chapter5 Trip Generation
Chapter 5 Traffic planning(交通规划,双语)
种方法不再有效。
Conventional traffic origin and destination counts rely primarily on one of three
街道路网是连接周边地区的
Chapter 5 Traffi重c要p接l口a。n人n和in物g的出行都 需要通过接口，因此要对它 进行谨慎的管理以保证需求
goals and objectives 间的平衡，避免造成堵塞。
Local street networks provide vital access service to abutting lands. Access is required by both goods and people and must be carefully managed to strike a balance between providing all of the needed service without creating too much congestion.
有的交通流分解为两股交织的和两股不交 织的。仅有总的交通量不足以用来描述实 际状态。在高速公路通道上，判断车辆进 出的位置很重要。比如，如果不知道起点 和终点的确切位置，就无法准确的评价各
个路线。
规划大型活动中心（比如， 体育设施，机场，地方购 物中心，等等）的出入口 时也需要知道车辆来去的
方向。
“access” service comes in many forms, including:
•路边停车
Traffic
planning •到街道外停车设施的接口
英语：Chapter-5《Fishing-with-birds》课件(1)(牛津上海版九年级上)
How does Damin look like?
What does he do?
How ot Wang and his birds _____ _____ on his ties raft. He ______ grass around the necks swim birds’______. The birds ______ down and catch removes ______ fish. He ______ the fish from the mouths birds’ ______.
Fishing with Birds
What do we need to fish?
• Fishing rod • Fishing net • Fishmonger
How do we fish?
Do you know these words?
of average height
fit require set off enable
Why? Why not?
； 配资 https:/// 配资 ；
这时,他皱了皱眉头,抬头往右边の天空看了看.他用天眼,看到了万里之外の壹队人马,正在朝这边赶来,这队人马の数量还不少,有足足近百人,而且个个修为不差,整体实力远远超过这片绿洲上の普通修行者.这些人の实力,个个都有圣境以上,还有十几人の实力更是达到了绝强者之境以上. 显然这些人应该是出自有名の势力,绝强者现在虽然不少,但是在各大圣地,都起码也是长老壹级别の人物,地位不低,还远远没有到绝强者也烂大街の地步了.这些人飞行の速度
二级词汇
backward baggage balance bake ball bank bar bare bargain base basin basket bath bathroom battle bay beach bear beat beauty bedroom beef beer behaviour belief belong below belt bend beneath beside besides bet beyond bill bind biscuit bitter blame blank blind block blood blouse blow boat boil bold bomb bone boring borrow boss bottle bottom bowling brain branch brand brave bread break breath brick bridge bright Britain broad brush build burden burn burst bury busy button
fly focus fog fold folk follow fond fool force foreign forgive form former fortune found frank free freeze frequency fresh fridge friend frighten fruit fry fulfill full fun function fund funny fur furniture further furthermore future
英语国家概况BritishChapter5Edu
Stanford University
A top ranked research university in the United States, known for its strength in engineering, computer science, and the sciences
Education Reform and Development Trends
• Interdisciplinary approach: There is a growing recognition of the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to education, with schools and universities sourcing students to study a broad range of subjects to develop a more theoretical understanding of the world
The UK is popular for its royal family and has a royal palace, Buckingham Palace, which is a symbol of the country's history and culture
The UK is also known for its museums, galleries, and teachers, such as the British Museum, the National Gallery, and the Royal Shakespeare Company
• Higher Education: Competitions of universities and colleges offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as professional qualifications
高级英语视听说2参考答案（1）
Chapter 1 The Population I 2 populous 3 race 4 origin 5 geographical distPrelistening B 1 census ribution 6 made up of 7 comprises 8 relatively progressively 9 Metropolitan densely 10 decreased death rate 11 birth rate increasing 12 life expectancy D 1 a 18.5 mill b 80% c 1/2 d 13.4 mill e 2: 10 f 4% g 1990 h 40% i 3/4 j 33.1% 2 a 3 b 1 c 2 d 5 e 4 II First Listening ST1 population by race and origin ST2 geographical distribution ST3 age and sex III Postlistening A 1. People’s Republic of China, India2. 281 mill 3. Hispanics(12.5%) 4. Texas 5. the South and the West 6. 20% 7. by more than 5 million 8. about 6 years 9. 2.2 years 10. a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancy Chapter 2: Immigration: Past and Present PRELISTENING B. Vocabulary and Key Concepts immigrated natural disasters/ droughts/ famines persecution settlers/ colonists stages widespread unemployment scarcity expanding/ citizens failure decrease limited quotas steadily trend skills/ unskilled D Notetaking Preparation Dates: Teens and Tens 1850 1951 The 1840s From 1890 to 1930 Between 1750 and 1850 1776 1882 1329 1860 From approximately 1830 to 1930 Language Conventions: Countries and Nationalities Country People France French Germany Germans Scotland; Ireland Scotch-Irish Great Britain Britons: the British Denmark Danes Norway Norwegians Swed Sweden en Swed Swedes es Greece Greeks Italy Italian Spain Spanish Portugal Portuguese China Chinese Philippines Filipinos Mexico Mexicans India Indians Russia Russians Poland Poles The Scandinavian Scandinavian countries countries are Swed en, Norway, and Denmark. The Southern Southern European European European countries countries countries are are are Italy , Italy , Greece, Greece, Greece, Spain, Spain, Spain, and and and Portugal. Portugal. The Eastern European countries are Russia and Poland. LISTENING First Listening Major Subtopics ST1 the Great Immigration ST2 reasons for the Great Immigration and why it ended ST3 immigration situation in the United States today POSTLISTENING A. Accuracy Check colonists or settl ers Dutch, French, German, Scotch-Irish, Blacks The third, 1890-1930 Southern Europe and Eastern Europe The population doubled, there was wid espread unemployment, and there was a scarcity of farmland free land, plentiful jobs, and freed om from religious and political persecution the failure of the potato crop in Ireland laws limiting immigration from certain area, the Great Depression, and World War ⅡThey are largely non-European. 。
新东方高中英语单词乱序版(核心单词1-20课单词表)
新东方高中英语单词乱序版（核心单词1-20课单词表）List 1firmlikedietpressureactivityacceptdefeatrelayevidenceimaginerelation freedombreakthroughleftconfirmabilitymemberclimatestupidorganisedecorate wagetargetconservativelonelyslipawaycongratulationvaluablegreyprotectlit eratureseniorbusydifferentcitizenseizeoccurwasteshotList 2bandbudgetunitharmwealthelseblowmessywideedgepleasurecollarexchangeinterviewbunchoutsidetryfinds paceinvitefanscorefailacutesleepyrespondanyhowdowntownhumourwhichdifferencesensedisagreedozenco mpeteguesssourvoyageenvironmentList 3character insect part bear angle outgoing give wander idea sort call how early independent dismiss content permit court youth Possession arrive unless risk harvest mental electric all hand relief figure extra clear luggage govern lovely familiar somewhere forgive corporation back List 4free very land flame political bit journey lie merciful bend cycle annoy mind die fact declare warn obey grade expensive announce nowhere persuade decision real seldom need spot anyway punish challengesituation extraordinary frost convince shock slight unfair List 5screen pay goal consider simple select only drive basement identity hammer throw embarrass bite energy festival expect camp analysis evident smoke deaf dial repeat plenty humorous geography correction bare action laugh request cause destroy forward distinction limit expand custom List 6tense puzzle affair cheer admire suspect piece pull lamp sale assume miss partly key determine disaster example punctual prohibit overcome address donate focus disadvantage matter especially wear about praise but afraid family health or distance take leave guidance importance List 7worried wave what rare outdoors gentle equal difficulty always prejudice pattern understand cost shall way ceremony effect civilian prepare whether someone countryside account process achievement host awful trade contribute travel excite thinking recognize show beneath education fear form murderList 8publish adaptation secure toward annual bush asleep promise stop compulsory iron worth clap recover across any standard pronounce contemporary load test should local respect various thought cross lift far pick swallow dress training cure general sink commitment dormitory helicopterList 9article put possibility error fun bid reduce flash tell altogether literary treasure represent surrounding think