 拉普拉斯算子滤波Directional，or edge detection filter 方向 / 边缘检测滤波Image arithmetic operations 图像运算addition of images 图像加和运算Multiplication of image图像乘积运算image division or spectral ratioing 图像比值运算Normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI）归一化植被指数Hue，saturation and intensity （HIS）transform HIS（色调，明度和饱和度）变换Hexcone model 六角锥体模型 image transformation 图像变换Image subtraction 图像差值运算principal components analysis 主成分分析Digital elevation or digital terrain models（DEMs / DTMs）数字高程 / 地形模型10、tone 色调shape 形状size 大小Site 位置pattern 图型texture 纹理Shadow 阴影 association 布局Spectral pattern recognition 光谱模式识别supervised classification 监督分类Unsupervised classification 非监督分类training area 训练区Minimum-distance classification 最小距离分类法Euclidian distance 欧氏距离Normalized Euclidian distance 标准欧氏距离mahalanobis distance 马氏距离Parallelpiped classfier 平心分类法clustering algorithms 聚类算法maximum likelihood classification（mlc）最大似然比分类法hierarchical clustering 分级集群法non- hierarchical clustering 非分级聚类法isodata method 迭代自组织数据分析技术accuracy assessment 精度评价field check 野外复核11、vegetation remote sensing 植被遥感biodiversity protection 生物多样性保护Plant pigmentation 植物色素internal leaf structures 叶子内部构造In vivo water content 有积水成分anthocyanin 花青素Deciduous and coniferous trees 落叶树与针叶树ratio vegetation index 比值植被指数Difference vegetation index 差值植被指数perpendicular vegetation index 正交植被指数Geological remote sensing 地质遥感sedimentary rock 沉积岩Magmatic rock 岩浆岩metamorphic rock 变质岩Fault 断层fold 褶皱Syncline 向斜anticline 背斜Lineament 线性构造water remote sensing 水体遥感Flood delineation & mapping 洪水范围与制图dust storm 沙尘暴land cover / use remote sensing 土地覆被 / 利用遥感clouds and snow remote sensing 云体与雪遥感MISR多角度成像光谱辐射计12、global positioning system（GIS）全球（卫星）定位系统 Doppler shift 多普勒频移Pseudo-random noise（PRN）伪随机噪声pseudo-ranges 伪距Code division multiple access（CDMA）码分多址连接方式 orbital planes 轨道平面GPS signal GPS信号navigation information 导航信息Receiving antenna 接收天线preamplifier 前置放大器Resection 后方交会13、topography 地形面reference ellipsoid 参考椭球面Geoid 大地水准面coordinate 坐标Coordinate system 坐标系统datum 基准Coordinate reference system 坐标参照系reference frame 参考框架Transformation 转换space-fixed reference system 空固参照系Earth-fixed reference system 地固参照系celestial reference frame （CRF）天球参考框架Terrestrial reference frame （TRF）地球参考框架International celestial reference frame（ICRF）国际天球参考框架International terrestrial reference frame（ITRF）国际地球参考框架Conventional terrestrial reference system （CTRS）协议地球参照系World geodetic system 1984（WGS-84） 1984世界大地系统Height / elevation 高程orthometric height 正高Normal height 正常高geodetic / ellipsoidal height 大地高Height anomaly 高程异常coordinated universal time（UTC）协调世界时International atomic time （TAI）国际原子时leap seconds 闰秒（或跳秒）14、carrier frequencies 载波频率modulate 调制PRN codes 伪随机噪声吗coarse acquisition（or C/A-code）粗/截获码（C/A码）Precision （or P-code）精码（P码） chipping rate 基码速率Biphase modulation 双向调制antispoofing（AS）反欺骗政策（AS）Clock correction 钟差改正satellite almanac 卫星历书Synchronization error 正弦波signal loss（or cycle slips）信号失锁（周跳）15、random errors 偶然误差biases （systematic errors）偏差（系统误差）Selective availability 选择可用性政策（AS）ephemeris error 星历误差Clock error 钟差multipath error 多路径误差Antenna-phase-center variation 天线相位中心位置偏差Receiver measurement noise 接收机测量噪声ionospheric delay 电离层延迟Tropospheric delay 对流层延迟Time DOP（TDOP）钟差精度因子Geometric locations of the GPS satellites 卫星的空间几何分布Dilution of precision （DOP）几何精度因子position DOP（PDOP）三维位置精度因子Vertical DOP（VDOP）垂直分量精度因子horizontal DOP（HDOP）水平分量精度因子Geometric DOP （GDOP）(PDOP与TDOP的)综合影响精度因子Covariance matrix 协方差矩阵user equivalent range error（UERE）用户等效距离误差16、point positioning 单点定位relative positioning 相对定位Least-squares estimation 最小二乘估计Kalman filtering 卡尔曼滤波Differential positioning 差分定位static GPS surveying 静态GPS测量Fast/rapid static surveying 快速静态测量fixed solution 固定解Float solution浮点解kinematic GPS surveying 动态GPS测量RTK surveying 实时动态测量baud rate 波特率Real-time difference GPS （DGPS）实时差分GPS Radio technical commission for maritime service（RTCM）海事服务无线电技术委员会Omnidirectional antenna 全方位天线position data link （PDL）定位数据链接Low/medium frequency（LF/MF）bands 低/中频波段Very high and ultrahigh frequency （VHF/UHF）bands 高/超高频波段17、location 定位 navigation 导航tracking 跟踪Mapping 制图timing 授时Military applications 军事应用civilian applications 民事应用18、integration 集成semantic information 语义信息Non-semantic information 非语义信息spatio-temporal data 时空数据Inertial navigation system（INS）惯性导航系统charge-coupled device（CCD）电耦合器件Exterior orientation elements 外方位元素expert system 专家系统Spatial visualization 空间可视化multi-system 多尺度Multi-date 多时相image fusion 图像融合Generalization 综合components approach 分量方法Digital line graphic 数字线画图vector data 矢量数据Pattern recognition 模式识别Database management system （DBMS）数据库管理系统Aerotriangulation without the ground control points 无地面控制的空中三角测量Geo-spatial information science （geo-matics）地球空间信息学Digital earth 数字地球。

