Reproductive behavior in horseshoe crabs： Does density matter？
TPO-13 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：A解析：consequently“因此，所以”，所以therefore正确。
因为是两句之间的连接词，所以看两句话的关系可以得出答案。
前面说动物的成功繁衍要求它们必须能使自身活动适应周围可预见的事件；后一句说生物的节律必须适合很多周期事件，比如说潮汐，月运周期等等。
两者只能是因果关系。
Q2正确答案：B解析：根据Neurospora定位原文段落的“For instance, apparently normal…”所以这个for instance是对前一句话论点的例证，前一句说到“By isolating organisms completely … have internal clocks.”通过把生物同外部周期性诱因完全隔绝之后生物学家就可以发现生物的内部节律，所以答案是B。
Q3正确答案：D解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的activities和coordinate做关键词定位至第一句，正确，不选；B的Eukaryotes做关键词定位至倒数第四句，明确指出有internal，所以正确，不选；C的intense research做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选；D 的比较原文未提及，错误，可选。
Q4正确答案：C解析：persistent“持续的”，所以C的“enduring”正确。
本句说养在黑暗中一年的Horseshoe crabs会有什么样的节律能够去适应光线较弱的环境，一年当然是比较久的，所以“持续的”正确，而且前文都一直在说continuous怎么样，所以答案是C。
Q5正确答案：B解析：将原句进行简化，stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors，such as 后面是举例，全句引导一个让步逻辑关系，所以只有B选项符合高亮句表述，意思是生物钟的一个重要特征是无论外界环境发生什么样重大的变化，它的周期是不会发生变化的。
英语作文保护犀牛的方法
Protecting rhinoceroses is a critical environmental issue that requires a multifaceted approach.Here are several methods that can be employed to ensure the survival and wellbeing of these magnificent creatures:1.Strict Enforcement of AntiPoaching Laws:Strengthening the legal framework against poaching is essential.This includes harsher penalties for those caught poaching and trafficking in rhino horns.munity Involvement and Education:Engaging local communities in conservation efforts is cating them about the importance of rhinos and the negative impacts of poaching can help change attitudes and behaviors.3.Habitat Preservation:Ensuring that rhinos have ample space to live and breed is crucial. This involves protecting and expanding their natural habitats,which also benefits other species and ecosystems.4.Intensive Surveillance and Monitoring:Using technology such as drones,GPS tracking, and camera traps can help monitor rhino populations and detect poaching activities early.5.International Cooperation:Rhino poaching is often linked to international crime networks.Collaborative efforts between countries to share intelligence and combat the illegal trade in rhino horns are necessary.6.Demand Reduction:Addressing the demand for rhino horns,particularly in countries where they are used in traditional medicine or as status symbols,is key.Public awareness campaigns and efforts to change cultural perceptions can help reduce demand.7.Captive Breeding Programs:In some cases,captive breeding can help increase rhino populations and provide a safety net against poaching.However,its important that these programs are managed responsibly and do not contribute to the illegal trade.8.Financial Support for Conservation Efforts:Adequate funding is necessary to support antipoaching units,research,and habitat preservation.This can come from government budgets,international aid,or private donations.9.Translocation of Rhinos:Moving rhinos to safer areas or creating new populations in different regions can help spread the genetic pool and reduce the risk of local extinction.10.Research and Science:Ongoing research into rhino biology,behavior,and ecology can provide valuable insights that inform conservation strategies and help improve theeffectiveness of protection measures.By implementing these methods in a coordinated and comprehensive manner,we can work towards a future where rhinoceroses thrive in the wild,free from the threats they currently face.。
tpo54三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
托福阅读tpo54全套解析阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (4)题目 (5)答案 (9)背景知识 (10)阅读-2 (10)原文 (10)译文 (12)题目 (13)答案 (18)背景知识 (20)阅读-3 (25)原文 (26)译文 (27)题目 (28)答案 (33)背景知识 (35)阅读-1原文The Commercialization of Lumber①In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is durable and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.②By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timber shortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pine forests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a commodity, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees. In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturingcompanies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.③The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the British-invented band saw, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by allowing for the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.④For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumber in the summer. If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitate travel. The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads.⑤But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponder ways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the remoteness of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.⑥Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumber companies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.译文木材的商业化①在19世纪的美国，几乎所有建筑材料都含有木材。
