西昌学院跨文化复习资料

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西昌学院跨文化复习资料

Unit 1 Culture Behind Language请同学们认真学习教材第一章谚语部分P17-181). Fill in BlanksDirections: Choose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill in the blanks in each of the sentences.(1)_Ahierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.(2)__D__refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.(3)__B__, usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns over generations in the same way as culture do.?(4)___C_ refers to one's sense of belonging to particular culture or ethnic group. 2). True or False Questions:Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to what has been learned in this chapter.(1)___T_The iceberg model of culture implies it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly.(2)__F_ Culture is innate as soon as person is born.(3)__T__People may sometimes get term confused about his or her cultural identity.(4)_F___Scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominate culture.(5)__T__A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.3) Translation:Directions: Put the following proverbs into Chinese(1)&(2)Discontent is the first step on progress. 不知足是前进的第一步(3)Work while you work, play while you play.工作时工作，玩耍时玩耍(4)Well done is better than well said 说得好不如做得好(5)Life is but a candle before the wind. 人生好比风中烛(6)There is nothing to fear but fear itself. 最大的恐惧是恐惧本身(7)Time lost cannot be worn again. 时间一去不复返4.Keys to assessment:1). (1) a (2) d (3) b (4) c2). (1) T (2) F (3) T (4) F (5) T3).；(1) 不知足是前进的第一步。

跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)

跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。

2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。

观念的整合性和动态的可变性。

3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。

4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。

5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。

主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。

8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。

10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。

第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。

跨文化交流与比较的复习资料范文

第一章绪论第一节：人类社会文化的同质性、多样性与差异性1、许烺光《宗族、种姓、俱乐部》：中国人、印度人、美国人的比较2、本尼迪克特《菊与刀》：日本人与美国人的比较第二节：跨文化比较研究方法一、基本功能清单：1、人员再生产2、社会化：角色区分和安排、社会/家庭教育和交往3、维持目标概念：共识的价值取向、共识的相互衔接的目标4、物资与服务的生产与分配：生活物质的生产消费5、秩序的保持二、什么是人类学的跨文化比较？人类学的跨文化比较是建立在民族志田野调查基础上的不同文化的比较研究。

它通过对全世界不同民族中取得的调查材料进行比较分析、验证和假设，来分析人类行为的共同性以及文化的差异性，并试图发现某种规律或通则。

三、跨文化比较研究的对象1、宏观的比较：社会结构、经济制度、宗教信仰、思维方式、法律规范等等。

2、微观的比较：如在具体的生活方式中的建筑、饮食、婚丧嫁娶等等。

四、跨文化比较研究的意义1、人类学研究方法之一田野调查的方法2、培养正确的文化价值观和世界观韩国申报端午节第二章1、交流的概念2、交流的特征①交流是发送者和接受者之间的相互活动，双方是动态的交流过程，一旦完成，信息就不能收回。

②交流具有社会性3、如何进行交流：①信号、代号、象征符号；②直接交流，包括语音、影像；③简介交流，包括书信、文字交流4、交流派①说服派②共享派5、交流的模式①5W模式（Who/What/which/Whom/With What）②施拉姆传播模式6、交流的功能①获取信息②社会化功能③教育功能④说服功能第二节：文化差异对跨文化交流的影响一、文化迁移1、避免文化迁移：2、预设差异3、文化冲突——误解自己不了解的文化二、文化定势知道了差异就有了模式化的想法三、逆文化迁移过分站在对方的立场去想问题第三节：文化的特性与差异一、文化的特征1、主观：心里特征、观念、价值2、客观：主观的外在体现二、跨文化互动：用自身价值去衡量他人的心里观念1、文化事实是由两个基本方面构成的：主观文化和客观文化三、德国社会学家特尼斯“二分法”——礼俗社会与法理社会1、礼俗社会的特征与构成的现实社会特征：①社会团体奉行传统的习俗和传统习惯。

