Chapter01 Introduction

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chapter 1 introduction

1.4 The nature of NNS knowledge Stabilization(Long, 2003): 1. Its existence is not in doubt. 2. It avoids the methodologically problematic “permanence” issue. 3. It makes an additional subset of claims empirically testable. 4. Unless and until solid evidence appears of the psychological reality of fossilization, it lightens the burden of SLA theory.
1.3 The nature of language
• What is language? • How can we characterize the knowledge that humans have of language?
Aspects of Language • • • • • Phonology [fəu‘nɔlədʒi] 音系学 Syntax [‘sintæks] 句法学 Morphology [mɔ:‘fɔlədʒi] 形态学 Semantics [si‘mæntiks] 语义学 pragmatics [præg'mætiks] 语用学
1.3.2 Syntax • This is what is frequently known as grammar, sentence structure . • Prescriptive Grammar : By prescriptive grammar, we mean such rules as are generally taught in school, often without regard to the way native speakers of a language actually use language.

Chapter 1 Introduction

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2013-7-9
The obstacles of studying Intercultural communication
a.
Failure to recognize the uniqueness of the individual
we
are much more than our culture, Each human being is unique, each is shaped by countless factors. As many men, so many minds, every one has his own way.
is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity
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Why is one culture different from another?
On the surface Perception (how we sense the world) Belief (what we believe as true) Value (a system of criteria known as rules and guideposts)
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Host Culture
Host
culture is the mainstream culture of any one particular country
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Minority Culture
Minority
culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture

Chapter 1 Introduction-文档资料

The uncle responded to his nephew in a letter dated February 6, 1875 in which he told his nephew that he would fulfill his promise. Story I also stated that he would prefer to wait until his nephew was older before actually handing over the (then) extremely large sum of money (according to an online inflation calculator, $5000 in 1890 would be worth approximately $118,000). The elder Story also declared in his letter that the money owed to his nephew would accrue interest while he held it on his nephew's behalf. The younger Story consented to his uncle's wishes and agreed that the money would remain with his uncle until Story II became older.
William E. Story I died on January 29, 1887 without having transferred any of the money owed to his nephew. Story II had meanwhile transferred the $5,000 financial interest to his wife; Story II's wife had later transferred this financial interest to Louisa Hamer on assignment. The elder Story's estate executor refused to grant Hamer the money, believing there was no binding contract due to a lack of consideration. As a result, Hamer sued the estate's executor, Franklin Sidway.