GIS专业英语常用术语

GIS专业英语常用术语GIS专业英语常用术语(F-N)facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue 地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table 特征属性表feature bounded 边界标识地物feature class 特征分类feature codes menu 特征码清单feature codes 特征码feature coding 特征编码feature extraction 特征提取feature identifier 特征标识符feature ID 特征标识符feature instance 特征实例feature item 特征项feature marked 有标记特征feature number 特征标识符feature selection 特征选择feature separation 特征分类feature spanned 跨区特征feature supported 支持特征feature user-ID 特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing 联邦信息处理标准Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/ 联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTSfield ［数据］域file ［计算机］文件file activity 文件活动file attribute 文件属性file compression 文件压缩file format 文件格式file fragmentation 文件分段存储file indexing 文件管理索引file integrity 文件完整性file name extension 文件扩展名file name 文件名file protection 文件保护file server protocol 文件服务器协议file server 文件服务器file set 文件集file specification 文件说明；文件说明表file structure 文件结构file system 文件系统File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议file transfer 文件转换file-by-file compression 文件压缩filename extension 文件后缀名fill pattern 填充模式fixed length record format 定长记录格式flag 标志；特征flair point 识别点；明显地物点flap 叠置floppy disk；floppy 软盘form line 地表形态线format conversion 格式转换format line 格式行format model 格式模型format 格式formatted model 格式化模型formatting function 格式化函数；格式编排GGauss plane coordinate 高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate 高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid 高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection 高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate 高斯坐标gazetteer 地名录general scale 基本比例尺generic term 地理通名Geo Based Information System 基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis 地理分析geo-defined unit 地理定义单元geo-distribution 地理分布geo-politic data base 行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system 地理参考信息系统geobase system 地区系统geobased information system 地区信息系统geobase 地区库geobotanical cartography 地植物学制图geocartography 地理制图geocoded virtual map 地理编码虚拟图geocodes 地理编码formatting 格式化formfeed 换页；格式馈给forms interface 格式界面forms processing 表格处理fractal 分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale 分数地图比例尺fractional scale 分数比例尺frequency band 频段；频带frequency bias 频偏frequency curve 频率曲线frequency demodulation 鉴频frequency distribution 频率分布full-resolution picture 全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key 全连串码fully digital mapping 全数字化制图function library 功能库functional data base 功能数据库functional mapping 功能制图functional structure 功能结构fuzzy analysis 模糊分析fuzzy C-means 模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法fuzzy distance 模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept 模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance 模糊容限fuzzy 模糊的；失真的geocode 地理编码geocoding system 地理编码系统geocoding 地理编码Geographer's Line 地理坐标网geographic aggregation 地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS) 地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP) 地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability 地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis 地理分析geographic area boundaries 地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI) 地理面积编码索引Geographic Base File(GBF) 地理基础文件Geographic Base File/Dual 地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME)Geographic Base Information System(GBIS) 地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS) 地理基础系统geographic boundaries 地理边界geographic boundary data 地理边界数据geographic calibration 地理标准geographic center 地理中心geographic classification 地理分类geographic codes 地理坐标码geographic coding 地理编码geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic coordinate 地理坐标geographic coverage 地理层geographic data base 地理数据库geographic data set 地理数据集geographic data structure 地理数据结构Geographic Database 地理数据库geographic data 地理数据geographic display system 地理显示系统geographic entity 地理实体geographic feature data 地理特征数据geographic feature 地理特征geographic graticule 地理坐标网geographic grid 地理网格geographic identifiers 地理标识符geographic indexed file 地理索引文件geographic indexes 地理索引geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic inverse 地理位置反算geographic landscape 地理景观geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic location 地理位置geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic modeling 地理模拟geographic name 地理名称geographic net 地理坐标格网geographic numbering system 地理编号系统geographic object 地理对象geographic pole 地极geographic position 地理位置geographic reference system 地理参考系统geographic reference 地理参考geographic referencing 地理参考过程geographic standardization 地理标准化geographic survey 地理测量geographic value 地理坐标值geographical coordinate 地理坐标geographical data base 地理数据库geographical general name 地理通名geographical map 地理图geographical mile 地理海哩geographical name index 地名索引transcription；geographical 地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name 地名geographical network 地理格网geographical pole 地极geographical position 地理位置geographical reference system 地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance 地理视距geographical zones 地理带geographical-exploration traverse 地理勘测路线geographical 地理的geographics limits 细线；内图廓线geographic 地理的；地理学的geography 地理学Geomatics （加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification 几何校正geometric registration 几何配准geomorphic map 地貌类型图geomorphological mapping 地貌制图geomorphological map 地貌图geomorphology 地貌学geoprocessing application 地理处理应用geoprocessing approach 地理处理方法geoprocessing functions 地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling 地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations 地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity 地理处理率geoprocessing system 地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system 地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP) 地理处理过程geoprocessor 地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system 世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid 世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system 地理坐标参考系georeference 地理坐标参考georeferenced 地理坐标参考的georeferencing 地理坐标参考过程GEOREF 世界地理坐标参考系georelational model 地理相关模型geosphere 地理圈geostatistics 地理统计GIS/LIS 地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environmental Monitoring System(UNEP) 全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS) 全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS) 全球定位系统global positioning 全球定位global rediation 总辐射global satellite system 全球卫星系统Global Telecommunications System 全球远程通讯系统global 全球的graphic compose 图形合成graphic data base file 图形数据库文件graphic data base 图形数据库graphic data concept 图形数据概念graphic illustration 图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure 图形输入法graphic input unit 图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format 图形交换格式graphic interpolation 图解内插法graphic limits 图形边界graphic manipulation 图形维护graphic map features 图示地图特征graphic map manipulation 图示地图操作graphic map scale 图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point 图解图根点graphic menu 图示菜单graphic modes 图示模式graphic object 图形对象graphic output unit 图形输出设备graphic overlay 图形叠加graphic plane 图示面graphic primitive 图形元素graphic presentation 图形显示graphic production 图形生成graphic product 图形产品graphic rectification 图形校正graphic representation 图形表示graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic sign 图形记号graphic superimposition 图形叠加graphic symbol 图形符号graphic symbols/symbology 图形符号／符号表示graphic system components 图形系统组成graphic tablet 图形数字化板graphic terminal 图形终端graphic text string 图形文本串graphic trace 图形跟踪graphic variable 图形变量graphical screen interface 图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面graphics accelerator 图形加速卡graphics cursor 图形光标graphics display units 图形显示单元graphics inquiry 图形查询graphics languages 图形语言graphics mode 图形模式graphics page 图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC) 图形工作特性graphics resolution 图形分辨率graphics screen 图形屏幕界面graphics software 图形软件graphics tablet 图形数字化板graphics 图形graphic 图形的；图示的graph 图；图形graticule 格网graticule 十字丝；地理坐标网grating 光栅grid 格网grid amplitude 格网幅度grid azimuth 坐标方位角Hgrid bearing 坐标方位角grid cell 格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing 网眼组成grid cell data structure 网眼数据结构grid cell data 网眼数据结构grid cell lattice 三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format 网眼地图记录格式grid cell map 网眼地图grid cell modeling 网眼模拟grid cell search 网眼搜寻grid convergence 坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system 格网坐标系grid coordinates 格网坐标系grid data 格网数据grid declination 格网真北偏角grid equator 格网赤道grid factor 格网因子grid format 格网格式grid interval 网格间距grid inverse 网格反算grid length 坐标网距grid lines/codes 格网线／码grid magnetic angle 格网磁偏角grid map 格网地图grid meridian 坐标网纵线grid method 格网法grid of neighboring zone 邻带方里网grid origin 坐标格网原点grid structure 网格结构grid system 格网系统grid tick 格网标记grid variation 格网磁偏角grid zone 坐标带grid 栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method 网点板法grid/raster data 格网／栅格数据gridded data 格网数据gridiron layout 格网平面图gridiron pattern 格网图形gridsystem 直角坐标格网grips 数据转换程序halftone screen 半色调屏幕header file 头文件header label 头标header line 标题行header record 首记录header 标题hextree 分级图象数据模型hidden attribute 隐含属性hidden file 隐含文件hidden line removal 隐线消除hidden surfaces 隐面hidden variable 隐含变量hierarchical data base 分级数据库hierarchical data 分级数据hierarchical data model 层次数据模型Ihierarchical data structure 分级数据结构hierarchical database 分层数据库hierarchical districts 层次分区hierarchical file structure 分级文件结构hierarchical file system 分级文件系统hierarchical model 分级模型hierarchical organization 等级结构hierarchical relationship 分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence 层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship 分级空间关系hierarchical storage 分级存储hierarchical structure 分级结构hierarchical 分级的；层次的hierarchization 分级High Level Data Link Control 高级数据连接控制High Memory Area 高位地址内存区histogram 直方图；柱状图；频率图history 命令记录Huffman code 霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction 人机交互Human Computer Interface 人机界面hypertext 电子文本；超级文本I channel 同相信道；I通路I notation parameter 整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses 输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR) 