跨文化交际复习资料

1、文化：cultureIt is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.The Characteristics of Culture:Learned、transmitted、Subject to change、unconscious、integrated、symbolic、adaptive.2、跨文化交际：intercultural communicationIntercultural communication means the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.3、高语境文化：High-Context Cultures①Infer information from message context, rather than from content.②Prefer indirectness, politeness and ambiguity.③Convey little information explicitly.④Rely heavily on nonverbal signs.4、价值观：ValuesA standard by which members of culture define what is desirable or undesirable、good or bad、beautiful or ugly、acceptable or unacceptable. V alues are standards set by the members of a society.V alues are often highly contexted. V alues can change significantly over time. V alues can differ within one society and around the world.5、言语交际：verbal communication:It refers to any form of communication that is directly dependent on the use of language.非言语交际：Nonverbal communicationIt will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.6、本地化：LocalizationThe process of adapting a product or service to a particular language, culture, and desired local “look-and-feel.”Aspects to be considered in localization: Language、Time zones、Money、National holidays、Local color sensitivities、Product or service names、Gender roles、Geographic examples 、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesA fixed general image, characteristic, etc. that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thing.Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. It is found in nearly every intercultural situation. The reason forthe pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.8、文化休克：Cultural shockIt is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.9、符号：SymbolA person，an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation.1、猫头鹰的故事：①This is because Chinese and English native speakers assign different associative meanings to the same bird—owl.②Owl in China is the sign of bad luck. The mere sight of an owl or the sound of the creature’s hooting is enough to cause people to draw back in fear.But in English it is associated with wisdom. In children’s books and cartoons, whenever there is a dispute among birds or beasts, it is the owl that acts as judge.③The term dog elicits different feelings in these two cultures. In China gou(dog) often has derogative meanings, such as 狼心狗肺. But in West is considered the best friend of man, which is well established in their cultures. So the feel disgusted at eating dog meat.④Long(龙) is a symbol of the emperor in ancient China. It has been almighty to us Chinese. Today long is often identified with China or Chinese. But to the English—speaking people, the Chinese long has been rendered in English as “dragon”. Dragon is a fire—spitting monster, cruel and fierce that destroys and therefore must be destroyed.⑤In Chinese ,松、柏、鹤、桃stand for longevity. In English, they are just plants.2、气泡空间：①This is because each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show that people from South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries have a smaller personal territory than do North Americans, British and Germans. In Mexican and Arab cultures, physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is very close. In order to feel comfortable while talking, what the Mexican does is to move closer, while what the North American does is to step back a little.②In Western counties, personal territory is highly valued. Each one has his/her own space at home or in office which should not be invaded. In public places, they have “temporary territory”, not be intruded upon either.③As is in the case of human behavior, the use of space is directly linked to the value system of different cultures. The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures and tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.3、家庭第一：①One of the reason that Annie could not understand Rosa is this:：in American culture, the nuclear family is much more important to the individual than the extended family. Most Americans feel little responsibility toward their second cousins, and may never even have met them. Therefore, Annie was confused because Rosa put so much effort into helping “just” a second cousin.②But in Rosa’s culture there is not such a big difference between nuclear and extended family responsibilities. In some countries, the extended family is the main financial and emotional support for people in times of crisis. However, this is not so far most Americans, who rely more on friends, institutions, and professionals.③Another reason is their possession of different cultural values. Rosa felt that “family comes first”, which means that her own needs come second. Annie had a hard time understanding that point of view because in her culture the individual usually comes first. In the United States the person who can “make it on his own”without help from family is respected, although of course many people do get help from their families.④Because of these differences, it is sometimes difficult for people to understand and accept the way family members in other cultures seem to treat each other. It is important, however, to remember that families show their love in different ways. These differences sometimes make it hard to see the reality of family love in every culture in the world.4、男女之间的约会：①Blanca thought that Kevin was going to pay for her because he had invited her to go out, this was the American custom. But things are changing. One reason is that many more American women work today. Therefore, many men and women think it is unfair for men to always pay for everything when they go out.②Another reason is that some women say that if a man pays for them, they feel like they own him something. And some American women prefer to pay because they like to feel like an equal partner on a date. They don’t feel equal if they are taken places and paid for.③Blanca’s understanding that Kevin was going to pay for her is an example of a cultural assumption. Our cultural assumptions are so much a part of us that many times we cannot believe that the whole world does not see things as we do. Trying to understand cultural assumptions that other people make can help to explain their way of thinking and acting.④Most Hispanic parents assume the worst will happen if they let their daughters go out alone with a man. And the Hispanic assumption about women is that they will not be able to stop a man.。

跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细

Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。

跨文化交际复习资料

第一章跨文化交际概述第一节文化、交际和语言1.“文化”的定义这个概念的内涵、外延差异很大，所以文化有广义和狭义之分。

①广义文化的内部结构包括物态文化、制度文化、行为文化、心态文化四个层次。

物态文化层是人类的物质生产活动方式和产品的总和，是可触知的具有物质实体的文化事物。

饮食、服饰、建筑、交通、生产工具以及乡村、城市等。

制度文化层是人类在社会实践中组建的各种社会行为规范构成，行为文化层是人际交往中约定俗成的以礼俗、民俗、风俗等形态表现出来的行为模式。

以民风民俗形态出现，见之于日常起居动作之中，具有鲜明的民族、地域特色。

心态文化是人类在社会意识活动中孕育出来的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等主观因素，②狭义文化指意识形态所创造的精神财富，包括宗教、信仰、风俗习惯、道德情操、学术思想、文学艺术、科学技术、各种制度等。

专注于精神创造活动，所以又被称作“小文化”。

2.定势（文化定势）的定义、分类及成因（1）定义：定势指不同社会群体“在人们头脑中的形象。

定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势。

文化定势指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的，简单的看法，或指一个群体对另一群体成员按某种先入为主的标准或尺度的概括的、形象化的认知。

这些标准或尺度带有较大的主观性，是一种思维方式，一种无视群体内部存在差异、无视普遍性还存在特殊性的思维方式。

（2）分类文化定势可分为“自定势”和“他定势”两类。

前者是指某一个社会和文化群体对本群体共同认可的价值和行为特征普遍性、概括性的表述，这些价值在跨文化交际研究中也常常被称为“自我图像”。

本群体成员往往会不加反思地对这些价值观和行为特征做出简单的认同。

后者是指某一社会和文化群体对另一社会和文化群体的价值观和行为特征的共同认定，也常常被称作“他者图像”。

（3）成因社会和个体。

从孩子出生开始便不断经历着各种各样的教育。

家庭教育,孩子关于世界的认知里就自然而然地打上了父母文化定势的烙印。

《跨文化交际》复习材料

《跨文化交际》复习材料跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力和技巧。

随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。

下面是一些跨文化交际的复习材料，供参考。

一、了解跨文化交际的基本概念1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性-跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交往的过程。

