暨南大学-平狄克微观经济学英文课件-第一章
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微观经济学 平狄克 PR8e_ch01
做出选择。
既然“不可能要什么有什么”，我们就必须
选择要什么和不要什么。
经济学的定义
经济学
研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科
是关于选择的学科
解释在我们解决稀缺性问题时做出的选择
以及这些选择如何变化的学科
经济学的两个主要分支
•微观经济学（microeconomics）
•经济学的分支，主要研究个体经济单位（消费者、厂
解释并预测了一系列需要被解释和预测的现象。
因而，理论将持续被观察到的事实所检验，而检验的结果是，
理论需要经常地被修改和提炼，有时候甚至被抛弃。
经济学作为一门科学，它的发展绝对地依赖于这种检验和修改
的过程。
评价一种理论时需要牢记的一点是
理论是永无完美的
或者说不完美是理论的一个本质
经济模型
萨缪尔森: 《经济学》,曼昆《经济学原理》，
高鸿业主编《西方经济学》（微观部分）
中级微观经济学
已经学完了初级经济学课程的二年级学生。
理论知识的扩展和分析层次的深化，教学内容涉
及的范围更广
不仅要求学生熟练掌握图形分析工具，而且还要
掌握严密科学的经济数学模型和较高层次的数学
分析手段
培养学生分析现实问题的能力和兴趣，开展互动
•建立新的模型，经济学家通常采取以下步骤
•决定用于建立模型的假设
•形成可以加以检验的假说
•利用经济数据对假说进行检验
•如果模型无法很好地解释经济数据，则对模型进行
修正。
•保留修正后的模型，用于回答类似的经济问题 。
实证分析和规范分析
实证分析
描述因果关系的分析
实证问题主要是解释和预测
微观经济学microeconomics Chapter1PPT课件
of alternatives.
• Whether to go to college or to work? • Whether to study or go out on a date? • Whether to go to class or sleep in?
Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs.
• To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Bicycle v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
© 20©1120C0e7nTghaogmesoSnoSuotuht-hW-Weesstteernn
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. • Decisions require comparing costs and benefits
• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.
• Whether to go to college or to work? • Whether to study or go out on a date? • Whether to go to class or sleep in?
Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs.
• To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Bicycle v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
© 20©1120C0e7nTghaogmesoSnoSuotuht-hW-Weesstteernn
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. • Decisions require comparing costs and benefits
• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.
平狄克微观经济学课件英文01精品文档19页
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
4 of 18
1.1 THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
Workers Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure.
In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.
评狄克微观经济学第一章
n 名义价格（nominal price） 是指在商品或服务销 售时，它的绝对价格或现行价格。
n 实际价格（real price）是扣除通货膨胀的因素， 按照价格综合计算（或消费物价指数）的相对价 格或不变价格。
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.5 实际价格与名义价格
n 对于消费者，最常用的度量总体价格水 平的指标是消费物价指数(CPI) 。
n 权衡取舍（trade-off）
n 价格
在一个中央计划经济中，价格是由政府制定的。在 一个市场经济中，价格是由消费者、工人和企业之间 的交互作用所决定的。这些交互作用在市场中发生（ 市场是买方和卖方的集合体），他们一起决定某种商 品的价格，
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.2 什么是市场？
PPT文档演模板
2020/12/9
评狄克微观经济学第一章
（见P11 例1.2 甜味剂市场）
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.3 理论与模型
n 微观经济分析
l 理论：理论是根据一系列的基本规律和假设来 解释所观察到的现象。如厂商理论就是从一个 简单的假设开始的---企业总是追求利润最大化 。从这样的的设出发，来解释企业怎样选择投 入要素的数量，以及怎样决定产品的产出量。 经济学理论是进行预测的基础。
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.4 为什么要学习微观经济学
n 两个例子
l Ford福特公司和SUV车型（P15） l 公共政策的制定：汽车尾气排放标准
（P16）
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.4 为什么要学习微观经济学
n 福特和SUV车型
l 需要思考的问题
n 实际价格（real price）是扣除通货膨胀的因素， 按照价格综合计算（或消费物价指数）的相对价 格或不变价格。
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.5 实际价格与名义价格
n 对于消费者，最常用的度量总体价格水 平的指标是消费物价指数(CPI) 。
n 权衡取舍（trade-off）
n 价格
在一个中央计划经济中，价格是由政府制定的。在 一个市场经济中，价格是由消费者、工人和企业之间 的交互作用所决定的。这些交互作用在市场中发生（ 市场是买方和卖方的集合体），他们一起决定某种商 品的价格，
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.2 什么是市场？
PPT文档演模板
2020/12/9
评狄克微观经济学第一章
（见P11 例1.2 甜味剂市场）
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.3 理论与模型
n 微观经济分析
l 理论：理论是根据一系列的基本规律和假设来 解释所观察到的现象。如厂商理论就是从一个 简单的假设开始的---企业总是追求利润最大化 。从这样的的设出发，来解释企业怎样选择投 入要素的数量，以及怎样决定产品的产出量。 经济学理论是进行预测的基础。
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.4 为什么要学习微观经济学
n 两个例子