输入／输出字符识别I/O error 输入／输出错误I/O port 输入／输出端口image coding 图象编码image compression 影（图）象压缩image contrast 影象反差image coordinate 影象坐标image correlation 影象相关image data base 影象数据库image data collection 图象数据收集image data compaction 图象数据压缩image data retrieval 图象数据检索image data storage 图象数据存储image data 影（图）象数据image definition 影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation 影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image description 影象描绘image digitization 图象数字化image displacement 影象位移image distortion 影（图）象失真image integrator 图象综合image intensifier 影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity 图象强度image interpretation 影象判读image magnification 影（图）象放大image matching 影象匹配image processing rectification 图象处理校正复原and restorationimage processing 图象处理校正复原image ray 象点投影线image recognition 影（图）象识别image reconstruction 影（图）象重建image reconstructor 影象再现装置image registration 图象配准image representation 影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution 影象分辨力image scale 影象比例尺image size 影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围image space coordinate system 象空间坐标系image space 象空间image stack 影（图）象栈image transform 影（图）象变换image transformation 图象变换image translator 影（图）象转换器image；imagery 影象image 象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature 影象特征index to Names 地名索引indexed sequential file 顺序索引文件indexed 索引化的indexing 索引；加下标；变址index 指标；指数；索引informatics 信息学information area 信息区information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information collection 信息采集information content 信息量information explosion 信息爆炸information extraction 信息提取information float 信息浮动information format 信息格式information management 信息管理information network 信息网information overlays 信息叠加information rate 信息传输速率Information requirement(IR) 请求信息information revolution 信息革命information science 信息科学information system 信息系统information technology(IT) 信息技术information theory 信息论information window 信息窗口infowmation 信息input area 输入区input data 输入数据input device 输入设备input image(inimage) 输入影（图）象input/output analysis 输入／输出分析input/outpu model 输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O) 输入／输出input 输入inquiry 查询insert 插入；嵌入integrated data base 集成数据库K-Lintegrated data layer 集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System 集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies 综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated spatial system 综合空间信息系统integrated system 综合系统interactive 交互式interactive digitizing 人机交互数字化interactive display 人机交互显示interactive drafting 交互式绘图interactive editing 交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System 交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System 交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive 交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics 交互式制图interactive image processing system 人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode 交互式模式Interactive Multimedia 交互式多媒体interactive processing mode 人机交互模式interactive processing 人机交互处理interactive processing 交互式处理interactive restoration 人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling 交互式地表建摸interactive topology 交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling 交互式立体模型intercell plot 单元间图（或文件）interchange format 交换格式interchange modeling 交换模拟interchange model 交换模型internal data model 内部数据模型internal data structure 内部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file 内部数据库文件interrecord data structures 交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换isoline 等值线isolith 等厚度线isolong 等经度改正线isomagnetic chart 等磁力线图isometric coordinate 等量坐标isometric design 等角投影isometric latitued 等量纬度isometric map projection 等量地图投影isometric mapping 等量制图isoperimetric map projection 等量地图投影isoplane 等平面isopleth mapping 等值线制图isopleth map 等值线图isoplethic mapping 等值线制图isoplethic map 等值线图isopleth 等值线key 关键字key attributes 关键属性key bed 标准层key entry 键盘输入key feedback area 码反馈区key field 关键字段key file 关键文件key horizon 标志层key identifiers 关键标识符key map 索引图；总图key pad 键座key value dictionary 关键值索引key variable indexing 关键变量索引keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key 键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷命令keyboard 键盘land evaluation 土地评价Land Information System(LIS) 土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT) 土地信息技术land types 土地类型land unit 土地单元land use 土地利用landform 地表形态landscape drawings 景观绘图landscape map 景观地图layer file 层文件layer index 图层索引layer index 层索引layer system 分层设色法layer-tinted map 分层设色地图layered style map 分层设色地图layered style 分层设色表示法layering 分层；层化layers 层次layer 层layover 覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index 叶区域索引leaf level 叶层次league 里格leaking polygon 未闭合多边形legend 图例lettering 地图注记lineage 数据说明line element 线状要素line feature 线状特征line follower 线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization 趋势线概化line graph 线状图line in polygon calculation 多边形内线判断计算line in polygon retrieval 多边形内线判断查询line intersection 线段交叉line map 线画图line of nodes 交轨线line symbologics 线状符号表达法line symbol 线状符号local database 局域数据库local datum 局部定标数据logical block 逻辑块logical channel number 逻辑通道号码Mlogical consistency 逻辑一致性logical contouring 逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB) 逻辑数据库logical data model 逻辑数据模型logical data structure 逻辑数据结构logical decision 逻辑判定logical design 逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image 影象逻辑异运算logical expression 逻辑表达logical links 逻辑连接logical mounting 逻辑安装logical name 逻辑名字logical operation 逻辑运算logical operator 逻辑运算符logical order 逻辑指令logical overlap 逻辑重叠logical record 逻辑记录logical security 逻辑安全性logical selection 逻辑选择logical storage structure 逻辑存储结构logical unit 逻辑单元logic 逻辑login (=logon)注册lot and block 地块与街段lot dimensions 地块尺寸lot line 地块边界lot of record 地块记录lot 地块LPT port 并行口LU pooling 逻辑单元合并machine bias 机器偏差machine code 机器码machine encoding 机器编码machine language 机器语言machine processable 机器可处理的man-machine interface 人机接口manager access 管理者存取manual digitizer 手扶数字化器manual digitizing 人工数字化manual encoding 人工编码manual link 人工连接manual map enhancement 人工地图增强manuscript map 原图；稿图manuscript 原图many-to-one relate 多对一关系map accuracy (absolute) 绝对地图精度map accuracy (relative) 相对地图精度map accuracy level 地图精度水平map accuracy specifications 地图精度说明map accuracy standards 地图精度标准map adjustment 地图接边；图幅接边map algebra 地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange 地图与图表间数据交换map appearance 地图整饰map average 地形特征地图map black clouds 地图数据密集区map border 图廓map chart 作战海图map clarity 地图清晰性map closure 地图闭合map code （１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data 地图边缘数据map color atlas 地图色谱map compilation 地图编绘map complexity 地图复杂性map composition 地图编制map computerization 地图计算机化map coverage 地图层map data base 地图数据库map data retrieval 地图数据查询map data structure 地图数据结构map data 地图数据map decoration 地图整饰map deformation 地图变形map description 地图描述map digitization 地图数字化map digitizing 地图数字化map directory 地图目录map display 地图显示map distortion 地图畸变map distribution 地图供应map edge 图幅边缘map editing 地图编辑map extent 地图范围map face 图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature 地图特征map files 地图文件map generalization 地图综合map graphics to text data linkage 图形－文本数据连接map graphics 图形－文本数据连接map grid 地图格网map information 地图信息map interpretation 地图判读map join 图幅连接map layer 图层map layout 图面配置map legibility 地图易读性map limits 图范围map linkage 图连接map load 地图负载量map making 制图map matching guidance 地图匹配导航map matching 地图匹配map measure 量图轨map miles 地图英里坐标系统map model system 地图模型系统map nadir 图面底点map name 地图名map of neotectonic strength 图上量算map origin 图坐标原点map overlay analysis 地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis 地图叠置模拟分析map overlay地图叠置map parallel 图横线map perception 地图感受map plotting 填图map point 图上定位点；图面点map positional file 地图叠置文件map position 地图定位map projection system 地图投影系统map projection transformation 地图投影转换map projection 地图投影map projector 地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad 地图标准图幅map query 地图查询map reading 读图map registration 地图对齐map representation file 地图表示文件map resolution 地图分辨率map revision 地图更新map scale number 地图比例尺数map scale 地图比例尺map scaling 地图比例变换map section 图区map series 系列地图map set miles 图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation 图幅操作map sheet 图幅map shift 图幅移位map sliver 地图细小多边形map specifications 地图规范map standards 地图标准map substitute 临时版地图map symbolism 地图符号体系map symbol 地图符号map systematic errors 地图系统误差map test 地图检测map theme 地图专题map title 图名map tolerance 地图容限map transformation 地图转换map types 地图类型map unit tolerance 地图单位容限map units 地图单位容限map use 地图利用map zoom 地图放大map 地图map-controlled mosaic 地图控制镶嵌图map-grid 地图格网map-matching guidance 地图匹配指导map-projection aspect 地图投影轴map-to-page transformation 地图－页变换mapland 制图地区mapping accuracy standards 制图精度标准mapping accuracy 制图精度mapping angle （子午线）收敛角mapping control 图根控制mapping control point 图根点NMapping Data Interchange Format (MDIF) 制图数据交换格式Mapping Information Management System (MIMS) 制图信息管理系统mapping 制图；测图MAPSAT 制图卫星mapsheet 图幅marginal data 图廓资料margin 边缘；图边；页边；空白master map projection 母型投影master model 立体地图原型medium 媒体；中等的megabit ram 兆字节存储器menu bar 菜单条menu box 菜单盒menu button 菜单按钮menu icons 菜单图标menu item 菜单项menu mark 菜单符号menu origin 菜单原点menu tablet 菜单输入板menu title 菜单标题menu-controlled program 特征码清单控制程序menu 清单；菜单minimum access time 最小存取时间minimum boundary rectangle 最小边界矩形minimum distance classification 最短距离分类minimum distance routing 最短距离选择minimum mapping units 最小制图单元minimum path network 最短路网minimum path tree 最短路径树modular software 模块化软件modular 模数的；模块的Modulator；DEM modulator 数字地面模型模块module field 模块区（空间数据转换）multi-media 多媒体multimedia GIS 多媒体GISmultimedia systems 多媒体系统multimedia 多媒体multiuser 多用户native code 本机语言native map 本土地图natural resource data 自然资源数据network analysis 网络分析network architecture 网络结构network basefile system 网络基本文件系统netwok chain 网络链network data 网络数据network data model 网络数据模型network database 网络数据库Network File Server 网络文件服务器Network File System(NFS) 网络文件系统Network Interface Card 网络接口卡network layer 网络层network model 网状模型Network Operating System 网络操作系统OTnetwork protocol 网络协议network simulation 网络模拟network structure 网络结构neutral networks 神经网络neutral net 神经网络non-graphic attribute 非图形属性non-graphic information 非图形信息nongeographic information 非地理信息。