Chapter One Introduction

Chapter One IntroductionWith the development of the global cross-cultural communication, the introduction of film and television works which serve as a type of culture carrier promotes the exchange and collision between two different cultures. In recent years, increasing number of foreign films and television works were introduced into China and people can get access to them through many different ways like theaters, television or just internet which is more convenient. However, because of the language barrier and cultural differences, only with the help of Chinese captions can a great majority of the audience could understand the meaning，even the spirit in it better, and experience an audio-visual feast while getting their inner heart deeply touched. Subtitle is not only recreation of the original language, but also it is a kind of aesthetic activity. With the growing call for the return of aesthetics in the realm of translation recently, there is increasing need to study subtitle translation from the perspective of aesthetics.In China, aesthetics is of special significance to Chinese translation, in which the combination of aesthetics and translation is one of its greatest characteristics. Some scholars believe that aesthetics is the base of Chinese traditional translation. Although western translation theory builds on philosophy, it also has a long history in terms of aesthetics. So it is reasonable to integrate aesthetics and translation together. Beauty is everywhere even in the language itself and it is one of the basic properties of language as well. Preference for beauty is a common nature of human, which is a universal phenomenon. Take the following as examples, in China when people refer to the old, they use probably “双鬓斑白” instead of “满脸皱纹”. Again, “oval” is adopted to describe a girl’s face rather than using the image of the duck egg. Also because of the beautiful rhythm of language, “mathematics, physics, chemistry” is preferred than any other group of combination o f the three subjects. This potential principle applies to English as well. In English, it is not the“work at another job at night” but the “moonlight” suggests that someone takes a second job during night. In addition, there is no exception for translation. Collecting the most classical part of novel, drama, music, arts, dance and photography in it, movie is a kind of comprehensive art. Therefore, how to reappear the beauty of subtitle to audience becomes the focus of filmtranslation.Chapter Two Translation Aesthetics2. 1 Definition of Translation AestheticsAccording to the “A Dictionary of Translation Studies” edited by Fang Mengzhi, translation Aesthetics reveals the aesthetical origin of translation, studies the special significance of aesthetics on translation, discovers the scientific and artistic feature of translation from the aesthetic perspective and put forwards aesthetic standards towards different type of translation texts, in order to analysis, interpret and solve the aesthetic problems in intercultural conversion by using basic aesthetic principles.With full understanding of the basic properties of translation aesthetic subject (the original work) and the aesthetic object (translator), we can analysis the made up of aesthetic object and the dynamic effect of the aesthetic subject, clarify the relationship between aesthetic subject and aesthetic object and provide the reproduction of aesthetic with means and different forms; therefore, it all can be used to instruct translation practice.2.2 The Development of Translation AestheticsIn China, translation has a rather long history dating back to about 1800 years ago in terms of the translation of Buddhist texts. Taking a look at this, it is not difficult to find that almost all the translation theories is inseparable with aesthetics, and this is also the general trend of history and cultural pattern in future. From the theory “Exquisite Diction” by Zhi Qian, “Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance” by Yan Fu, “Spiritual Conformity” by Fu Lei, the “Theory Sublimation” promoted by Qian Zhongshu to the “Three Beauties” by Xu Yuanchong and so on, each provides strong support to the natural birth of translation aesthetics in history. Having absorbed the essence of beauty, all of these theories suggest obvious aesthetic features —emphasis on faithfulness, parataxis and beauty of connotation, which glitters just like gold.In modern period, translation theories mainly focus on the translation standards, translation processes and translation methods before 1970s. While after that, increasing researchers use descriptive methods to study translation theory and therefore has developed a deep understanding towards it. Translation aesthetics enter the systematical researching period in this background. “Practical Translation Aesthetics” by Fu Zhong in 1993 is the first translation aesthetic monograph in our country. It talks about the main categories of translation aesthetic, namely aesthetic subject, aesthetic object, aesthetic activity, standards of translation aesthetics and the method of reappearance of beauty. “Comparative Aesthetics of Literary Translation”published in 2000 by Xi Yongji is one of representative works studying comparative literary translation. While “Aesthetics Process during Liter ary Translation: the Reconstruction of Gestalt Image”authorized by Jiang Qiuxia in 2002 primarily focuses on the aesthetic process. In 2005 Mao Ronggui published “Translation Aesthetics”which is made up of four parts and expands the research scope of translation theory and practice. However, the most important work in the field may be “An Introduction to Translation Aesthetics” by Liu Miqing. It has fully reflected the author’s thought about Chinese translation aesthetics and posed a rather important position in the connection between western aesthetics and basic Chinese translation theory.Globally, the developing trend of translating field and the “Cultural Turn” have created suitable environment for the birth of translation aesthetics. It is widely acknowledged that aesthetics belong to culture and translation is a kind of communication, so translation is a way to transfer beauty in essence. Therefore, we got to know that the outcome of translation aesthetics can not be resisted.2.3 Achievements of Translation AestheticsThe book Aesthetic Progression inLiterary Translation: Image- G Actualization, written by Jiang Qiuxia in herdoctorial paper in 2002, holds that there is no way to unveil the “black box” existing in human psychology. So it uses descriptive method to explore the psychological mechanism of the reconstruction of gestalt image in literary translation. Besides, it emphasizes how the reader (the translator) can make use of gestalt psychology to recreate the whole image of the original works and present the target readers with the equivalence between original works and target works. This is, from the Angle of aesthetics, development of Nida's functional equivalence theory (2000). Since there is no complete equivalence translation, “functional equivalence” may be the best choice, generally speaking. In general it is best to speak of “functional equivalence” in terms of a range of adequacy, since no translation is ever completely equivalent. A number of different translations can in fact represent varying degrees of equivalence. This means that “equivalence” cannot be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but only in terms of proximity, i.e. on the basis of degrees of closeness to functional identity. (Nida , 2000 :117)This type of aesthetic has taken advantage of Gestalt psychology. (Lakoff, 1982:20)defined Gestalt in such a way —take the thing as an independent gestalt from the perspective of wholeness on that level. While at a lower level in order to give confirmation, specific details needs to be picked out. Gestalt recreation is the basic principle of translation aesthetics —interdisciplinary subject, which benefits from translation studies, literary studies, aesthetic and cognitive psychology. Gestalt image is a new conception out of the old idea of “image” as literary metaphor or symbol mainly concerned in poetry. When explored in this context as a holistic whole, it is taken as a relatively independent contextual entity rather than a single word or words constitution.) ( 姜秋霞,2002 : 241) Broadly speaking, translation studies，a discipline in the development period, is in constant growth and expansion. “An Introduction of Translation Aesthetics (revision, Peter, 2005)”reprinted by China Translation and Publishing Corporation greatly enriched and developed the theory of translation aesthetics.2.4 Prospect of Translation AestheticsFrom the perspective of prose translation, Wang Hongtao (2006:2006-4) categorizes Western and Chinese Comparative Aesthetic into three levels: Western and Chinese Comparative Translation Aesthetics; prose translation under the Chinese and western Comparative Aesthetics; the meaning of application of Chinese and Western Comparative Aesthetics in prose translation. As can be seen, translation aesthetic has marched no matter in terms of aesthetic subject, aesthetic reception or gestalt aesthetics. This is of great benefit to future translation aesthetic development. However, we should not only strongly opposite the overuse of aesthetics in translating field but also fight against the pseudo translation aesthetics. What we pursuit are the unity of formal beauty, implicational beauty and receiving beauty, and the unity of universal law and special performance of translation aesthetics. Meanwhile, we can not promise translation is filled with aesthetics, but translation can also not be totally separated from aesthetics. There are not only inheritance, experience from others but also merit and recreation in itself. So it is necessary to find out whether “Tr anslation Aesthetics”, created by Chinese scholars, has fully absorbed the widely acknowledged theories — Aesthetics of Reception and Gestalt. This is a blessing as well as a new issue for China’s translation studies.Chapter Three Subtitle Translation3.1 Definition of Subtitle TranslationUp to now, there is not an authorized definition about translating subtitles. Following are some definitions:(1)Subtitling can be defined as the process of providing synchronizedcaptions for film and television dialogue (and more recently for live opera)(2)Subtitling, sometimes referred to as captions, are transcriptions of film orTV dialogue, presented simultaneously on the screen.