l Ford福特公司和SUV车型（P15） l 公共政策的制定：汽车尾气排放标准
（P16）
PPT文档演模板
评狄克微观经济学第一章
1.4 为什么要学习微观经济学
n 福特和SUV车型
l 需要思考的问题
微观经济学英文版PPT课件
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
(微观经济学英文课件)Chap 1 Introduction
Principles of Economics
by
N. Gregory Mankiw
Assessment
Component
Weighting (%)
Individual participation Class Attendance Final Examination – Closed Book
Scarcity . . .
. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
Economics
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
among the least-skilled.
?
Two Roles of Economists
When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
15% 15% 70%
TOTAL
100%
Introduction
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”
by
N. Gregory Mankiw
Assessment
Component
Weighting (%)
Individual participation Class Attendance Final Examination – Closed Book
Scarcity . . .
. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
Economics
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
among the least-skilled.
?
Two Roles of Economists
When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
15% 15% 70%
TOTAL
100%
Introduction
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”
微观经济学：现代观点原版PPT(英文)第一章
Market Equilibrium
p
pe 100 QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause higher willingness-to-pay
pe 100 QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause higher willingness-to-pay, higher market price, and the same quantity traded.
pe 100 QD,QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
p
People willing to pay pe for close apartments get close apartments. People not willing to pay pe for close apartments get distant apartments.
Market Supply Curve for Apartments
p
100
QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
rental price quantity demanded of close apartments exceeds quantity available price will rise. “high” rental price quantity demanded less than quantity available price will fall.
Economic Modeling Assumptions
Two
平狄克微观经济学Externalities and Public GoodsPPT课件
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
2
Externalities
Externalities arise between producers, between consumers, or between producers and consumers
Externalities are the effects of production and consumption activities not directly reflected in the market
q1 q*
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
Repair Level
13
Ways of Correcting Market Failure
Assumption: The market failure is pollution
Output decision and emissions decision are independent
Additional cost to firm of controlling pollution Downward sloping because when emissions
are high, there is little cost to controlling them
Large reductions require costly changes in production process
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
4
Externalities
《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版全套课件(101页)
X RL {x R : xl 0 for l 1,..., L}
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
微观经济学(平狄克、鲁宾费尔德)最新版(第六版) 英文原版PPTCh01_Pindyck
11
Theories and Models
Validating a Theory
The validity of a theory is determined by the quality of its prediction, given the assumptions Theories must be tested and refined Theories are invariably imperfect – but gives much insight into observed phenomena
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
15
What is a Market?
Market Definition
Determination of the buyers, sellers, and range of products that should be included in a particular market
What choices do individuals make in terms of jobs or workplaces? How many hours do individuals choose to work?
Trade-off of labor and leisure
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
8
Themes of Microeconomics
Prices
How are prices determined?
