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Vestima - Access to China Domiciled Funds说明书

ClearstreamVestima – Access to China Domiciled FundsProduct informationProcessing mutually recognised Mainland China fundsThe Mainland China – Hong Kong Mutual Recognition of Funds programme (MRF) allows Hong Kong and Chinese assetmanagers to distribute recognised funds in both jurisdictions. With the launch of the MRF programme, Hong Kong-based investors can directly invest in MRF-eligible China-domiciled funds. Investors can access these mutually recognised China-domiciled funds via Clearstream’s global Vestima fund processing platform.Key benefitsStreamlined processing of all asset classesAll securities held with Clearstream are processed on the same platform and via the same connectivity media. Greater efficiencyImproved scalability of operations and reduced manual effort thanks to automation and the use of stored reference data.Reduced riskServices are provided by a fullylicensed bank with an AA rating and a centralised cash management via existing Clearstream accounts. Leading market infrastructureWith over 150,000 mutual funds, 50,000 actively traded hedge funds and more than 10 million settlement instructions processed every year, Clearstream is a leading provider of investment fundservices.Customers can directly send orders for China-domiciled funds under the MRF scheme to Vestima and thus benefit from a high level of standardisation and proven processes. Further well-known features of Vestima include automated order routing, delivery-versus-payment (DVP) settlement and position reporting.New fund classBy making China-domiciled funds a new fund class eligible for order routing in Vestima, Clearstream reaffirms its ongoing support of the opening of the Chinese market. This will notonly encourage foreign investment in China but also support theinternationalisation of the Renminbi.High potential growthThe Chinese asset management industry has a high growth potential: only about three per cent of China’s financial assets are held in mutual funds; the remaining majority are still held in deposits. Market liberalisation, ongoing institutional demand and the shift of the retail market from saving to investing are expected to increase the percentage of assets held in mutual funds.7036/04.16Contact informationFor further information, please contact our dedicated Vestima team:*******************Luxembourg +352-243-32555 Frankfurt +49-(0)69-211-32555 Hong Kong +852-2530-7419Singapore +65-6597-1656Order routing via VestimaOrders can be placed via a single entry point which supports SWIFT messages (ISO 15022 and ISO 20022), file transfer or manual input via a browser workstation. The full order life cycle is displayed in the order book. Order completionClearstream will complete orders received from customers based on stored customer identification data (e.g. agent code) and forward them in accordance with the terms of the fund.Cash payments via Clearstream’s infrastructureOne single cash account can be used for all payments of subscription amounts. Clearstream will forward the cash to the respective collection account of the fund. Redemption proceeds will be credited to the customer account on a DVP basis. ReportingFund positions will be included in Clearstream’s standard account reporting (i.e. MT 535 Statement of Holding).Fund inclusionAll mutually recognised Mainland China funds are eligible for order routing and position keeping.Single point of accessThe mutually recognised Mainland China funds are supported byClearstream’s established processing infrastructure. This enables customers to benefit from a single point of entry for orders, streamlined cash management and consolidated position reporting in a secure environment.Key featuresThe Clearstream product range for investment funds provides customers with a single, fullyautomated point of entry for routing orders to fund managers. This enables them to use the same standardized process at all times regardless of the wide variety of markets and investment funds involved.High-quality secure and efficient post-trade services complete our offering and ensure that cash and securities are promptly and effectively delivered between trading parties.Our commitment to the fund industry。

煤层气井常规修井作业工艺

种情况进行区分。

首先值得一提的是，卡泵特别明显，外在表现便是驴头停止上下运动。

然而对于断脱与煤粉包裹凡尔来说，则需要通过示功图来进行区分。

煤粉包裹凡尔包括三种情况：煤粉包裹游动凡尔、煤粉包裹固定凡尔，煤粉同时包裹游动凡尔与固定凡尔。

Ⅱ类故障的外在表现是产液，但仍需进行修井作业，主要包括泵效低与液面不降。

一般来说，泵效的高低需要结合具体的井来分析，并不是泵效低于某个数值才将其称为泵效低，例如：当一口井的液面已经降至煤层顶板，日产水0.1m 3，泵效仅为1%，我们仍然认为该井正常运行；然而当一口井液柱几十米，日产水0.2m 3，泵效为4%，我们亦认为该井在低泵效运行。

泵效低的原因有多种，包括：(1)泵本身密封不严，出现漏失；(2)泵挂位置较高，造成供液不足；(3)地层供液量减小，原来的泵不适应目前的排采制度；(4)冲次较小，不符合该井的排采制度。