(3) A subtitle is a printed statement or fragment of dialogue appearing on thescreen between the scenes of a silent motion picture or appearing as a translation at the bottom of the screen during the scenes of a motion picture or television show in a foreign language.(4)··· the words printed or super imposed on a film in a foreign language totranslate what is being said on the sound track ···Although all these definitions explained subtitle in some degree, it is far from enough. The first definition points out that subtitle translation is used as a process to provide synchronization instruction for film and television dialogue. The second definition is similar to the first one, but the category where the subtitle suits is too narrow in those two definitions for the following two reasons: first of all, it is limited to film and television. In fact, if possible, subtitle is applied to any kind of multimedia. Secondly, apart from film and television, subtitle can also be used to give illustration to even the non-dialogue texts. The third definition refers to the caption that is displayed in the silent film or at the bottom of television screen. It serves as interpretation to another language or just illustrative fragments and this definition has fully explained the concept of subtitles. Definition four indicates translating the language being played in the sound track into another and printing it on the film. However, translating subtitle does not refer to the language that is being said at themoment.From the above, we also get to know that subtitle is a kind of text but with a different presenting mode like the common one. And it is this special presenting form that makes subtitle limited in many aspects.3.2 Characteristics of Subtitle TranslationSubtitle provides the audience with a large mount of information about the multimedia works. Following are four of its characteristics:3.2.1 ComprehensivenessComprehensiveness refers that subtitles must appear together with other factors of the film and television programs like sound and picture image at the same time instead of showing alone. The audience are willing to hear the actors as well as the music, background sounds and seeing the picture changes. The audience enjoy the film and television by watching the motion picture, listening to the dialogue and reading the subtitles and so on. So without pictures and sounds, the film and television can not convey the information fully; without captions, the effect of sounds and pictures can not achieve the best level. Generally speaking, in all of the factors mentioned above, pictures and sounds are the most important, while subtitles serve only as an auxiliary factor. Therefore, comprehensiveness offer subtitle some convenience namely subtitles can be omitted where the information can fully express through sounds and pictures. Thus translator should take full advantage of this characteristic and omit as much subtitles as possible.3.2.2 InstantaneityInstantaneity indicates that the subtitle, which is unrepeatable, appear and disappear simultaneously with the corresponding pictures and sounds. Although subtitle exists in the form of language, it is still different from the desk literature, such as poetry, prose and fiction for desk literature all appear in independent text form. Readers can appreciate desk literature over and over again at any time and any place as long as he wants. By contrast, subtitle can not be appreciated repeatedly withoutlimitation because of its instantaneous characteristic. While watching the plots the audience has to give up if he did not catch up with the subtitles because there is only one chance. Instantaneity decides that the audience cannot spend more time to understand the content of the captions; otherwise, it will affect the understanding of follow-up plots.3.2.3 PopularityPopularity means that the film and television subtitle translation must use a popular language or has the characteristic of popular language. Following are three main reasons: In the first place, film and television works aiming at the masses belong to the public. Majority of the audience are common people despite that some are well-educated and have higher artistic accomplishment. Therefore, we should use the most popular language to translate the original language to convey information, considering about the acceptance ability and appreciative level of majority part of the audience. The reason lies in that most audiences will be impeded while understanding too much elegant and abstract language. Secondly, with the characteristic of instantaneity, translation subtitle appears only once at the bottom of the screen. So only by using the popular and colloquial translation texts can the audience grasp the general meaning. Thirdly, the principle of “acceptance first” aims at helping the audience to understand the plot better. If too much euphemistic and expressive language is adopted as subtitle, the audience can not follow the plots closely while spending a long time trying to understanding the language.3.2.4 ConcisenessConciseness means that the language of film and television subtitle is concise and refined. There are two causes contributing to this characteristic.Firstly, the translation of film and television subtitle is limited by time and space, so the translator has to finish tasks in the limitation while keeping the picture and subtitle appear simultaneously. This determines subtitles can not use over-complicated language. The second reason is about the instantaneous acceptance of the audience, which indicates the simpler and easier the language the better while providing themore rich contents to the audience.Chapter Four Application of Translation Aesthetics in SubtitleTranslation4.1 Aesthetic Principles and Aesthetic strategy4.1.1 Aesthetic PrinciplesFirstly, the translation version shall accord the characters’ emotion and personality. So it is rather important for the translator to devote his own aesthetic emotion to the four stages of the whole work —“watching, understanding, analyzing and translating”. Only by understanding and appreciating the original work, integrating the emotions and characteristics of different roles into the translation, thinking from the perspective of different roles, speaking for them can the translator produce vivid, individualized characters, corresponding translational texts with the original dialogues as well as creating an immersive feeling for the audience.Secondly, the translation shall measure up the original work’s style. Film and television work is mainly made up of four different types, namely national style (a stable artistic character which reflects the national life in a particular area), period style (reflecting the life style of different time period), directing style (owing subjective or objective factors, different director prefer different theme, language and acting ways) and aesthetic style (such as drama, documentary, romantic style). So in the translating process (more accurately, that is adding, omitting and changing the original dialogue), the translator should abandon their preferring style, overcoming as many limiting factors as possible to get close to the original style.The third one is alienation, an important method to get to know about an exotic culture. How to help the audience to understand more about foreign history and costumes is a vital task. In order to incarnate the cultural diversity, translators can adopt alienation. For example, in American TV play, Rose said proudly: “I got 1450 on my SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test, which is a kind of academic test in America when students graduating from high school)”. When SATs is translated into “毕业会考”, it will be much easier for people to understand. Also some words, like NBA and FBI have already been popular between Chinese, so there is no need to translate.Next is about domestication. In the practice of translation, the existence of cultural differences between the two languages led to the production of translation variation and sometimes the semantic meaning changed or even lost. Adoption of domestication decreased the exoticism. More importantly, it can avoid ambiguity in order to present the audience with a more natural and easier way to understand the translation version. Liberal translation, substitution and even rewriting all these methods can help to translators to comprehend the original language better. For instance, in the movie “A Beautiful Mind”, the sentence “Shall we say swords, gentlemen? Pistols at dawn?” can be translated into “我们该谈谈剑了，绅士们。