-跨文化交际能力是现代社会中不可或缺的一项重要能力，对于成功开展国际业务、扩大国际影响力等都具有很大的意义。

2.跨文化交际的特点和挑战-文化差异：不同国家、地区的文化差异会影响人们的行为习惯、价值观念等方面。

-语言障碍：不同语言的存在会给跨文化交际带来困难。

-礼仪和习俗：不同国家有各自的礼仪和习俗，不同的行为方式可能会因为文化差异而引起误解。

二、了解不同文化的差异和特点1.文化的定义和特点-文化是指一定时期和地区内人们的集体创造的一种总体性且复杂的社会文明现象。

-文化具有包括价值观念、思维方式、行为习惯等在内的多个方面。

2.不同文化的差异和特点-价值观念：不同文化对价值观念的看法和重视程度存在差异。

-社会习俗：不同文化在社会交往、庆祝活动等方面的习俗也存在较大差异。

-沟通方式：不同文化在沟通方式、语言使用等方面也会出现差异。

-时间观念：不同文化对时间观念的重视程度存在较大差异。

三、学习有效的跨文化交际技巧1.尊重对方文化-学习关于对方文化的基本知识，尊重对方的价值观念和习俗。

-避免对对方文化的偏见和刻板印象，保持开放的心态。

2.提升跨文化沟通能力-学习对方语言，尽量使用对方语言进行交流。

-学习不同文化的非语言沟通方式，如手势、面部表情等。

-长辈尊重：在跨文化交际中，尊重长辈是一种常见的礼节。

3.进行有效的文化调适-了解对方文化的特点，根据对方的文化习俗和行为准则进行调适。

-注意语言和行为的表达方式，避免因文化差异造成的误解。

4.增加跨文化交际的意识-了解跨文化交际的重要性，积极寻求跨文化交流的机会。

-提高自身的文化敏感度，增加对不同文化的了解和尊重。

跨文化交际期末复习资料

Final examPart 1 prehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。

Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space pression–All the different parts of the world form one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural munication: refer to munication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their munication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. munication: mean to share with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. ponents of munication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to municate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your munication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to municate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face munication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the munication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final ponent of munication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the munication takes place and which helps define the munication.13. Pragmatics语用学:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal munication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative munication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…Non-verbal munication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6 An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All munications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of munication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual munication is dynamic.munication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you municate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. munication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.munication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the munication process because they represent the shared meanings that are municated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be municated to another person.munication is systematicmunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.munication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that municators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. munication is contextual. (P8)All munication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24 In Chinese the surname es first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother mon Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series ofsubdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time mitments seriouslyAre mitted to the jobAdhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time mitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre mitted to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?P What is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-orienteda non-developmental model of society/ petitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-being is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family municationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193 Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in munication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective munication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.谚语：Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial artist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发疯的reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言fat office 肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰。

跨文化交际概论复习资料

跨⽂化交际概论复习资料⼀．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，⼀⽅发出信息，另⼀⽅接受信息，这⼀过程就是传播。

2、亚⽂化：⼜称集体⽂化或副⽂化，指与主⽂化相对应的那些⾮主流的、局部的⽂化现象，指在主⽂化或综合⽂化的背景下，属于某⼀区域或某个集体所特有的观念和⽣活⽅式，⼀种亚⽂化不仅包含着与主⽂化相通的价值与观念，也有属于⾃⼰的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚⽂化等都是这种亚⽂化。

亚⽂化是⼀个相对的概念。

是总体⽂化的次属⽂化。

3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》⼀⽂中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。

4、传播的构成要素：⼀是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。

⼆是隐含要素：时空环境、⼼理因素、⽂化背景和信息质量。

5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单⼀，静⽌。

6、语⾔是⽂化的载体，是⽂化的主要表现形式，就像⼀⾯镜⼦，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和⾏为举⽌。

词汇作为语⾔的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族⽂化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的⽂化差异，必然在此上体现出来。

7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。

即，⼀个词语的字⾯意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。

8、以英汉语⾔对⽐为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平⾏、词义空缺、词义冲突。

9、语⽤规则就是特定⽂化群体关于语⾔交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的⽅式、说话的多少以及⾔语⾏为与⾮⾔语⾏为的配合等诸多⽅⾯。

10、交际风格是⾔语⾏为和⾮⾔语⾏为由于受使⽤中不同交际环境的影响或制约⽽形成的⼀系列交际特点的综合表现。

恰当的交际风格的运⽤对交际过程起着积极的促进作⽤，对交际能⼒的培养也起到重要作⽤。

跨文化交际期末复习资料整理.doc

跨文化交际期末考试资料整理一名词解释1.高语境：指的是人们在交流过程中，运用的一些非语言要素本身的交际手段所形成的一个语境，比如眼神，语气等等。

说话人的语义送达不直接，比较含蓄，不明朗。

主要指亚洲人和拉丁美洲人的交流语境。

例如对高语境的交际者而言，合同可以被看成是双方关系发展的框架，中国人认为如果关系好，人们可以合作调整以适应出现的新情形，毕竟合同只是字词，真正重要的是关系。

2.低语境：指的是说话双方依赖于语言本身进行交际，语言清晰明朗，说话方式比较直接。

主要是指美国、瑞士、欧洲等等。

例如对低语境的交际者而言，合同是双方按约定方式履行的不能更改的承诺，双方按约定的方式获利，美国人总是想在合同中包含所有能应对将来可能出现的问题的语言。

3.副语言：也叫身态语言，是指除语言以外的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态等表达手段，这些表达手段也叫副语言表情手段。