最新平狄克微观经济学第一章PPT课件
在均衡状态，当事人决策的最优化是通过边 际分析来实现的
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 17
经济学的分析方法
在经济分析中按照是否考虑时间因素，均衡分 析分为：静态分析、比较静态分析和动态分析
静态分析就是分析经济现象的均衡状态以及有关经 济变量处于均衡状态所必须具备的条件，但并不论 及达到均衡状态的过程，完全不考虑时间因素
为什么要学习微观经济学 现代微观经济学的确立和发展 经济学的分析方法 什么是市场 实际价格VS 名义价格
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 8
为什么要学习微观经济学
当我们面对选择……
你开着一辆豪华轿车。在一个暴风雨的晚上，经过
一个车站。用有有三个限人的正焦资急源地满等待公共汽车的到来
。
足最大的欲望！
什么是市场?
市场
通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的 买卖双方的集合.
买卖双方实现交易的场所（不一定是物质场 所）
买方（消费者、厂商）
卖方（厂商、工人、资源拥有者）
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 20
什么是市场?
市场 vs. 行业
行业是市场上的供方.
市场种类
完全竞争的市场（没有一个买者或卖者能够影响市场）
课程学习要求：
《微观经济学》是现代经济学基本理论 的一个重要组成部分，是经济类专业重 要的专业基础课程。通过教学，要求同 学们掌握微观经济学的基本概念、主要 模型和基本理论，能够较熟练地运用经 济学方法分析经济现象和经济事件，增 强对真实世界的解释能力。
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 1
Topics to be Discussed
企业决策理论（赫伯特.西蒙） 经济学的第二次综合（萨缪尔森）
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 17
经济学的分析方法
在经济分析中按照是否考虑时间因素，均衡分 析分为：静态分析、比较静态分析和动态分析
静态分析就是分析经济现象的均衡状态以及有关经 济变量处于均衡状态所必须具备的条件，但并不论 及达到均衡状态的过程，完全不考虑时间因素
为什么要学习微观经济学 现代微观经济学的确立和发展 经济学的分析方法 什么是市场 实际价格VS 名义价格
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 8
为什么要学习微观经济学
当我们面对选择……
你开着一辆豪华轿车。在一个暴风雨的晚上，经过
一个车站。用有有三个限人的正焦资急源地满等待公共汽车的到来
。
足最大的欲望！
什么是市场?
市场
通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的 买卖双方的集合.
买卖双方实现交易的场所（不一定是物质场 所）
买方（消费者、厂商）
卖方（厂商、工人、资源拥有者）
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 20
什么是市场?
市场 vs. 行业
行业是市场上的供方.
市场种类
完全竞争的市场（没有一个买者或卖者能够影响市场）
课程学习要求：
《微观经济学》是现代经济学基本理论 的一个重要组成部分，是经济类专业重 要的专业基础课程。通过教学，要求同 学们掌握微观经济学的基本概念、主要 模型和基本理论，能够较熟练地运用经 济学方法分析经济现象和经济事件，增 强对真实世界的解释能力。
Chapter 1绪论
Slide 1
Topics to be Discussed
企业决策理论（赫伯特.西蒙） 经济学的第二次综合（萨缪尔森）
平狄克微观经济学课件(英文)08
CHAPTER 8 OUTLINE 8.1 Perfectly Competitive Markets
Chapter 8: Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply
8.2 Profit Maximization 8.3 Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 8.4 Choosing Output in the Short Run 8.5 The Competitive Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve 8.6 The Short-Run Market Supply Curve 8.7 Choosing Output in the Long Run 8.8 The Industry’s Long-Run Supply Curve
Chapter 8: Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply
The assumption of profit maximization is frequently used in microeconomics because it predicts business behavior reasonably accurately and avoids unnecessary analytical complications. For smaller firms managed by their owners, profit is likely to dominate almost all decisions. In larger firms, however, managers who make day-to-day decisions usually have little contact with the owners (i.e. the stockholders). In any case, firms that do not come close to maximizing profit are not likely to survive. Firms that do survive in competitive industries make long-run profit maximization one of their highest priorities.