对于(4)来说，只需调高冲次即可；而对于(1)(2)(3)来说，则需要进行修井作业。

同样地，液面不降的原因也有多种，包括：(1)泵本身密封不严，出现漏失；(2)地层供液量增大，原来的泵不适应目前的排采制度。

2 泵型选择修井作业是煤层气井排采过程中较为常见的一项措施，其中，确定泵的类型与泵挂深度是作业中的重中之重，两者的选择将直接影响后续的排采与产量。

选泵时需考虑泵效，还要满0 引言煤层气作为一种新型洁净能源，是常规天然气的重要战略补充[1]。

在开采过程中，井下会出现一些故障与问题，如果不能及时发现并处理，会对煤层气产能造成较大的影响[2]。

因此，根据井暴露出来的问题合理地进行修井作业，对于确保煤层气井正常运作、恢复产量有着重要的现实意义。

1 井下故障类型简介在前期的勘探，井位选择，钻井，射孔，压裂，完井等一系列工作完成之后，便进入了煤层气的排采阶段。

该阶段通过抽排煤层中的承压水，降低煤层压力，使煤层中吸附的甲烷气，即煤层气释放出来[3,4]。

在排采过程中，井下会出现各种各样的问题，如出现负荷重、砂埋、套管出现问题，需要作业队进行钻、铣、套、磨，这种情况下通常会选择大修。

International strategic summary report

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1998International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report—TungstenBy Antony B.T. Werner, W. David Sinclair, and Earle B. AmeyU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930–OPrepared as a cooperative effort among earth-science and mineral-resourceagencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic ofSouth Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of AmericaU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBRUCE BABBITT, SecretaryU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYTHOMAS J. CASADEV ALL, Acting DirectorAny use of trade, product, or ﬁrm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Published in the Eastern Region, Reston, Va.Manuscript approved for publication January 14, 1998.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataWerner, Antony B.T.International strategic mineral issues summary report—Tungsten / by Antony B.T. Werner,W. David Sinclair, and Earle B. Amey.p. cm. — (U.S. Geological Survey circular ; 930–O)“Prepared as a cooperative effort among earth-science and mineral-resource agencies ofAustralia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, theUnited Kingdom, and the United States of America.”Includes bibliographical references.1. Tungsten.2. Strategic minerals. I. Sinclair, W.D. II. Amey, Earle B. III. Title.IV. Series.TN490.T9W471998333.8′54649—dc2198–2687CIPPREFACEEarth-science and mineral-resource agencies from several countries started the Inter-national Strategic Minerals Inventory, later renamed International Strategic MineralIssues, in order to cooperatively gather information about major sources of mineral rawmaterials. This circular summarizes inventory information about major deposits oftungsten.The report was prepared by Antony B.T. Werner, Canadian Department of NaturalResources (NRCan), Minerals and Metals Sector (MMS) (retired); W. David Sinclair,NRCan, Geological Survey of Canada (GSC); and Earle B. Amey, United States Geologi-cal Survey (USGS). Tungsten inventory information was compiled by James E. Elliott,USGS; S. Warren Hobbs, USGS; Alfred Johnson and L.S. Jen, NRCan/MMS; NeridaKnight and John Olley, Australian Geological Survey Organisation; W. David Sinclair andA. Pasitschniak, NRCan/GSC; and Klaus Fesefeldt and Ilse Häusser, German FederalInstitute for Geosciences and Natural Resources.Additional contributions to the report were made by Jan Zwartendyk, NRCan/MMS (retired); Stuart Girvan and Ian Lambert, Bureau of Resource Sciences of the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy; Erik C.I. Hammerbeck, South AfricanCouncil for Geoscience; Michael Bowles, Geological Survey of South Africa; GregoryR. Chapman, Peter Harris, and Gordon Riddler, British Geological Survey; John H.DeYoung, Jr., Ebraham Shekarchi, and David M. Sutphin, USGS; and T.F. Anstett, U.S.Bureau of Mines (USBM), and P.T. Stafford, USBM (deceased).IVCONTENTS VII Preface (III)Abstract (1)Part I—Overview (1)Introduction (1)Uses and Supply Aspects (2)Types of Tungsten Deposits (4)Geologic Ages of Tungsten Deposits (9)Geographic Distribution of Tungsten Deposits and Districts (9)Tungsten Resources (10)Resource Distribution by Economic Class of Country (10)Order of Deposit Discovery (11)Resource Distribution by Deposit Type (12)Tungsten Production (12)Conclusions (16)Part II—Selected Inventory Information on Tungsten Deposits and Districts (18)References Cited (66)Additional References on Tungsten Resources (70)FIGURES1.Diagram showing United Nations resource categories used in this report (3)2–4.Maps showing location, type, and estimated resources of major tungsten deposits and districts in—2.The world (6)3.The former Soviet Union (7)4.China (8)5.Bar graph showing tungsten resources in, and cumulative production from, the world’s major deposits anddistricts according to geologic era of mineralization and geologic deposit type (10)6.Map showing economic classiﬁcation by the World Bank for countries where the world’s major tungstendeposits and districts occur (14)7–9.Bar graphs showing—7.Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts according to their date of discovery (15)8.Proportions of total world mine production of tungsten accounted for by countries having deposits anddistricts in the ISMI tungsten inventory; selected years 1930–90 (17)9.Tungsten mine production in countries having deposits and districts in the ISMI tungsten inventory anda cumulative output of more than 10,000 metric tons; selected years 1930–90 (18)10.Map showing major world tungsten processing plants, 1919–89 (19)11.Map showing major tungsten deposits and districts worldwide, their production status at the beginning of 1986,and their probable production status in 2020 (26)VIIICONTENTSTABLES1.Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category (4)2.Ten largest tungsten deposits or groups of deposits in the world (12)3.Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts, by economic class of country and resource category (13)4, 5.Estimated cumulative and annual mine production of tungsten contained in ore and concentrate—4.By economic class of country for all countries having tungsten deposits or districts (13)5.For each country having a tungsten deposit or district listed in the ISMI tungsten inventory (16)6.Tungsten resources in the world’s deposits and districts in the R1 and R2 categories, listed by mining methodand economic class of country (16)7.Major world tungsten processing plants (20)8.Abbreviations used in tables 9 and 10 (27)9.Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts (28)10.Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for tungsten deposits and districts (50)CONVERSION FACTORSMultiply By To obtaingram (g)0.03527ounce avoirdupoisgram per metric ton (g/t)0.0292ounce per ton (2,000 pounds)kilogram (kg) 2.205poundkilometer (km)0.6214milemeter (m) 3.281footmetric ton (t) 1.102short ton (2,000 pounds)INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTENBy Antony B.T. Werner,1 W. David Sinclair,2 and Earle B. Amey3ABSTRACTScheelite and wolframite are the principal minerals currently mined for tungsten.Both occur in hard-rock deposits; wolframite is also recovered from placer deposits. Most current mine production of tungsten is from vein/ stockwork, skarn, porphyry, and strata-bound deposits. Minor amounts are produced from disseminated, pegmatite, breccia, and placer deposits.Most tungsten is used to make tungsten carbide and tungsten alloys for use in machine tools and drilling equip-ment.Other important applications are in lamp ﬁlaments and cathodes, high-speed steels, textile dyes, paints, and catalysts.The world is well endowed with tungsten resources. China and the former Soviet Union have 8 of the world’s 10 largest deposits; these 8 contain about half of the world’s resources of tungsten. If economic conditions are suitable, world tungsten resources in known deposits and their exten-sions (categories R1 and R2), including economic, mar-ginal, and subeconomic resources, are sufﬁcient to permit world production to continue at 1995 levels until well into the 21st century.World tungsten resources in identiﬁed deposits and dis-tricts that are currently economically exploitable (category R1E) appear to be sufﬁcient to meet world demand at 1995 levels only until the year 2007. However, the ﬁgure for resources of this kind does not include or reﬂect resources whose economic parameters are unknown in major produc-ing areas in the former Soviet Union, China, and other 1Retired from Canadian Department of Natural Resources, Minerals and Metals Sector.2Canadian Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey of Canada (the GSC component of this document is recognized as Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 34988), 675–601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E8.3U.S. Geological Survey, 989 National Center, Reston, V A 20192 U.S.A.nonmarket-economy countries and thus severely underesti-mates future tungsten availability.In 1995, China and the former Soviet Union accounted for over three-fourths of the world’s mine production of tungsten. China alone produced about two-thirds of world output. Given its vast resources, China will likely maintain its prominent role in world tungsten supply. By the year 2020, changes in supply patterns are likely to result from declining output from individual deposits in Australia, Aus-tria, and Portugal and the opening of new mines in Canada, China, and the United Kingdom.PART I—OVERVIEWINTRODUCTIONThe reliability of future supplies of minerals is of con-cern to many nations. This widespread concern has led to duplication of effort in the gathering of information on the world’s major sources of minerals. With the aim of pooling such information, a cooperative effort named International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI) was started in 1981 by ofﬁcials of the governments of the United States, Canada, and West Germany. It was subsequently joined by South Africa, Australia, and the United Kingdom. In 1997, ISMI was renamed International Strategic Mineral Issues.The objective of ISMI reports is to make publicly available, in convenient form, nonproprietary data and char-acteristics of major deposits of mineral commodities for policy considerations in regard to short-term, medium-term, and long-term world supply. This report provides a sum-mary statement of the data compiled and an overview of the supply aspects of tungsten in a format designed to be of beneﬁt to policy analysts and geologists. Knowledge of the geologic aspects of mineral resources is essential in order to discover and develop mineral deposits. However, technical,ﬁnancial, and political decisions must be made, and often transportation and marketing systems must be constructed, before ore can be mined and processed and the products12INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTENtransported to the consumer; the technical, ﬁnancial, and political aspects of mineral-resource development are not speciﬁcally addressed in this report. The report addresses the primary stages in the supply process for tungsten and does not include considerations of tungsten demand.To date, the ISMI Working Group has published stud-ies on chromium, cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium (columbium), phosphate, platinum-group metals, rare-earth oxides, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten (this report), vanadium, and zirconium; these studies are chapters A–O of U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930. A regional survey of the strategic minerals of subequatorial Africa has been published (Coakley and others, 1991), and a survey of mineral resources in eastern Europe is underway. Deposits (or districts) were selected for the inventory on the basis of their present or expected future contribution to world supply.Data in the ISMI tungsten inventory were mostly col-lected from November 1984 to March 1987. The report had some additional updating to March 1996 and was submitted for review and publication May 19, 1997. Information used was the best available to the various agencies of the coun-tries that contributed to the preparation of this report. Those agencies were the U.S. Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior; the Geological Survey of Can-ada and the Minerals and Metals Sector of the Canadian Department of Natural Resources; the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of Germany; the Coun-cil for Geoscience and the Minerals Bureau of the Depart-ment of Mineral and Energy Affairs of South Africa; the Bureau of Resource Sciences of the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy and the Australian Geo-logical Survey Organisation; and the British Geological Survey.The ISMI record collection and this report on tungsten use the international classiﬁcation system for mineral resources recommended by the United Nations Group of Experts on Deﬁnitions and Terminology for Mineral Resources (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1979; Schanz, 1980). The terms, deﬁnitions, and resource categories of this system were established in 1979 to facili-tate international exchange of mineral-resource data; the United Nations experts sought a system that would be com-patible with the several systems already in use in several countries. Figure 1 shows the United Nations (U.N.) resource classiﬁcation used in this report. The term “reserves,“ which many would consider to be equivalent to category r1E or R1E, has been interpreted inconsistently and thus has been deliberately avoided in the U.N. classiﬁ-cation. Category R3, undiscovered deposits, is not dealt with in this report.Not all companies or countries report resource data in the same way. Little information is available on tungsten resources in China and the former Soviet Union. Most of the production and resource numbers for these two countries,which together probably have more than half of the world’s resources of tungsten, are estimates.In this report, almost all resource data are quoted as being in place. Mining recovery from an orebody depends on individual conditions and may vary considerably. It typi-cally ranges from 75 to 90 percent for underground mining; that is, 10 to 25 percent of the in-place resources are not recovered from the ground. After mining, additional amounts of economic mineral content are lost in processing (concentrating, milling, and chemical treatment).Overall, an assessment made of mines in market-econ-omy countries has shown that, on average, nearly 69 percent of the tungsten trioxide (WO3) contained in the ground was recovered in marketable form (Anstett and others, 1985, p.40). Tungsten resource information is reported by industry in terms of either “percent W” or “percent WO3.” Unless otherwise speciﬁed, information in this report is expressed in percent W. Where necessary, the factor 0.7931 has been used to convert amounts expressed in WO3 to amounts of W.The World Bank economic classiﬁcation of countries (World Bank, 1996), which is based primarily on gross national product (GNP) per capita, has been used in this and other ISMI reports to illustrate distribution of resources and production according to economic groupings of countries. This classiﬁcation was chosen because it relies primarily on objective economic criteria and does not contain political-bloc labels that might be perceived differently by different countries.USES AND SUPPLY ASPECTSTungsten is a dense, corrosion-resistant metal and has the highest melting point among metals. When alloyed with other metals or combined with carbon, it increases hardness, durability, and resistance to corrosion for the resultant alloy or compound. Because of these desirable properties, indus-trialized countries consider tungsten essential in metal-cut-ting and oil-well-drilling tools, in ordnance, and in specialized high-temperature items and alloys for the aero-space industry.The world’s metallurgical and chemical industries annually use some 33,000 metric tons of tungsten (U.S. Geological Survey, 1996). Most tungsten goes into tungsten carbide and tungsten alloys for use in machine tools and oil-well-drilling equipment. In the United States, for example, 55 percent of the tungsten consumed in 1995 was used in cutting and wear-resistant materials in welding and hard-facing rods (tungsten carbide). An additional 10 percent was used, in the form of tungsten metal, principally to make lamp ﬁlaments, cathodes, and ammunition. The remaining 35 percent went primarily into the manufacture of high-speed and tool-and-die steels, high-temperature and oxida-tion-resistant superalloys, textile dyes, paints, and catalysts.USES AND SUPPLY ASPECTS 3(For a further discussion of tungsten uses, see Stafford (1985).)Scheelite (CaWO 4 ), often called “white ore,” and wol-framite ((Fe,Mn)WO 4 ), commonly known as “black ore,”are the predominant ore minerals of tungsten. Pure scheelite contains 63.9 percent tungsten by weight. The composition of wolframite ranges from the iron-rich variety, ferberite,containing 60.5 percent tungsten, to the manganese-rich variety, huebnerite, which contains 60.8 percent tungsten.Molybdenum can substitute for some of the tungsten in scheelite (up to 2.0 percent molybdenum) and in wolframite (up to 0.1 percent molybdenum).The molybdenum content and amounts of other impu-rities usually determine the end use of a particular tungsten concentrate. Most chemical processors making ammonium paratungstate, an intermediate product in the preparation of ferrotungsten and tungsten carbide, prefer to use concen-trates with low molybdenum content (Ho, 1987), whereas scheelite with a relatively high molybdenum content is attractive to tool-steel makers, who can charge it directly to their steelmaking furnaces.Several materials could take the place of tungsten in most of its applications. Substitution does, however, gener-ally require time for testing and retooling and, in most cases, entails some sacriﬁce in physical and chemical prop-erties. This affects the performance and overall cost of the product made from the replacement material. Present and potential substitutes for tungsten carbide are titanium car-bide, ceramics, and polycrystalline diamond. The use of coatings of these materials on tungsten carbide inserts in cutting or drilling tools prolongs the life of those items, thus reducing the demand for tungsten.A proﬁtable substitution, made possible by metallurgi-cal advances, is the use of molybdenum to replace tungsten in the manufacture of high-speed steels. Starting in the 1970’s, this substitution greatly reduced the quantity of tungsten used to make these steels, mainly in North America.Figure 1.United Nations resource categories used in this report (modified from Schanz, 1980, p. 313).4INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERAL ISSUES SUMMARY REPORT—TUNGSTENAs subsequent sections of this report show, tungsten resources, production, and processing plants are irregularly distributed around the world. The natural distribution of tungsten deposits and the geographical history of economic development are such that many industrialized nations import tungsten in a raw form (scheelite or wolframite con-centrate) or an intermediate form (synthetic scheelite, ammonium paratungstate, ferrotungsten, or tungsten metal powder). Historically, two main economic factors have determined world demand for tungsten and consequently world supply: (1) the needs of defense industries, which consider tungsten essential for producing machine tools, ordnance, and superalloys for aircraft engineers, and (2) the requirements of the world’s metal-fabricating and oil-drill-ing industries.During World War I, the ﬁrst widespread use of tung-sten in armaments, which was eventually accompanied by very high prices, stimulated production in the United States and launched the Chinese tungsten mining industry. Rear-mament in the 1930’s and interruptions to supplies from Burma and China during World War II led to the opening of new mines in Brazil and boosted production in Bolivia, Japan, and Spain.In the 1950’s, during and after the Korean War, the U.S. stockpiling program spurred the development of tung-sten deposits, especially in Australia, Peru, Portugal, and the United States, through its offer of purchase contracts to U.S. and foreign suppliers.Since the early 1970’s, the levels and patterns of world tungsten supply also have been inﬂuenced by—•sales of tungsten from the U.S. stockpile;•the increasingly preeminent role of China in world tung-sten production; and•the growing tendency of a number of major producing nations, notably South Korea and China, to shift from the export of concentrates to the production and export of tungsten in intermediate and upgraded/value-added forms such as synthetic scheelite, ammonium paratung-state, ferrotungsten, and tungsten metal powder.In the 1980’s, industrial intermediate and upgraded/ value-added products from China and South Korea were sold to consumers in industrial market countries at prices well below those charged by domestic processors, causing plant closures in those countries. In 1986, for example, all production of ferrotungsten ceased in France and West Ger-many, because it could be imported more cheaply from China (Bunting, 1987). Over the years, tungsten prices have ﬂuctuated to a greater extent than prices for any other widely traded mineral commodity. This ﬂuctuation has led many producers of scheelite and wolframite to open and close their operations in response to price changes. For example, the decline in price of a metric ton unit (7.93 kg tungsten) of wolframite concentrate from a high of US$144 in 1980 to US$20 (not adjusted for inﬂation) in August 1993 resulted in numerous mine closures (estimated at 85 percent of Western world mine capacity). In some cases, however, tungsten is produced as a coproduct with other commodities such as tin, or as a byproduct in the mining of molybdenum, copper, lead, and zinc. Such mining operations are, of course, less sensitive to ﬂuctuations in the price of tungsten.TYPES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITSMajor tungsten deposits in this report are classiﬁed as seven types: vein/stockwork, skarn, porphyry, strata-bound, disseminated, placer, and brine/evaporite (table 1). Of rela-tively minor interest are pegmatite, breccia, pipe, and hot spring deposits. All are discussed below. Most of the current mine production of tungsten is from vein/stockwork, skarn, porphyry, and strata-bound deposits. Minor amounts of tungsten are produced from disseminated, pegmatite, brec-cia, and placer deposits. The tungsten content of brine/ evaporite deposits is large, but no tungsten is currently pro-duced from such deposits.Vein/stockwork deposits.—Collectively, vein/stockwork deposits accounted for more than 50 percent of world tung-sten production in 1986, mainly from deposits in ChinaTYPES OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS5(southern Jiangxi region), Bolivia, Peru, Portugal, and the former Soviet Union. These deposits typically consist of tungsten-bearing quartz veins or vein stockworks that occur in or near granitic intrusions. Wolframite is commonly the principal tungsten mineral; scheelite is important in some deposits. Tin, copper, molybdenum, and bismuth minerals are also present in some vein/stockwork tungsten deposits and may be economically important.Most vein deposits are relatively small, on the order of a few hundred thousand metric tons of ore; few vein depos-its contain more than 1 million metric tons of ore. Large vein deposits may contain hundreds of minable veins. In stockwork deposits, swarms of parallel to subparallel veins, commonly with interconnecting veins and veinlets, form “sheeted” veins or stockworks that can be exploited by bulk mining methods (as at Mount Carbine, Australia). Such deposits may contain tens to hundreds of millions of metric tons of ore but are generally of low grade (the Mount Car-bine deposit in Australia, for example, contains 0.1 percent WO3). The world's largest known deposit, Verkhne-Kayrakty in the former Soviet Union (872,000 metric tons of tungsten in 1.1 million metric tons of WO3 in the ore), which is shown as a vein/stockwork deposit in ﬁgures 2 and 3, consists mainly of a scheelite-bearing stockwork in a granite pluton. In some vein/stockwork deposits, tungsten minerals may also replace altered wall rocks adjacent to veins. The extent of such replacement is generally minor, with the exception of some deposits in carbonate host rocks (such as Morococha, Peru).Skarn deposits.—Skarn deposits accounted for about 30 percent of world tungsten production in 1986, mainly from deposits in Brazil, Canada, the former Soviet Union, Australia, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States. In this report, the term “skarn” refers generally to an assem-blage of calcium-iron-magnesium-aluminum-silicate miner-als that have developed in carbonate-bearing rocks at or near contacts with granitic intrusions. Scheelite is the principal tungsten mineral in skarn deposits and occurs both as dis-seminated grains and in veinlets or fractures. In some tung-sten-bearing skarn deposits, copper, molybdenum, and bismuth minerals are also present and may be economically recoverable.Exploitable skarn deposits generally contain 0.3 to 1.5 percent WO3and range in size from hundreds to millions of metric tons of ore. They include some of the world's largest tungsten deposits, such as Mactung in Canada and Tyrnyauz and V ostok-2 in the former Soviet Union.Porphyry deposits.—Porphyry deposits overall accounted for about 6 percent of world tungsten production in 1986. Such deposits consist of large, equidimensional to irregular stockwork zones of tungsten-bearing veins, vein-lets, and fractures that occur in or near epizonal to subvolca-nic felsic granitic intrusions. Mineralized breccia zones, either irregular or pipe shaped, may also be present. Tung-sten occurs as wolframite or scheelite, and in some deposits both minerals may be present. Molybdenum is commonly present in porphyry tungsten deposits and may represent a viable coproduct or byproduct. Small amounts of tungsten are present in some porphyry molybdenum deposits (such as Climax, United States, where it has been an important byproduct) and in porphyry tin deposits (such as Chorolque, Bolivia).Porphyry deposits typically are hundreds of meters across and tens to hundreds of meters thick and contain tens to hundreds of millions of metric tons of ore. Nonetheless, such deposits are currently only of marginal economic inter-est because their average grade is low (about 0.1 to 0.4 per-cent WO3); for example, a mining operation in the Mount Pleasant deposit in Canada started in April 1984 and closed in July 1985 even though it still contains more than 8 mil-lion metric tons of material averaging 0.4 percent WO3 as well as molybdenum, tin, and other potentially recoverable metals. Yet, because of their large size, porphyry deposits represent signiﬁcant tungsten resources for the future. Important examples are the Lianhuashan, Yangchuling, and Xingluokeng deposits in China (ﬁg. 4). The Logtung deposit in Yukon Territory, Canada, containing 168,000 metric tons of tungsten in 162 million metric tons of material averaging 0.13 percent WO3, might be exploited some decades from now.Strata-bound deposits.—Production from strata-bound deposits in 1986 was less than 5 percent of world tungsten production. Mittersill, Austria, and possibly Damingshan, China, where the current production status could not be ascertained, are the main deposits. In this report, the term “strata-bound” refers to deposits in which the distribution of tungsten minerals is strongly controlled by bedding in the host rocks and for which a syngenetic origin may be inferred. It does not include skarn deposits, which may be largely controlled by host-rock lithology but are essentially epigenetic. However, many strata-bound deposits appear to have been affected by later mobilization and reconcentra-tion, and a syngenetic origin for such deposits, including Mittersill, is questionable. Strata-bound deposits range in size from one to tens of millions of metric tons of ore, with average grade ranging from 0.2 to 1 percent WO3.Disseminated deposits.—Output from disseminated deposits in 1986 probably amounted to less than 1 percent of total world tungsten production, although some of the known deposits are moderately large. The best examples of this type of deposit are the Hub stock in the Krasno deposit in the Czech Republic, the Spokoinyi deposit in the former Soviet Union, and the Torrington deposit in Australia. Tung-sten is recovered also from some disseminated tin deposits such as Zaaiplaats in South Africa. Most disseminated deposits consist of tungsten minerals disseminated in altered (greisenized) granite. Tungsten generally occurs as wolframite; scheelite may be important in some deposits. Disseminated deposits may contain tens of millions of met-。