材料化学基础知识

Chapter1 Introduction
升空时，从燃料箱脚架处掉下的一块隔热泡沫砸到左翼碳／碳复合材料面板下半部附近造成裂缝。而后高温热离子流穿过此处，使机翼铝合金、铁基合金、钠基合金结构熔化，导致航天飞机失控、机翼破坏和机体解体。
10
材料科学研究的内容
合成与制备 Synthesis and Fabrication 结构 Structures 效能与功能 Performance
由材料和工艺工程师及科学家组成的调查组对飞机残骸进行
了重组、残骸材料的冶金分析以及模拟试验，分析了航天飞机爆炸的原因。“哥伦比亚号”航天飞机的爆炸，震惊了世
人，同时也引起了人们对材料的关注，材料分析揭开了哥伦
比亚空难之谜。
Chapter1 Introduction
9
一个示例：
哥伦比亚空难与材料
这张照片是在哥伦比亚号返回地球的11天前拍摄并传回的，通过哥伦比亚号上随机安装的一架照相机拍摄。
Chapter1 Introduction
13
1.1 基本概念 (4)化学与材料的区别
化学是关于物质的组成、结构和性质以及物质相互转变的一门科学。很明显，材料与化学的对象都是物质，材料注重的是物质宏观方面的研究，化学则是关注原子－分子水平的相互作用。
把这两者结合起来，可以从分子的微观水平到宏观尺度认识结构与性能的关系，从而调节改良材料的组成、结构和合成技术及相关的分析技术，并发展出新型的具有优异性质与性能的先进材料。
这个新学科与物理、化学、力学、机械、冶金、化
工等传统科学门类水乳交融，但是具有其独特的鲜明的个性。也正是因为与各个传统科学门类水乳交融，材料学科在不同的场合就被划分成了材料物理、材料化学、材料力学、材料工程学等4个主要分支。

Chapter One Introduction

Chapter One Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundWith the development of society,English as one world language become more and more important.Students in china starts to study English from elementary school.Ministry of Education treat English as one major subjects to testing students’learnig ability.According to all chinese English testing papers,we can see that English reading takes major scores in all questions.English is one major subjects for middle school students to learn,not only for an requisite subjects to entrance high school ,but also good for a student’s future.We noticed the importance of english,however,students in middle school are still feel at sea when learning english,especially when doing english reading.As we know,middle school students have not learn english for a long time.when they meet with one article,they will do nothing but look up new words which will spend much time.For above phenomenon ,we know that there are a lot of research conducted by scholars to enhance students english learnig ablity,including english reading ablity.however,there are still some bad situation lies in students english learning process.as we all know,learning strategies is an essential partduring english learning,especially metacognitive strategies.metacognitive strategies can contain executive function through planning,monitoring and evaluating all learning process.that is metacognitive stragteies is efficient in helping students self--control and self--evaluatee when they doing english reading.1.2 Purpose and SignificanceAccording to Cohere and Weaver(1998),if students can aware of and make use of learning strategies during english reading,all process can be simple,it makes great contribution to english learning. Therefor,we should notice the imporance of learning strategies during the process of english reading,like metacognitive stragies.we can see that the use of metacognitive strategies in english reading is deficiency.so we conducted this expeiment to using metacognitive stragies to cultivate middle school student’s reading ability.This research is arm to enhance english reading ability which will enrich metacognitive stragies using in english teaching practice and to deep research metacognitive strategies in learning process.1.3 The Structure of the ThesisConsidering the reasons and significances mentioned above, the present thesis is going to give a detailed analyzing of using metacognitive stretagies to culitivate middle school students’english readingablity.The thesis is divided for five chapters.chapter one is introduction which contains research background ,purposeand significance and the structure of the thesis.Chapter two is a literature review,it contains definition of metacongnitive strategies,researches on metacognitive strategies andprevious researches at home and abroad.Chapter three is research of metacognitive strategies,including subjects, questionares ,insruments and procedures.Chapter four is the results and data analysis of the study.Chapter five is overall conclusion of the study.Chapter two :literature review.2.1 Definition of Metacognitive strategiesScholars in second language acquisition and foreign language teaching and research have a strong interest in metacognitive strategies since phychologiest Flavell putsforward the theory of metacognitive strategies firstly in 1976.They combine the theory with language teaching,and also gain great achivements.meanwhile,scholars have also done a lot on using metacognitive strategies in reading.Metacognition is a term in educational osychology,it is the subject self--awareness and self--reflection. As Flavell’s view,metacongnitive is a cognitive awareness of what they will do and what they have done.It is a process for learners to self--control and self--regulate to gain good results.while Brown define metacognition as a knowledge of all processes of cognitive and results.Stern--berg suggested that metacognition is cognitive of cognitive,which monitoring,controling and understanding of learners self study. Moreover，psychologis in China hold the opinion that metacognitin is self--awareness,self--control and self--development.Above all ,metacognition including three elements of metacognitive knowledge,metacognitive experience and matacognitive monitoring.To enhance learning effiency by combining the three basements.2.2 Previous Researches at Home and Abroadesbroad has not limited to theoretical studies.A large number empirical studies started.experts and scholars from a number of theoretical and empirical research found that successful language learners are active during their own learning process,and they also awareness their learning ways and learning process.they are using mo。

Chapter 1 Introduction

Topography
• China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east. Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory, basins and plains 33%.
Hale Waihona Puke • It was during the Xia Dynasty that the institution of slavery began. There are many legends describing the life of the people in this period, especially of the three sage kings after Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan---Yao, Shun and Yu. Yao made great contributions to the lunar calender. His successor, Shun, was physically and intellectually gifted and was a man with great virtues.
the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class on the basis of the worker-peasant alliance.