recite disturb improveshape suppose lack race adolescent habit significance hurry attention interesting stress impress percentage Non-stop behave belong there steep survival divide teenagerList 10except past damage pair value another everyday seat come till dig group brilliant wet rank fierce fortunate addicted furnished changeable fine failure bride institute however reach grain argument beyond distinguish complete via ache affect misunderstand little row customer instantList 11trust height forget common broadcast primary stay such review regret fresh tradition moral hopeless uniform delighted forehead could base bleed use allow skilled listen pleasant leather characteristic shine generation dusty permission turn enjoy nature civilization cheque bathe convenient gloryList 12alive whatever produce consequence incident envelope scan attempt contain business wish keep constant from open earthquake shadow detective quality appoint tour fellow conclusion react encourage count strength may whose bench record ring already reject alarm hug downstairs quit appealList 13period feed breath bent chance park project trick cry rentnationality begin symptom windy indeed have prove burst advance gym wiseculture companion dare train relax honest stick consult disease direct tasty loose chemical widespread handwriting anything knowledgeexhibitionList 14angry wipe between couple output gather classic know although maybe double allocate practical where vehicle approve polite concern elder chapter regardless heel below popular rude refuse document ban mean resign mix consistent chief repair worldwide greet fortune guarantee briefList 15both express trip write inform academic trouble meanwhile go order homeland used connect by experience personally someone suggest work plan speech undertake recommend attractive weight believe fight pass build behind manner quite instruction behaviour apologize excellent kind claw gestureList 16include ought crazy challenging exact translate sure ordinary apply lecture feel congratulate position never illegal victory survive satisfaction memory rule suitable remark copy fantastic whom differ accident hear portable still change garbage will promote settle date match conference neighbourList 17advise rush every rescue ask dumpling trend communicate scream bored chew list advertise blind status beside fire greedy prevent unusualperfect question exist wisdom civil send flow calm hardly disappointed hate kiss patent point famous interest AloudList 18nearby inspect modern mistake for chain intention electrical round reply around flood depend course realize share lock physical watch desert visit beneficial warmth climb pretend crossing departure result careless scold of Enter off gain disabled fence deepList 19welcome though idiom resist strict conversation next divorce basis lesson software mention absurd latter large preview level accustomed fax typical editor develop leak end balance injury adventure pride bar adopt dip satisfy doubt appreciate subject control sell vacant List 20either glance arrange ahead whole frighten insist coast judge background hamburger terrify scene mosest sometimes conduct schedule hit progress proper dictation percent stamp design operate lively blank participate file wound skill apology frequent cautious wonderful create practice coach。
高级英语视听说2参考答案
Chapter 1 The PopulationI 2 populous 3 race 4 origin 5 geographical distPrelisteningB 1 census ribution6 made up of7 comprises8 relatively progressively9 Metropolitan densely 10 decreased death rate11 birth rate increasing 12 life expectancyD 1 a 18.5 mill b 80% c 1/2 d 13.4 mill e 2: 10f 4%g 1990h 40%i 3/4j 33.1%2 a3 b 1 c 2 d 5 e 4II First ListeningST1 population by race and originST2 geographical distributionST3 age and sexIII PostlisteningA 1. People’s Republic of China, India2. 281 mill3. Hispanics(12.5%)4. Texas5. the South and the West6. 20%7. by more than 5 million8. about 6 years9. 2.2 years10. a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancyChapter 2: Immigration: Past and PresentPRELISTENINGB. Vocabulary and Key Conceptsimmigratednatural disasters/ droughts/ faminespersecutionsettlers/ colonistsstageswidespread unemploymentscarcityexpanding/ citizensfailuredecreaselimitedquotassteadilytrendskills/ unskilledD Notetaking PreparationDates: Teens and Tens18501951The 1840sFrom 1890 to 1930Between 1750 and 18501776188213291860From approximately 1830 to 1930Language Conventions: Countries and NationalitiesThe Scandinavian countries are Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. The Southern European countries are Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. The Eastern European countries are Russia and Poland.LISTENINGFirst ListeningMajor SubtopicsST1 the Great ImmigrationST2 reasons for the Great Immigration and why it endedST3 immigration situation in the United States todayPOSTLISTENINGA. Accuracy Checkcolonists or settlersDutch, French, German, Scotch-Irish, BlacksThe third, 1890-1930Southern Europe and Eastern EuropeThe population doubled, there was widespread unemployment, and there was a scarcity of farmlandfree land, plentiful jobs, and freedom from religious and political persecutionthe failure of the potato crop in Irelandlaws limiting immigration from certain area, the Great Depression, and World War ⅡThey are largely non-European.Industry doesn’t need a large number of unskilled workers。
九年级英语 Chapter5知识点素材 牛津版
短语1.a quiz show 一个智力测试2.at the studio 在摄影棚3.five minutes to go 还剩下五分钟4.be ready 做好准备5.feel nervous 感到紧X6.on the stage 在舞台上7.fall forward 向前摔倒8.be on TV 上电视9.raise one’s hand 举起某人的手10.ask sb to do sth要求某人做某事’s face 给某人脸上擦粉13.stsrt doing sth 开始做某事start clapping鼓掌14.It is time for 到。
时间了15.be ahead of领先16.the other two 另外的两个17.six more questions 另外的六个问题18.win the prize 得奖19.keep still 保持安静20.the Palace Museum 故宫21.a trip for two 双人旅行22.at once 马上23.win a big prize 赢得大奖24.make noise 吵闹25.switch on 打开26.have trouble with …有问题27.be made of 28.decide on 决定29.in one’s opinion 在某人看来30.take steps 采取措施31.in order to 为了32.a series of 一系列33.remote control 遥控器1.Our school ran a petition on tasle last week=Our school held a petition on stories last week.2.He rushed out of the room= He run out of the room quickly3.cry=shout loudly4.drag=pull拖动5.citizens=people6.They like to make jokes about the stupid boy= They like to laugh at the silly boy7.except for =not including8.enter=go into9.seize=catch 抓住10.He succeeded in running the supermarket.= He ran the supermarke successfully.11.You must take turns to go into the hall= You must go into the hall in turn12.We have to wait for one more hour= We have to wait for anther one hour13.She has been in shanghai for five years.= She has been in shanghai since five years ago.14.The man died three years ago= The man has been dead for three years ’s time for Travel Quiz= It’s time to have Travel Quiz16.plan to do =make a plan to do三．语法1.直接引语和间接引语的定义:直接引述别人的原话,叫直接引语.用自己的话转述别人的话,叫间接引语.1) 转述陈述句或感叹句去标点符号和引号，用say that接宾语从句，said后，从句中要作人称、时态等相应的变化。
chapter 5 短语结构树