国家机关名称头衔翻译一览表

各处长，负责人Division Chief副主任Deputy Director General主任Director General中国人民银行行长Governor of the People’s Bank of China地区专员Commissioner, prefecture自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government 常务副省长Executive Vice Governor省长Governor局长Director司长Director部长助理Assistant Minister（国务院各部）部长Minister（国务院各委员会）主任The Head of the State Commission for秘书长Secretary-General国务委员State Councilor国务院总理Premier, State Council人大代表Deputy to the People’s Congress（地方人大）主任Chairman, Local People’s Congress委员Member主任委员Chairman秘书长Secretary-General全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China 党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC候补委员Alternate Member中央委员Member, Central Committee书记处书记Member, Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee Central Committee中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee中华医学会Chinese Medical Association中华全国总工会All China Federation of Trade Unions中华全国新闻工作者协会All China Journalists’ Association中华全国体育总会All China Sports Federation中华全国台湾同胞联谊会All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国世界语联合会All China Esperanto League中国扶贫开发协会China Association for Poverty Alleviation and Development 中国扶贫开发协会China Association for Poverty Alleviation and Development 中华全国青年联合会All China Youth Federation中华全国归国华侨联合会All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国工商联合会All China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国妇女联合会All China Women’s Federation中国作家协会Chinese Writers Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中国杂技艺术家协会Chinese Acrobats Association中国音乐家协会Chinese Musicians Association中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国戏剧家协会Chinese Dramatists Association中国舞蹈家协会Chinese Dancers Association中国文学艺术界联合会China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国天主教主教团Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国天主教教务委员会Nat’l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church中国天主教爱国会Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国书法家协会Chinese Calligraphers Association中国摄影家协会Chinese Photographers Society中国少年先锋队China Young Pioneers中国少年儿童基金会Children’s Foundation of China中国人民对外友好协会Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries 中国人民保卫儿童基金会Chinese People’s National Committee for Defence of Children中国曲艺家协会Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国民间文艺家协会China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art中国美术家协会Chinese Artists Association中国联合国协会United Nations Association of the People’s Republic of China 中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat’l Commission of the People’s Republic of China for UNESCO 中国笔会中心Chinese Pen Association Center中国奥林匹克委员会Chinese Olympic Committee宋庆龄基金会Song Ching Ling Foundation全国史学会China Society of History全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat’l Children’s Work Coordination Committee全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Nat’l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children 科普学会Popular Science Society海洋学会Oceanographic Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies国际金融学会International Finance Society地震学会Seismological Society测绘学会Cartographic Society九三学社Jiu San Society中国致公党China Party for Public Interest中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association 中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese 文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals专门委员会Special Committee中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration 中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC 中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC 中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署)State Administration for Entry/Exit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People’s Bank of China)国家中医药管理局(卫生部)State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)国家文物局(文化部)State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家邮政局(信息产业部)State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家测绘局(国土资源部)State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家海洋局(国土资源部)State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家外国专家局(人事部)State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家煤炭工业局State Bureau of Coal Industry国家国内贸易局State Bureau of Internal Trade国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国地震局China Seismological Bureau国家行政学院National School of Administration国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency国家统计局National Bureau of Statistics国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council国务院参事室Counsellors’ Office of the State Council国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家版权局State Copyright Bureau新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration国家税务总局State Taxation Administration/State Administration of Taxation 海关总署General Administration of Customs国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affair Office of State Council国家审计署State Audit Office中国人民银行People’s Bank of China国家计划生育委员会State Population and Family Planning Commission卫生部Ministry of Public Health文化部Ministry of Culture对外贸易经济合作部（商务部）Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation （Ministry of Commerce）农业部Ministry of Agriculture水利部Ministry of Water Resources信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry交通部Ministry of Communications铁道部Ministry of Railways建设部Ministry of Construction国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security人事部Ministry of Personnel财政部Ministry of Finance司法部Ministry of JusticeMinistry of Civil Affairs监察部Ministry of Supervision国家安全部Ministry of State Security公安部Ministry of Public Security国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology教育部Ministry of Education国家发展和改革委员会National Development and Reform Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国防部Ministry of National DefenseMinistry of Foreign Affairs国务委员State Councilors国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council 国务院State Council最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court中央军事委员会Central Military Commission中华人民共和国主席President of the People’s Republic of China宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs教育，科学，文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee法律委员会Law CommitteeLaw Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国务委员State Councilors国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council 国务院State Council最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court中央军事委员会Central Military Commission中华人民共和国主席President of the People’s Republic of China宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs教育，科学，文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我法律委员会Law CommitteeLaw Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee秘书处Secretariat办公厅General Office常务委员会Standing Committee主席团Presidium全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)21。