tpo28三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo28三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (20)原文 (20)译文 (24)题目 (26)答案 (34)背景知识 (35)阅读-3 (43)原文 (43)译文 (47)题目 (49)答案 (58)背景知识 (59)阅读-1原文Groundwater①Most of the world’s potable water----freshwater suitable for drinking----is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface. Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.②Aquifers, Porosity and Permeability.Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and isexpressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.③Sediment sorting and compaction influence permeability and porosity. The more poorly sorted or the more tightly compacted a sediment is ,the lower its porosity and permeability. Sedimentary rocks----the most common rock type near the surface----are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water. Sandstones generally make good aquifers, while finer-grained mudstones are typically impermeable. Impermeable rocks are referred to as aquicludes. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are more compact, commonly crystalline, and rarely contain spaces between grains. However, even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as groundwater reservoirs if extensive fracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnected.④The water table is the underground boundary below which all thecracks and pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reaches Earth’s surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. Typically, though, the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. Above the water table is the vadose zone, through which rainwater percolates. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water.⑤Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls with topography, groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water. Groundwater flows downhill to topographic lows. If the water table intersect the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, whether to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage. Groundwater commonly collects in stream drainages but may remain entirely beneath the surface of dry stream-beds in arid regions. In particularly wet years, short stretches of an otherwise dry stream-bed may have flowing water because the water table rises to intersect the land surface.译文地下水①世界上绝大部分饮用水----可以饮用的淡水----都是地下水，它们储藏在岩石孔隙和裂缝中。
河马英语作文
河马英语作文Hippopotamus often referred to as hippo for short is one of the most fascinating creatures found in the African continent. Here is an English essay about hippos highlighting their characteristics habitat and behavior.Title The Majestic HippopotamusIntroductionThe hippopotamus is a large semiaquatic mammal native to subSaharan Africa. Known for its size and unique behavior the hippo is a sight to behold in its natural habitat. This essay aims to explore the life of the hippo from its physical attributes to its role in the ecosystem.Physical DescriptionHippos are the thirdlargest land mammal only behind elephants and rhinoceroses. They have a barrelshaped body short legs and a large head with a wideopening mouth. Their skin is thick and can secrete a red substance that acts as a natural sunscreen helping to protect them from the harsh sun.HabitatHippos are primarily found in rivers lakes and swamps where they spend most of their day submerged in water to keep cool and protect their sensitive skin from the sun. They are most active during the night when they venture onto land to graze on grasses.DietDespite their herbivorous diet hippos are considered one of the most dangerous animals in Africa. They consume a large amount of grass each night which can be up to 150 pounds and their powerful jaws can crush bones with ease.BehaviorHippos are social animals and live in groups called bloats. They communicate with each other using a variety of vocalizations and body language. Males are territorial and can be aggressive especially during the mating season.ReproductionHippos breed yearround and after a gestation period of about eight months a female hippo gives birth to a single calf. The calves are vulnerable to predators but their mothers are fiercely protective.Conservation StatusHippos are currently listed as vulnerable due to habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts are underway to protect these magnificent creatures and their habitats. ConclusionThe hippopotamus is a fascinating and essential part of the African ecosystem. With their unique characteristics and behaviors they serve as a reminder of the diversity and richness of life on our planet. It is crucial that we continue to learn about and protect these incredible animals for future generations to appreciate.This essay provides an overview of the hippopotamus covering its physical appearance habitat diet behavior reproduction and conservation status. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and protecting these creatures to maintain the balance of the ecosystem.。
英语作文描述动物