微观经济学课件平狄克版课件
Chapter 1
13
经济制度
■ 计划经济制度：政府公共部门决策 ■ 市场经济制度：私人部门决策 ■ 混合经济
Chapter 1
14
制度与激励
■ 不同的制度产生不同的激励，进而决定人的选 择行为，最终对经济效率产生重大影响 ■ 例子：大学寝室分面条的故事
Chapter 1
15
1.1.2 价格和市场
■ 经济个体所有的选择都是在他们面临的 价格基础上作出的。 ■ 价格是由买者和买者在市场中相互作用 决定的。 ■ 市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列 商品价格的买卖双方的集合。
Chapter 1
16
1.2 经济学的研究方法
■ 理论和模型 ■ 均衡分析和边际分析 ■ 静态、比较静态和动态分析 ■ 实证分析和规范分析
■ 为谁生产：生产出来的巧克力或汽车是分给你 多些还是分给我多些？
Chapter 1
12
资源利用的基本问题
■ 为什么资源得不到充分利用？（充分就业）
■ 对给定的资源，为什么产量时高时低？（经济 波动）
■ 货币购买力的变动对汽车和巧克力的生产有什 么影响？（通货膨胀）
■ 在给定的资源条件下，如何使社会总产出越来 越多？（经济增长、技术进步、资本积累、制度 ）
第1章 绪论
Chapter 1
1
本章要点
■ 微观经济学的研究主题 ■ 经济学的研究方法 ■ 市场与市场价格 ■ 名义价格与实际价格 ■ 为什么要学习微观经济学
Chapter 1
2
经济学的主题
■ 经济学？经济学的两个主要分支：微观经济学 和宏观经济学。
■ 微观经济学研究单个经济个体(消费者、劳动 者、资金所有者、土地所有者、企业)的行为及 其相互作用(形成市场)。
平狄克 微观经济学 英文课件—chapter_1
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 11
The Themes of Microeconomics
Microeconomics and Prices
The How
role of prices in a market economy prices are determined
Slide 3
Preliminaries
Microeconomics deals with:
Behavior of individual units
When
•
Producing
How we choose what to produce
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 4
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 29
What is a Market?
Examples
Markets
for Prescription Drugs
Well-defined markets - therapeutic drugs
Ambiguous markets - painkillers
“You
can’t always get what you want”
*Economics degree from London School of Economics
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 8
The Themes of Microeconomics
Why Not?
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
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• A company must understand who its actual and potential
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
competitors are for the various products that it sells or might sell in the future.
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1.2
WHAT IS A MARKET?
Markets are usually defined in terms of therapeutic classes of drugs. For example, there is a market for antiulcer drugs that is very clearly defined.
Trade-Offs Consumers Consumers have limited incomes, which can be spent on a wide variety of goods and services, or saved for the future. Workers Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure. Firms Firms also face limits in terms of the kinds of products that they can produce, and the resources available to produce them.
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1.2
WHAT IS A MARKET?
Market Definition—The Extent of a Market ● extent of a market Boundaries of a market, both geographical and in terms of range of products produced and sold within it. Market definition is important for two reasons:
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1.2
WHAT IS A MARKET?
Competitive versus Noncompetitive Markets ● perfectly competitive market Market with many buyers and sellers, so that no single buyer or seller has a significant impact on price. Market Price ● market price
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Sometimes, however, pharmaceutical market boundaries are more ambiguous, like painkillers.
There are many types of painkillers, and some work better than others for certain types of pain.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
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1.2
WHAT IS A MARKET?
In 1990, the Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (ADM) acquired the Clinton Corn Processing Company (CCP). The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) challenged the acquisition on the grounds that it would lead to a dominant producer of corn syrup with the power to push prices above competitive levels. ADM fought the DOJ decision, and the case went to court. The basic issue was whether corn syrup represented a distinct market. ADM argued that sugar and corn syrup should be considered part of the same market because they are used interchangeably to sweeten a vast array of food products.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
● positive analysis cause and effect. ● normative analysis what ought to be.
AAnalysis examining questions of
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
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1.1
THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS
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Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
1.1
THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS
Prices and Markets
Microeconomics describes how prices are determined.
In a centrally planned economy, prices are set by the government. In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.
CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE
1.1 The Themes of Microeconomics
1.2 What Is a Market?
1.3 Real versus Nominal Prices
1.4 Why Study Microeconomics?
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
• Market definition can be important for public policy
decisions.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
● arbitrage Practice of buying at a low price at one location and selling at a higher price in another.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
Theories and Models In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions. A model is a mathematical representation, based on economic theory, of a firm, a market, or some other entity. Positive versus Normative Analysis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
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