旅游目的地自驾游高峰期服务与管理规范-湖南省标准

旅游目的地自驾游高峰期服务与管理规范1 范围本文件规定了旅游目的地（以下简称“目的地”)自驾游高峰期服务与管理的总体要求、最大承载量核定、前期准备、服务要求、应急处理和评估与改进。

本文件适用于旅游经营者在旅游旺季、小长假、黄金周、民族宗教等重要节日和重大活动期间自驾游高峰期的服务与管理。

2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。

其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。

GB 2894 安全标志及其使用导则GB/T 10001.1 公共信息图形符号第1部分：通用符号GB/T 10001.2 标志用公共信息图形符号第2部分：旅游休闲符号GB/T 18487.1 电动车辆传导充电系统LB/T 034—2014 景区最大承载量核定导则CJ/T 378 活动厕所DB43/T 1893—2020 自驾旅游服务中心设置和服务规范3 术语和定义LB/T 034—2014界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

自驾游高峰期 Peak period of self-drive travel停车区域达到和超过目的地核定的日最大承载量80%的时段。

日承载量 daily carrying capacity of scenic area在景区的日开放时间内，在保障景区内每个景点旅游者人身安全和旅游资源环境安全的前提下，旅游目的地能够容纳的最大自驾车辆及旅游者数量。

[来源：LB/T 034—2014，2.8,有修改]4 总体要求以维护游客的合法权益为基本出发点，坚持安全第一的原则。

自驾游高峰期（以下简称“高峰期”)的服务与管理应符合《中华人民共和国旅游法》《旅游安全管理办法》的相关规定。

旅游经营者应成立高峰期应急指挥机构，旅游经营者应担任负责人。

宜充分考虑日最大承载量等多种因素，建立自驾车及游客流量控制联动系统。

Chengdu成都概况英文版

Railway transport - Four main railways - Some new lines are under construction
Expressways - Sixteen expressways, connecting
the center of Chengdu to its suburbs and the nearby provinces
advanced manufacturing
industry and top-of-the-
line service industry such
as IT , new material,
aerospace, logistics, financial, commercial and trade industries, etc.
42 colleges and universities Advanced industries: Electronic information,
automobile machinery, aviation, petro-chemical, PV and bio-pharmacy Base for new industrialization, new energy and new materials
CHENGDU, A BUSINESS-FRIENDLY CITY
Chengdu Modern Agriculture Model Park
- 2.25 square km of planned area of Modern Agriculture sciences & Technology Town ;
CHENGDU, CENTER OF WEST CHINA

Company Profile Introduction

Company Profile Introduction
Several Examples from Internet made by Addy, Sarah, Jawyer,ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱVivi, Double and More
No.1 The Introduction of Mengniu Dairy Group
[ˈ deəri]n.牛奶场，乳品店 a.乳制品的
• Founded in 1999 and with headquarter in the core of China Dairy Capital Shengle Economic Zone in Helingeer County of Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd. (Mengniu Dairy Group) has a total asset of RMB 8 billion and 30,000 employees, and the production capacity of dairy products reaches 5 million metric tons per year.
• 1999年8月，内蒙古蒙牛乳业（集团）股份有限公司（简称蒙牛乳业集团）成立，总部设在中国乳都核心区――内蒙古和林格尔经济开发区，拥有总资产100多亿元，职工近3万人，乳制品年生产能力达600 万吨。
• So far Mengniu Dairy Group has established over 20 production bases including Helin base in 15 provinces of China and owned 5 major series of products which are liquid milk, yogurt, ice cream, dry milk and cheese in which are incorporated over 200 categories. Relying on the supreme quality of its products, Mengniu’s products cover all Chinese market and are exported to overseas market such as America, Canada, Mongolia Republic, Hong Kong, Macao and other Southeast Asian countries.

3—DRGs基本概念及维度指标分析(刘晶)

E200 D200
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
相应地，当指数值大于1表明该医院治疗同类疾病所需费用或所需时间大于全市平均水平；指数值小于 1则表示该医院治疗同类疾病需要费用或所合计 N E=∑(ei/Ei ×ni) D=∑(di/Di ×ni) 需时间低于全市平均水平
费用消耗指数= E / N; 时间消耗指数= D / N
DRGs评价维度
3 DRGs指标含义—安全
DRG 死亡率
m1 m2 … m600
自然对数
Ln(m1) Ln(m2) … Ln(m200)
医疗服务质量
DRG_1 DRG_2
全市当年所有出院病例的数据
DRG 分组器
… DRG_600
DRGs评价维度
3 DRGs指标含义—安全
医疗服务质量住院死亡率的自然对数
评价内容
治疗病例所覆盖疾病类型的范围住院服务总产出（风险调整后）
病例组合指数(CMI)值
治疗病例的技术难度水平
治疗同类疾病所花费的费用治疗同类疾病所花费的时间
效率
费用消耗指数时间消耗指数
质量
低风险病例死亡率
临床上死亡风险较低病例的死亡率
DRGs评价维度
3 DRGs指标含义—产能
医疗服务能力
国际上将CMI值作为评判医疗服务技术难度的重要指标，其基本思想是：如果所有医疗机构治疗此类病例所耗费的医疗资源都较高，说明治疗此类疾病的难度较大。
DRGs评价维度
3 DRGs指标含义—效率
医疗服务效率
医疗服务效率：
通过费用消耗指数及时间消耗指数指标，即治疗同类疾病医疗费用高低和住院时间长短来反映。

abbreviations

| abbreviations | Abbreviations 缩写表ACFTU All-China Federation of Trade Unions ACP US-China Aviation Cooperation Program ADS Approved Destination StatusAEO Authorized Economic Operator AHWP Asian Harmonization Working Party AIC Administration of Industry andCommerceAMC Asset Management CompanyAML Anti-Monopoly Law of China APCAC Asia-Pacific Council of AmericanChambersAPI Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients API Air Pollution IndexAQSIQ General Administration of QualitySupervision, Inspection and Quarantine ARF Automatic Registration Form ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations A VIC Aviation Industry Corporation of China BIT Bilateral Investment TreatyBPO Business Process OutsourcingBSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BT Business TaxCAAC Civil Aviation Administration of China CAFFCI China Association of Fragrance, Flavorand Cosmetic IndustryCBD Central Business DistrictCBRC China Banking Regulatory Commission CCC China Compulsory Certification CCCi China Compulsory Certification forInformation Security Products CCDC China Central Depository & Clearing Co,Ltd.CCP Central CounterpartyCCPIT China Council for the Promotion ofInternational TradeCCS Carbon Capture and StorageCE Circular Economy CE Collective EnterpriseCERA Cambridge Energy Research Associates CERC US-China Clean Energy Research Center CFETS China Foreign Exchange Trade System CHP Combined Heat and PowerCIF Cost, Infrastructure, FreightCIIC China International IntellectechCorporationCIRC China Insurance Regulatory Commission CMRA Chinese Master Repo Agreement CNAF China National Aviation Fuel GroupCorporationCNAO China National Audit OfficeCNCA China National Administration forCertification and Accreditation CNTA China National Tourism Administration CODEX Codex AlimentariusCOMAC Commerical Aircraft Corporation ofChinaCOTS Commercially Available Off-the-Shelf CP Commercial PaperCPI Consumer Price IndexCPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CSRC China Securities Regulatory Commission CT Computed TomographyCTA Clinical Trial ApplicationC-TPAT Customs-Trade Program againstTerrorismDCB Designated Certification BodyDDA Dalian Development AreaDDGS Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles DECHP Distributed Energy Combined Heat andPowerDLSP Dalian Software ParkDQ Design QualificationsDRG Diagnostic-Related Group|缩写表|DWT Deadweight TonEA Enterprise AnnuitiesECP Energy Cooperation Program ECWG Export Compliance Working Group EDI Customs Electronic Data Interchange EDS Express Delivery ServiceEIT Enterprise Income TaxEMS Electronic Manufacturing Services EPC Engineering Procurement andConstructionERC Employee Representative Councils FAA US Federal Aviation Administration FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited NationsFASCO Foreign Aviation Service Corporation FBO Fixed Base OperationsFDA US Food and Drug Administration FDI Foreign Direct InvestmentFESCO Foreign Enterprise Human ResourceService CompanyFFIP Foreign Financial Information Providers FIA Foreign Investment AdministrationDepartment of MOFCOMFICE Foreign-Invested Construction Enterprise FIDE Foreign-Invested Design Enterprise FIE Foreign-Invested EnterpriseFIESE Foreign-Invested Engineering ServiceEnterpriseFSAP Financial Stability Assessment Program FSL Food Safety LawFY Fiscal YearFYP Five-Year PlanGA General AviationGAC General Administration of Customs ofChinaGAPP General Administration of Press andPublications GARA General Aviation and Regional Aviation GDP Gross Domestic ProductGDS Global Distribution SystemsGHTF Global Harmonization Task Force GMP Good Manufacturing ProcessGP Government ProcurementGPA WTO Agreement on GovernmentProcurementGW GigawattsHR Human ResourcesHRO Human Resources OutsourcingHV AC Heating, Ventiliation and AirConditioningICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICT Information and CommunicationsTechnologyIDC International Data CorporationIEC International ElectrotechnicalCommissionIGCC Integrated Gasification Combined-CycleTechnologyIGCSE International General Certificate ofSecondary EducationICT Information and CommunicationsTechnologyIIT Individual Income TaxIMF International Monetary FundIP Intellectual PropertyIPR Intellectual Property RightsIRG Immediate Release GuidelinesIRS Interest Rate SwapISO International Organization forStandardizationIT Information TechnologyITO Information Technology Outsourcing ITU International Telecommunications Union JCCT US-China Joint Commission onCommerce and Trade| abbreviations |JV Joint VentureKPO Knowledge Process OutsourcingM&A Mergers and AcquisitionsMEP Ministry of Environmental Protection MICE Meeting, Incentive, Convention andExhibitionMIIT Ministry of Industry and InformationTechnologyMLP Medium and Long-Range Plan MLPS Multi-Level Protection SchemeMNC Multinational Corporation/Company MOA Ministry of AgricultureMOC Ministry of Construction (RenamedMinistry of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopment)MOC Ministry of CultureMOCA Ministry of Civil AffairsMOE Ministry of EducationMOF Ministry of FinanceMOFCOM Ministry of CommerceMOH Ministry of HealthMOHRSS Ministry of Human Resources and SocialSecurityMOHURD Ministry of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopmentMOR Ministry of RailMOST Ministry of Science and Technology MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPS Ministry of Public SecurityMQIP Meat Quarantine Import PermitMR Magnetic ResonanceMRL Maximum Residue LevelsMTN Medium-Term NoteMTPL Mandatory Third Party LiabilityMW MegawattsNAFMII National Association of Financial MarketsInstitutional Investors NASSCOM National Association of Software andServices Companies of IndiaNBFI Non-Bank Financial Institution NCAC National Copyright Administration ofChinaNDRC National Development and ReformCommissionNEC National Energy CommissionNGO Non-Governmental Organization NIIP National Indigenous Innovative Product NOC National Oil CompanyNOX Nitrogen OxideNPC National People’s CongressNPL Non-Performing LoansNPO Nonprofit OrganizationNPVC National Promote Voluntary Certification OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperationand DevelopmentOIE World Organization for Animal Health OIG Office of the Inspector General OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy OTC Over-the-CounterP&C Property and CasualtyP2P Peer-to-PeerPBN Performance-Based Navigation PBOC People’s Bank of ChinaPCT Patent Cooperation TreatyPE Private EquityPET-CT Positron Emission Tomography -Computed TomographyPLA People's Liberation ArmyPPP Public-Private PartnershipPRI Political Risk InsuranceQDII Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor QFII Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor QIP Quarantine Inspection PermitQMS Quality Management SystemsR&D Research and DevelopmentRA Regional AviationRDP Regulatory Data ProtectionRE Renewable EnergyRFG Remanufactured Finished Goods|缩写表|RMB RenminbiRoHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances RPK Revenue-Passenger-KilometerS&ED Strategic and Economic Dialogue SAC Standards Administration of China SAFE State Administration of Foreign Exchange SAIC State Administration of Industry andCommerceSAO Security Advisory Opinion SARFT State Administration of Radio, Film andTelevisionSASAC State-Owned Assets Supervision andAdministration CommissionSAT State Administration of TaxationSC Technical SubcommitteeSCEP Service Center Establishment Plan SCH Shanghai Clearing HouseSCIO State Council Information Office SCLAO State Council Legislative Affairs Office SDA Swaps and Derivatives Association SDO Standards Development Organization SEI Strategic Emerging Industries SEMB State Encryption Management Bureau SFDA State Food and Drug Administration SIPO State Intellectual Property OfficeSLC Small Lending CompaniesSME Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises SOE State-Owned EnterprisesSPB State Postal BureauSPC Supreme People's CourtSPS Sanitary and PhytosanitarySPV Special Purpose VehicleSRT Special Reorganization Treatment TAB Telecommunication AdministrationBureauTAL Technology Alert ListTBT Technical Barriers to TradeTC Technical Committee TEDA Tianjin Economic-TechnologicalDevelopment AreaTFSP Tianfu Software ParkTMO China Trademark OfficeTP Transfer PricingTRAB Trademark Review and Appeal Board TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty RightsTRQ Tariff Rate QuotaUGC User Generated ContentsUHV Ultra-High VoltageUMP Utility Model PatentsUS DOC US Department of Commerce USITO US Information Technology Office USPTO US Patent and Trademark Office USTDA US Trade and Development Agency V AS Value-Added ServicesV AT Value-Added TaxVEU Validated End-UserVoIP Voice-over-Internet Protocol WAPI WLAN Authentication and PrivacyInfrastructureWCO World Customs Organization WEEE Waste Electrical and ElectronicEquipmentWFOE Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises WHO World Health Organization WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks WTO World Trade OrganizationYRD Yangtze River Delta。