短语结构树(18) The PS tree for the sentence “ the child found a puppy”SNP VPDet N V NPThe child found Det Na puppyX-bar 图示XP (NP)Specifier X’(N’)( The)X(N) Complement(mayor) ( of Guangzhou )各种短语的X-杠标图示NP: The tall black student of English from china.[NP[Spec The [N’ [Modifier tall [N’ [Modifier black [N’[N student [Comp[pp of English]] [Adjunct[pp from china]]]]]]]]] (a detailed illustration of the sentence by the nested square backets).XP(NP)Specifier N’(The)Modifier N’(tall)Modifier N’( black)N’Adjunct(PP)(from China)N Complement (PP)(student) (of English)b. VP : ……all read the letters after lunch.[VP[Spec all [V’[V read [NP the [N’[N letters [PP after lunch]]]]]]]]VPSpecifier V’(all)V’PPafter lunchV NPread theN’N Completters (empty)c: PP: right through the center d: AP: Very afraid of snakes. [PP right [P’[P through [NP the center]]]] [AP very[A’[A afraid [PP of snakes]]]] PP APright P’very A’P NP A PPthrough the center afraid of snakese: AdvP：quite independently of any outside pressure.[AdvP quite [Adv’ [Adv independently [PP[P’[P of [NP[Spec any [N’outside [N pressure]]]]]]]]]]AdvPquite Adv’Adv PPindependentlyP’P NPofany N’outside Npressure句子结构：曲折短语IP(23) a. John would study Englishb. John to study English.IPJohn I’I VPwould( to ) V’V NPstudy English(24) a. John studies English.b. John is studying English.c. John has studied English.IPJohn I’I VP-s( is…-ing ) V’( has.. –n)V NPstudy English标句词词组CP:They say that John will study English.[IP They [I’I(-pres.) [VP say [CP that [IP John [I’ will [VP study English]]]]]]].IPSpec I’TheyI VP( -pres.)( present tense)V CPsayC IPthatJohn will study English 并列结构(26). The cat and the dog.NPNP1CoordPThe catCoord. NP2and the dogExercise Ie.g.: The prisoners brutally attacked the guard who spotted them.Two clauses: 1. The prisoners brutally attacked the guard…--------- main clause2. ... who spotted them. ---------relative clauseThey are both declarative clauses. In clause 1, the prisoners (NP) is the subject; brutally (Adv.) is an adjunct modifying the VP (attacked the guard …); attacked (V) is the predicate; and the guard who spotted them(NP) is the complement of the sentence. In the second clause, who is the subject; spotted is the predicate; and them is the complement. The whole clause is used as a relative clause modifying the antecedent NP the guard.Exercise IIDraw the sub-trees for the italicized phrases in the following sentences with the X-bar format.1.Angry men in dark glasses roamed the streets.NPN’angry N’N PPmenP’P NPinN’dark Nglasses2.My aunt and uncle’s trip to Alaska was wonderful.DPD’NPD NP‘s tripmy NPNP1CoordPauntCoord NP2and uncle3.The reporter realized that the senator lied.CPC’C IPthatthe senator I’I VP(-ed)V’VLie4. A stranger cleverly observed that a dangerous spy from CIA lurked in the house.IPNP I’A N’I VP(-ed)N cleverly V’strangerV CPobserveC’C IPthata dangerous spy from CIA I’I VP(-ed)V’V’PPin the houseVlurk Exercise IIIUsing one or more of the constituency tests ( i.e., stand alone, move as a unit, replacement by a pronoun.) discussed in the chapter, determine which boldfaced portions in the sentences are constituents. Provide the grammatical category of the constituents.1.Tom found a lovely puppy in the house.A lovely puppy is a constituent. It is an NP; It can be moved as a unit to the frontof the sentence: it is a lovely puppy that Tom found in the house. It can stand alone as the answer to the question: what did Tom find in the house?2.The light in this room is terrible. (not a constituent.)3.Jack and Jerry are fighting over the bone. (a constituent.)4.I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry yesterday. (a constituent: I gave a bone to Jackyesterday and to Jerry.)5.I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry today.(not a constituent: *I gave a bone to Jackand today to Jerry.)6.Sam asked if he could play soccer. (a constituent.)Exercise IVIn terms of C-selection restrictions, explain why the following sentences are ungrammatical:1.*Those women located. (locate is a verb which must be followed by acomplement: those women located a town on a map.)2.*Robert is fond that his children love animals.(fond must be followed by a PPcomplement: fond of sth./doing sth.)3.*The children laughed the man. (laugh is a verb followed by a PP: laugh at …)4.*Lisa gave a book. (give is a verb with 3 arguments; thus we must provide anotherargument after give: Lisa gave a book to him or Lisa gave him a book.)Exercise VParaphrase and draw tree diagrams for each of the following sentences in two ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved.1.The student is a dirty street fighter.a. a dirty [street fighter].b. a [dirty street] fighter.2.They said she would go yesterday.a. Yesterday they said she would go.b. She would go yesterday, they said.3.The magician touched the child with the wand.a. The magician touched the child who is with the wandb. With the wand, the magician touched the child.4.Anna threw the book that Mary had been reading in the study.a. The book that Mary had been reading, Anna threw it in the study.b. The book that Mary had been reading in the study was thrown by Anna.5.Who would you like to visit?a. Would you like who to visit?b. Would you like to visit who?All these ambiguities could be demonstrated by tree diagrams. You can refer to this chapter to do this.Exercise VIAnalyze the following sentences, showing their structure is build up in a pairwise fashion by successive merger operations.(Assume that don’t is a single word which belongs to the same category as words like must, might, etc., and that infinitival to sometimes (but not always)has a specifier/subject of its own).1.She is trying to solve the problem.IPD I’she I VP(is…v-ing) V IPtry D I’(PRO) I VPto V DPsolve D Nthe problem.2.I would imagine she has forgotten them.IPDP I’I would VPImagine CP(that) IPshe I’I VP(has, -n)forget them3.They don’t seem keen to approve the plan to cut the budget.IPD I’they I VPdon’t V APseem Adj. IPkeen I VPto V DPapprove D Nthe N’N IPplan to cut the budget4.They are expecting you to contact them.5.He wants to try to help others.( 4 and 5 are omitted )Exercise VIIThe tree diagrams below representing the structures of a variety of different sentences. For each of the five numbered positions in each structure, say what kinds of item (overt or covert) can occupy the position, and what determines the choice of item occupying each position.(a). IPD I’(John)I VP(-s)V IPwant D I’(PRO)I VP(or his wife)(to) V DPbuy D N(a) car(1): John, he, she, ……(2): -s, -ed, would, should…(3): overt or covert: him, his wife, Zhang shan,… or PRO.(4): to(5): a, the ,this, that,…(d). IPDP I’D NP I VP(the) N PP (have, -n)V PP leaders P DP vote P DP(of) D N (for) D Nthe (city) the billExercise VIIIDraw a separate tree diagram to represent the structure of each of the following sentences, using arrows to show what has moved from where to where; discuss the role played by traces in accounting for the syntax of these sentences.(1)a. what did you say had happened to who ?b. *who did you say what had happened to ?CPC’WhatC IPdidSpec. I’youI VPtV IPsaySpec. I’tI VP(had…-n)V PPhappenP NPto who CPC’WhoC IPdidSpec. I’youI VPtV IPsaySpec. I’whatI VP(had…-n)V PPhappenP NPto t(2)a. The neofascists, I wouldn’t want to win the election.b. *The neofascists, I wouldn’t wanna win the election.CPC’The neofascistsC IP(topic)Spec. I’II VPwouldn’tV IPwantSpec. I’tI VPtoV DPwinD NPthe election(3)a. How many people do you wanna invite to your party ?CPC’how many peopleC IP(do)Spec. I’youI VPtV IP(want)I’I VP( to)V NPinviteNP PPt to your partyb.*How many people do you wanna come to your party ?CPC’how many peopleC IP(do)Spec. I’youI VPtV IP(want)Spec I’(t )I VP( to)V PPCome to your party。
chapter 1-1
1.Help Me Transfer帮助我转机
2.To Catch My Connecting Flight转机 • Section5 Retrieving the Luggage行李提取
1.Claim the Checked Bags认领行李托运
2.A Bright Red Suitcase红色行李箱
• Chapter1 Preparations and Departure旅行前奏 • Chapter2 Traffic 出行交通 • Chapter3 Accommodation住宿 • Chapter4 Service for Daily Life生活服务 • Chapter5 Enjoying Meals品尝美食 • Chapter6 Sightseeing景区观光 • Chapter7 Shopping商场购物 • Chapter8 Leisure & Entertainment休闲娱乐 • Chapter9 Traveling Abroad异域旅行 • Chapter10 Dealing with Problems状况处理
• direct flights connect flights （transfer\change flights） You can connect in... layover time n. 停泊时间，终点站停车时间 （layover\stopover中途短暂的停留） e.g. We had a layover of several hours in Chicago. Do you mind a stopover?
2.
Book a Flight Ticket(预定一张机票)
Travel Agent: All-Star Travel. How may I assist you? Woman: I need to book a flight ticket. Travel Agent: OK,no problem. Could you please tell me your departure city? Woman: Detroit. Travel Agent: And how about the arrival city? Woman: Miami. Travel Agent: Round-trip or one-way ticket? Woman: One-way. Travel Agent: OK. Very good.For which date should I book your ticket? Woman: March 21st. Travel Agent: Thursday,March 21st...let me see. How about 9 a.m. on United Airlines? Woman: That sounds fine.Thank you.