地理信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)A Survey on Spatio-Temporal Data WarehousingAbstractGeographic Information Systems (GIS) have been extensively used in various application domains, ranging from economical, ecological and demographic analysis,to city and route planning. Nowadays, organizations need sophisticated GIS-based Decision Support System (DSS) to analyze their data with respect to geographic information, represented not only as attribute data, but also in maps. Thus, vendors are increasingly integrating their products, leading to the concept of SOLAP (Spatial OLAP). Also, in the last years, and motivated by the explosive growth in the use of PDA devices, the field of moving object data has been receiving attention from the GIS community. However, not much has been done in providing moving object databases with OLAP functionality. In the first part of this paper we survey theSOLAP literature. We then move to Spatio-Temporal OLAP, in particular addressing the problem of trajectory analysis. We finally provide an in-depth comparative analysis between two proposals introduced in the context of the GeoPKDD EU project: the Hermes-MDC system,and Piet, a proposal for SOLAP and moving objects,developed at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.Keywords: GIS, OLAP, Data Warehousing, MovingObjects, Trajectories, AggregationINTRODUCTIONGeographic Information Systems (GIS) have been extensively used in various application domains, ranging from economical, ecological and demographic analysis, to city and route planning (Rigaux, Scholl, & V oisard, 2001; Worboys, 1995). Spatial information in a GIS is typically stored in different so-called thematic layers (also called themes). Information in themes can be stored in data structures according to different data models, the most usual ones being the raster model and the vector model. In a thematic layer, spatial data is annotated with classical relational attribute information, of (in general) numeric or string type. While spatial data is stored in data structures suitable for these kinds of data, associated attributes are usually stored in conventional relational databases. Spatial data in the different thematic layers of a GIS system can be mapped univocally to each other using a common frame of reference, like a coordinate system.These layers can be overlapped or overlayed to obtain an integrated spatial view.On the other hand, OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing) (Kimball,1996; Kimball & Ross, 2002) comprises a set of tools and algorithms that allow efficiently querying multidimensional databases, containing large amounts of data, usually called Data Warehouses. In OLAP, data is organized as a set of dimensions and fact tables. In the multidimensional model, data can be perceived as a data cube, where each cell contains a measure or set of (probably aggregated) measures of interest. As we discuss later, OLAP dimensions are further organized in hierarchies that favor the data aggregation process (Cabibbo & Torlone, 1997). Several techniques and algorithms have been developed for query processing, most of them involving some kind of aggregate precomputation (Harinarayan, Rajaraman, & Ullman, 1996).The need for OLAP in GISDifferent data models have been proposed for representing objects in a GIS. ESRI () first introduced the Coverage data model to bind geometric objects to non-spatial attributes that describe them. Later, they extended this model with object-oriented support, in a way that behavior can be defined for geographic features (Zeiler,1999). The idea of the Coverage data model is also supported by the Reference Model proposed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (). Thus, in spite of the model of choice,there is always the underlying idea of binding geometric objects to objects or attributes stored in (mostly) object-relational databases (Stonebraker & Moore, 1996). In addition, query tools in commercial GIS allow users to overlap several thematic layers in order to locate objects of interest within an area, like schools or fire stations.For this, they use indexing structures based on R-trees (Gutman, 1984).GIS query support sometimes includes aggregation of geographic measures, for example, distances or areas (e.g., representing different geological zones). However, these aggregations are not the only ones that are required, as we discuss below.Nowadays, organizations need sophisticated GIS-based Decision Support System (DSS) to analyze their data with respect to geographic information, represented not only as attribute data, but also in maps, probably in different thematic layers. In this sense, OLAP and GIS vendors are increasingly integrating their products (see, for instance,Microstrategy and MapInfo integration in /, and /). In this sense, aggregate queries are central to DSSs. Classical aggregate OLAP queries (like “total sales of cars in California”), and aggregation combined with complex queries involving geometric components (“total sales in all villages crossed by the Mississippi river and within a radius of 100 km around New Orleans”) must be efficiently supported. Moreover, navigation of the results using typical OLAP operations like roll-up or drill-down is also required. These operations are not supported by commercial GIS in a straightforward way. One of the reasons is that the GIS data models discussed above were developed with “transactional” queries in mind. Thus, the databases storing nonspatial attributes or objects are designed to support those (nonaggregate) kinds of queries. Decision support systems need a different data model, where non-spatial data, probably consolidated from different sectors in an organization, is stored in a data warehouse. Here,numerical data are stored in fact tables built along several dimensions.For instance, if we are interested in the sales of certain products in stores in a given region, we may consider the sales amounts in a fact table over the three dimensions Store, Time and Product. In order to guarantee summarizability (Lenz & Shoshani, 1997), dimensions are organized into aggregation hierarchies. For example, stores can aggregate over cities which in turn can aggregate into regions and countries. Each of these aggregation levels can also hold descriptive attributes like city population, the area of a region, etc. To fulfill the requirements of integrated GIS-DSS, warehouse data must be linked to geographic data. For instance, a polygon representing a region must be associated to the region identifier in the warehouse. Besides, system integration in commercial GIS is not an easy task. In the current commercial applications, the GIS and OLAP worlds are integrated in an ad-hoc fashion, probably in a different way (and using different data models) each time an implementation is required, even when a data warehouse is available for non-spatial data.An Introductory Example. We present now a real-world example for illustrating some issues in the spatial warehousing problematic. We selected four layers with geographic and geological features obtained from the National Atlas Website (). Theselayers contain the following information: states, cities, and rivers in North America, and volcanoes in the northern hemisphere (published by the Global V olcanism Program - GVP). Figure 1 shows a detail of the layers containing cities and rivers in North America, displayed using the graphic interface of the Piet implementation we discuss later in the paper. Note the density of the points representing cities (particularly in the eastern region). Rivers are represented as polylines. Figure 2 shows a portion of two overlayed layerscontaining states (represented as polygons) and volcanoes in the northern hemisphere.There is also non-spatial information stored in a conventional data warehouse. In this data warehouse, dimension tables contain customer,stores and product information, and a fact table contains stores sales across time. Also, numerical and textual information on the geographic components exist (e.g., population, area), stored as usual as attributes of the GIS layers.In the scenario above, conventional GIS and organizational data can be integrated for decision support analysis. Sales information could be analyzed in the light of geographical features, conveniently displayed in maps. This analysis could benefit from the integration of both worlds in a single framework. Even though this integration could be possible with existing technologies, ad-hoc solutions are expensive because,besides requiring lots of complex coding, they are hardly portable. To make things more difficult, ad-hoc solutions require data exchange between GIS and OLAP applications to be performed. This implies that the output of a GIS query must be probably exported as members in dimensions of a data cube, and merged for further analysis. For example, suppose that a business analyst is interested in studying the sales of nautical goods in stores located in cities crossed by rivers. She could first query the GIS, to obtain the cities of interest. She probably has stored sales in a data cube containing a dimension Store or Geography with city as a dimension level. She would need to“manually” select the cities of interest (i.e., the ones returned by the GIS query) in the cube, to be able to go on with the analysis (in the best case, an ad-hoc customized middleware could help her). Of course, she must repeat this for each query involving a (geographic) dimension inthe data cube.Figure 1. Two overlayed layers containing cities and rivers in North America.On the contrary, GIS/Data warehousing integration can provide a more natural solution. The second part of this survey is devoted to spatio-temporal datawarehousing and OLAP. Moving objects databases (MOD) have been receiving increasing attention from the database community in recent years, mainly due to the wide variety of applications that technology allows nowadays. Trajectories of moving objects like cars or pedestrians, can be reconstructed by means of samples describing the locations of these objects at certain points in time. Although thereFigure 2. Two overlayed layers containing states in North America and volcanoes in thenorthern hemisphere.exist many proposals for modeling and querying moving objects, only a small part of them address the problem of aggregation of moving objects data in a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) scenario. Many interesting applications arise, involving moving objects aggregation, mainly regarding traffic analysis, truck fleet behavior analysis, commuter traffic in a city, passenger traffic in an airport, or shopping behavior in a mall. Building trajectory data warehouses that can integrate with a GIS is an open problem that is starting to attract database researchers. Finally, the MOD setting is appropriate for data mining tasks, and we also comment on this in the paper. In this paper, we first provide a brief background on GIS, data warehousing and OLAP, and a review of the state-of-the-art in spatial OLAP. After this, we move on to study spatio-temporal data warehousing, OLAP and mining. We then provide a detailed analysis of the Piet framework, aimed at integrating GIS, OLAP and moving object data, and conclude with a comparison between this proposal, and the Hermes data cartrridge and trajectory datawarehouse developed in the context of the GeoPKDD project (Information about the GoePKDD project can be found at http://www.geopkdd.eu).A SHORT BACKGROUNDGISIn general, information in a GIS application is divided over several thematic layers. The information in each layer consists of purely spatial data on the one hand, that is combined with classical alpha-numeric attribute data on the other hand (usually stored in a relational database). Two main data models are used for the representation of the spatial part of the information within one layer, the vector model and the raster model. The choice of model typically depends on the data source from which the information is imported into the GIS.The Vector Model. The vector model is used the most in current GIS (Kuper & Scholl, 2000). In the vector model, infinite sets of points in space are represented as finite geometric structures, or geometries, like, for example, points, polylines and polygons. More concretely, vector data within a layer consists in a finite number of tuples of the form (geometry, attributes) where a geometry can be a point, a polyline or a polygon. There are several possible data structures to actually store these geometries (Worboys, 1995).The Raster Model. In the raster model, the space is sampled into pixels or cells, each one having an associated attribute or set of attributes. Usually, these cells form a uniform grid in the plane. For each cell or pixel, the sample value of some function is computed and associated to the cell as an attribute value, e.g., a numeric value or a color. In general, information represented in the raster model is organized intozones, where the cells of a zone have the same value for some attribute(s). The raster model has very efficient indexing structures and it is very well-suited to model continuous change but its disadvantages include its size and the cost of computing the zones.Spatial information in the different thematic layers in a GIS is often joined or overlayed. Queries requiring map overlay are more difficult to compute in the vector model than in the raster model. On the other hand, the vector model offers a concise representation of the data, independent on the resolution. For a uniform treatment of different layers given in the vector or the raster model, in this paper we treat the raster