Chapter One Introduction

Chapter One Introduction“炎黄子孙”Chinese descent,“四大发明”the four great inventions (of ancient China);“三十六计, 走为上计”the best thing to do now is to quit ;“苛政猛于虎” A bad government is more fearful than a tiger.“to meet one’s Waterloo”遭遇失败as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗，穷到极点“临时抱佛脚”make effort at the last moment/ last-minute efforts抽象词具体化异化译法cowboy牛仔Trojan horse特洛伊木马(源于希腊神话《木马屠城记》)golden age黄金时代soap opera肥皂剧(通常指一出连续很长时间的、虚构的电视剧节目，每周安排为多集连续播出，因此又称系列电视连续剧)dark horse黑马（出人意外获胜的赛马或参赛人）；（美）“黑马”候选人（常因各方妥协而意外获得提名或当选）hot dog热狗sour grape酸葡萄（形容妒忌而贬低自己得不到的东西）honeymoon蜜月Pandora’s box潘朵拉的盒子forbidden fruit禁果bottleneck瓶颈ivory tower象牙塔double-edged sword双刃剑（指对双方皆不利的局面，或敌我不分的计谋）；armed to the teeth武装到牙齿crocodile tears鳄鱼眼泪(利用眼眶中专门处理盐分的器官功能，把多余的盐分浓缩起来，借道眼睛，像泪珠似的流出来)walls have ears隔墙有耳new wine in old bottles旧瓶装新酒铁饭碗the iron rice-bowl (铁饭碗是名词，意指长期安稳而没有失业风险的工作，因为它的永久性和稳定性，使工作本身如铁一般的坚硬，所以便有铁饭碗这一称号。

Chapter01Introduction

Multiplication and addition are done in hardware and in one cycle.
Example: 4-bit multiply (unsigned).
Hardware
1011 x 1110 10011010
Microcode
1011 x 1110
0000 1011. 1011.. 1011...
10011010
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
Cycle 5
Chapter 1, Slide 12
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004
Parameter
I/O bandwidth: Serial Ports (number/speed) DMA channels Multiprocessor support Supply voltage Power management On-chip timers (number/width) Cost Package External memory interface controller JTAG
Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:
Resistors.
Capacitors.
Inductors.
The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature, voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.

Chapter one Introduction

(4)language
is the institution whereby human communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oralauditory arbitrary symbols. Hall, 1968 (5)from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences (finite and infinite), each finite in length and constructed out of a set of elements.---Chomsky, 1957
introduction Three questions related to linguistics
What?
Why? How?
What
is linguistics? morpheme division: linguist (economist, scientist, biologist, zoologist)) -ics(physics, economics, statistics, stylistics): it is a discipline in which some people are involved in the study of languages, and it takes all the language in the world into consideration.
Further
examples of morpheme analysis Such as universe
Linguistics is a branch of science

Chapter01 Introduction 《电力电子技术(第5版)》英文版本课件

AC to AC converter ( Fixed frequency : AC controller
Variable frequency: Cycloconverter or frequency converter)
DC
DC to DC converter
(Chopper)
DC to AC converter (Inverter)
Controller
Reference
Load
-Electric Motor -light -heating -power converter -other electric or electronic equipment
The task of power electronics has been recently extended to also ensuring the currents and power consumed by power converters and loads to meet the requirement of electric energy sources.
Control input
Controller
Feedback/Feedforward ( measurements of output signals )
Reference
(commanding)
Control is invariably required.
Power converter along with its controller including the
19
Power Electronics
14
Power Electronics
Industrial applications