副语言表情手段运用得当可以对语言表达起到补充、辅助、强化的作用。

可分为听觉的（伴随声音、音乐语言、其他声响符号）、视觉的（表情、体态等；图表、公式等；绘画语言；舞蹈语言；蒙太奇语言；符号、标识语言；其他视觉符号）、触觉的（盲文等）三类。

4.形合语言：所谓形就是形式，形合即形式的合拍；形合借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的衔接。

如中国的古诗词。

5.意合语言：意即意义，意合即追求意义的整合；意合不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系來实现词或句子的连接。

如英文。

6.耻感文化：本尼迪克特认为所谓的耻感文化指的是“公认的道德标准借助于外部强制力来发展人的良心的社会”。

具体来说有以下三个方面：①强调外在的约束力（社会群体的压力）。

②耻感文化中的个人，其所作所为首先考虑的是他人、社会的评价③强烈的心理反应。

耻感文化具有“他律”的特征。

中国文化某种程度上就是耻感文化。

7.罪感文化：本尼迪克特认为罪感文化就是“提倡建立道德的绝对标准，并且依靠其发展人的良心的社会。

跨文化交际复习资料(最新版)

1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching fromthe past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. Inthese culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and oftenbreak them.3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication betweenpeople from different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms inrelation to the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the hostculture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnicdiversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication betweenreprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily containedin words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and evensilence.10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vestedin the explicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”theprocess by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli fromthe external world” In other words, perception is an internal process wherebywe convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal comeinto play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture weadopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent towhich we touch and the distance we stand from each other.. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or oughtto be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes orother shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。

跨文化沟通复习

《跨文化沟通》考点整理一、名词解释1．外在文化2．内在文化3．交易性文化4．文化5．高语境文化6．低语境文化7．个人主义8．集体主义9．权力距离10．不确定性规避11．不确定性容忍12．男性化13．女性化14．副语言15．空间语言二、论述题及简答题考点1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、政治因素就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~82．高语境文化与低语境文化P19~203．语言反映环境P28~294．语言体现价值观P295．如何选择正确的语言（语言因素、商业因素、、适当的流利程度）P32~356．五个范畴（结合小结P72~73、P91重点复习）7．副语言P120~1218．在面对面沟通中的非言语行为习惯（七个方面，重点看“口头沟通中的话语权”、“空间语言”、“沉默”三个部分，注意区分不同文化差异的行为习惯P121~137）9．如何表达尊重：权势地位、服饰作为权威的象征P140~14210．绩效奖励P150~15211．界定问题并解决问题（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的差异阐述）P176~17712．冲突管理（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的的不同理解以及低语境文化对冲突管理方法的排次）P177~18013．冲突沟通的策略（五点）P180~18214．谈判要素（四个方面）P190~19915．谈判的阶段划分（四个阶段）P200~205《跨文化沟通》论述题及简答题语言归纳1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~8文化的三个特点：（1）文化是连贯一致的原理：文化具有一致性和完整性，①它是某些特定社会成员所获得的一切能力和习惯，是其在遇到困难时所产生的统一持久的愿景的外在表现；②它也会让群体成员从自己狭隘的宇宙观出发，忽略其他文化并产生误解的原因之一。

