东华理工大学825电子技术基础2018年考研初试真题
武汉科技大学825 电子技术-2018(A卷答案)考研真题初试
科目名称：电子技术（√A卷□B卷）科目代码：825 一、单项选择题(共10小题，每小题3分，共30分) 1. D 6. B 2. C 7. C 3. B 8. D 4. A 9. D 5. A 10. C
二、填空题(共24空，每空1分，共24分) 1. (1) 共射极 电 路 (2) 共集 电 极 电 路 (3) 共集 电 极 电 路 (4) 共基极 电 路 (5) 共射极 电 路 (6) 共基极 电 路 2. (7) 电 源 变压 器 (8) 整流 电 路 (9) 滤 波 电 路 (10) 稳压电 路
1 0 =‒ 0 2×2 5
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暨南大学2018年《823电子技术基础》考研专业课真题试卷
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R3 R4 R6 R7 C D 多级放大电路如图 1-1 所示。设电路中所有电容器对交流均可视为短路，试指 出电路中各个放大器件所组成的基本放大电路分别属于哪种组态。
2018 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
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学科、专业名称：080902 电路与系统、080903 微电子学与固体电子学、081001 通信与信息 系统、081002 信号与信息处理、085208 电子与通信工程（专业学位）、080901 物理电子学 研究方向：各方向 考试科目名称：823 电子技术基础
考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 一、简答题（共 4 小题，每小题 5 分，共 20 分） 1. 简述 RC 正弦波振荡器、LC 正弦波振荡器、石英晶体正弦波振荡器的主要应用 场合。 为测定某单管放大电路（含一个耦合电容）的通频带，在输入电压 U i ＝10mV 不变的条件下，改变输入电压频率 f，测出相应的输出电压 U o ，测试结果列表 如下。试问该放大电路的上限截止频率 fH 和下限截止频率 fL 各为多少？
图 2-4 5.
图 2-5
单端输入、单端输出差分放大电路如图 2-5 所示。设晶体管 T1、T2 参数1＝2 ＝50，rbe1＝rbe2＝2.5k，UBE1＝UBE2＝0.6V。试估算： （1）静态量 ICQ1、ICQ2、UCEQ1 和 UCEQ2； （2）差模电压放大倍数 Au ，差模输入电阻 Rid 和输出电阻 Ro； （3）共模抑制比 KCMR。 6. 推导图 2-6 电路的运算关系式。运放视为理想运放。其中，R=20kΩ, R1=100k Ω,C=0.05μF。已知各电容两端电压的初始值为零。
东华理工大学硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 830 ; 科目名称：《流体力学》；（Ⅰ卷）适用专业（领域）名称：建筑与土木工程一、简答题（共5小题，其中1题8分，2、3题各10分，4题6分，共34分）1．简要概述能量方程（伯努利方程）的应用条件。
（8分）2．什么是连续介质？为什么在研究液体运动规律时引入连续介质模型？（10分）3．什么是长管和短管？如何区别长管和短管？（10分）4．简述静水压强的特性。
（6分）二、论述题（共3小题，每小题15分，共45分）1．如何理解层流和紊流？并简述层流与紊流的判别。
（15分）2．什么明渠均匀流？其形成条件是什么？（15分）3．圆柱形外管嘴正常工作需要满足哪些条件？为什么要有这些条件限制？（15分）三、作图题（10分）如图所示，请定性绘出图示管道（短管）的总水头线和测压管水头线。
v0=0四、计算题（共6小题，其中1,2,3,4每小题10分，5题8分，6题13分，共61分）1.（10分）两高度差m z2.0=的水管，接一倒置的U 形压差计，弯管上部为油，油的两个液面差m h 1.0=，油的密度31/0.920m kg =ρ，水的密度31000.0/kg m ρ=，试求两管的压强差。
2. （10分）有一矩形平面闸门，宽度b=2m ，两边承受水压力，如图所示。
已知h 1=3m ，h 2=6m 。
求闸门上静水总压力的大小及其作用点的位置。
3.（10分）管道系统如图所示。
已知管长m 10，直径mm d 100=，沿程阻力系数025.0=λ，管道进口的局部阻力系数5.01=ξ，管道淹没出流的局部阻力系数0.12=ξ，如下游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度m h 3=，试求：(1)管道系统所通过的流量Q ；(2)上游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度H 。
4．(10分)为了测量石油管道的流量，安装文丘里流量计，管道直径mm d 2001=,流量计喉管直径mm d 1002=,石油重度38.50/kN m γ=，水银重度3p 136.0/kN m γ=，流量计流量系数95.0=μ。
东华理工大学教育管理学2016到2018三套考研专业课真题
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学2016年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：822 ; 科目名称：《教育管理学》；（A 卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：教育管理
一、名词解释题：（共6小题，每小题5分，共30分）
1.行为科学
2. 决策
3.组织结构
4.教师聘任制
5.学校组织文化
6. 学校工作计划
二、简答题：（共6小题，每小题10分，共60分）
1.简述我国当前教育督导的基本任务
2.简述学校质量管理的主要特点
3.简述校长领导方式的影响因素
4.简述学校组织建设的原则
5.简述教育行政集权制与分权制的利弊
6.如何塑造良好的学校形象
三、论述题：（共3小题，每小题20分，共60分）
1.试述教育法在教育行政管理中的作用
2.联系实际谈谈如何提高教师职业专业化程度
3.试述目标管理及其在学校管理中的运用
第 1 页，共 1 页。
东华理工大学自动控制原理考研真题试题2017年—2018年
A．at2
B．1/2 Rt2
C．t2 D．1/2 t2
4. 控制系统的上升时间 tr、调整时间 tS 等反映出系统的( )
A.相对稳定性
B.绝对稳定性
C.快速性D.平稳性5. 某单位负反馈系统的开环传递函数
，则此闭环系统为（ ）
A．稳定系统 B．不稳定系统 C．稳定边界系统 D．条件稳定系统
6．已知单位负反馈控制系统在阶跃函数作用下，稳态误差 ess 为 0，在单位斜坡作用下
一、选择题：（共 10 小题，每小题 3 分，共 30 分）
1.反馈控制系统又称为（ ）
A.开环控制系统
B．闭环控制系统
B.扰动顺馈补偿系统
D．输入顺馈补偿系统
2.RLC 串联电路构成的系统应为( )环节。 A 比例 B.惯性 C.积分 D.振荡
3.单位抛物线输入函数 r(t)的数学表达式是 r(t)＝（ ）
2）初始状态
x(0)
1 1
，输入
u(t
)
为单位阶跃函数，求状态空间表达式的解。(6
分)
7.
判断系统
x
4
1
5 0
x
5
1
u
的能控性与能观测性。(10
分)
y
1
0x
第 3 页，共 3 页