model as a special case of the vector model. Indeed, conceptually, each cell is, and each pixel can be regarded as, a small polygon; also, the attribute value associated to the cell or pixel can be regarded as an attribute in the vector model.Data Warehousing and OLAPThe importance of data analysis has increased significantly in recent years as organizations in all sectors are required to improve their decision-making processes in order to maintain their competitive advantage. We said before that OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing) (Kimball, 1996; Kimball & Ross, 2002) comprises a set of tools and algorithms that allow efficiently querying databases that contain large amounts of data. These databases, usually designed for read-only access (in general, updating isperformed off-line), are denoted data warehouses. Data warehouses are exploited in different ways. OLAP is one of them. OLAP systems are based on a multidimensional model, which allows a better understanding of data for analysis purposes and provides better performance for complex analytical queries. The multidimensional model allows viewing data in an n-dimensional space, usually called a data cube (Kimball & Ross,2002). In this cube, each cell contains a measure or set of (probably aggregated) measures of interest. This factual data can be analyzed along dimensions of interest, usually organized in hierarchies (Cabibbo & Torlone, 1997). Three typical ways of OLAP tools implementation exist: MOLAP (standing for multidimensional OLAP), where data is stored in proprietary multidimensional structures, ROLAP (relational OLAP), where data is stored in (object) relational databases, and HOLAP (standing for hybrid OLAP, which provides both solutions. In a ROLAP environment, data is organized as a set of dimension tables and fact tables, and we assume this organization in the remainder of the paper.There are a number of OLAP operations that allow exploiting the dimensions and their hierarchies, thus providing an interactive data analysis environment. Warehouse databases are optimized for OLAP operations which, typically, imply data aggregation or de-aggregation along a dimension, called roll-up and drill-down, respectively. Other operations involve selecting parts of a cube (slice and dice) and reorienting the multidimensional view of data (pivoting). In addition to the basic operations described above, OLAP tools provide a great variety of mathematical, statistical, and financial operators for computing ratios, variances, ranks,etc.It is an accepted fact that data warehouse (conceptual) design is still an open issue in the field (Rizzi & Golfarelli, 2000). Most of the data models either provide a graphical representation based on the Entity- Relationship (E/R) model or UML notations, or they just provide some formal definitions without user-oriented graphical support. Recently, Malinowsky and Zimányi (2006) propose the MultiDim model. This model is based on the E/R model and provides an intuitive graphical notation. Also recently, Vaisman (Vaisman, 2006a, 2006b) introduced a methodology for requirement elicitation in Decision Support Systems, arguing that methodologies used for OLTP systems are not appropriate for OLAP systems.Temporal Data WarehousesThe relational data model as proposed by Codd (1970), is not wellsuited for handling spatial and/or temporal data. Data evolution over time must be treated in this model, in the same way as ordinary data. This is not enough for applications that require past, present, and/or future data values to be dealt with by the database. In real life such applications abound. Therefore, in the last decades, much research has been done in the field of temporal databases. Snodgrass (1995) describes the design of the TSQL2 Temporal Query Language, an upward compatible extension of SQL-92. The book, written as a result of a Dagstuhl seminar organized in June 1997 by Etzion, Jajodia, andSripada (1998), contains comprehensive bibliography, glossaries for both temporal database and time granularity concepts, and summaries of work around 1998. The same author (Snodgrass, 1999), in other work, discusses practical research issues on temporal database design and implementation.Regarding temporal data warehousing and OLAP, Mendelzon and Vaisman (2000, 2003) proposed a model, denoted TOLAP, and developed a prototype and a datalog-like query language, based on a (temporal) star schema. Vaisman, Izquierdo, and Ktenas (2006) also present a Web-based implementation of this model, along with a query language, called TOLAP-QL. Eder, Koncilia, and Morzy (2002) also propose a data model for temporal OLAP supporting structural changes. Although these efforts, little attention has been devoted to the problem of conceptual and logical modeling for temporal data warehouses. SPATIAL DATA WAREHOUSING AND OLAPSpatial database systems have been studied for a long time (Buchmann, Günther, Smith, & Wang, 1990; Paredaens, Van Den Bussche, & Gucht, 1994). Rigaux et al. (2001) survey various techniques, such as spatial data models, algorithms, and indexing methods, developed to address specific features of spatial data that are not adequately handled by mainstream DBMS technology.Although some authors have pointed out the benefits of combining GIS and OLAP, not much work has been done in this field. Vega López,Snodgrass, and Moon (2005) present a comprehensive survey on spatiotemporal aggregation that includes a section on spatial aggregation. Also, Bédard, Rivest, and Proulx (2007) present a review of the efforts for integrating OLAP and GIS. As we explain later, efficient data aggregation is crucial for a system with GIS-OLAP capabilities.Conceptual Modeling and SOLAPRivest, Bédard, and Marchand (2001) introduced the concept of SOLAP (standing for Spatial OLAP), a paradigm aimed at being able to explore spatial data by drilling on maps, in a way analogous to what is performed in OLAP with tables and charts. They describe the desirable features and operators a SOLAP system should have.Although they do not present a formal model for this, SOLAP concepts and operators have been implemented in a commercial tool called JMAP, developed by the Centre for Research in Geomatics and KHEOPS, see /en/jmap/solap.jsp. Stefanovic, Han, and Koperski (2000) and Bédard, Merret, and Han (2001), classify spatial dimension hierarchies according to their spatial references in: (a) non-geometric;(b) geometric to non-geometric; and (c) fully geometric. Dimensions of type (a) can be treated as any descriptive dimension (Rivest et al., 2001). In dimensions of types (b) and (c), a geometry is associated to members of the hierarchies. Malinowski and Zimányi (2004) extend this classification to consider that even in the absence of several related spatial levels, a dimension can be considered spatial. Here, a dimension level is spatial if it is represented as a spatial data type (e.g., point, region), allowing them to link spatial levels through topological relationships (e.g., contains, overlaps). Thus, a spatial dimension is a dimension that contains at least one spatial hierarchy. A critical point inspatial dimension modeling is the problem of multiple-dependencies, meaning that an element in one level can be related to more than one element in a level above it in the hierarchy. Jensen, Kligys, Pedersen, and Timko (2004)address this issue, and propose a multidimensional data model for mobile services, i.e., services that deliver content to users, depending on their location.This model supports different kinds of dimension hierarchies, most remarkably multiple hierarchies in the same dimension, i.e., multiple aggregation paths. Full and partial containment hierarchies are also supported. However, the model does not consider the geometry, limiting the set of queries that can be addressed. This means that spatial dimensions are standard dimensions referring to some geographical element (like cities or roads).Malinowski and Zimányi (2006) also propose a model supporting multiple aggregation paths. Pourabbas (2003) introduces a conceptual model that uses binding attributes to bridge the gap between spatial databases and a data cube. The approach relies on the assumption that all the cells in the cube contain a value, which is not the usual case in practice, as the author expresses. Also, the approach requires modifying the structure of the spatial data to support the model. No implementation is presented.Shekhar, Lu, Tan, Chawla, & Vatsavai (2001) introduced MapCube, a visualization tool for spatial data cubes. MapCube is an operator that, given a so-called base map, cartographic preferences and an aggregation hierarchy, produces an album of maps that can be navigated via roll-up and drill-down operations.Spatial Measures. Measures are characterized in two ways in the literature, namely: (a) measures representing a geometry, which can be aggregated along the dimensions; (b) a numerical value, using a topological or metric operator. Most proposals support option (a), either as a set of coordinates (Bédard et al., 2001; Rivest et al., 2001; Malinowski & Zimányi, 2004; Bimonte, Tchounikine, & Miquel, 2005), or a set of pointers to geometric objects (Stefanovic et al., 2000). Bimonte et al. (Bimonte et al., 2005) define measures as complex objects (a measure is thus an object containing several attributes). Malinowski and Zimányi (2004) follow a similar approach, but defining measures as attributes of an n-ary fact relationship between dimensions.Damiani and Spaccapietra (2006) propose MuSD, a model allowing defining spatial measures at different granularities. Here, a spatial measure can represent the location of a fact at multiple levels of (spatial) granularity. Also, an algebra of SOLAP operators is proposed.Spatial AggregationIn light of the discussion above, it should be clear that aggregation is a crucial issue in spatial OLAP. Moreover, there is not yet a consensus about a complete set of aggregate operators for spatial OLAP. We now discuss the classic approaches to spatial aggregation. Han et al. (1998) use OLAP techniques for materializing selected spatial objects, and proposed a so-called Spatial Data Cube, and the set of operations that can be performed on this data cube. The model only supports aggregation of spatial objects.Pedersen and Tryfona (2001) propose the pre-aggregation of spatial facts. First, they pre-process these facts, computing their disjoint parts in order to be able to aggregate them later. This pre-aggregation works if the spatial properties of the objects are distributive over some aggregate function. Again, the spatial measures are geometric objects.Given that this proposal ignores the geometries, queries like “total population of cities crossed by a river” are not supported. The paper does not address forms other than polygons, although the authors claim that other more complex forms are supported by the method, and the authors do not report experimental results.With a different approach, Rao, Zhang, Yu, Li, and Chen (2003), and Zhang, Li, Rao, Yu, Chen, and Liu (2003) combine OLAP and GIS for querying so-called spatial data warehouses, using R-trees for accessing data in fact tables. The data warehouse is then exploited in the usualOLAP way. Thus, they take advantage of OLAP hierarchies for locating information in the R-tree which indexes the fact table.Although the measures here are not only spatial objects, the proposal also ignores the geometric part of the model, limiting the scope of the queries that can be addressed. It is assumed that some fact table, containing the identifiers of spatial objects exists. Finally, these objects happen to be points, which is quite unrealistic in a GIS environment, where different types of objects appear in the different layers. Some interesting techniques have been recently introduced to address the data aggregation problem. These techniques are based on the combined use of (R-tree-based) indexes, materialization (or preaggregation) of aggregate measures, and computational geometry algorithms.Papadias, Tao, Kalnis, and Zhang (2002) introduce the Aggregation Rtree (aR-tree), combining indexing with pre-aggregation. The aR-tree is an R-tree that annotates each MBR (Minimal Bounding Rectangle) with the value of the aggregate function for all the objects that are enclosed by it. They extend this proposal in order to handle historic information (see the section on moving object data below), denoting this extension aRB-tree (Papadias, Tao, Zhang, Mamoulis, Shen, and & Sun, 2002). The approach basically consists in two kinds of indexes: a host index, which is an R-tree with the summarized information, and a B-tree containing time-varying aggregate data. In the most general case, each region has a B-tree associated, with the historical information of the measures of interest in the region. This is a very efficient solution for some kinds of queries, for example, window aggregate queries (i.e., for the computation of the aggregate measure of the regions which intersect a spatio-temporal window). In addition, the method is very effective when a query is posed over a query region whose intersection with the objects in a map must be computed on-thefly,and these objects are totally enclosed in the query region. However, problems may appear when leaf entries partially overlap the query window. In this case, the result must be estimated, or the actual results computed using the base tables. In fact, Tao, Kollios, Considine, Li,and Papadias (2004), show that the aRB-tree can suffer from the distinct counting problem, if the object remains in the same region for several timestamps.时空数据仓库的调查摘要地理信息系统已被广泛应用于不同的应用领域，包括经济，生态和人口统计分析，城市和路线规划。