10_kW中波广播发射机电源故障分析研究

IGITCW技术分析Technology Analysis中波广播发射机是中波广播传播的重要设备之一[1]。

在中波广播发射机中，电源是保证设备正常工作的重要组成部分[2]。

由于各种原因，中波广播发射机电源可能会发生故障，导致设备无法正常工作。

因此，本文以10 kW 中波广播发射机电源故障为研究对象，旨在探究中波广播发射机电源故障原因和解决方法。

结合10 kW 中波广播发射机电源的工作原理，对中波广播发射机存在的电源相序故障、主电源缺相故障以及主电源过压等故障类型进行分析，总结出主电源故障的生成原因和解决方法。

1 10 kW中波广播发射机概述10 kW 中波广播发射机的工作原理是，将音频信号转换成中波频段的高频信号，通过天线辐射出去，以实现广播信号的传输。

具体而言，发射机将音频信号经过调幅（AM ）模块进行调制，形成一个调幅信号。

将这个调幅信号通过射频（RF ）发生器产生中波频段的高频信号。

继而，将高频信号经过功放放大，输出到天线上，通过天线将信号辐射出去，从而完成广播信号的传输。

10 kW 中波广播发射机的电源系统由主电源和备用电源组成。

主电源一般采用三相交流电源，通过整流、滤波和逆变等电路将交流电源转换为直流电源，提供给发射机的各个模块。

备用电源一般采用直流蓄电池组，作为主电源失效时的应急电源，以保证发射机的正常运行，对于10 kW 中波广播发射机电源故障分析尤为重要。

10 kW中波广播发射机电源故障分析研究多吉次仁（西藏自治区广播电视局日土中波转播台，西藏阿里 859700）摘要：10 kW中波广播发射机是一种重要的通信设备，用于广播电台的信号发射。

电源是发射机的关键部件之一，为发射机提供必要的电能，若电源出现故障，将会对发射机的运行产生重大影响。

文章针对10 kW中波广播发射机电源故障进行研究分析，首先介绍了10 kW中波广播发射机的工作原理和电源系统的基本结构；然后，分析了电源系统存在的主电源相序故障、主电源缺相以及主电源过压等故障类型，根据不同类型故障检测电路图对故障的生成原因和处理方法进行了分析总结，并提出了相应的解决方案和建议，以期为10 kW中波广播发射机的运行和维护提供参考和借鉴。

全球生产网络视角下温州鞋业升级的路径探讨【文献综述】

文献综述国际经济与贸易全球生产网络视角下温州鞋业升级的路径探讨一、引言随着经济全球化的推进，以产品为基本单位的传统的国际分工形态已不再是主流，当代的国际分工的主要特征就是某个产品生产过程中所包含的不同工序被拆解并分配到不同的国家或者经济体中进行，利用不同国家或者经济体在不同工序间的比较优势发展规模经济。

这种分工不仅使得发展中国家的企业能够广泛地参与技术含量较高的国际分工体系，而且还促进世界经济的整体结构变迁和国际运输成本的下降，加快了多边和区域贸易自由化的进程。

在全球化的背景下，温州鞋业已经不可避免地卷入到全球生产网络之中。

虽然温州鞋业发展起步较早，但在国际市场上始终缺乏知名度，往往进行的是低附加值部分的生产活动。

按照中国皮革协会理事长张淑华的话说，制鞋业是“候鸟经济”，总是向劳动力成本低的国家和地区转移。

然而，近些年随着温州当地的劳动力成本的上升，以及各种贸易技术壁垒的纷至沓来，温州鞋业不得不面临升级的压力。

目前，国内外学者对全球生产网络及产业升级已经做了相当多的研究，以下就这些学者的研究成果进行文献综述。

二、国外关于全球生产网络内产业升级的研究（一）全球生产网络的概念全球生产网络最早是由Ernst（1999）提出来的，同年，Dieken& Henderson （1999）在一篇研究报告中也提出了同样的概念。

根据Ernst（2002）的解释，全球生产网络是一种将跨国公司和国家边界的地理集中与空间分散的价值链和网络参与者的内部科层一体化过程连接起来的组织结构。

Gereffi（1999）认为全球生产网络就像是由一个个相互独立又相互联系的企业构成的蜘蛛网，核心企业作为战略经纪人占据蜘蛛网的中心，掌控着整个全球网络有效运动所必需的关键信息、技术和资源。

任何国家或企业要在当今的国际经济环境中取得成功，就必须在全球网络里正确定位自己的战略位置，并制定各种接近领袖企业的战略以便提升自己的地位。

跨国公司和采购商纷纷将自己的核心竞争力以外的其他环节外包给世界的其他国家和地区，使得价值链中的各环节超越了国家的界限，而一项产品依次要经历设计、原料采购、加工、销售等环节，每个环节对知识和技术的要求又是不同的，再者考虑到国内外的各种体制背景如政策法规等都会对价值链上的各个节点产生影响，根据Gereffi（2003）的观点，全球价值链（全球生产网络）作为一种产业组织形式，对其的研究可以从四个不同的维度出发：投入——产出结构，空间布局，治理结构，体制框架。