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学 2018 年硕士生入学考试初试试题 科目代码： 828 ; 科目名称：《自动控制原理》；（ A 卷） 适用专业（领域）名称： 控制工程
Q1, Q2 分别为进水流量和出水流量。控制
电位计
Q1
浮子
的目的是保持水位为一定的高度。试说明
该系统的工作原理并画出其方框图。
新版东华理工大学电子信息考研经验考研参考书考研真题
考研真的是一件考研耐力和意志力的事情，需要你不断坚持和努力才能获得成功，所以你必须要想清楚自己为什么要考研，这一点非常重要，因为只有确认好坚定的动机，才能让你在最后冲刺阶段时能够坚持下来。
如果你只是看到自己周围的人都在考研而决定的考研，自己只是随波逐流没有坚定的信心，那么非常容易在中途就放弃掉了，而且现在考研非常火热，这就意味着竞争也会非常激烈，而且调剂的机会都会非常难得，所以备考时的压力也会比较大，所以大家一定要调整好心态，既不能压力太大，也不能懈怠。
虽关于择校问题是非常重要的，个人建议一定要趁早，因为即使同一专业，不同学校的考试科目也未必完全一致。
如果同学们一时之间不知道选择那所学校，千万不要把过度的精力浪费在这上面，因为，备考复习工作是一天都不能丢的，所以在未定学校之前千万要保持学习进度。
因为考试内容都是一样的，大家可以筛选一些目标院校，有了一个大致方向，现阶段自己的不会过于慌乱，不会整天胡思乱想。
介于考研方面有太多的问题要讲，所以这篇文章便是我的种种干货和经验的整理，篇幅会比较长，希望大家耐心看完后会有所帮助，结尾处附赠我的学习资料。
东华理工大学电子信息的初试科目为：（101）思想政治理论(204)英语二(302)数学二(825)电子技术基础参考书目为：《模拟电子技术基础》（第五版），童诗白、华成英主编，高等教育出版社，2015年；《数字电子技术基础》（第六版），阎石主编，高等教育出版社，2016年先介绍一下英语现在就可以开始背单词了，识记为主（看着单词能想到其中文章即可，不需要能拼写）从前期复习到考试前每天坚持两到四篇阅读（至少也得一篇）11月到考试前一天背20篇英语范文（能默写的程度）。
那些我不熟悉的单词就整理到单词卡上，这个方法也是我跟网上经验贴学的，共整理了两本，每本50页左右，正面写英语单词，背面写汉语意思。
然后这两本单词卡就陪我度过了接下来的厕所时光，说实话整理完后除了上厕所拿着看看外还真的没专门抽出空来继续专门学单词。
华南理工大学862电子技术基础(含数字与模拟电路)2004--2018年考研真题
（3）写出 uo 与输入信号的表达式； （4）写出 uo 与输入信号的表达式。
题1图 2，（20 分）电路如题 2 图所示，T1~T5 的电流放大系数分别为1~5，b-e 间动态电
第4页
图 9（a）
图 9（b）
十一、（12 分）用 8 选 1 数据选择器 74HC151 产生逻辑函数 Z AC BD 。74HC151
的图形符号如图 10。在控制输入端 S ' 0 时，74HC151 的输出如下：
图 10
十二、（12 分）图 11 是 555 定时器接成的延时报警器。当开关 S 断开后，经过一定 延迟时间后扬声器开始发出声音。如果在延迟时间内 S 重新闭合，扬声器不会发出声 音。图中的 G1 是 CMOS 反相器，输出的高低电平分别为VOH 12 V，VOL 0 V。555 定时器功能如题 12 表所示。请回答以下问： （1）说明以上工作原理，图中两个 555 定时器分别接成了何种电路？ （2）在图中给定的参数下，求延迟时间的具体数值和扬声器发出声音的频率。
图1 二、（15 分）电路如图 2 所示，T1 与 T2 管的特性相同，所有晶体管的β 均相同，RC1 远大于二极管 D 的正向电阻 rd。当 ui1=ui2=0 V 时，u=0 V。 （1）求解电压放大倍数的表达式； （2）当有共模输入电压时，uo=？ （3）有无共模抑制作用？请简述理由。
图2
第 1页
862 华南理工大学
2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回） 科目名称：电子技术基础(含数字与模拟电路) 适用专业：声学；光学；物理电子学；微电子学与固体电子学；生物医学工程；
东华理工大学2018硕士生入学考试初试试题001
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 812 ; 科目名称：《分析化学（含仪器分析》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称： 070300化学一、选择题：（共13小题，每小题2分，共30分）1. 以EDTA滴定法测定石灰石中CaO[M r(CaO)=56.08]含量, 采用 0.02 mol/LEDTA 滴定, 设试样中含CaO约50 % , 试样溶解后定容至250 mL, 移取25 mL进行滴定, 则试样称取量宜为-------------------------------------------------------------------------------( )(A) 0.1 g 左右(B) 0.2 g ~ 0.4 g (C) 0.4 g ~ 0.8 g (D) 1.2 g ~ 2.4 g2. 微溶化合物A2B3在溶液中的解离平衡是: A2B3==2A + 3B。
今已测得B的浓度为3.0×10-3mol/L,则该微溶化合物的溶度积K sp是------------------------------------------( )(A) 1.1×10-13 (B) 2.4×10-13 (C) 1.0×10-14 (D) 2.6×10-113. 以下银量法测定需采用返滴定方式的是--------------------------------------------------( )(A)莫尔法测Cl-(B)吸附指示剂法测Cl-(C)佛尔哈德法测Cl-(D)AgNO3滴定CN-(生成Ag[Ag(CN)2]指示终点4. 气液色谱中，保留值实际上反映的是下列哪两者间的相互作用---------------------( )(A)组分和载气(B)载气和载体(C)组分和固定液(D)组分和载体5. 测定铁矿中 Fe 的质量分数, 求得置信度为 95％时平均值的置信区间为35.21%±0.10%。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码：821;科目名称：《土力学》；（A卷）适用专业（领域）名称：岩土工程一、名词解释题：（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1.土的固结度2.前期固结应力3.有效应力4.主动土压力5.土的抗剪强度二、填空题：（共5小题，每空1分，共10分）1.土的不均匀系数Cu越大，颗粒级配曲线越__________。
2.依据被土颗粒吸附的牢固程度，吸着水分为__________和__________，其中影响土的性质的是___________。
3.测定土的颗粒组成的常用方法有__________和__________。
4.土颗粒矿物成分分为原生矿物和次生矿物两大类，其中次生矿物主要为黏土矿物，常见的黏土矿物有______________、______________和_________________。
5.粘性土的抗剪强度定律的表达式___________________________。
三、单项选择题：（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1.土的物理指标中，可由实验直接测定的三个指标是_______。