ArcGIS英汉对照

ArcGIS 9 ArcToolbox中英文对照表分析（ analysis）注记（ annotation）注记要素类（ annotation feature class）注记对象（ annotation target）属性（ attribute）障碍（ barrier）绘图（ cartography）数据框（ data frame）字段（ field ）障碍（ barrier）数据库（ database）数据集（ dataset）范围（ extent）组合要素（ multipart feature）图形比例尺（ scalebar）空间分析（ spatial analysis）符号（ symbol）3D Analyst Tools三维分析工具转换ConversionTIN三角计算TIN域值TIN多边形标志TIN节点TIN边TIN到栅格栅格转TINFunctional Surface表面功能插值形状表面体积表面点表面长度视线Raster Interpolation栅格修补克里金地形到栅格曲线拟合用文件地形到栅格自然邻域趋势距离权重倒数Raster Math栅格计算乘减加取整浮点除Raster Reclass栅格重分类切片查找用 ASCII 文件重分类用表重分类重分类栅格表面Raster Surface坡向坡度填/挖山影曲率等高线等高线列表观察点视域TIN Creation创建 TIN编辑 TINTIN SurfaceTIN坡度TIN方位TIN等高线多边形插值成多个面TIN 创建TIN 表面Analysis Tool: 分析工具Extract 提取Clip 剪切Select 选择Split 拆分Table Select 表选择Overlay 叠加分析Erase 擦除Identity 查看Intersect 相交Symmetrical Difference 对称差Union 联合Update 更新Proximity 邻域分析Buffer 缓冲区Multiple Ring 多环缓冲区Buffer 临近Near 点距离Point Distance 统计表Statistics 频度Frequency 总结统计SummaryStatisticsCartography Tool: 绘图工具Masking Tools 掩模工具Cul-De-Sac Cul-De-Sac 掩模MasksFeature Outline Masks要素轮廓线掩模Intersecting Layers Masks相交图层掩模Conversion Tool: 转换工具From Raster 从删格到 ...Raster to ASCII 删格到 ASCIIRaster to FloatRaster to PointRaster to PolygonRaster to Polyline To CADAdd CAD FieldsCreate CAD XDataExport to CAD SetCAD AliasTo Coverage删格到浮点删格到点删格到面删格到线到 CAD添加 CAD 字段创建 CAD 扩展实体数据导出到CAD设置 CAD 别名到 CoverageFeature Class To Coverage要素类到CoverageTo dBASE到dBASETable to dBASE [multiple]表到dBASETo GeodatabaSE要素类到要素类Feature Class To Feature ClassFeature Class to Geodatabase [multiple]要素类到GeodatabaseImport CAD Annotation 导入 CAD 注记Import Coverage Annotation 导入 Coverage 注记Import from CAD 从 CAD 导入Raster To Geodatabase[multiple]栅格到GeodatabaseTable to Geodatabase[multiple] 表到 GeodatabaseTable To Table 表到表To Raster 到栅格ASCII to Raster ASCII 到栅格DEM to Raster DEM 到栅格Feature to Raster 要素到栅格Float to Raster 浮点到栅格Raster To Other Format 栅格到其他格式To Shapefile 到 ShapefileFeature Class To Shapefile 要素类到 ShapefileCoverage Tool: Coverage 工具Analysis 分析Extract 提取Clip 剪切Select 选择Split 拆分Overlay 叠加Erase 擦除Identity 判别Intersect 相交Union 联合Update 更新Proximity 邻近Buffer 缓冲Near 近邻Point Distance 点距离Point Node 点到结点Thiessen 泰森近似多边形Conversion 转换从 CoverageFrom Coverage 到 DLGExport To S57 到 S57Export To SETS 到 SETSExport To VPF 到 VPFUngenerate 取消生成To Coverage 到 CoverageAdvanced Tiger Conversion 高级 Tiger 转换Basic Tiger Conversion 基本 Tiger 转换Generate 生成Import From DLG 从 DLG 导入Import From Interchange File 从 Interchange 文件导入Import From S57 从 S57 导入Import From 从 SETS 导入SETS 从 VPF 导入Imort From VPF 数据管理Data Management 集合Aggregate 追加AppendComposite Features 要素合成Line Coverage To Region 线 Coverage 到区域Line Coverage To Route 线 Coverage 到路径Polygon Coverage To Region 多边形 Coverage 到区域Region To Polygon Coverage 区域到多边形 Coverage Generalization 一般Aggregate Polygons 聚集多边形Collapse Dual Lines To Centerline分解双线到中心线Dissolve 融合Eliminate 消除Find Conflicts 查找冲突Simplify Building 简化建筑物Simplify Line Or Polygon 简化线或多边形Indexes 索引Drop Index 删除索引Index Item 索引项Items 项Add Item 添加项Drop Item 删除项Joins 连接Join Info Tables 连接 Info 表Projections 投影Define Projection 定义投影Project 投影Transform 变换Tables 表Add XY Coordinates 添加 XY 坐标Renumber Nodes 重新计数节点Update IDs 更新 IDTolerances 容差Tolerance 容差Topology 拓扑Build 构建Clean CleanCreate Labels 创建标注VPF Tile Topology VPF 图块拓扑Workspace Management工作空间管理Create Coverage 创建 CoverageData Management Tools 数据管理工具Database 数据库紧凑Compact 压缩CompressDisconnected Editing 分离编检入辑从增量中检入Check In 检出Check In From Delta 导出增量Check OutExport To Delta添加编码值到值域Domains 值域赋值值域到字段Add Coded Value To Domain 创建值域Assign Domain To FieldCreate DomainDelete Coded Value From Domain 从值域中删除编码值Delete Domain 删除值域Domain To Table 值域到表Remove Domain From Field 从字段删除值域Set Value For Range Domain 为范围值域设置值Table To Domain 表到值域Feature class 要素类Append Annotation Feature Classes 追加注记要素类Calculate Default Cluster Tolerance 计算缺省容限值Calculate Default Spatial Grid Index 计算缺省空间格网索引Integrate 整合Update Annotation Feature Class更新标记要素类创建要素类创建要素类Features 要素Add XY Coordinates 添加 XY 坐标Check Geometry 检查几何形状Copy Features 复制要素Delete Features 删除要素Feature Envelope to Polygon 要素封装到多边形Feature To Line 要素到线Feature To Point 要素到点Feature To Polygon 要素到多边形Feature Vertices To Points 