高中英语词汇词根+联想记忆法：乱序便携版-电子版-自测词汇
List-1firmlikedietpressure activity acceptdefeatrelay evidence imagine relation freedom breakthrough leftconfirmability memberclimatestupid organise decoratewagetarget conservative lonelyslipaway congratulation valuablegreyprotect literature seniorbusydifferent citizenseizeoccurwasteshot List-2band budgetunitharmwealthelseblowmessywideedge pleasure collar exchange interview bunch outsidetryfindspaceinvitefanscorefailacute sleepy respond anyhow downtown humour which difference sense disagree dozen compete guesssour voyage environmentList-3character insectpartbearangle outgoing give wanderideasortcallhowearly independent dismiss content permit courtyouth possession arrive unlessrisk harvest mental electric fallhandrelief figure extraclear luggage govern lovely familiar somewhere forgive corporation back List-4freeverylandflamepoliticalbitjourneyliemerciful bendcycleannoyminddiefactdeclarewarnobeygrade expensive announce nowhere persuade decisionrealseldomneedspotanywaypunish challenge situation extraordinary frost convince shockslightunfaironList-5screenpaygoal consider simple selectonlydrive basement identity hammer throw embarrass bite energy festival expect camp analysis evident smokedeafdialrepeat plenty humorous geography correction bareaction laugh request cause destroy forward distinction limit expand customList-6tensepuzzleaffaircheer admire suspect piecepulllampsale assumemisspartlykey determine disaster example punctual prohibit overcome address donatefocus disadvantage matterwearaboutpraisebutafraid family healthordistance takeleave guidanceimportanceList-7worried wavewhatrare outdoors gentle equal difficulty always prejudice pattern understand costshallway ceremony effect civilian prepare whether someone countryside account process achievement hostawfultrade contribute travel excite thinking recognize show beneath education fearformmurderList-8publish adaptation secure toward(s) annualbushasleep promisestop compulsory ironworthclaprecover acrossanystandard pronounce contemporary loadtestshouldlocal respect various thought crossliftfarpickswallow dresscuregeneralsinkcommitment dormitory helicopterList-9articleput possibility errorfunbidreduceflashtell altogether literary treasure represent surrounding thinkrecite disturb improve shape supposelackrace adolescent habit significance hurry attention interesting stress impress percentage non-stop behave belong theresteep survival divide teenagerList-10exceptpast damagepairvalue another everyday seatcometilldiggroup brilliant wetrankfierce fortunate addicted furnished changeable finefailure bride institute however reachgrain argument beyond distinguish complete viaacheaffect misunderstand littlerowcustomer instantList-11trustheightforget common broadcast primarystaysuchreviewregretfreshtradition moral hopeless uniform delighted foreheadcouldbasebleeduseallowskillfullisten pleasant leather characteristic shine generation dusty permission turn enjoynature civilization chequebathe convenient gloryList-12alive whatever produce consequence incident envelopscanattempt contain business wishkeep constant fromopen earthquake shadow detective quality appointtourfellow conclusion react encourage count strength maywhosebenchrecordringalready rejectalarmhug downstairs quitappealList-13periodfeedbreathbentchanceparkprojecttrickcryrent nationality begin symptom windyindeedhaveproveburst advancegymwiseculture companion daretrainrelaxhoneststick consult disease directtastyloose chemical widespread handwriting anything knowledge exhibitionList-14angrywipe between couple output gather classic know although maybe double allocate practical where vehicle approve polite concern elder chapter regardless heelbelow popular ruderefuse document banmeanresignmix consistent chief repair worldwide greet fortune guarantee briefList-15both express tripwrite inform academic trouble meanwhile goorder homeland used connectby experience personally somebody suggest workplan speech undertake recommend attractive weight believe fightpass buildbehind mannerquite instruction behaviour apologize excellent kindclawList-16gesture include oughtcrazy challenging exact translate sure ordinary applylecturefeel congratulate position neverillegal victory survive satisfaction memoryrulesuitable remarkcopy fantastic whomdifferaccident hear portable still change garbagewill promote settledatematch conferenceList-17neighbour adviserushevery rescueask dumpling trend communicate scream boredchewlist advertise blind status besidefire greedy prevent unusual perfect question exist wisdomcivil sendflowcalmhardly disappointed hatekisspatentpoint famous interest aloudList-18nearby inspect modern mistakeforchain intention electrical roundreply aroundflood depend course realize sharelock physical watchdesertvisit beneficial warmthclimb pretendcrossing departure result careless scoldofenteroffgaindisable fencedeepList-19welcome thoughidiomresiststrict conversation nextdivorce basislesson software mention absurdlatterlarge previewlevel accustomed faxtypical editor developleakend balance injury adventure pridebaradoptdipsatisfy doubt appreciate subject control sell vacantList-20either glance arrange ahead whole frighten insist coast judge background hamburger terrify scene modest sometimes conduct schedule hit progress proper dictation percent stampdesign operate lively blank participate filewoundskill apology frequent cautious wonderful create practice coachList-21placeablenearly powertruevital native parcel material likely cloudy systemlate interpreter everybody harbour kneetalkbeforewild dangerous temporary compareplotrest endless typeworryjunior dialogue secondenvy everything entrance pavement register active reliableList-22tensionfoolavoid appointment drunksick phrasedealupdive summary correct justice finish special fault reform freezenoratpitycredit shame graduate heaptotalnone manage raisemake describe grasp desireuntil excusejamgetearnList-23wash struggle 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A-朗文英语五年级上5-6-单元卷
LWTE 5A 朗文英语单元测试--Chapter 5、6&7Class__________ Name___________一、根据课文内容完成以下各题，将答案写在答题卷上。
(10%)A.根据 Ch5 Favourite festivals的课文内容，完成句子。
（开头字母已给出）1.W hat do you do at M ________________Festival I play with l_________.2.D o you enjoy d_____________ the Christmas tree Yes, I do.3.W_______ is your favouritefestival My favourite festival isH____________.4.I enjoy s___________ the family graves at Ching Ming Festival.B. 根据 Ch6 A public holiday 的课文内容，完成以下句子。
5. What will you d_____ at the camp6.W_______ you like to go o n Annie’sboat trip Yes, I’d like to.三、从 B 列中选出与 A 列相对应的单词释义，将字母编号写在答题卷相应位置。
(5%)Column A Column B1. settlers e a) Someone you do not know.2. celebrate_______b) you can eat a big dinner there3. stranger_______c) The plants the farmers grew.4. neighbour_______d) Someone who visits a place on holiday5. tourist_______e) To do special things to remember.6. harvest_______f) Someone who lives near you.四、用’go / play / have’ 的正确形式和括号内的提示填空。
Lesson 6 Chapter 5 Part I数词的翻译
表示程度
2) 超过,多达: above, more than, over, up to, odd, exceed, upwards of, or more, higher than, in excess of 3) 多达: as…as, full, solid, at least, all of, no less than, 4) 以下, 不足: below, less than, under, no more than, short of, off, within, as few as 5) 大约, 将近: about, around, close(ly) to, nearly, or so, some, toward (s), approximately
amphitri-
二
三
amphicar, amphibian triangle, triatomic, trijet
quadritetra-
四 quadruped, quadrangle, quadrilateral 四 tetrode
五 pentagon, pentoxide, pentatomic quinque- 五 quinquesection, pentaquiquevalence sexhexa六 sexangle, sexfoil
近似数-approximation
teens of ten to one the early 1990’s up to 2.5 vol.% down to 480kg/t of the order of 4.5 十几（13-19） 十之八九 20世纪90年代初期 ≦2.5 体积百分数 ≧ 480公斤/吨 大约4.5
EST Translation
综合教程5何兆熊unit1-4课文翻译
Unit1The Fourth of JulyThe first time I went to Washington D.C. was on the edge of the summer when I was supposed tostop being a child. At least that’s what they said to us all at graduation from the eighth grade. Mysister Phyllis graduated at t he same time from high school. I don’t know what she was supposed tostop being. But as graduation presents for us both, the whole family took a Forth of July trip toWashington D.C., the fabled and famous capital of our country.我第一次到华盛顿的时候是初夏那时我想我不应该再当一个孩子。
至少这是他们在八年级的毕业典礼上对我们说的。
我的姐姐菲利斯在同一时间从高中毕业。
我不知道她应该不再当一个什么。
但当作是送给我们俩的毕业礼物,我们全家在国庆日前往华盛顿旅游,那是传奇而著名的我国首都。
It was the first time I’d ever been on a railroad train during the day. When I was little, and we used to go to the Connecticut shore, we always went at night on the milk train, because it was cheaper.这是我第一次真正意义上在白天时乘坐火车。
(完整版)英语语言学概论--整理
Chapter 1 Language语言1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in theirnative language.3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and itsmeaning.4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.5. discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in theimmediate situations of its users.7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality ofstructure.8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next throughteaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1. ★What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2. ★What are the design features of language?Language has seven design features as following:1) Productivity.2) Discreteness.3) Displacement4) Arbitrariness.5) Cultural transmission6) Duality of structure.7) Interchangeability.3. Why do we say language is a system?Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the threefunctional components of adult language?I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:1) Instrumental function. 工具功能2) Regulatory function. 调节功能3) Representational function. 表现功能4) Interactional function. 互动功能5) Personal function. 自指性功能6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]7) Imaginative function. 想象功能II. Adult language has three functional components as following:1) Interpersonal components. 人际2) Ideational components.概念3) Textual components.语篇1. general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学) The former deals with language in general whereas the latter isconcerned with one particular language.2. synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of thelanguage and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.3. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学) The former copes with languages with a view to establishing atheory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学) The former studies only the structure of language system whereas thelatter deals with everything that is related to languages.5. langue and parole (语言与言语) The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech communitywhereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.6. competence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latteris the use of language in concrete situation.7. speech and writing (口头语与书面语) Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8. linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为) People actually says on a certain occasion to acertain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9. syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系) The former describes the horizontal dimension of a languagewhile the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10. verbal communication and non-verbal communication(言语交际与非言语交际) Usual use of language as a means of transmittinginformation is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1. ★How does John Lyons classify linguistics?According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following:1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2. Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2) Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3) Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3. ★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following:1) Phonetics. 语音学is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2) Phonology. 音位学studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.3) Morphology. 形态学studies about how a word is formed.4) Syntax. 句法学studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5) Semantics. 语义学studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6) Pragmatics. 语用学★The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.1. articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2. acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3. auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. consonant (辅音) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where theopening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5. vowel (元音) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6. bilabials (双唇音) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips. [p][b] [m] [w]7. affricates (塞擦音) The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates. [t X] [d Y] [tr] [dr]8. glottis (声门) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9. rounded vowel (圆唇元音) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening. [u:] [u] [OB] [O]10. diphthongs (双元音) Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][O i] [Q u][au]11. triphthongs(三合元音) Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly andcontinuously to a third one. [ei Q][ai Q][O i Q] [Q u Q][au Q]12. lax vowels (松元音) According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels. All the long vowelsare tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1. ★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1) The position of the soft palate.2) The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3) The place of articulation.4) The manner of articulation.2. ★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1) The state of the velum2) The position of the tongue.3) The openness of the mouth.4) The shape of the lips.5) The length of the vowels.6) The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3. ★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:1) Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3) Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. ★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?I. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following:1) Voiced.2) Nasal.3) Consonantal.4) Vocalic.5) Continuant.6) Anterior.7) Coronal.8) Aspirated.II. The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following:1) High.2) Low.3) Front.4) Back.5) Rounded.6) Tense.1. phonemes (音位) Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.2. allophones (音位变体) Allophones are the phonetic variants and realizations of a particular phoneme.3. phones (单音) The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a stream of speech is called a phone.4. minimal pair (最小对立体) Minimal pair means words which differ from each other only by one sound.5. contrastive distribution (对比分布) If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for anotherbrings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.6. complementary distribution(互补分布) If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,then they are said to be incomplementary distribution.7. free variation (自由变异) When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause anychange in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8. distinctive features (区别性特征) A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.9. suprasegmental features (超切分特征) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are knownas suprasegmental features.10. tone languages (声调语言) Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level.11. intonation languages (语调语言) Intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12. juncture (连音) Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features which may demarcate grammatical units.1. ★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology?1) Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account forhow they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.2) Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries todescribe the regularities of sound patterns.2. Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/. And /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?A minimal pair should meet three conditions:1) The two forms are different in meaning.2) The two forms are different in one sound segment.3) The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4. ★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1) Contrastive distribution. Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are in contrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] will result in achange of meaning.2) Complementary distribution. The aspirated plosive [ph] and the unaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution because theformer occurs either initially in a word or initially in a stressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3) Free variation. In English, the word “direct” may be pronounce in two ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds /i/ and /ai/can be said to be in free variation.5. What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English?I. 1) Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phoneme from another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred toas segmental features.2) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3) Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one sound segment. They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6. What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation language?Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level7. ★What’s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.1. morphemes (语素) Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.allomorphs (语素变体) Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs (形素) Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2. roots (词根) Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.affixes (词缀) Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes (自由语素) Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes (粘着语素) Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3. inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes (派生词缀) refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4. empty morph (空语子) Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning.zero morph (零语子) Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchicallydefined series of constituents.6. immediate constituents(直接成分) A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction.Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents (最后成分) Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7. morphological rules (形态学规则) The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphologicalrules.8. word-formation process (构词法) Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of alreadyexisting linguistic resources.1. ★What is IC Analysis?IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2. How are morphemes classified?1) Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2) Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.3. ★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.a) All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b) All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes.4. What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero mor ph?a) Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b) Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5. Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position.a) Functionally:i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b) In term of position:i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present. And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6. What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example:a) un- + adj. ->adj.b) Adj./n. + -ify ->v.c) V. + -able -> adj.d) Adj. + -ly -> adv.1. syntagmatic relations (横组关系) refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations (纵聚合关系) refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations (等级关系) refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.labeled IC Analysis(标记法直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers (短语标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.labeled bracketing (方括号标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.3. constituency (成分关系)dependency (依存关系)4. surface structures (表层结构)refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformationalrules.deep structures (深层结构) deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. 