跨文化复习资料

Intercultural communication review items Culture:1.Definition:Culture is a story that we tell ourselves about ourselves.2.Importance:it brings a group of people together but also takes a group of people apart.It tells us who we are and who they are.3.We begin learning our culture when we’re born.Bias:4.Definition:Bias means that we like some things better than others.we’re biased in favor of what is familiar,we like the things that we know and understand better than the things we are not sure about.5.When we’re born,we naturally divide the world into “us” and “them”. Prejudice:6.Prejudice is a kind of extreme emotion to some things based on personal opinions.7.Although not everyone is prejudiced,anyone can become prejudiced.8.How do we learn prejudice?If we go through life without considering the opinions of other people,then we’ll easily become prejudiced,the best example of this can be seen when we consider religion.Every religious believer thinks that his religion is the “Truth”.9.What are the main differences between bias and prejudice?Bias is natural,can be reduced,not be overcome;but prejudice islearned,can be overcome. Prejudice is more extreme than bias.10.the way to reduce bias or overcome prejudiceFirst,we should know how it happens and works. Then we should listen to “them” more and know more about others’ opinions.Know the meaning of word “grafalloon” which helps us think more about “us” and “them”. We can divide the world in different ways,everytime we do this ,we change our understanding of the world,and then change the way we act ,and then literally change the world.11.When we learn a new culture,the first thing we should know is that the country is a individualist or group/collective country.Why:Because if we know that it’s an individual or group/collective country,we can know a lot about it.(e.g. power distance,direct,context,time,doing…)12.In group-oriented cultures,personal relationships are not important as they are in individualist cultures.13.Every culture,every country,every government has difficulty balancing the interest of the individual with the interest of the group.Context:14.a certain situation15.High-context:(indirect)------in a familyAdvantage:fast&efficientDisadvantage:it takes a long time to learnLow-context:(direct) ------at a bus stationAdvantage:clearer and easier to understandDisadvantage:impersonal16.High-context communication------the listener’s responsibilityLow-context communication------the speaker’s responsibilityPower distance:17.Power distance is a way to explain the handling of differences between groups existing in a system of inequality.18.Most individualistic cultures have a low-power distance.19.In low-power distance cultures,students often do not learn as much factual information as students in high-power distance cultures.Time:20.When you hear the word “clock time”,the first thing you think of is work/money/business/globalization/modern.21.Clock-time came into being in the Industrial revolution and is now strongly associated with globalization.22.“Time is money” refers to clock-time.23.What’s “event time”?A:an event begins when everybody that’s needed to be there arrives.24.Zheshida follows “event-time” in its scheduling.25.Doing:busy、active、making moneyBeing:the over-all quality of people’s lives26. Live to work-------doingWork to live-------being27.generalizations:what is true for the group is not always true for the individual.(generally true)e.g. Most Chinese people like eating pork,but not every Chinese person like pork.28.Stereotypes:What is true for the individual is not always true for the group.(always false)e.g.A few people from Xinjiang killed people,but not all people from Xinjiang would kill people.29.Wha t’s the good points of American system?A:More ideas,creativity.Then the bad point?A:Too much talking,less thinking.30.Why Korean worker like staying at that system?a.he needn’t to think.b.if the boss is wrong,he is no responsibility.c.because Korea is a group country,people like working in groups.31.32.A:All cultures are equal. B:Some cultures are better than others. For A:a.All cultures help people in different ways.b.Everyone is equal,so every culture is equal.c.All cultures help everyone to live better lives.d.Every culture has its own strong points ,and only God knows which is best.For B:a.a long historyb.more strong pointsc.more influenced.better education,more creative33.“a city on a hill”-------AmericaSuppose we’re Americans:◆we can look down on others◆we’re alone◆we’re closer to the god34.Critical thinkingAnything that can’t be disproven is an opinion.Circular reasoningThe Bible says,the Bible is the god.●Causation and coincidencePray and survive/pray but diePray and survive:strom →prayer →saved →God saved me 35.The Green Revolution ----the reason of population’s growth----a great example of a vicious cycle irrigationpesticide/herbicide(made of oil)●fertilizers(made of natural gas)❍hybird seeds(G.M.O-Genetically Modified Organisms)36.technotopia→technology+utopia(天堂)Meaning:technology can bring us everything.------a progress trap37.the way to save the world:to educate women.38.You can’t have infinite growth on a finite world.39.Every culture has ghosts and godsWe’re born biased to see faces（that even do not really exist） we give them personalities●then there’re ghosts and gods40.The two cultures(2个问题)。

跨文化交际复习资料(最新版)

跨文化传播终极版复习资料

跨文化传播终极版一、选择题：1.道德评价的两种形式：（1）自我评价。

这是道德的心理调节机制，是个人对自己行为和动机的道德价值、意义进行的鉴定，表现为荣辱感、正义感、义务感、良心感，等等；（2）公共评价。

是社会对于人们动机与行为的道德价值、意义的鉴定，表现为一种隐形或无形的精神影响，结果往往形成一定的社会舆论（social opinion）——是一定数量的人们对某种社会行为的道德价值所给予的倾向性评判意见。