要素定点到点Multipart To Singlepart 多部分到单部分Polygon To Line 多边形到线Repair Geometry 修改集合形状Split Line At Vertices 在定点拆分线Fields 字段Add Field 添加字段Assign Default To Field 设置缺省到字段Calculate Field 计算字段Delete Field 删除字段General 一般Copy 复制Delete 删除Rename 重命名Select Data 选择数据追加追加Generalization 一般Dissolve 融合Eliminate 消除Simplify Line 简化线Smooth Line 平滑线Indexes 索引Add Attribute Index 添加属性索引Add Spatial Index 添加空间索引Remove Attribute Index 删除属性索引Remove Spatial Index 删除空间索引Joins 连接Add Join 添加连接Remove Join 删除连接Layers and Table Views 图层和表的查看Make Query Table 制作查询表Make Raster Catalog Layer 制作栅格目录图层Make Raster Layer 制作栅格图层Make XY Event LayerSave To Layer FileSelect Layer By AttributeSelect Layer By Location制作表视图制作要素图层Projections and Transformations FeatureBatch ProjectProject创建空间参考RasterFlipMirrorProject RasterRescaleRotateShiftWarDefine ProjectionRaster栅格Batch BuildPyramidsBatch CalculateStatistics Build PyramidsCalculate StatisticsClipComposite BandsCopy RasterCopy Raster Catalog ItemsCreate Raster CatalogDelete Raster CatalogItems Mosaic To NewRasterResample创建栅格数据集镶嵌关系类Relationship ClassesCreate Relationship ClassTable To Relationship Class Subtypes子类型Add SubtypeRemove SubtypeSet Default SubtypeSet Subtype FieldTable表制作 XY 事件图层保存成图层文件通过属性选择通过位置选择制作表视图制作要素图层投影和转换要素批量投影投影创建空间参考栅格翻转镜像投影栅格重建比例旋转偏移翘曲定义投影批量建立金字塔批量计算统计表建立金字塔计算统计表剪切组合波段复制栅格复制栅格目录项创建栅格目录删除栅格目录项镶嵌到新的栅格重采样创建栅格数据集镶嵌创建关系类表到关系类添加子类型删除子类型设置缺省子类型设置子类型字段Analyze 分析Change Privileges 改变权限Copy Rows 复制行Delete Rows 删除行Get Count 获得数目Pivot Table 关联表创建表创建表Topology 拓扑Add Feature Class To Topology添加要素类型到拓扑Add Rule To Topology 添加规则到拓扑Create Topology 创建拓扑Remove Feature Class From Topology从拓扑删除要素类Remove Rule From Topology 从拓扑中删除规则Set Cluster Tolerance 设置簇容限值Validate Topology 教验拓扑Versions 版本Alter Version 改变版本Create Version 创建版本Delete Version 删除版本Post Version 提交版本Reconcile Version 协调版本Register As Versioned 注册版本Unregister As Versioned 取消注册Workspace 工作空间Create ArcInfo Workspace 创建 ArcInfo 工作空间Create Feature Dataset 创建要素数据集Create Folder 创建文件夹Create Personal GDB 创建个人 Geodatabase Geocoding Tools 地理编码工具Automate Geocoding 自动生成地理编码索引Indexes 创建地址定位器Create Address LocatorDeautomate Geocoding Indexes 取消自动生成地理编码索引Delete Address Locator删除地址定位器Geocode Addresses地理编码地址Rebuild Geocoding Indexes重建地理编码索引Standardize Addresses标准化地址Geostatistical Analyst Tools地理统计分析工具Geostatistical Layer To Grid 导出地理统计图层到 GridLinear Referencing Tools Calibrate RoutesCreate RoutesDissolve Route Events 线性参考工具校准路径创建路径融合路径事件Locate Features Along Routes沿路径定位要素Make Route Event Layer 边界清理 Overlay Route EventsTransform Route EventsSpatial Analyst ToolsConditional条件拾取条件设空Density密度核密度点密度线密度Distance距离代价分配代价回联代价距离代价路径欧几里德分配欧几里德方向欧几里德距离走廊路径距离路径距离分配路径距离回联Extraction提取提取值到点根据属性提取用圆提取用多边形提取用掩模提取用点提取用矩形提取采样Generalization一般区块组合多数过滤收缩消蚀细化聚合膨胀制作路径事件图层空间分析工具叠加路径事件转换路径事件Groundwater地下水粒子跟踪达西流达西速率透水层Hydrology水文下陷点填充捕捉汇流点河流分级河流到要素河流连接流向流域流程盆地累积流量Interpolation添补克里金地形到栅格曲线拟合用文件地形到栅格自然邻域趋势距离权重倒数本地Local像素统计分级合成大于频率小于频率普及度最低位置最高位置等于频率地图代数Map Algebra单输出地图代数多输出地图代数数学计算Math为运算Bitwise位与位右移位否位异或左位移按位或Logical不等于为空大于大于等于小于小于等于测试等于组合与组合异或组合或逻辑与逻辑否逻辑异或逻辑或TrigonometricATan2余弦双曲余弦双曲正切双曲正弦反余弦反双曲余弦反双曲正切反双曲正弦反正切反正弦正切正弦10的对数10的指数2的对数2的指数上取整下取整乘减加取整否平方逻辑运算三角函数平方根指数整除浮点绝对值自然对数自然指数除MultivariateIsocluster主成分创建特征最大似然性分类波段组统计类概率系统树图功能编辑署名函数Neighborhood块统计点统计焦点流焦点统计线统计过滤Overlay加权叠加Raster Creation 多元多变量邻域叠加栅格创建创建常量栅格创建正态栅格创建随机栅格Reclass重分类切片查找用 ASCII 文件重分类用表重分类重分类表面Surface坡向坡度填/挖山影曲率等高线等高线列表观察点视域Zonal 区区域几何域区域几何到表区域填充区域统计区域统计到表面积制表Spatial Statistics Tools 空间统计工具Analyzing Patterns 分析模型Average Nearest Neighbor 平均邻近邻居High/Low Clustering[Getis-Ord General G] 高/低聚类Spatial Autocorrelation [Morans I] 空间自相关Mapping Clusters 绘制群体Cluster and Outlier Analysis 群体和群外要素分析Cluster/Outlier Analysis with Rendering 带渲染群体和群外要素分析Hot Spot Analysis [Getis-Ord Gi*]热点分析Hot Spot Analysis with Rendering 带渲染热点分析Measuring Geographic Distributions 测量地理分布Central Feature 中心要素Directional Distribution 定向分布Linear Directional Mean 平均线方向Mean Center 平均中心Standard Distance 标准间隔距离Utilities 实用工具Calculate Areas 计算面积Collect Events 收集事件Collect Events with Rendering 带渲染收集事件Count Rendering 计算渲染Export Feature Attribute to Ascii 导出要素表到 Ascii 文本Z Score Renderine湖南师范大学资源环境科学学院GIS 研究中心周亮二 00 四年十一月二十四日。