5. phrase structure rules (短语结构规则)are a way to describe a given language's syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentencedown into its constituent parts.6. transformational rules (转换规则)7. structural ambiguity (结构歧义)1. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?They are different from each other in four aspects:1) Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful groupingof sentences.2) Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.3) Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.4) Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2. Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1) PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2) T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.3. What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we st art with surface structures or with deep structures? How differently are theygenerated?To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules (PS rules) while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules (T-rules).4. What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one?Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5. What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1) Syntagmatic relations2) Paradigmatic relations.3) Hierarchical relations.1. Lexical semantics (词汇语义学) is defined as the study of word meaning in language.2. Sense (意义) refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Reference (所指) means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world.4. Concept (概念) is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.5. Denotation (外延) is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6. Connotation (内涵) refers to the emotional associations which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit.7. Componential analysis (成分分析法) is the way to decompose the meaning of a word into its components.8. Semantic field (语义场) The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, within whichwords interrelate and define each other in various ways. The areas are semantic fields.9. Hyponymy (上下义关系) refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10. Synonymy (同义关系) refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.11. Antonymy (反义关系) refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12. Lexical ambiguity (词汇歧义)13. Polysemy (多义性) refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.14. Homonymy (同音(同形)异义关系) refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.15. Sentence semantics (句子语义学) refers to the study of sentence meaning in language.1. What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into its sub-branches? And how does he classify semantics?In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics; it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2. What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning?1) Object, 2) concept, 3) symbol, 4) user, 5) context.3. What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis and the theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?4. What are the sense relations between sentences?1) S1 is synonymous with S2.2) S1 entails S2.3) S1 contradicts S2.4) S1 presupposes S2.5) S1 is a tautology, and therefore invariably true.6) S1 is a contradiction, and therefore invariably false.7) S1 is semantically anomalous.1. Speech act theory (言语行为理论)2. Cooperative principle and its maxims (合作原则及其准则)3. Politeness principle and its maxims (礼貌原则及其准则)4. Conversational implicature (会话含义)5. Indirect speech act (间接言语行为)6. Pragmatic presupposition (语用学预设)7. Relevance theory (关联理论)8. Illocutionary act (言外行为)9. (Horn’s) Q-Principle and R-Principle10. Perfrmative verbs (施为句动词)1. Make comments on the different definitions of pragmatics.2. What are the main types of deixis?3. Explain the statement: context is so indispen sable in fully understanding interpreting the speaker’s meaning.4. How are Austin’s and Searle’s speech act theories related to each other?5. What’s the relationship between CP and PP?6. What do you know about presupposition triggers in English? Explain them briefly with examples.7. What is ostensive-referential communication?8. Explain the obvious presupposition of speaker who say each of the following:1) When did you stop beating your wife?2) Where did Tom buy the watch?3) Your car is broken.9. What do you think of the fol lowing statement? “Tom participated in spreading rumors” entails “Tom engaged in spreading rumors”.Chapter 9 话语分析1. text(语篇) = discourse 语篇是指实际使用的语言单位，是一次交际过程中的一系列连续的话段或句子所构成的语言整体。
Chapter 1-5短语
Chapter 1 短语•往返票•因公；出差•拜访亲戚•名胜•一群•蜿蜒曲折•山脉•在中国的北部•在公元前5世纪•成形•长城•位于•在……中心•辉煌壮观的博物馆•玻璃顶•一面巨大的青铜镜•一副山水画•乘船旅行•桂林漓江•被……吸引•洗一次淤泥浴•在清澈河水中的倒影•做某事的最好时间•在附近的岩洞里•意味（指）•为了娱乐•步行15分钟•这样一种有用的语言•在春节期间•做安排•了解；知悉•一个三星级酒店•提前•要求•担心•要求致以诚挚的问候•年龄在两岁至五岁的孩子•纪念馆•做某事很开心•电话联系某人•return tickets•on business•visit relatives•place of interest• a group of•twist and turn•mountain chains•in the north of China•in the fifth century BC•take shape•the Great Wall•lie in/ be located•in the centre of•the splendid museum• a glass of dome• a huge bronze mirror• a landscape painting•take a boat trip•the Li River in Guilin•be attracted by•take a mud bath•the reflections in the clear water •the best time to do sth.•in the nearby caves•refer to•for pleasure• a fifteen-minute walk•such a useful language •during the Spring Festival •make arrangements•know about• a three-star hotel•in advance•ask for•be worried about=worry about •best regards•children aged from 2 to 5• a memorial hall•It’s fun doing sth•contact sb by phone•一张方形脸•一张椭圆形脸•幸福到极点•取决于•照顾，照料•使自己保持健康•充足的的锻炼•恰当的头发护理•足够柔软•除去污垢•至少•坏了•使……变干燥•几个小时内•劝说某人做某事•在架子上•记录•想和……预约•查明，弄清•注意时间表达•遇上交通堵塞•捡起•嘲笑•无事可做•拥有一家家具店•在报纸上登一则广告•承诺做某事•数以百计•顺便提一下•平均起来•错过预约•通知某人•在去……路上•看专家•发生在某人身上•以下建议•防止，阻止某事•减少压力•健康头发的关键•把……调成低温•a square face•an oval face•on top of the world•depend on•look after/ take care of•keep oneself healthy•plenty of exercise•proper hair care•soft enough•loosen dirt•at least•break down•dry out•within a few hours•persuade sb to do sth•up on the shelf•note down•would like an appointment with •find out•pay attention to time expression •get caught in a traffic jam•pick up•laugh at•have nothing to do•own a furniture shop•put an advertisement in the newspaper •promise to do sth•hundreds of•by the way•on average•miss an appointment•notify sb•on the way to•see a specialist•happen to sb•the following advice•prevent …from•reduce the pressure•the key to healthy hair•set…at a low temperature•肢体语言•一家旅行社•一个穿戴得体的女士•匆匆一看；看一眼•朝某人走过去•愉快地跟某人打招呼•一名高级雇员•喜欢Debbie而不喜欢我•与人们沟通的方式•与某人说话的机会•你的姿态与你脸上的表情•给某人一个好印象•手托着头•抬头；向上看•与某人眼神交流•改进他的肢体语言•毫不犹豫•提醒某人某事•提醒某人做某事•接待处；柜台•相互明白；相互理解•宁可（也）不愿意•首先•并非易事•理学士•免费•一副假牙•收到一张邀请函•接受/拒绝邀请•盼望着，期待着•偶然•唯一的方法•特殊的形式•代替•独自•控制肌肉•有关，连接•以……为基础•睡美人•同样的高度•Body language• A travel agency• A well-dressed lady•Glance at•Walk over to someone•Greet someone cheerfully• A senior employee•Prefer Debbie to me•The way to communicate with others• A chance to speak to sb•Your gestures and the expression on your face•Make a good impression on sb •Rest one’s head on one’s hand •Look up; hold one’s head up •Make eye contact with sb •Improve his body language •Without hesitation•Remind sb of/about sth•Remind sb to do sth•The reception desk•Understand one another•Would rather do… than do…•First of all•No easy job• A Bachelor’s degree in Science •Free of charge• A set of false teeth•Receive an invitation•Decline an invitation•Look forward to sth/doing sth•By chance=by accident•The only method• A special form of•Instead of•On one’s own•Control one’s muscles •Connect with•Be based on•Sleeping Beauty•The same height•一位收银员•觉得内疚•一封信的摘录•憎恨暴力•付款•辅导员•被…审问•如有必要的话•多出一张20元的纸币•一幢高层公寓•打翻一个花盆•不小心•正在玩耍•没有人受到伤害•去往•询问每一个人•害怕得不敢和警察交谈•不知道做什么•乘坐地铁回家•一次观光旅行•坐在一个小学生旁边•暴力行为•一张100元的钞票•忙于抱怨•错误的•等轮到你•约定时间•记下•面对一些困难的问题•缺乏勇气•不可预料的情况•分享我对这些情况的看法•就…而言•说服某人做某事•处理好事情的最好的办法•在地铁站•观察•其他人•不关某人的事•百货商店• A checkout assistant•Feel guilty•An extract from a letter•Hate violence•Pay for•Teacher counselor•Be questioned by•If (it is) necessary•An extra 20-yuan note• A high-rise building•Knock a flower pot•By accident•At play•No one was hurt•Leave for•Question everyone•Be too afraid to talk to the police •Don’t know what to do•Take the underground home• A sightseeing tour•Sit down next to a young schoolboy •Violent behaviour• A 100-yuan note•Be busy complaining•By mistake•Wait your turn•Make it•Note down•Face some difficult problems• A lack of courage•Unexpected situations•Share with you my views on theses cases•In the case of•Persuade sb to do sth•The best way to make things right •At the underground station •Watch for•Someone else•None of one’s business •Department storeChapter 5 短语•演播室里意想不到的事•洗衣机•智力竞赛•在电视演播室里•为…做好准备•感到心情平静和放松•在测试期间•还剩5分钟•感到紧张•走到舞台上•栽倒在桌子上•帮助某人离开舞台•控制室•举起手•化妆师•梳头•开始鼓掌•是…的时候了•没准备的•超过了其他两位选手•得最高分•再回答6个问题•获大奖•几乎不能保持平静•问题回答的一直正确•只剩最后一道题了•故宫•巴黎双人游•对…感到幸福•感到害怕和焦虑•平面图•想成为情节的一部分•声音系统•似乎非常真实•感觉似乎•数字技术•一系列•采取措施•播放音乐•4种电视节目•surprises at the studio•the washing machine• a quiz show•in tetelevision studio•get/be ready for sth; get/be ready to do sth •feel calm and relaxed•during the quiz• 5 minutes to go•feel really nervous•go up on the stage•fall forward across the desk•help sb off the stage•the control room•raise one’s hand• a make-up artist•comb one’s hair•start clapping•it’s time for…•be unprepared•ahead of the other two contestants •have the most points•have to answer six more questions•win the big prize•can hardly keep still•keep getting the questions to go•just one last question to go•the Palace Museum• a trip for two to the city of Paris•feel happy about•feel afraid and worried• a floor plan•feel like part of the action•the sound system•seem very real•feel as if•digital technology• a series of•take steps•play music•four types of TV programmes。
Quizforlinguistics习题整理含答案