Chapter_1_Introduction

Chapter One Introduction to Language T estingI.The importance of testingTesting is an important part of every teaching and learning experience. Testing and teaching are closely interrelated. A test is a natural extension of classroom work, providing teachers and students with useful information that can serve each as a basis for improvement. By testing we can reach the following purposes.1. Determine (a) whether our teaching methods and techniques are in fact producing learning and (b) which aspects of these are in need of revision.2. Measure students’ achievement against previously established objectives so that they can (a) be moved to the next higher level or, if feasible, to other more suitable groups within the same level; (b) be certified as ready to be graduated from a school or to qualify for professional study or employment; (c) be held at the same level for another period of time; (d) be excluded from the program.3. Provide for ability or interest placement (or grouping)so that students can work with others who are on similar points of the continuum of learning skills for the purpose of mastering an essential component of one of the integrated communication skills. Preparing freer dialogues or players, or engaging in other productive instructional activities.4. Offer remedial help to those Students who have fallen behind, either because they have moved, been ill, or need a longer period of time in which to acquire a specific body of knowledge.5. Identify difficulties students encounter as they learn the foreign language. (Such an analysis will be helpful in curriculum planning and material writing.)6. Improve our understanding of how, where and when bilinguals use certain aspects of the languages they have learned.7. Learn more about the language acquisition process at various age levels in order to recommend either an earlier or later starting point, or more effective instructional measures for a target age group.8. Predict the possible success or failure in language acquisition o f certain individuals.9. Access -- for specific purpose –the level of mastering (proficiency) of individuals who have not bad a formal training program.10.Diagnose specific item s or areas in which individuals or groups, appear to be having difficulty so that remedial instruction can be planned.11.Gauge the ability of teachers.Those who are in need of training should be helped to receive it. On the other hand, those who show outstanding talents in some area (i.e., materials preparation, the presentation of demonstrationlessons, group leadership, team-teaching, pupil-teacher interaction) should be encouraged to share their gifts with others.12.Provide continuity of instruction for learners as they move to higher levels within the school or to other schools.13.Set realistic standards for groups or individuals.14.Assess the effect of experimentation.15. Promote confidence of the community in the language teaching program.II.Historical development of language testingSpolsky distinguishes three main trends in the area of language testing: the pre-scientific or traditional approach, the psychometric-structuralist or modern approach, and the psycholinguistic-socialinguistic or post-modern approach. He points out that this is an overgeneralization, and that the trends overlap both with respect to time and approach. His description does, however, present a clear picture of the developments in this field, and the relative importance of the various disciplines.1.The prescientific approachThis approach stemmed from the old grammar-translation method, in which little attention was paid to reliability and objectivity and statistical characteristics of tests. The most frequently used types of test within this approach are translation, essay-writing, testing knowledge of grammar, and, sometimes, oral test. Students are given a passage are simply required to translate it either into or from the target language. In other cases, essay questions are given and scored on the basis of purely subjective evaluation of one or two teachers. The accuracy and fairness of these evaluations are often questionable. So, it is better to call them methods of examining rather than tests.2.The psychometric-structuralist approachUnder the influence of the audio-lingual approach and structural linguists, teaching and testing procedures were fundamentally modified, ushering in what is called psychometric-structural approach. The theory of language testing developed by Lado and his followers assumed that language is a system of habits which involves matters of form, meaning, and distribution of several levels of structure, i.e. the sentence, clause, phrase, word, morpheme, and phoneme. This approach is mainly characterized by the conviction that testing can be objective, precise, reliable and scientific. The co-operation of behavioral psychologists and structural linguists enhanced the development of precise and objective language tests with reasonably sound statistical attributes. This type of testing, which swept almost all educational fields, was later referred to as the discrete-point approach. The basic tenet of this approach involved each point of language (grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or other linguistic properties)being tested separately. The proponents of this approach viewed language as a system composed of an infinite number of items. They felt testing a representative sample of these hypothetical items would provide an accurate estate of examinees’ language proficiency. This resulted in standardized tests, further divided into subtests, with an emphasis on discrete point items.3.The psycholinguistic-socialinguistic approachWhereas in the modern approach psychometrics is the driving force, in the post-modern approach the driving force is linguistics, especially psycholinguistics and socialinguistics. In this approach, which is strongly concerned with the validity of tests, the attention is focused on integrative tests, also on the types of tests used in the traditional approach, but this time special care is taken with respect to the psychometric quality of the measuring instruments.III.Qualities of a good testFive principle qualities are generally considered when developing and judging formal language tests. These are test reliability, validity, practicality, backwash effect, and comparison and discrimination.1.ReliabilityThe reliability or stability of a language test is concerned with the degree to which it can be trusted to produce the same result upon repeated administrations to the same individual, or give consistent information about the value of a learning variable being measured. It refers to the accuracy of a test in measuring consistently what it is supposed to measure, the stability of scores regardless of what the test measures, and the consistency of a measure upon repeated administrations (within a brief interval) to the same group of students.A.Types of reliabilitya.Test/retest reliabilityb.Mark/remark reliabilityc.Inter-rater/intro-rater reliabilityB.Factors affecting reliabilitya.Size of the sample of the testing materialb.Administration of the testc.Test instructionsd.Personal factorse.Scoring of the testC.Methods of measuring reliabilitya.To re-administrate the same test after a lapse of timeb.To administrate parallel forms of the test to the same groupc.The split-half method2.V alidityThe validity of a test is the extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure and nothing else. Every test, whether