ShineMaster用户手册说明书

ShineMaster User ManualSHENZHEN GROWATT NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD86 755 2747 1942+ + 86 755 2747 2131*********************T F E WNo.28 Guangming Road, Shiyan Street, Bao’an District, Shenzhen, P.R.ChinaAbout the user manual1.1 Manual description 1.2 Copyright statement 1.3 Applicable personnel 1.4 Manual use3.1 ShineMaster installationenvironment3.2 ShineMaster installation method 3.3 Connect to the photovoltaic deviceInstallation and ConnectionCONTENTShineMaster built-in page parameter setting2.1 Device Overview 2.2 Unpacking2.3 ShineMaster Network IntroductionProduct description123 4 4.1 ShineMaster IP address query4.2 ShineMaster built-in page access 4.3 ShineMaster Status View4.4 ShineMaster Datalogger managing 4.5 Baud Rate Setting4.6 Server Address and Shine Master IP settingServer: Shineserver’s operation5.1 Registration and login 5.2 View monitoring data5.3 Add or Delete Monitoring devices, change the ShineMaster Baud rate7.1 ShineMaster specificationTechnical specificationsContact us6.1 Common faults and troubleshooting 6.2 MaintenanceDevice Maintenance56781 About the user manual1.1 Manual description1.4 Manual usagePlease read this manual carefully before using ShineMaster. At the same time, please keep this manual in a safe place so that operators and maintenance personnel can find out. The contents of the manual will be continuously updated and corrected. It is inevitable that there will be slight inaccuracies or errors in the actual contents. Users should refer to the actual product purchased. The latest user manuals can be downloaded from , and can also be obtained through Growatt's sales or service channels.1.2 Copyright statement1.3 Applicable personnelDear users, thank you very much for using the ShineMaster data logger (hereinafter referred to as ShineMaster) developed and produced by Shenzhen Growatt New Energy Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Growatt). We sincerely hope that this product will meet your needs and expect you give more opinions on the performance and function of the product. The purpose of this manual is to provide users with detailed product information and instructions for installation, operation, and maintenance.This user manual is copyrighted by Growatt. Any unit or individual may not excerpt or copy part or all of this user's manual without the written permission of the company. It may not be transmitted in any form, including materials and publications. Infringement must be investigated.The version of this manual is V1.1. Growatt owns the final interpretation right of this user manual. If there is any change in product parameters, appearance, packaging, etc., the latest information of the company shall prevail without notice.This manual is for professional technicians who install, commission, and maintain the ShineMaster and for users who perform daily operations. This manual does not include electrical connections for inverters, combiner boxes, weather stations, smart meters, and anti-reflux devices, as well as related precautions. If necessary, refer to Growatt's corresponding user manual or instruction.Product description 22.1 Device OverviewFig.2-12.1.1 InterfaceThe interface of ShineMaster, as shown in figure 2-1 above.The functional description of each interface is shown in table 2-1.Item Name FunctionA POWER Power supply portB KEY Reset button (temporarily unavailable)C SIM SIM card slotD ANTENNAAntenna, used to receive wireless signals(Temporarily not supported)E LAN RJ45 port：Connect Shine ShineMaster to the localnetwork area of Shine Server through RJ45 cableF RS-485Two-way RS485 interface2.1.2 Indicator LedShineMaster is equipped with seven LED indicators. The status of the ShineMaster can be displayed by the LED indicator. As shown in figure 2-1 and table 2-2 above.Table 2-1Item Name FunctionG Power LED Power indicator light, constant on means powersupply is normalH Network LEDNetwork light:1: off means fail to obtain IP address;2: flashing means connecting to the server 3:on means connection to the server successfully;I Device LED The number of the LED continuously flashing meansthe device number connected to the ShineMasterJ ConfigurationLEDFlashing when configuration , if successful , the LEDwill be off （temporarily unavailable）K RF RF signal indicator （temporarily unavailable）L WiFi WiFi signal indicator（temporarily unavailable）M2G/4G2G/4G signal indicator（temporarily unavailable）table 2-22.2 Unpacking2.2.1 Packing ListShineMaster and accessories can be found as below figure 2-2：Fig 2-2Item Name AmountA ShineMaster 1 pcsB5V power adapter 1 pcsC Terminal RS485 1 pcsD Wall plastic column 4 pcsE M3.5*20 screw 4 pcsF ShineMaster user manual 1 pcsG Ethernet cable 1 pcsTable 2-4A B CD E F G2.2.2 Serial No. and Check CodeThe ShineMaster serial No. （S/N ） and check code （C/C ）is ticked on the ShineMaster’s package box, which have 10 digits mixed up with letters and numbers. the serial No. and check code for each device are unique, to identify each ShineMaster. When you want to upload the data of ShineMaster to the server, you need the serial No. and ‘check code’ corresponding to register on the serverShineMaster supports network communication, which can be communicated via wired WLAN, wireless WiFi, 2G/4G, GPRS and cloud server. Upload the monitored data to the server of Growatt, and then access the server's domain name. Realize industrial common communication mode RS485 and wireless RF communication, also supports wired and wireless communication ways to monitor and set slave devices and perform online upgrades on devices. By accessing ShineMaster's internal IP address, you can enter the built-in page for parameter setting and device addition viewing (please refer to section 4.4 below).ShineMaster monitors the photovoltaic devices through RS485 and RF(temporarily not supported). The diagram below shows the schematic diagram of network monitoring through wired RS485.Note: The precondition of local access is that the address of PC and ShineMaster must be in the same domain, thereby building up a local monitoring system.Fig 2-52.3 ShineMaster Network Introduction3.3.1 RS485 cable connection3 Installation and Connection3.1 ShineMaster installationThe installation environment of ShineMaster and communication with other devices:(1) Indoor installation, temperature - 40 ~ 60℃ , avoid moisture and direct sunlight.(2) Cable RS485 in maximum 500m.3.2 ShineMaster installation 3.2.1 Installation ProcedureThe installation steps are as follows :Install ShineMaster on a vertical plane or horizontal plane.Connect cables between RS485 interface and RS485 interface on ShineMaster (please refer to 3.3.1 below for details)(1) (2) (3) Connect the network cable (insert the network line into the LAN interface on ShineMaster).(4) Connect the Power supply (connect the power cord to the Power interface on ShineMaster).3.3 Connect to the photovoltaic deviceShineMaster can communicate with the inverter, weather station, smart meter, combiner box and other photovoltaic devices to achieve the purpose of data collection.1.ShineMaster (master) communicates with slave devices via RS485 wired connection. 485A+ on the RS485 port of the slave device corresponds to A1+ or A2+ on theShineMaster 485 port, 485B- and ShineMaster 485 on the RS485 port of the slave device. Corresponding to B1- or B2-. The following is a schematic diagram of the connection between the ShineMaster and the inverter:Note: the RS485 shielded wire must be ground (PE) for long distance communication, so as not to affect the communication stability.Fig 4-12. Note that the inverter also has an interface like the one below :3.The inverters are connected to the ShineMaster via RS485 serial connection. Using the RS485 wired communication connection, the ShineMaster can monitor up to 32 inverters stably.4.The ways of ShineMaster connection to Smart meter, combiner box and environmental monitor are similar to the connection of inverters. The weather station can be connected to the inverter in series, and the communication line of the smart meter can be directly connected to the ShineMaster RS485 port.Note: The weather station, combiner, and smart meter manufacturers must be designated by Growatt, otherwise monitoring will not be possible.4 ShineMaster Internal Page4.1 ShineMaster IP address query1. Connect the PC computer and the ShineMaster LAN port to the network port of the router through the network cable so that they are in the same LAN.2. Go to the router's management page and check the "Internet host list" to query the IP address of the ShineMaster IP address with the serial number of the ShineMaster as the device name. This IP address is the IP address assigned by the router to the ShineMaster. If you do not know how to do this, contact your network administrator to perform the operation.Note: The router needs to enable automatic IP assignment, that is, open the DHCP function3. Enter the ShineMaster IP address in the browser to enter the ShineMaster internal page4.2 ShineMaster built-in page accessBefore accessing, check whether the communication cable between the devices issecurely connected.then you can enter the ShineMaster IP address in the IE browser to access the built-in page of ShineMaster. As long as the ShineMaster is on the same domain as the computer you are accessing, you can access the Shine WebBox built-in server.1.If the user successfully access the ShineMaster internal page, you can directly enter the built-in page login interface, as shown in Figure 4-12．Enter the user name and password, the default login user name: admin password: admin, fill in and click on login to enter the Growatt ShineMaster system page.4.3 ShineMaster Status ViewClick the ShineMaster datalogger Status to view information such as the “System Status Information”, “Serial Number”, “Server Address”, “Number of Connected Devices”, etc. of the ShineMaster4.4 ShineMaster Datalogger managingDevices should be added in ‘ShineMaster datalogger setting’ interface in internal page prior to monitoring4.4.1 Add device(1) Before ShineMaster monitors photovoltaic equipment, it is necessary to enter the “ShineMaster Data Collector Settings” page of the built-in page to add devices.(2) In the second drop-down list, select the type of monitored deviceDevice types parameter information INVERTER GROWATT Inverter;SDM120single phase meter;SDM630three phase meter;BatterBox battery Box;Surveymeter Survey Meter.: : : : : :(3) In the third drop-down list, fill in the communication address of monitored device (4) Select "Add" and click Save.(5) After successfully saving, enter the "Device Status" page to confirm whether the device is added successfully.4.4.2 Remove device(1) Select the monitoring method for monitoring PV devices in the first drop-down list of "Add or Remove Devices".(2) In the second drop-down list, select the type of PV plant being monitored.(3) Fill in the PV device communication address in the third drop-down list.(4) Select "Del" and click Save to finish removing of the device.(5) After successfully saving, enter the "Device Status" page to confirm whether the device is successfully deleted.As shown in the picture:Add and delete device:When you need delete a device, all the options should be the same with the momemet you add this device like: 485 channel, device type, address, if you are not sure about this you can check the device status first.2. When one address is occupied, you cannot just paste the new device, you have to delete the old device and use this address.1. 4.5 Baud Rate SettingThe Default two channels’ Baud Rate are both 9600, you can adjust the Baud Rate for different scenarios.Choose the Baud rate at the “Baud rate setting ”Bar.Choose the corresponding chanels RS485_1 or RS485_2.Set the Baud rate to 9600 as RS485_1(1)(2)4.6 Server Address and Shine Master IP setting 4.6.1 Data logger IP Setting(1) ShineMaster’s Default setting of the DHCP function is “ON” it will automatically get IP address.ShineMaster(2) If you need a fixed IP address you need following steps(2.1) Turn off the “Dynamic IP” to shut down the DHCP function(2.2) Put in the fixed IP, network management, net mask and DNS then click “Save”4.6.2 Server Address SettingThe Server Address will choose two methods, one is IP and one is domain name, you can only use one at a time.When you are using Server IP to connect the server please turn off the “domain name analysis function”, set the server as 120.77.127.135.(1) 1617(2) when you are using the domain name to connect server you can choose on at“Domain Name Analysis Function” set the server as Server port name and data upgrade interval are fixed cannot be changedCaustion:1）If you add a device, after saving there is no refreshment, please disconnect the data logger and restart it.5 Server: Shineserver’s operation5.1Registration and login(1) Enter the address of the server on the computer browser to enter the ShineServer login page. If you are logging in for the first time, register the user name first. Enter the domain name access page, as shown in Figure 5-1.The Chinese user server domain name is: The overseas user server domain name is: 1819If needed to the datalogger and all monitoring devices for data display, monitoring, and set up parameters by the server, you need to first add datalogger to the server, when Shinemaster added to the server, if the subsequent need to modify some parameters of The datalogger or enable, disable a function can be done through the server.Figure 5-1 Shine Server login page(2) Register the user name and input the user information according to the pop-up. After the information is completed, click “Register”.Note: “ShineMaster serial number” and “datalogger check code” seen on the package box.Fig 5-25.2 View monitoring data(1) After the registration is completed, it will automatically jump to the ShineServer main interface. Click "plant" → "plant data" , and the displayed information is the total power chart of the plant on the day. The drop-down list “Select collector” can be used to view the daily power chart of a single inverter in the power station.2021Fig 5-3(2) Click "plant" → "Device list" to see real-time data monitored by datalogger, "Inverter", "Weather station", "Smart Meter", and "Combined Box" "MAX" .22235.3 Add or Delete Monitoring devices, change the ShineMaster Baud rate5.3.1 Add or Delete Monitoring device(1) In the Server page click the “Device Management” and then click “Data Logger”. In this page click set the device updating icon.(2) Add one device, add one Growatt inverter set the 485 communication address is 1.(3) Delete one device, just like following figure.(4) Above adding or deleting devices if success following figure will pop out.5.3.2 Change ShineMaster Baud rate.(1) In the Server page click “Device Management” then click “Data Logger”, click the Baud rate setting icon.(2) Set chosen channel’s baud rate.(3) If success following figure will pop out.Note: The second channel of Baud rate setting would be the same as the fist channel.24256 Device Maintenance6.2 Common faults and troubleshootingFaultCauseSuggestionCannot enter the ShineMaster internal page ShineMaster can not obtain the IP1.Enable Router DHCP Function2.PC and the ShineMaster must be in the same domain.ShineMaster built-in page "System Status Information" shows not connectedUnable to connect to server1.Check whether the router network is connected to the Internet.2.Check if the "server address" is correct The Chinese user server domain name is: The overseas user server domain name is: ShineMaster is online, but the monitored device is disconnected after logging in to the account1.Monitor connection failed2.No access to the built-in page to add equipment3.Inconsistent Photovoltaicequipment address and addedequipment address 4.Illegal PV device serial number1.Check the communication line is in contact with the stability2.Enter the built-in page "datalogger settings" to add photovoltaic devices3.On the "Device Status" page of the built-in page, check whether the device's communication address is consistent with the added device.4.Check whether the serial number of the monitored PV equipment is 10 digits. It can only contain Englishletters and numbers, and there are no illegal characters.Long time no refresh interface after operationConfiguration page does not respondRefresh the page or login in again.6.3 Maintenance1. Avoid frequent switching of power supply, gently handle, to prevent damage;2. ShineMaster is a product for indoor use. Do not place ShineMaster in a humid environment or in direct sunlight.6.1 Reset ShineMasterIf you press the “reset” button for five seconds, it will erase all the registered device information. All the information for the server communication part will be kept.General specification7 Technical specifications7.1 ShineMaster specificationLength * width * height130mm*84mm*25mmNet Weight 180±g Protection gradeIP30Operating environmentAmbient temperature -40℃~ +60℃InstallationIndoor26278 Contact usGrowatt New Energy provides customers with a full range of technical support. Users can contact the nearest Growatt new energy office or customer service point, or they can contact the company's customer service center directly.Name: SHENZHEN GROWATT NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTDAddress: No.28 Guangming Road, Shiyan Street, Bao’an District, Shenzhen, P.R.China Customer Service Hotline: +86 755 27471942E-mail:*********************Company website: CommunicationWireline communicationRS485 maximum stability monitoring 32invertersWirerless communicationNot supported temporarily RS485 communication distance500 meters maximum (twisted shieldedcable)28。