GIS专业英语第一章翻译

D efinitions of GIS“GIS”is an acronym meaning of Geographic Information System . In order to provide a good understanding of GIS , the following two definitions given by Rhind ( 1989 ) and the United States Geological Survey ( USGS , 1997 ) respectively are presented first.地理信息系统”是一个缩写含义，地理信息系统。

为了提供一个很好的了解，下面给出的定义由兰德（1989）和美国地质调查局（美国地质勘探局，1997）分别是第一次提出.1 “. . . . a system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the captu re, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and manage ment problems .”1“GIS是一个由硬件，软件，和程序设计，支持捕获，管理，处理，分析，建模，并显示空间参照的数据，以解决复杂的规划和管理的问题的一个系统。

”2 “. . . . a computer system capable of assembling , storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information , i . e ., data identified according to their location .”2“。

1 计算机专业中文摘要翻译为英文摘要技巧与案例训练 Skill Training of

1: The driving program of 32 bits should be trail inserted in printer, as a matter of fact, there are too much errors come up with 16 bits.
In terms of the driving program in printer, 32 bits should be trail inserted in printer, because there are diversified errors emerged in 16 bits.
1: The driving program of 16 bits is imperfect, which result in we have to choice 32 bits for printer.
1.打印应该用32bits的驱动程序, 16bits的驱动程序问题太多.
It is well known that there exists too much problem in drive program of 16 bits in printer and drive program of 32 bits is a good alternative (available).
我认为今天应该讨论一下OS/2 for Windows的中文化的问题.
I think today we had better to probe some topics about inserting Chinese version into the OS/2 for windows. I think today we had better to involve some topics about inserting Chinese version into the OS/2 for windows. I think today we had better to seek after some topics about inserting Chinese version into the OS/2 for windows. I think today we had better to cope with some topics about inserting Chinese version into the OS/2 for windows.

arcgis命令中英文对照

arcgis命令中英文对照ArcGIS, a powerful Geographic Information System (GIS) software, offers a range of commands that are essential for spatial data analysis. Here's a concise guide to some common ArcGIS commands in both English and their Chinese counterparts:1. Add Data - 导入数据(Jiā rù shù jù): This command allows you to bring new data into your project from various sources.2. Select by Attributes - 按属性选择 (Àn shǔ xìngxuǎn zé): Use this to pick features that meet specific criteria.3. Spatial Join - 空间连接 (Kōng jiān lián jiē): Combines features from two layers based on their spatial relationship.4. Buffer - 缓冲区(Huǎn chōng qū): Creates a zone around a point, line, or polygon at a specified distance.5. Clip - 裁剪(Cái jiǎn): Cuts features in one lay er to match the extent of another layer.6. Merge - 合并(Hé bìng): Combines multiple layers or features into a single layer.7. Symbology - 符号系统(Fú hào xì tǒng): Customizes how features are visually represented on the map.8. Export Data - 导出数据(Dào chū shù jù): Saves selected features or the entire map to various formats for further use.Understanding these commands is crucial for efficient GIS operations, whether you're a beginner or an advanced user.。

摘要及英文翻译

摘要現今的組織是處於一個人儕競爭的環境，而在當今社會中佔有重要地位的非營利組織，為了能夠持續與繁榮發展下去，與營利組織一樣，就需要對自身的人力資源進行更好地管理而留住人儕及合理運用人力資源，所以本研究主要從控制離職傾向的角度來進行探討人力資源管理。

同時，現今的非營利組織還有一個重要特征，就是吸引了源源不斷的志願者加入，而組織本身又往往不能很好地讓每個成員與組織進行配適；並且根據過去的研究可以發現，在營利組織中個人與組織配適度是影響個體離職傾向的因素之一。

因此，在這種背景下，本研究試圖詳細探討非營利組織中的個人與組織配適度與離職傾向的關係，並將變項組織承諾引入到兩者的關係之間，從而幫助非營利組織更系統地研究個體的離職傾向而能利於合理運用人力資源。

本研究主要以中國內地與澳門地區的非營利組織成員作為研究對象，採用了問卷調查的方式收集相關資料，旨在深入探討個人與組織配適度、組織承諾與離職傾向的相關關係；其中，個人與組織配適度為自變項、離職傾向為應變項及組織承諾為中介變項。

本研究利用描述性統計、信度分析、相關分析與多元迴歸分析等資料分析法進行數據分析，驗證了個人與組織配適度與個體的離職傾向之間存在負相關關係，並驗證了組織承諾對兩者之間的關係起到中介作用。

最後，本文根據研究結果，主要從加強個體組織承諾的培養，促進組織與個體在價值觀的配適，以及促進個體與組織其他個體之間的配適等方面，為幫助非營利組織的管理而提供了一些具體的看法與意見；同時還針對本研究的一些不足與限制，給予未來更多與更深入的探討給予一些合理建議，希望能有利於非營利組織的管理者以及其他相關研究者的進一步研究。

關鍵詞：非營利組織、個人與組織配適度、離職傾向、組織承諾It is a society today that organizations compete each other by their talents，and the non-profit organization plays an important role in the society. In order to continue to development prosperously，just like the profit organization，the non-profit organization also needs to be better manage the human resources so that it can keep the talent person and can use the human resources reasonably. So this research discusses the human resources management from the point of view about controlling the turnover tendency. Meanwhile, an important feature of non-profit organization is that a flow of volunteers were attracted to join the non-profit organization，but the organization often fails to fit with the members. According to the past researches, Person-organization-fit is one of the factors that influence the individual turnover tendency in the profit organization. Through this background，therefore，this research try to study the relationship between person-organization-fit and turnover tendency in the non-profit organization in detail，and put the variable of organizational commitment into this relationship, so as to help the non-profit organization systematically study the individual turnover tendency to manage the human resources.This research mainly finds the members of non-profit organization in Chinese mainland and Macau as the research objects, and adopts the questionnaire survey to collect the relevant data, and aims at discussing the relationship among person-organization-fit，turnover tendency and organizational commitment. Respectively，person-organization-fit is the independent variable, turnover intention is the dependent variable，and organizational commitment is as the mediator. In addition, this research analyses the data by descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and so forth. To verify the existence of a negative relationship between person-organization-fit and turnover intention and that organizational commitment plays the mediating role in the relationship.Finally, basing to the research results, this research provides some specific views and opinions for the management of the non-profit organizations mainly from the aspects of strengthening the cultivation of individual organizational commitment, enhancing the value matching between the individual and the organization, and promoting the fitting between the individuals. Meanwhile, to give some reasonable suggestions according to problems and the limitations of this research and to hope that the managers of non-profit organization and the other researchers can have more in-depth studys.Key word: non-profit organization, organization-fit, turnover tendency, organizational commitment。

GISSI HF摘要部分翻译

GIS专业英语常用术语

外文翻译——摘要

地理信息系统 专业外语 段落翻译

ARCGIS英汉对照

摘要 英文翻译

ArcGIS英汉对照

ArcGIS中英文对照表

GIS专业英语常用术语

摘要翻译

GIS专业英语原文及翻译结果

地理信息科学专业英语书后句子

GIS专业英语常用术语

地理信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

ArcGIS英汉对照

GIS专业英语第一章翻译

1 计算机专业 中文摘要 翻译为 英文摘要 技巧与案例训练 Skill Training of

arcgis命令中英文对照

摘要及英文翻译

地理信息系统专业外语段落翻译

摘要英文翻译

1 计算机专业中文摘要翻译为英文摘要技巧与案例训练 Skill Training of