A.孔隙比、密度、含水率B.密度、含水率、比重C.孔隙比、比重、密度2.在通常的工程结构压力作用下，土体的压缩变形主要是由_______引起。
A.孔隙体积的减少B.孔隙中水的变形C.土颗粒的变形D.土颗粒和孔隙中水的变形3.某土的液性指数I L大于1，则该土处于________。
A.流塑状态B.可塑状态C.半干硬状态4.土体圧缩曲线e-p是在_______下得到的。
A.三轴条件B.无侧限试验条件C.有侧限试验条件5.土的一维固结微分方程表示了______的关系。
A.固结度与时间B.孔隙水压力与时间和深度C.孔隙水压力与时间6.有M、N两厚度及物理性质相同的饱和粘土层，其应力分布也相同，但M土层为双面排水，N土层为单面排水，则M、N两土层达到同一固结度所需时间之比为_____。
东华理工大学2018年《828自动控制原理》考研专业课真题试卷
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
第 1 页，共 5 页 东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码： 828 ; 科目名称：《自动控制原理》；（ A 卷） 适用专业（领域）名称： 控制工程
一、选择题：（共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）
1.反馈控制系统又称为（ ）
A.开环控制系统 B．闭环控制系统
B.扰动顺馈补偿系统 D．输入顺馈补偿系统
2.RLC 串联电路构成的系统应为( )环节。
A 比例 B.惯性 C.积分 D.振荡
3.单位抛物线输入函数r(t)的数学表达式是r(t)＝（ ）
A．at
2 B．1/2 Rt 2 C．t 2 D．1/2 t 2
4. 控制系统的上升时间tr、调整时间t S 等反映出系统的( )
A.相对稳定性
B.绝对稳定性
C.快速性
D.平稳性
5. 某单位负反馈系统的开环传递函数，则此闭环系统为（ ）
A．稳定系统 B．不稳定系统 C．稳定边界系统 D．条件稳定系统
6．已知单位负反馈控制系统在阶跃函数作用下，稳态误差e ss 为0，在单位斜坡作用下
稳态误差为不为零，则此系统为（ ）
A．0型系统
B．I 型系统 C．Ⅱ型系统
D．Ⅲ型系统
7.根轨迹渐近线与实轴的交点公式为( ) A. m n Z P m 1
i i
n 1j j B. n m Z P m 1
i i n 1j j。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 840 ; 科目名称：《综合英语》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称：学科教学（英语）Part I Reading Comprehension (50%，2.5*20)In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AThe bag is one of the most simple and useful things in the world. It is a container made of paper or cloth. It has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. Some of them are used in the United States today.One is “bagman”. It describes a go-between. The go-between sees to it that money is passed — often illegally — from one person to another. Another widely-used expression is to “let the cat out of the bag”. It is used when someone tells something that was supposed to be secret. No one can explain how the cat got into the bag. But there is an old story about it.Long ago tradesmen sold things in large cloth bags. One day a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up a cloth bag with something moving inside it. He said it was a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a cat — not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out. He was trying to trick her. And now everybody knew it.The phrase “to be left holding the bag” is as widely used as the expression “to let the cat out of the bag”. This expression makes the person left holding the bag responsible for an action, often a crime or misdeed. That person is the one who is punished. The others involved in the act escape. Where the expression came from is not clear. Some say that General George Washington used it during the American Revolutionary War. One of Washington’s officers, Royall Taylor, used the expression in a play about Daniel Shay’s rebellion. The play was in 1787, after Taylor helped to put down Shay’s rebellion.Shay led a thousand war veterans in an attack on a federal building in Springfield, Massachusetts. Guns were in the building. Some of the protesters were farmers who had no money to buy seed. Some had been put in prison for not paying their debts. They were menwho fought one war against the king of England, and were now prepared to fight against their own government. Most of the rebels were captured. Shay and some of the officers escaped.In his play, Taylor describes Shay as disappearing, giving others “the bag to hold”.A bag is useful in many ways. Just be careful not “to let the cat out of the bag”, or someone may leave you “holding the bag”.1. According to the passage, a bagman refers to _________________.A) a person who travels around carrying his things in a bag B) a vagrant workerC) a person who delivers or collects money for criminals D) a homeless person2. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the story about “let the cat out of the bag”?A) The tradesman wanted to play a joke with the woman.B) The woman wanted to buy a cat.C) The tradesman kept a cat in a plastic bag.D) The tradesman lied to the woman that he had a live pig in the bag.3. What can we infer from the story “to be left holding the bag”?A) The person left holding the bag was completely innocent.B) The person left holding the bag took no responsibility for committing crimes.C) Many farmers protested against the government because they couldn’t pay their debts.D) Many protesters became the scapegoats for Shay and his officers.4. What does the last sentence of this passage mean?A) A bag has many different functions.B) People should often keep secret or they will be left to take the responsibility for everything.C) People should watch out and learn to take the responsibility for their actions.D) You will have to hold the bag if you let the cat out of it.5. The best title for this passage is ________________.A) Don’t Let the Cat Out of the Bag B) To Be Left Holding a BagC) Words and Their Stories: Bag Expressions D) Bag: A Useful ContainerText BTraditional plant breeding involves crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally．For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties．This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable．Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other．GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species—e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes．It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin, but what other effects may it have in this alien environment？We are already seeing this problem—adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow—but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable．It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA, but what side-effect would it have？In other words，is GM food safe to eat？The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out．Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or U.S. are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests．Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for ten weeks before being approved．There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people．The current position of the UK Government is that “There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.” In the U.S.，the American Food and Drug Administration (AFDA) is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods．6. Genetic engineering .A) involves crossing varieties of the same speciesB) is safe and fairly predictableC) is dangerous and entirely unpredictableD) covers the exchange of genes between different species7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A) The side-effect of adding human growth hormone to pigs is that pigs may acquire somediseases of human.B) Human intelligence gene functions differently in human DNA and in cabbage DNA.C) In the UK or U.S., a GM product cannot be approved before the results of its safetytests are provided.D) Tests show that GM foods have specific dangers to children or allergic people.8. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A) There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.B) The UK government and the U.S. government have different attitudes towards GMfoods.C) The AFDA in the U.S. was charged with concealing some research findings.D) The governments of the UK and the U.S. are protecting the GM foods.9. The possible title for the passage might be .A) Safe to Eat? B) GM Food NeedsC) Genetic Engineering D) A New Way of Breeding10. What’s the writer’s attitude towards GM food?A) Neutral. B) Positive. C) Negative. D) Indifferent. Text CFaces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child－or even an animal, such as a pigeon－can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so.But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types---- people are described with such terms.People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.11. The main idea of this passage is ____________.A) how to distinguish people’s facesB）how to describe people’s personalityC) how to distinguish people both inward and outwardD) how to differ good persons from bad persons12. The author is most probably a _________.A) behaviorist B) psychologist C) sociologist D) scientist13. Which of the following is NOT true?A) Different people may have different personalities.B) People differ from each other in appearance.C) People can learn to recognize faces.D) People can describe all the features of others.14. The reason why it is easier to describe a person’s personality in words than his face is that________.A) a person’s face is more complex than his personalityB) a person’s personality is easily distinguishedC) a person’s personality is very complexD) many words are available when people try to describe one’s personality15. W e learn from the passage that people classify a person into a certain type according to________.A) his way of acting and thinking B) his way of speaking and behavingC) his learning and behavior D)his physical appearance and hispersonalityText DIt is often helpful when thinking about biological processes to consider some apparently similar yet better understood non-biological process. In the case of visual perception an obvious choice would be colour photography. Since in many respects eyes resemble cameras, and percepts photographs, is it not reasonable to assume that perception is a sort of photographic process whereby samples of the external world become spontaneously and accurately reproduced somewhere inside our heads? Unfortunately, the answer must be no. The best that can be said of the photographic analogy is that it points up what perception is not. Beyond this it is superficial and misleading. Four simple experiments should make the matter plain.In the first a person is asked to match a pair of black and white discs, which are rotating at such a speed as to make them appear uniformly grey. One disc is standing in shadow, the other in bright illumination. By adjusting the ratio of black to white in one of the discs the subject tries to make it look the same as the other. The results show him to be