钴-60高放废液处理装置研制及应用

钴-60高放废液处理装置研制及应用黄祖程(中核四川环保工程有限责任公司创新研发中心四川广元 628000)摘要：某钴-60密封源生产线整改过程中，化学去污产生的钴-60高放废液采用沉淀过滤的方法进行处理。

根据现场情况与处理方法要求，研制了一套系统简单、操作方便、稳定性高、可靠性好、易去污的钴-60高放废液处理装置，该装置设有沉淀反应系统、过滤系统、固液回收系统，具备废液发生沉淀反应、固液过滤分离、固液回收的功能。

通过冷、热调试验证了处理装置的可行性、可靠性和稳定性，获取了钴-60高放废液处理工艺参数，并成功将钴-60高放废液处理至低放水平，达到后续配套设施处理要求。

关键词：钴-60 高放废液处理装置研制应用中图分类号：T-19文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-3791(2023)17-0094-04 Development and Application of the Cobalt-60 High-level Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment DeviceHUANG Zucheng(R&D and Innovation Center, CNNC Sichuan Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangyuan,Sichuan Province, 628000 China)Abstract: In the rectification process of a cobalt-60 sealed source production line, cobalt-60 high-level radioactive liquid waste that was produced by chemical decontamination is treated by the method of precipitation filtration. Based on the on-site condition and the requirements of the treatment method, a set of cobalt-60 high-level ra‐dioactive liquid waste treatment device with the simple system, convenient operation, high stability, good reliability and easy decontamination has been developed. The device is equipped with the precipitation reaction system, filtra‐tion system and solid-liquid recovery system, and it has the functions of the precipitation reaction of liquid waste, solid-liquid filtration and separation and solid-liquid recovery. The feasibility, reliability and stability of the treat‐ment device are verified by cold and hot commissioning, the process parameters of cobalt-60 high-level radioactive liquid waste treatment are gained, and the cobalt-60 high-level radioactive liquid waste is successfully treated to low radioactive level, so as to meet the treatment requirements of follow-up supporting facilities.Key Words: Cobalt-60; High-level radioactive liquid waste; Treatment device; Development and application某钴-60密封源生产线整改过程中，采用化学去污方法在热室内对不锈钢包壳、锆靶件、机械手等可酸洗的废物进行清洗去污，产生去污液表面剂量率高于1 Gy/h，经计算废液放射性浓度大于1011 Bq/L，按照放射性废物分类标准[1]，该废液属于高放废液。

探究心电图破碎QRS_波在心血管疾病诊断工作中的临床应用新进展

探究心电图破碎QRS波在心血管疾病诊断工作中的临床应用新进展邓显宇1，梁青2，黄丹11.桂林市人民医院心脏中心一病区，广西桂林541001；2.桂林市人民医院心脏中心CCU病区，广西桂林541001摘要破碎QRS波通常可在常规12导联心电图上表现出QRS波中形成额外的形态各异的棘波，在既往临床工作中也被证实可用于诊各类心血管疾病，被认为是心电图诊断应用期间的新标志。

不过最近的研究报道指出，破碎QRS波的预警功能已经能够拓展到各类心血管疾病的诊断工作当中，并取得了较高的诊断方面的价值。

本文现就心电图破碎QRS波在心血管疾病诊断工作中的临床应用新进展进行综述与分析，分别从破碎QRS波的生理学、病理学及血流动力学，破碎QRS波在心血管疾病中的应用等角度出发，旨在为心血管疾病的诊断及治疗提供可靠依据。

关键词心电图破碎QRS波；心血管疾病；诊断；临床应用；新进展中图分类号R540540..4文献标志码A doi10.11966/j.issn.2095-994X.2023.09.10.54Exploring the New Progress of Clinical Application of ECG Fragmented QRS Com⁃plex in the Diagnosis of Cardiovascular DiseasesDENG　Xianyu1, LIANG　Qing2, HUANG Dan11.Cardiac Center One Ward, Guilin Municipal People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541001 China;2.Cardiac Center CCU Ward, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541001 ChinaAbstract The fragmented QRS complex are usually shown on conventional 12-lead electrocardiograms as additional spikes of different mor⁃phologies in the QRS complex, and have been confirmed to be used in the diagnosis of various cardiovascular diseases in previous clinical work, which is considered to be a new sign during the diagnostic application of electrocardiograms. However, recent studies have reported that the early warning function of the fragmented QRS complex has been extended to the diagnosis of various cardiovascular diseases and has achieved high diagnostic value. This paper reviews and analyzes the new progress of the clinical application of the fragmented QRS complex in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, from the perspectives of physiology, pathology and hemodynamics of the fragmented QRS com⁃plex, and the application of the fragmented QRS complex in cardiovascular diseases, respectively, with the aim of providing a reliable basis for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Key words Fragmented QRS complex; Cardiovascular hanging disease; Diagnosis; Clinical application; New progress近年来随着临床研究的不断深入，发现破碎QRS （fragmented QRS, fQRS）波的概念也逐步受到了更多的重视并进行了进一步的应用。

创伤复苏单元功能分级及配置探讨

创伤复苏单元功能分级及配置探讨陈慧娟，杜哲，胡畔，黄伟，王天兵（北京大学人民医院创伤救治中心国家创伤医学中心，北京100044）[摘要] 创伤复苏单元是严重创伤患者到达医院后进行复苏及损伤控制的重要场所。

不同级别的创伤中心对于创伤复苏单元的要求不尽相同，从简单固定、液体复苏到完成影像学检查和损伤控制手术，不同配置的创伤复苏单元承载不同的功能。

本文就不同功能分级的创伤复苏单元相应设备配置情况进行讨论，以帮助完成创伤中心的标准化建设。

[关键词] 创伤复苏单元；创伤中心；仪器设备DOI ：10.16746/ki.11-9332/r.2021.01.001Discussion on functional classification and configuration of trauma resuscitation bayChen Huijuan, Du Zhe, Hu Pan, Huang Wei, Wang Tianbing (Trauma Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, National Center for Trauma Medicine, Beijing, 100044, China)[Abstract ] The trauma resuscitation bay is an important place for damage control resuscitation of severe trauma patients after hospital arrival. Different levels of trauma centers have different requirements for the trauma resuscitation bay, ranging from simple fixation and fluid resuscitation to imaging examinations and damage control surgery. The different configuration of trauma resuscitation bay will carry different functions. This article discusses the corresponding equipment configuration on the basis of different functional classifications of trauma resuscitation bay to help complete the standardized construction of trauma center.[Key words ] Trauma resuscitation bay; Trauma center; Facility创伤基金项目：北京大学临床科学家计划专项（BMU2019LCKXJ005）通信作者：王天兵，Email ：创伤是全球范围内一个重大的卫生问题，世界卫生组织于2018年12月发布的《2018年全球道路安全状况报告》强调[1]，每年道路交通死亡人数达135万人，道路交通伤害是5～29岁人群死亡的主要原因之一，尤其高发于发展中国家的行人、骑自行车和摩托车者。

亨特道格拉斯（中国）投资有限公司介绍企业发展分析报告

Enterprise Development专业品质权威Analysis Report企业发展分析报告亨特道格拉斯（中国）投资有限公司免责声明:本报告通过对该企业公开数据进行分析生成，并不完全代表我方对该企业的意见，如有错误请及时联系;本报告出于对企业发展研究目的产生，仅供参考，在任何情况下，使用本报告所引起的一切后果，我方不承担任何责任:本报告不得用于一切商业用途，如需引用或合作，请与我方联系:亨特道格拉斯（中国）投资有限公司1企业发展分析结果1.1 企业发展指数得分企业发展指数得分亨特道格拉斯（中国）投资有限公司综合得分说明：企业发展指数根据企业规模、企业创新、企业风险、企业活力四个维度对企业发展情况进行评价。

该企业的综合评价得分需要您得到该公司授权后，我们将协助您分析给出。

1.2 企业画像类别内容行业商务服务业-组织管理服务资质增值税一般纳税人产品服务政府鼓励和允许外商投资的领域依法进行投资1.3 发展历程2工商2.1工商信息2.2工商变更2.3股东结构2.4主要人员2.5分支机构2.6对外投资2.7企业年报2.8股权出质2.9动产抵押2.10司法协助2.11清算2.12注销3投融资3.1融资历史3.2投资事件3.3核心团队3.4企业业务4企业信用4.1企业信用4.2行政许可-工商局4.3行政处罚-信用中国4.4行政处罚-工商局4.5税务评级4.6税务处罚4.7经营异常4.8经营异常-工商局4.9采购不良行为4.10产品抽查4.11产品抽查-工商局4.12欠税公告4.13环保处罚4.14被执行人5司法文书5.1法律诉讼（当事人）5.2法律诉讼（相关人）5.3开庭公告5.4被执行人5.5法院公告5.6破产暂无破产数据6企业资质6.1资质许可6.2人员资质6.3产品许可6.4特殊许可7知识产权7.1商标7.2专利7.3软件著作权7.4作品著作权7.5网站备案7.6应用APP7.7微信公众号8招标中标8.1政府招标8.2政府中标8.3央企招标8.4央企中标9标准9.1国家标准9.2行业标准9.3团体标准9.4地方标准10成果奖励10.1国家奖励10.2省部奖励10.3社会奖励10.4科技成果11土地11.1大块土地出让11.2出让公告11.3土地抵押11.4地块公示11.5大企业购地11.6土地出租11.7土地结果11.8土地转让12基金12.1国家自然基金12.2国家自然基金成果12.3国家社科基金13招聘13.1招聘信息感谢阅读:感谢您耐心地阅读这份企业调查分析报告。