it be a short, informal classroom test or a public examination, should be as valid as the constructor can make it. The test must aim to provide a true measure of the particular skill which it is intended to measure.A.Types of validitya.Face validityEven a superficial inspection of an item is sufficient to reveal that it is valid or not. This type of validity is often referred to as face validity. If a test item looks right to other testers, teachers, moderators, and testees, it can be considered as having at least face validity.b.Content validityThis kind of validity depends on a careful analysis of the language being tested and of the particular course objectives. The test should be so constructed as to contain a representative sample of the course, the relationship between the test items and the course objectives always being apparent. There is a strong tendency, especially in multiple-choice testing, to test only those areas of the language which lend themselves readily to testing.c.Construct validityIf a test has construct validity, it is capable of measuring certain specific characteristics in accordance with a theory of language behavior and learning. This type of validity assumes the existence of a certain learning theories or constructs underlying the acquisition of abilities and skills.d.Empirical validityThis validity is referred to as statistical validity, and is obtained as a result of comparing the results of the test with the results of some criterion measure such as:1)an existing test, known or believed to be valid and given at the sametime; or2)the teacher’s rating or any other such form of indepen dent assessmentgiven at the same time; or3)the subsequent performance of the testees on a certain task measuredby some valid test; or4)the teacher’s ratings or any other such form of independent assessmentgiven later.Results obtained by either of the first two methods above are measures of the test’s concurrent validity in respect of the particular criterion used. The third and fourth methods estate the predictive validity of a test which is used to predict future success.B. Methods of measuring validity3.PracticalityThe criteria for practicality normally will be based upon such factors aseconomy, administrability, and scorability.A.Economy refers to a low cost of having a test.B.Administrability means a test is easily to be administrated.C.Scorability refers to the ease of scoring of a test.4.Backwash effectThe effect of testing on teaching and learning is known as backwash. Backwash can be harmful or beneficial. If a test is regarded as important, then preparation for it can come to dominate all teaching and learning activities. If the test content and testing techniques are at variance with the objectives of the course, then there is likely to be harmful backwash. So a good test must give a beneficial backwash effect.parison and discriminationIn a sense, all assessment is based on comparison, either between one student and another or between the student as he is now and he was earlier, or between the student’s capacity and the task the test inquires him to perform. Another important feature of a test is its capacity to discriminate among the different students to reflect the difference in the performances of the individuals in the group.IV.Types of testsWe can classify tests into different types according to different criteria.In terms of the purpose of tests, there are achievement tests, proficiency tests, diagnostic tests, and aptitude tests.1.Achievement tests or attainment tests are used to measure the amount and degree of control of discrete language and cultural items and of integrated language skills acquired by the student within a specific period of instruction in a specific course. Thus, they may be said to represent the incremental progress made by a student in a language course between two points in time. These tests are designed solely to cover material that has been presented in the classroom (or in the language laboratory) during that period, but not the material which represents the total corpus of the foreign language and which therefore may not have been taught.Achievement tests may be subdivided according to the time of test administration and the scope of material. It is possible to give unit, chapter, phase, midterm, end-of-volume, or final tests.2.Proficiency tests are designed to measure control of language or cultural items and communication skills already present at the time of testing, irrespective of formal training. Such tests are generally used for specific purposes, for example, to determine selection of students for a specific program, to ascertain appropriate placement levels in courses or in advanced training programs, and to judge the examinee’s readiness to perform specific tasks in awork activity. The content will or should reflect the purpose for which the test has been prepared.3.Diagnostic or formative tests seek to identify the specific strengths and weaknesses of a foreign language student.4.Aptitude tests –sometimes termed prognostic or predictive tests –are designed to predict, before beginning language study, a student’s probable capacity of acquiring the language. These tests give some clue as to whether, how well, and how quickly a person is likely to succeed in learning the language. These tests generally seek to predict the student’s probable strength and weaknesses in learning a foreign language by measuring his performance in an artificial language.In terms of linguistic theories, there are discrete-point tests and integrative tests.1.Discrete-point tests are designed to measure single (discrete) elements of language as opposed to the measurement of integrative skills such as reading and writing.2.Integrative tests are designed to measure the learner’s ability to function in real-life language situations such as speaking, reading and writing.According to the scoring of tests, there are objective tests and subjective tests.1.Objective tests are tests in which the examinee responds to a task in a manner which allows scoring so that there is no difference of opinion or score variation among the scorers. Multiple-choice tests are the most common type of objective tests.2.Subjective tests are tests in which the examinee answers all or parts of the items in his own words, so that the scoring will have to be done on an individual basis. The personal judgment of the scorer assumes greater importance in subjective testing.According to the interpretation of scores, there are norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests.1.Norm-referenced tests are designed to measure how the performance ofa particular student or group of students compares with the performance of another student or group of students whose score are given as the norm. A student’s score is therefore interpreted with reference to the scores of other students or group of students, rather than to an agreed criterion score.2.Criterion-r eferenced tests are designed to measure a student’s performance according to a particular standard or criterion which has been agreed upon. The student must reach this level of performance to pass the test, and a student’s score is therefore interpreted wi th reference to the criterion score rather than to the scores of other students.According to the scale of tests, there are classroom tests and large-scale tests.According to the function of the tests, there are power tests and speed tests.Accordin g to the designer of tests, they’re teacher-made tests and specialist-made tests.。

CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION1.1Background

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1BackgroundStock market is a both a blessing and a curse. Some people become rich playing stocks in the market while many others go bankrupt. Many studies and researches have been done to come up with ways to outsmart the market. For those who can afford it, a financial consultant is hired and investors rely on those recommendations. However as Kelly et al. (2011) mentioned, overreliance on analyst’s stock recommendations does not always give the best returns possible. Analysts looking for short-term capital gains often sell a rising stocks before it hits its peak and sell a losing stock too fast, without analyzing whether that stock will rise further in the future or not. For those wanting to avoid this problem with financial consultant or cannot afford one, we are left with no choice but to study the various investing techniques ourselves. However those techniques are not always easy to learn, especially on our own.One of the easiest and most popular methods of investment is to buy a rising stock and sell at the first sign of a price dip. While it may sound simple compared to the various stock analysis techniques, this simple technique is recommended by Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) because most stock analysis are ineffective and thus it would be better to concentrate on market reactions. This should be a promising approach, if past price movements reflect information that is not fully incorporated into the current price. However, if past price movements are not based on fundamental information they will have no predictive power for future returns because the movements may be temporary.In such cases, technical trading strategies will probably fail. Considering only technical trading information does not allow investors to distinguish between these two cases (Bonenkamp et al., 2011).In the recent years, there is a growing belief that financial analysis done in combination of both technical and fundamental techniques yield higher returns. This is supported by numerous studies showing that selecting a portfolio while considering the fundamental analysis does in fact give higher returns. The most prominent of this recent research is by Bettman et al. (2009). In their paper, the complementary nature of technical and fundamental analysis is shown in the form of better predictive ability of future stock prices. It is this integrated technique that appeals to the author of this paper.While the scope of technical analysis is somewhat limited, it is not the case with fundamental analysis. There are many types of fundamental analysis and consequently, many integration techniques of technical and fundamental. The author is especially interested in analysis involving cash flows for various reasons. To start, cash flows are easier to understand and more resistant to manager’s manipulations. Thus it is a great start for a fundamental analysis. This view is supported by Kim and Kross (2005) who wrote how the ability to predict future operating cash flows has been increasing in the recent years and managers do not easily manipulate it. While Free Cash Flow (FCF) has been the most popular measure so far, Estridge (2007) pointed several pitfalls in using FCF. For example due to various reporting standards, FCF can differ greatly between one standard to the next. Operating Cash Flow is also prone to this problem, but since the equations are more complex, it is a more accurately represented than FCF. Operating Cash Flow is chosen because the author puts a great emphasis on a company’s ability toraise cash without external means. A great operating cash flow is usually synonymous with great operating capability and thus a basis for fundamental analysis on predicting whether a company will do well in the future or not.However as mentioned before, many papers wrote that even with all the fundamental analysis, technical techniques can be superior in many cases in predicting which stock will give higher returns. This is supported by Fama (1970) and the research of Jensen and Bennington (1970) whose papers, in essence, show how fundamental analysis does not give higher returns. However as Bettman et al. (2009) mentioned, technical and fundamental analysis complements each other.Thus it is the aim of this paper to analyze which integrated techniques has the most explanatory power over stock returns. Will the integrated techniques show high explanatory power or will it be just technical and fundamental analysis alone?1.2Research QuestionBased on the background given above, the research question of this paper has become: Does integrated analysis have higher explanatory power over stock returns, compared with technical and fundamental analysis alone?1.3ScopeThis paper will focus on Indonesian market data ranging from Year 2006 – 2011. With the aim of the research to be as relevant as possible, Year 2011 is chosen as the ending point. With the range of 5 years, and the 2008 financial crisis in the middle of the data range, the author hopes this research can show results as relevant as possible. While the2008 will undoubtedly impact the research data, the removal of outliers will be to balance this. Outliers will be explained more in Chapter 3 and 4.The sample companies chosen for the research are the “blue chip” companies in Indonesia. Blue chip companies, as defined by New York Stock Exchange, are companies with national reputation for quality, reliability and the ability to operate profitably in good times and bad. This paper will select LQ 45 as the research data because the companies fit this description. LQ 45 is a stock market index for Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). LQ 45 consists of 45 companies in Indonesia that fulfill certain criteria:x Included in the top 60 companies with the highest market capitalization for the past 12 monthsx Included in the top 60 companies with the highest transaction value in a regular market in the past 12 monthsx Have been listed in IDX for at least 3 monthsx Have good financial conditions, prospect growth and high transaction value and frequencyIDX calculate these semi-annually. The LQ 45 companies that will be used in this paper are as of period August 2011 – January 2012. While their representativeness over stock market data in Indonesia is questionable due to the high volatility, LQ 45 is chosen due to fulfilling the criteria of “blue chip” stocks in Indonesia.1.4Aims and BenefitsMillions of dollars are spent to buy software that can help choose stocks that yield abnormal returns. It is a huge business. Consequently all types of investors want the highest return on their investments. The author of this paper is no different.This paper aims to further show that while technical analysis is popular, it alone will not yield the highest returns possible. On the other hand, investors that rely solely on fundamental analysis will not achieve the desired results too. There is always a risk in choosing an investment, but the benefit of implementing the method that integrates both technical and fundamental analysis, as described in this paper, will hopefully reduce that risk and yield higher returns. It is through the models presented in this paper that readers will be able to determine which one has the most explanatory power over stock returns and thus make investment decisions accordingly.The benefits of this paper are mainly as follows:1.4.1Individual investorsThis paper will be beneficial for individual investors in identifying key components to look for when selecting stocks to invest in. By gaining the knowledge of which model has the highest explanatory power, individual investors can increase their investment performance than before.1.4.2CompaniesWhile most companies have their own experts to maximize their investment performance, this paper will supplement those experts’ knowledge and may helpin identifying the benefits of integrated analysis. As mentioned earlier, many stock analyst still use either technical or fundamental analysis, but not both.1.4.3Academicians and ResearchersMany previous studies have been conducted to analyze the performance of integrated analysis. Bettman et al. (2009) being the most significant contributor in recent years. While this paper is an extension of that research in Indonesia, there are many areas left unexplored. With the stock investment performance being important in the finance industry, this paper will complement those studies and help further find ways to more accurately explain stock returns.1.5Research MethodologyThis research will be a cross-sectional study based on the data collected from Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from year 2006 – 2011. LQ 45 companies will be chosen. There will be models analyzing the explanatory power solely based on technical analysis, solely based on fundamental analysis and models based on integrated analysis. Then the models are compared for the best explanatory power over stock returns. The details of this research will be explained further in Chapter 3.1.6Thesis StructureThe general description of each chapter is as follows:1.6.1Chapter 1: IntroductionThis chapter will cover the background and explain how the author comes up with the current research question. In addition to the background this chapter willalso explains briefly the scope of the paper and its aims & benefits. This chapter finishes with a short summary of research methodology and thesis structure.1.6.2Chapter 2: Theoretical FoundationThis chapter will explain the theories underlying in this paper. Starting with theories about technical analysis and fundamental analysis, this chapter also explains about integrated analysis. The reasoning behind why certain aspects of fundamental and integrated analysis are chosen are also explained this chapter.The process of hypothesis development will also be covered in this chapter.1.6.3Chapter 3: Research MethodologyThis chapter will explain how data are chosen, sampled and collected. It will also explain the models and various techniques used to analyze the data. Software used will also be explained in this chapter and how it is used.1.6.4Chapter 4: Findings and DiscussionsThis chapter will discuss the findings through the research methods explained in Chapter 3. The discussion of the findings will accept or reject the hypothesis proposed in this paper. This chapter will also attempt to explain possible areas the research has not covered.1.6.5Chapter 5: Conclusion and RecommendationThis chapter contains the general conclusion of this paper. This section will also summarize the most important findings as well as recommendations for future researches.。