这些评判意见是许多人相互取舍、相互传递，最后形成一种精神压力的过程。

道德的社会舆论一旦形成，会造成一定的孤立情境与心理压力，即“人言可畏，千夫所指，无病而死”。

2.社会互动主要包括五个要素：（1）行动者（2）社会目标（3）社会环境（4）社会规范（5）社会接触社会化是个体用来获得其所属群体的规范、价值观、信仰、态度和语言特征的社会互动过程。

3..社会化的几个阶段：◎基本社会化。

在儿童时期通过家庭学习生活知识，培养语言能力和认知能力，掌握行为规范，建立感情联系，发展道德及价值判断的标准；◎预期社会化。

主要指在学校里进行的社会化，学习将要承担的社会角色，为进入社会做好各种准备；◎发展社会化。

主要指成年之后的社会化，是在实现了基本社会化的基础上进行的。

随着环境和自身的变化，个体要接受新的期待和要求，承担新的义务、角色和责任；◎再社会化。

当个体的生活环境或担任的社会角色发生急剧变化时，个体的生活习惯、行为准则、价值观念等需要做出重大调整，并开始新的学习。

譬如，人们在迁居异国他乡时，需要学习当地的语言，适应当地的习俗和生活方式。

4..影响感知的主要因素•生理•环境•语言•文化5.西方文化中四种主要的思维方式（1）唯名论式推理（nominalistic reasoning），也称归纳推理法；判例法（2）一般推理（universalistic reasoning），也称演绎推理，是由一般到特殊的推理方式；制定法（3）直觉推理（intuitional reasoning），重视直觉，强调整体与部分之间的有机联系；（4）辩证推理（dialectical reasoning），也称辩证逻辑方法，是由黑格尔创立、马克思发展的逻辑方法，要求分析和综合相结合，归纳与演绎相结合，逻辑的方法和历史的方法相结合。

跨文化传播复习资料doc1

《跨文化传播复习资料》题型是理解题（来自书上引用的学者的话）和论述题说明：这些都是我个人自己整理的，不一定全面，最后两道题不完整！一、跨文化传播与各学科的关系。

（跨文化传播与社会学、人类学、语言学、符号学、心理学、哲学、历史学等的关系。

例如符号学是最基础的学科，与符号学的关系，吸收了些内容等）自上个世纪40年代跨文化传播学在美国诞生以来，这些学科的知识系统为跨文化传播研究充当了最为直接的概念。

理论和方法来源，为跨文化传播学的学科建构、研究对象和研究方法提供了基础性的支撑。

社会学：⑴社会学是跨文化传播研究重要的学科基石。

社会因素是传播语境的重要组成，只有把跨文化传播置于一定的社会过程之中，即置于人们的社会关系和社会交往活动的相互作用去分析、研究，才能从现实中把握它的发展、变化。

在社会过程中，人们一方面通过文化进行社会交往活动、相互发生作用并形成社会结构，另一方面又对文化现象给予认知、理解和界定。

⑵跨文化传播也在不断地改变着社会成员的社会角色、文化认同、社会规范和观念体，为人类不同的文化建立了共有的规范、观念和交往机制。

这里凸显了跨文化传播学的两个基础概念，即规范和认同。

人类学：人类学与跨文化传播研究建立了直接、密切的联系。

⑴人类学的核心使命之一就是解释世界上存在的多民族、多文化现象，在广泛实地调查的基础上论述社会人的各种制度、思想和行为模式，揭示社会发展和文化变迁的规律及动力。

这些论域无不体现了跨文化传播学自诞生以来的核心议题。

⑵人类学研究是建立在大量民族志材料的基础之上的。

对于跨文化传播来说，民族志方法可以运用到群体传播模式的研究中，以理解某一文化或群体所采用的传播方式。

而作为人类学有那就方法的基石，田野工作构成了跨文化传播研究方论创新的基本动力。

符号学：符号学是一门研究符号的本质及其运作规律的科学。

对于跨文化传播而言，与符号学的结合是必要的，也是必然的。

加深对符号学的研究推动文化符号学和跨文化符号学的兴起，也为当代跨文化传播研究的目标、认识论和方法论的革新提供了必要的营养。

西昌学院跨文化复习资料