Quiz for linguistics:Chapter 1: Linguistics and Language语言和语言学1. Which of the following is the most important function of languagea. Interpersonal functionb. Performative functionc. Informative functiond. Recreational function2. ______ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc..a. Phonologyb. Phoneticsc. Morphologyd. Pragmatics3. ______ function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.a. Performativeb. Interpersonalc. Phaticd. Metalingual4. ______ means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.a. Creativityb. Dualityc. Arbitrarinessd. Displacement5. By ______ it means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.a. arbitrarinessb. dualityc. creativityd. displacement6. ______ distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual production of speeches.a. Chomskyb. Saussurec. Gilmand. Brown7. ______ refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.a. Competenceb. Performancec. Eloquenced. Action8. ______ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.a. Psycholinguisticsb. Sociolinguisticsc. Anthropological linguisticsd. Computational linguistics9. ______ studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.a. Pragmaticsb. Semanticsc. Syntaxd. Phonetics10. ______ is a branch of linguistics concerned in principle with the physical representation of language or linguistic processes in the brain.a. Anthropological linguisticsb. Psychological linguisticsc. Computational linguisticsd. Neurolinguistics11. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is ______ (大纲样题)a. morphologyb. general linguisticsc. phonologyd. semantics12. Syntax is the study of ______. (2005年真题)a. language functionb. sentence structuresc. textual organizationd. word formation13. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language (2005年真题)a. arbitrarinessb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. finiteness14. The distinction between parole and langue was made by ______. (2006年真题)a. Hallidayb. Chomskyc. Bloomfieldd. Saussure15. ______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (2007年真题)a. Phonologyb. Morphologyc. Semanticsd. Sociolinguistics16. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language (2021年真题)a. Arbitrarinessb. Displacementc. Dualityd. Diachronicity17. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ______. (2021年真题)a. corpus linguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. theoretical linguisticsd. pysholinguistics18. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed〞on a highway serves ______. (2021年真题)a. an expressive function.b. an informative function.c. a performative function.d. a persuasive function.19. ______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. (2021年真题)a. Semanticsb. Pragmaticsc. Cognitive linguisticsd. Sociolinguistics20. Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as ____a. paroleb. languagec. systemd. langue1. ______ is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.a. Acoustic phoneticsb. Articulatory phoneticsc. Auditory phoneticsd. Pragmatics2. When ______ is produced, complete closure of the articulators is involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.a. fricativeb. stopc. affricated. lateral3. In the production of vowels, air is ______ as is the case with consonants.a. not obstructedb. obstructedc. semi-obstructedd. half-obstructed4. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the ______ grammarian Otto Jespersen in 1886.a. Englishb. Americanc. Danishd. French5. The present system of the IPA derives mainly from one developed in the ______ by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones and his colleagues at University of London.a. 1910sb. 1920sc. 1930sd. 1940s6. To be specific, ______ deals with how speech sounds are produced.a. articulatory phoneticsb. acoustic phoneticsc. auditory phoneticsd. phonological phonetics7. All the following are the description of [P] EXCEPT ______.a. stopb. bilabialc. alveolard. consonant8. If a single movement from one element to a second element of the tongue is involved, the combine vowels are called ______.a. monophthongsb. triphthongsc. cardinal vowelsd. diphthongs9. The most famous cardinal vowel system put forward by Daniel Jones defines ______ primary cardinal vowels.a. 7b. 8c. 9d. 1010. The followings belong to affricates EXCEPT ______.a. [ts]b. [l]c. [D]d. [tr]11. According to the part of the tongue which is raised, the vowels can be divided into the following three kinds, EXCEPT for ______.a. frontb. middlec. centrald. back12. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of _______. (2021年真题)a. absence of obstructionb. presence of obstructionc. manner of articulationd. place of articulation13. If the air stream meets with no obstruction when a sound is pronounced, it is a(n) ______.a. voiced consonantb. voiceless consonantc. voweld. explosive14. The internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is ______.a. b. c. d.1. ______ refers to two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also differ in meaning.a. Ahonemeb. A minimal pairc. Allophoned. Free variation2. Phonology is the study of ______.a. how speech sounds are madeb. the sound system of languagesc. speech sounds are transmittedd. how speech sounds are received3. The following are the principle suprasegmental features EXCEPT _______.a. syllableb. stressc. toned. phoneme4. Which aspect does NOT belong to the phonological processa. A set of sounds to undergo the processb. A set of sounds produced by the processc. The length of the sounds in the processd. A set of situations in which the process applies5. ______ refers to the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.a. Phoneb. Allophonec. Phonemed. Morpheme6. The open syllable refers to the syllable that has no ______.a. codab. onsetc. nucleusd. rhyme7. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. Which of the following is tone languagea. Englishb. Chinesec. both English and Chinesed. Neither English nor Chinese8. If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a ______.a. minimal pairb. complementary distributionc. phonemic contrastd. minimal set9. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature in English phonologya. aspirationb. plosivenessc. bilabialityd. voicelessness1. ______ is a unit that cannot be divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.a. Phonemeb. Morphemec. Lexemed. Phone2. The words such as dog, nation and close are ______.a. affixesb. free morphemesc. bound morphemesd. compounds3. The words such as “smog〞and 〞brunch〞are called ______.a. abbreviationb. acronymc. back-formationd. blending4. For example, the word bead originally means “prayer〞, but later it refers to “the prayer bead〞, and finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood〞. It is called ______.a. meaning shiftb. broadeningc. narrowingd. borrowing5. “Kodak〞is a/an ______.a. acronymb. blendingc. coinaged. clipping6. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are ______.a. grammatical wordsb. lexical wordsc. both grammatical words and lexical wordsd. neither grammatical words nor lexical words7. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and articles are ______.a. open-class wordsb. closed-class wordsc. both open-class words and closed wordsd. neither open-class nor closed-class words8. In terms of ______, words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words.a. meaningb. variabilityc. qualityd. membership9. _____ refers to any morphemes or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. It can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix.a. affixb. rootc. stemd. suffix10. In the following words foot/feet, goose/geese, the affixes belong to ______.a. suffixb. infixc. prefixd. root11. Which of the following is NOT a compound word 〔大纲样题〕a. Landladyb. Greenhousec. Upliftd. Unacceptable12. The word holiday originally meant “holy day〞; but now the word signifies “any day on which we don’t have to work〞. This is an example of ______. 〔大纲样题〕a. meaning shiftb. widening of meaningc. narrowing of meaningd. loss of meaning13. The word “motel〞comes from “motor + hotel〞. This is an example of ______ in morphology. (2021年全真)a. backformationb. conversionc. blendingd. acronym14. ______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (2007年全真〕a. Phonologyb. Morphologyc. Semanticsd. Sociolinguistics1. ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentence.a. Morphologyb. Syntaxc. Phoneticsd. Semantics2. Which one of the following does NOT belong to English casesa. Nominativeb. Accusativec. Genitived. Dative3. When a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of category, it is referred to as _____.a. generationb. governmentc. transformationd. negation4. ______ refers to the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.a. C-commandb. Immediate constituent analysisc. Deep structured. Communicative dynamism5. ______ is a general term for verbal category that distinguish the status of events, etc. in relation to specific period of times, as opposed to their simple location in the present, past, or future.a. tenseb. timec. moodd. aspect6. The relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc., e.g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts is called ______.a. syntagmatic relationb. paradigmatic relationb. positional relation d. relation of subsitutablity7. In English, theme and rheme are expressed by ______.a. subject and objectb. subject and predicatec. predicate and objectd. object and predicate8. Classical Creek and Arabic have a third number: ______, something like the English “both〞.a. singleb. pluralc. duald. trial9. Another method to analyze a sentence from the functional perspective is ______, which is proposed by J. Firbas.a. C-commandb. immediate constituent analysisc. deep structured. communicative dynamism10. Those constructions where there is only one head, with the head dominant and the other constituents being modifiers, are ______.a. endocentric constructionsb. exocentric constructionsc. deep structured. surface structure11. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.〞(2021年真题)a. a simple sentenceb. a coordinate sentencec. a complex sentenced. none of the above12. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______. (2007年真题)a. lexicalb. syntacticc. phonologicald. psycholinguistic13. Syntax is the study of ______. (2005年全真)a. language functions.b. sentence structures.c. textual organization.d. word formation.1. More specifically, _____ is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.a. pragmaticsb. semanticsc. syntaxd. phonology2. In the semantic triangle by Ogden and Richards, the SYMBOL or FORM refers to ______.a. the linguistic elements (words, phrases)b. the object in the world of experienced. idea3. The words with more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects are called ______.a. dialectal synonymsb. collocational synonymsc. stylistic synonymsd. complementary antonymy4. The word “table〞has at least the six meanings such as “a piece of furniture〞, “all the people seated at a table〞, etc. It can be called ______.a. polysemyb. antonymyc. homonymyd. hyponymy5. The relation between “dog〞and “animal〞is that of _____.a. synonymyb. antonymyc. homonymyd. hyponymy6. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called _____. (2021年真题)a. dialectb. idiolectc. pidgind. register7. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______. (2021年真题)a. hyponymyb. synonymyc. polysemyd. homonymy8. The word tail once referred to the “tail of a horse〞, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal〞. This is an example of ______.(2007年真题)a. widening of meaningb. narrowing of meaningc. meaning shiftd. loss of meaning9. The word “kid, child, offspring〞are examples of ______. (2006年真题)a. dialectal synonymsb. stylistic synonymsc. emotive synonymsd. collocational synonyms10. The noun “tear〞and the verb “tear〞are ______.a. homophonesb. homographsc. complete homonymsd. allophones1. Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how ______ influences the interpretation of meanings.a. wordb. contextc. sentenced. language form2. Speech Act Theory is the first major theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher ______.a. Herbert Paul Griceb. Dan Sperberc. Deirdre Wilsond. John Langshaw Austin3. A(n) _____ is using a sentence to perform a function.a. Locutionary Actb. Illocutionary Actc. Perlocutionary Actd. In-locutionary Act4. The second major theory in pragmatics is the theory of conversational implicature, proposed by Oxford philosopher ______.a. J. Austinb. Hallidayc. Herbert Paul Griced. Saussure5. The following maxims are the Cooperative Principles Except ______.a. quantity maximb. quality maximc. distance maximd. relation maxim6. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of Implicaturea. calculabilityb. cancellabilityc. non-detachabilityd. changeability7. Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims should be reduced to a single principle of ______.a. relevanceb. coordinationc. agreementd. reciprocity8. The notion of ______ is essential to the pragmatic study of languagea. communicationb. contextc. speech act theoryd. words9. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing ______. (2021年真题)a. an illocutionary actb. a perlocutionary actc. a locutionary actd. none of the above10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of ______. (2006年真题)a. referenceb. meaningc. antonymyd. context11. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005年真题)a. John Searleb. John Austinc. Noam Chomskyd. M.A.K Halliday12. The force of a/an ______ act is identical with the speaker’s intention.a. illocutionaryb. locutionaryc. perlocutionaryd. Prelocutionary1. The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers〞refers to _____. (2021年全真)a. pidginb. creolec. multilingualismd. bilingualism2. ______ refers to the learning and development of a language. (2021年全真)a. Language acquisitionb. Language comprehensionc. Language productiond. Language instruction3. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called ______. (2021年全真)a. dialect.b. idiolect.c. pidgin.d. register.4. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______. (2007年全真)a. lexicalb. syntacticc. phonologicald. psycholinguistic5. With the ______, Latin words were added into the vocabulary of the language spoken in Britain.a. invasion of the Romansb. Christianization of Britainc. Scandinavian invasiond. Norman Conquest现代语言学理论和流派1. The Prague School is best known for its contribution to the distinction between phonetics and ______.a. soundb. phonemec. phonologyd. phone2. The founder of the London School is the British linguist ______.a. J. R. Firthb. Hallidayc. Bloomfieldd. Sapir3. Firth insisted that the object of linguistics is language ______.a. in oral useb. in actual usec. in booksd. in media4. The following function of adult’s language EXCEPT ______ are put forward by Halliday.a. the ideational functionb. the interpersonal functionc. the informative functiond. the textual function5. The principle representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.a. L. Bloomfieldb. Chomskyc. Sapird. Saussure6. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics〞is ______.a. Firthb. Saussurec. Hallidayd. Chomsky7. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of ______.a. functionb. meaningc. signsd. system8. ______ is the founder of Transformational Generative Grammar.a. Noam Chomsky9. The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist ______ in the beginning of the 20th century.a. Chomskyb. Hallidayc. Saussured. Fillmore10. A representative of the Contextualism was ______, the leading British linguist of the period. He held the view that “We shall know a word by the company it keeps〞.a. Ogden and Richardsb. J. R. Firthc. Bloomfieldd. Leech11. Bloomfield further strengthened the contextualist view and drew on ______ when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.a. sociologyb. behaviorist psychologyc. anthropologyd. physiology12. ______ means that it is impossible for children to acquire some particular language knowledge resulting from the contrast of language data in the process of their L1 acquisition.a. Language facultyb. Language acquisition devicec. Universal grammard. Argument of poverty stimulus。
练习册翻译答案解析新编英语教程5第三版
练习册翻译答案解析新编英语教程5第三版Unit One1.在举出许多事实并列出一些统计数字后，他终于把他的论点说清楚了。
(drive sth. home)After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point.2. 差不多花了半年功夫，我们才完成了那个研究项目。
(more or less)It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project.3.他说的话如此微妙，我们很难理解他的真实意图。
(subtle)What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention.4.他的新书一针见血地审视了当代的社会问题。
(squarely)His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems.5.今日的年轻一代对互联网上的最新信息很关注。
(be alive to)The younger generation today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet.6.外语是不是在童年更容易学好？这是一个观点问题。
(a matter of)It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign language is more easily learnedin one’s childhood or otherwise.7. 在挫折面前千万不要丧失信心；鼓起勇气坚定不移地去克服它。
(take courage) Never lose heart in the face of a setback; take courage and deal with it squarely.8. 适量的米饭、肉类、蔬菜、水果构成均衡的饮食。
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7.67%
12.99% 23.32% 21.64% 6.67% 14.84% 100.00%
2.52
2.9 2.96 3.05 2.97 2.6 2.81
18
比较两个年份的调查结果，可以看出，
2000年北京市居民出行率较1986年有了较 大程度的提高，不同性别的出行率也是如 此，并且具有明显的向高龄化发展的趋势
10
1、土地利用
①住宅用地是交通的主要发生源和居民出行的主
要起讫点。该用地的发生与吸引交通量通常用居 住面积、住户数、人口、住户平均人数等指标表 示。与住宅用地相关的出行有：上班、上学、自 由（购物、娱乐）、回家。 ②公共设施用地包括行政办公用地、商业金融业 用地、文化娱乐用地、体育用地、医疗卫生用地、 教育科研设计用地、文物古迹用地等。当然，也 是交通的主要发生源之一。该用地的发生与吸引 交通量通常用办公、营业面积、从业人口等指标 表示。与公共设施用地相关的出行有：上班、上 学、自由（娱乐）、业务、回家。
情况。可以看出，60岁以后的人群由于大多已经退休， 自由时间比较多，从而仍保持着较高的出行率。
24
司机、推销、市场开拓人员出行多，教师、
学生出行少
职业 工人 科技人员
六、职业和工种
人数
数量 28774 6106
出行量
% 数量 83261 18005 % 17.59% 3.80%
出行次数/日 2.89 2.95
出行的发生与吸引是指研究对象区域内各交通小区的 交通发生与吸引量，它们与土地利用和设施有着密切 的关系。 发生与吸引交通量预测精度的高低将直接影响以后阶 段乃至整个预测过程的精度，因此精确地预测出行的 发生与吸引交通量，对交通规划工作是非常必要和重 要的。
6
Oi表示由小区i的发生交通量(到各小区的交通量之和)，
户口人数 1 2 3 4 5 合计 有车 户出行率 2.52 4.75 6.87 8.56 10.02 6.19 出行率 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.14 2.00 2.27 无车 户出行率 2.63 4.66 6.59 8.10 9.61 5.51 出行率 2.63 2.33 2.20 2.03 1.92 2.23
20
2004年北京市居民出行抽样调查中，对是否持有
驾照和是否拥有车辆的统计结果表明，持有驾照 和拥有车辆的居民的出行率均比较高
是否有驾照 出行率(次/人日) 是 否 2.49 2.28 是否拥有车辆 是 否 出行率(次/人日) 2.45 2.30
平均
2.35
平均
2.35
21
2005年北京市居民出行调查数据
17.10% 3.63%
职员、公务员
教师 学生 个体业主
29222
4626 24683 3055
17.37%
2.75% 14.67% 1.82%
91304
13578 65977 9146
19.29%
2.87% 13.94% 1.93%
3.12
2.94 2司机 农民
男性26~50岁出行多
2.50
平 均 出 行 次 数 男
2.00 1.50
1.12
1.87
1.94 1.75 1.66
2.07 2.04
1.95 1.78 1.72 1.60 1.37 1.09 0.70
1.00 0.50 0.00
1 11 0 ～ 1 16 5 ～ 2 21 0 ～ 2 26 5 ～ 3 31 0 ～ 3 36 5 ～ 40 41 ～ 4 46 5 ～ 5 51 0 ～ 5 56 5 ～ 6 61 0 ～ 6 66 5 ～ 70 71 ～
北京市2000年日平均出行次数
年龄组 6岁以下 6岁—13岁 13岁—18岁 人数 数量 1630 8267 14048 % 0.97% 4.91% 8.35% 数量 96 24568 36228 出行量 % 0.02% 5.19% 7.65% 出行次数/日 0.06 2.97 2.58
18岁—25岁
19
四、汽车保有率
汽车保有率增加 ，人口出行数增加，其原因有:
（1）出行需求高的人购买车辆，出行次数多； （2）购买车辆以后更容易诱发出行。
用汽车保有量或户均汽车保有量指标表示和评价。
随着我国城镇居民生活水平的不断提高和加入国 际贸易组织 ( WTO) ，对汽车的购买力的上升和 汽车价格的不断下调，私人汽车保有量将逐渐成 为影响城市道路交通的主要因素之一。
5
第一节 概述
根据研究对象地区的特性直接求得生成交通量的
步骤被称为交通量的生成。 生成交通量是对象区域交通的总量，它与土地利 用没有直接关系。 生成交通量通常作为总控制量，用来预测和校核 各个交通小区的发生 (Trip Production) 与吸引交 通量 (Trip Attraction ) 。
Dj表示小区j的吸引交通量（来小区j的交通量之和）
7
表5-1 发生、吸引交通量与生成交通量的关系
O
D
1
2
…...
j
…...
n
…...
i
1 2
Ï Æ º ¼ O1
O2
…...
…...
m Ï ¼ º Æ
D1 D2 …... Di …... Dn
…...
Om
Oi
发 生 交 通 量
T
吸引交通量
生成交通量
8
27
八、企业规模、性质
九、家庭收入
第二节 出行的影响因素
十、其他
天气、工作日、休息日和季节等的不同也影响
人们的出行。 雨雪天气人们出行不便，出行量小； 周一至周五工作日出行量大且时间集中，周六、 周日等休息日出行量小且分散； 炎热的夏天和寒冷的冬天出行量小，春秋天气 候宜人出行多。
25岁—35岁 35岁—45岁 45岁—55岁 55岁—60岁 60岁以上 合计
14413
21243 37348 33593 10628 27050 168220
8.57%
12.63% 22.20% 19.97% 6.32% 16.08% 100.00%
36284
61509 110404 102436 31571 70248 473344
8545
40711 4322 4494
5.08%
24.20% 2.57% 2.67%
23429
111110 13445 14996
4.95%
23.47% 2.84% 3.17%
2.74
2.73 3.11 3.34
无职业
其它 全体
8138
3914 168220
4.84%
2.33% 100.00%
16438
产生交通问题的原因之三：
缺乏刻画活动主体活动规律的精细方法！！ 之一：缺乏足够的数据 之二：城市规划与交通规划脱节
1
交通需求“四阶段预测法”示意图
交通规划
Transportation Planning
第五章 出行的发生与吸引
Trip Generation (Trip Production & Attraction)
9
第二节 出行的影响因素 1、土地利用
交通与土地利用 (Land Use) 有着不可分割
的关系 ,是影响交通产生的主要因素之一。 按照我国国家标准《城市用地分类与规划 建设用地标准》规定，城市土地利用分10 大类，分别为：
①居住用地；②公共设施用地；③工业用地；
④仓储用地；⑤对外交通用地；⑥道路广场用 地；⑦市政公共设施用地；⑧绿地；⑨特殊用 地；⑩水域及其他用地。
平 均 出 行 次 数 女
11 10 ～ 1 16 5 ～ 2 21 0 ～ 2 26 5 ～ 3 31 0 ～ 3 36 5 ～ 4 41 0 ～ 4 46 5 ～ 5 51 0 ～ 5 56 5 ～ 6 61 0 ～ 6 66 5 ～ 70 71 ～
6～
( )
年龄段
女性不同年龄的平均出行次数
17
28
武汉居民出行调查(2008)
调查结果一：全市人均日出行2.41人次，较1998年增加17.2%，
即每天有2000万人次出行 调查结果二：每天过长江的人流超过100万人次。 主城区建成的4条过江通道，无法满足市民过江需要，必须 加快二七长江大桥和过江地铁建设，尽快启动鹦鹉洲过江 通道建设，让天兴洲大桥尽快通车。 调查结果三：市民出行方式中，步行比例最高，占44.5%。自 行车出行大幅下降，较1998年下降了12%。 调查结果四：市民采用公交、客车等机动化出行比例升高，较 1998年提高了4.5%，居民对快速化、机动化需要增加。必须大 力发展大运量的轨道交通、快速公交专线等。 调查结果五：市民每次出行平均耗时33分钟，较1998年增加2 分钟。市民每天用于交通的时间为77分钟，较1998年增加15分 钟。 武汉需要兴建非机动车停车场所、候车休闲场所等，方便市民 在城区长距离出行
6～
( )
年龄段
16
男性不同年龄的平均出行次数
女性16~50岁出行多。
2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00
1.84 1.78 1.62 1.90 1.88 1.71 1.73 1.39 1.09 0.93 0.65 0.52 0.40 0.16
居室数 0 1 2 3 4 5 5以上
调查户数 户出行率(次/户) 出行率(次/人) 639 6.04 2.29 5890 5.37 2.37 22352 5.67 2.25 10142 5.83 2.19 1333 5.79 2.12 278 5.88 2.1 553 5.78 2