成都市托幼机构卫生保健工作现状调查

妇幼保健中国初级卫生保健2021年1月第35卷第1期（总第421期）成都市托幼机构卫生保健工作现状调查任妍①梁燕①杨柳①冉隆蓉①摘要目的：了解成都市托幼机构卫生保健工作现状，为提高托幼机构卫生保健工作质量及为卫生行政部门制定相关政策提供参考。

方法：调查数据来自2018年成都市托幼机构卫生保健工作现状调查，共有2676家托幼机构完成调查。

结果：成都市托幼机构保健室配备率为94.32%,保健人员配备率为97.27%；班级卫生保健相关设施完整率为88.60%；建立卫生保健相关制度及应急预案者分别占93.42%及94.33%，卫生保健相关登记表及分析表配备完整者分别占91.22%及86.85%；儿童入园健康检查率为94.47%,工作人员上岗体检率为98.69%。

结论：成都市托幼机构卫生保健工作在保健室及卫生保健设施设置、人员配备及具体工作开展等各方面仍存在不足。

关键词托幼机构卫生保健现状调查doi:l0.3969/j.issn.l001-568X.2021.01.0016中图分类号R175文献标识码B文章编号1001-568X(2221)01-0044-04Investigation on the Health Care Present Situation of Kindergartens in Chengdu/REN Yan,LIANG Yan,YANG Lis,et al.//Chiness Primarg Health Care,2020,35(0)：48-50Abstrect OBJECTIVE To analyze the health care present situation of kingergartens in Chengdu,so as to provide the health administrative departments referencae foe improving the health work quality foe kineergarteno ang de s inning relateS policies.METHODS Date were coVecten from the2218health care survey,totally2676kinCeraartene were surveyen.RESULTS Ovee-li,94.32%of kinCeraaraeye hal health care clinic,95.27%of kinCeraaraeye hal health care workers.Class health care relaten fr-ciaties were campleten in88.60%of einCeraarteys.93.42%and94.38%of einCeraaraeys hal reaulanon and emeraeycy response plan relaten health care.91.62%ang86.86%of the health care relaten reaisUation ang analysis forms were ccmplete,tespectively. The rate of chit physical examinaUon for entering einCeraartey wss94.47%,for staff wss98.69%.CONCLUSION The health care wo—in Chengdu's einCeraaraeys wss stilt deficiencies in the setting up,staffing and implemeytation of specific work.Keywords eingergarten,health care,status surveyFirs U-author*s addres s Chengdu Maternal ang Children's Centrat Hospital,Chengdu,610000,China托幼机构卫生保健工作作为国家基本公共卫生服务的重要内容，其工作质量是在园（所）儿童健康成长的重要保障。

印度正成下一个中国互联网出海“红利”

印度正成下一个中国互联网出海“红利”文 | 本刊记者郭艳印度有数十亿的人口，尽管不少行业还处于原始状态，但也正因为如此其发展潜力是巨大的，移动互联网、物流市场等都随着互联网环境的变好而更加有发展前景。

印度创投市场回暖，中美互联网巨头巨资押宝经历了2014年和2015年两年的投资热潮，获得了大量投资的印度初创企业估值飙升，2016年投资规模驱缓。

2017年开始，国际资本再次增加了针对印度的投资，印度创投市场开始回暖。

从2010年就开始投资印度市场的复星锐正资本董事总经理Tej Kapoor在日前召开的2018GMIC大会上表示，现在越来越多来自美国和中国的投资者将目光转向了印度市场。

据NewsDog的创始人陈彧堃介绍，NewsDog专门针对印度市场做的内容推荐引擎，在这一市场已经耕耘两年，用户达到5000万。

来自ClubFactory的创始人李嘉伦表示，作为一家人工智能供应链公司，他们的业务已经覆盖约29个国家，现在最大的市场是在印度。

9年前就开始在印度做电商生意的Paymentwall创始人Honor Dunday表示，“对我们来说印度是一个非常重要的市场。

过去人们有不同的文化和宗教，一些偏远地方的人们对于商业并不认同，开拓当地市场很困难，因此我们曾退出转而拓宽其他市场。

而现在当我们再次进入印度时发现这一市场有了不据调研公司Forrester预计，到2020年，印度在线销售额将达到480亿美元。

据路透社报道称，软银与阿里巴巴向印度电商平台Paytm E-Commerce分别投资4亿美元和0.45亿美元，令该平台估值升至约19亿美元。

2017年，腾讯向印度估值最高的 Flipkart 投资了7亿美元。

2017年10月初，印度最大的网约车公司Ola获得来自腾讯和软银集团的 11 亿美元的融资。

在去年由“互联网女皇”之称的玛丽·梅克（Mary Meeker）公布的一年一度的互联网趋势报告2017版里提到，数字巨头之间未来的竞争很可能发生在全球舞台上。

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März 2015
Kerstin Hofmann Medical Controller
5
一个DRG系统是
Ein DRG System ist...
一个患者分类系统，是根据医院的资源消耗情况，运用临床相关和可理解的方式，类型以及治疗病例数量进行分类。
Ein Patientenklassifikationssystem, das in einer klinisch relevanten und nachvollziehbaren Weise, Art und Anzahl der behandelten Krankenhausfälle in Bezug zum Ressourcenverbrauch des Krankenhauses setzt.
März 2015
Kerstin Hofmann Medical Controller
6
患者分类系统
Patientenklassifikationssystem

原则上如同一个巨大的带抽屉的柜子 Im
Prinzip ein riesiger Schrank mit vielen Schubladen
Kerstin Hofmann Medical Controller
2

自1994年德国医疗费用的发展近10亿欧元
Kostenentwicklung in Deutschland seit 1994 in Milliarden €
März 2015
Kerstin Hofmann Medical Controller
März 2015
Kerstin Hofmann Medical Controller
9
DRG的结构
Formaler Aufbau der DRG
G24B

G:MDC 主要诊断范畴
24:分区Partition
B:严重程度Schweregrad
März 2015
Kerstin Hofmann Medical Controller
额外的经费，因为很贵 Gesondert vergütet, weil sehr „teuer“

错误的DRGFehler DRG

分组错误（错误主要诊断）Groupierungsfehler (unzulässige
Hauptdiagnose)
主要诊断不适合主要程序 Hauptdiagnose passt nicht zur Hauptprozedur 例如，入院的时候是因为胃肠道出血，然后跌倒造成股骨颈骨骨折Bsp. Aufnahme wegen GI-Blutung, dann Sturz mit Schenkelhalsbruch
10
MDC

主要诊断范畴
Major Diagnostic Category = Haupt-Diagnose-gruppe

一个MDC是通常建立在一个身体系统或病因基础上的分类，这个分类是与特定的医学专业相关联的。
Eine MDC ist eine Kategorie, die grundsätzlich auf einem Körpersystem oder einer Erkrankungsätiologie aufbaut, die mit einem speziellen medizinischen Fachgebiet verbunden ist.
Cholezystitis mit Medikamenten)
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附加

Prä MDC's 特殊的ＭＤＣ

Zusatz
比如移植，长时期使用呼吸机 z.B. Transplantation,
Langzeitbeatmungsfälle
3
DRG的功能
Funktion der DRG

鉴定服务和治疗质量的差异
Identifikation von Unterschieden in Leistung und Behandlungsqualität

怎么可能同样的手术在不同的医院费用不同？
Wie kann es sein, dass ein-und dieselbe OP in verschiedenen Krankenhäusern nicht dasselbe kosten?
– 64: 医疗分区medizinische Partition – Z: 没有严重程度区分keine Schweregraddifferenzierung – H64Z: 胆囊和胆道疾病Erkrankungen von Gallenblase,
Gallenwegen (比如胆囊炎的药物治疗z.B. Behandlung einer
最严重度höchste Schweregrad 无严重度Kein Schweregrad
降序排列Absteigend geordnet Z-DRG:
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例子
Beispiele

D02A
D: MDC 3 = 耳，鼻，喉的疾病 Krankheiten und Störungen des Ohres, der Nase und des Halses

肺结核和气胸被分在一个“抽屉”里！
Tuberkulose und Pneumothorax teilen sich die selbe Schublade!

一个14天疗程的肺结核治疗和气胸的治疗是同样的价格。
Eine 14-tägige Tuberkulosebehandlung kostet genauso viel wie die Behandlung eines Pneumothorax
德国DRG系统及实例
DRG System in Deutschland Ein Praxisbericht
Hofmann Kerstin 德国维尔兹堡市红十字医院医管中心主任
回顾
Ein Blick zurück..

直到2004年住院病人按照每天住院支付 Bis 2004
wurde Krankenhausaufenthalte pro Tag vergütet
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例子
Beispiele

F41B

F: MDC 5 =循环系统疾病
Krankheiten und Störungen des Kreislaufsystems

41: 其他的分区„andere“Partition
und Hüft-Tep
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DRG度量
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可是！
Aber!

DRG E76C: 肺结核14天入住没有非常严重或严重的并发症或者气胸
Tuberkulose bis 14 Belegungstage ohne äußerst schwere oder schwere CC oder Pneumothorax

病人治疗的过程中医院产生哪些成本费用
Welche Kosten entstehen dem Krankenhaus bei der Behandlung des Patienten?
– 员工费用Personalkosten
(e, Krankenschwestern, Verwaltungsmitarbeiter etc.)

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备注：有F41A和F41B Anmerkung: Es gibt F41A und F41B
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例子
Beispiele
H64Z
– H: MDC 07 肝胆系统疾病和胰腺疾病
Krankheiten und Störungen am hepatobiliären (Leber/Gallenblase) System und Pankreas
02:
A:
手术分区operative Partition
最严重度höchster Schweregrad
D02A: 头部和颈部大的干预措施带有严重的并发症 Große Eingriffe an Kopf und Hals mit äußerst schweren CC 备注：有D02A和D02B Anmerkung: Es gibt D02A und D02B
– 材料成本Sachkosten (手术用品，检查所用材料，医疗
器材的费用OP-Bedarf, Untersuchungsmaterialien, Kosten für medizinische Geräte)

根据患者或治疗进行变动
Variieren je nach Patient bzw. je nach Behandlung
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DRG的含义
Was bedeutet DRG

Diagnosis related group

诊断相关组
Diagnose bezogene Fallpauschale

根据诊断或者程序/手术来确定应该归为哪类治疗的病例组
Diagnose bzw. Prozedur/OP bestimmt in welche Fallpauschale der Behandlungsfall einsortiert wird.