remarkably accurate, for it seems he has made the proportion of black to white in the brightly illuminated disc almost identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched discs, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, and the person things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of theexternal world than could the camera.In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a colour card the colours of two pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are coloured an equal shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility.In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food ones less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is determined by more than just the stimulus.The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature, people are deprived for considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called ‘autistic’ perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than any normal percept.16. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that _______.A. colour photography is a biological processB. vision is rather like colour photographyC. vision is a sort of photographic processD. vision and colour photography are very different17. In the first experiment, it is proved that a person _______.A. makes mistakes of perception and is less accurate than a cameraB. can see more clearly than a cameraC. is more sensitive to changes in light than a cameraD. sees colours as they are in spite of changes in the light18. The second experiment shows that ________.A. people see colours according to their ideas of how things should lookB. colours look different in a dim lightC. cameras work less efficiently in a dim lightD. colours are less intense in larger objects19. What does “to equalize the brightness” (Line 1, Para. 4) mean?A. To arrange the pictures so that the equally bright ones are together.B. To change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright.C. To describe the brightness.D. To move the pictures nearer or further away.20. The group of experiments, taken together, proves that human perception is _______.A. unreliableB. mysterious and unpredictableC. less accurate than a cameraD. related to our knowledge, experience and needsPart II Translation ( 50 Points)Section A :For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.（30%）1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。
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第 1 页，共 2 页
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
（3）请详细分析电子技术对于社会发展的重要性。
第 2 页，共 2 页
，且
VDD
10V
， R1
4K ， R2
8K 请论述该施密特触发器的工作原理，
并画出电压传输特性图（假设刚初始条件为：Vi 0 ）。
（3）请详述 PN 结的单向导电特性。
三、综合题：（共 3 小题，每小题 25 分，共 75 分） （1）试用十进制计数器 74160 设计一个带有进位的 43 进制计数器，请详细论述设计 过程。 （2）在下所图示电路中，已知 VCC=12V，VEE=6V，恒流源电路 I=1 mA，RB1=RB2=2 k Ω，RC1=RC2=10 kΩ；两只晶体管特性完全相同， 且β1=β2=100，rbe1= rbe2=2 kΩ。估算：
二、论述、分析题：（共 3 小题，每小题 15 分，共 45 分）
（1）请画出与非门构成的 SR 锁存器并分析பைடு நூலகம்的特性。
（2）下图中用两级反相器串接起来，通过分压电阻将输出端的电压反馈到输入端，构
成施密特触发器电路。假定反相器 G1 和 G2 是 CMOS 电路，它们的阈值电压为
VTH
1 2
VDD
东华理工大学
考研专业课初试真题
硕士研究生入学考试专业课初试真题
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学 2018 年硕士生入学考试初试试题 科目代码： 825 ; 科目名称：《电子技术基础》；（ A 卷） 适用专业（领域）名称： 仪器仪表工程
一、简答题：（共 5 小题，每小题 6 分，共 30 分） （1）什么是对偶式？ （2）采用补码的方式进行运算有什么优点？ （3）A/D 转换的分辨率和精度各是什么含义？ （4）为什么晶体管有工作频率的限制？ （5）放大电路为什么要设置静态工作点？