When describing animals in an English essay,its essential to provide a vivid and engaging portrayal that captures the readers interest.Here are some key points to consider when crafting your essay:1.Introduction:Begin with a general statement about animals,possibly highlighting their importance in the ecosystem or their role in human culture.2.Choice of Animal:Select an animal that you find interesting or have a personal connection with.This could be a domestic pet,a wild creature,or even an endangered species.3.Physical Description:Describe the animals appearance in detail.Include information about its size,color,fur or skin texture,and any distinctive features such as stripes,spots, or unique markings.4.Behavior:Discuss the animals behavior patterns.This could include its diet,sleeping habits,social interactions,and any specific behaviors that are unique to the species.5.Habitat:Describe the natural habitat of the animal.Explain the type of environment it lives in,such as forests,deserts,or oceans,and how it has adapted to survive in these conditions.6.Reproduction and Life Cycle:Provide information about the animals reproductive habits and life cycle.This could include details about mating rituals,gestation periods, and the stages of growth from birth to adulthood.7.Conservation Status:If applicable,discuss the conservation status of the animal. Highlight any threats it faces,such as habitat loss,poaching,or climate change,and mention any efforts being made to protect the species.8.Personal Connection or Experience:If you have a personal experience with the animal, share a story or anecdote that illustrates your connection or understanding of the creature.9.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay and reiterate why the animal is important or interesting to you.You may also include a call to action or a reflection on the broader implications of the animals existence.10.Vocabulary and Language:Use a variety of vocabulary and descriptive language to bring the animal to life.Adjectives,adverbs,and sensory details can make your description more engaging.Remember to proofread your essay for grammar and spelling errors,and ensure that your sentences are clear and concise.By following these guidelines,you can create a compelling and informative essay about an animal that will engage and educate your readers.。
2014-06-21Reading(气候变化和N人-没做出答案-最后一篇有小瑕疵)
Climate Change and the Natufian PeopleThe so-called Natufian culture inhabited what is now the Middle East between approximately 14,000 and 11,500 years ago. This period is commonly split into two subperiods, Early Natufian (14,000 to 13,000 years ago) and Late Natufian (13,000 to 11,500). The Natufians were hunter-gatherers who relied primarily on gazelle, although they also cultivated some cereal grains. During the early period at least, they lived year-round in villages in built stone houses. Like all human beings, their way of life depended on the climate. Around 13,000 years ago, their climate began to change, becoming colder and drier, a period known as the Younger Dryas.We know that times were hard in the increasingly arid landscapes of the Younger Dryas, but quite how hard remains unclear. The droughts certainly caused many ponds and rivers to disappear completely and the larger lakes to shrink in size. The people who lived in the south, in today’s deserts of the Negev and the Sinai, were most likely hit the hardest. They returned to a completely transient hunter-gatherer way of life, moving from place to place. Survival required improved hunting weapons: game (animals hunted for food) had become scarce, and consequently, success had become essential when a kill was possible. And so we see the invention of the Harif point, a new kind of arrowhead.Further north, the impact of the Younger Dryas may have been less severe. Yet survival still required more than just a return to the ancient mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle, especially as there were now many more people needing food than had been the case during earlier periods, when the Natufians lived in permanent dwellings. One response was to hunt a much wider range of animals than before, and hence we find in Late Natufian settlements the bones of many small-game species as well as larger, ever-present gazelle.Another response to the changing climate was to continue, and perhaps expand the cultivation of plants. Wild cereals were particularly hard hit by the Younger Dryas owing to a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. This diminution, carefully documented from air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice, inhibited their photosynthesis and markedly reduced their yields. Consequently, whatever cultivation practices had begun during the Early Natufian period—weeding, transplanting, watering, pest control—may now have become essential to secure sufficient food. And these may have created the first domesticated strains.This appears to be what happened at the village of Abu Hureyra just before its abandonment. When the archaeologist Gordon Hillman studied the cereal grains from the site, he found a few grains of rye from plants that had undergone the transition into domestic forms. When dated, they were shown to lie between 11,000 and 10,500 B.C.—the oldest domesticated cereal grain from anywhere in the world. Along with these grains, Hillman found seeds from the weeds that typically grow in cultivated soil. And so it appears that, as the availability of wild plant foods declined due to the onset of the Younger Dryas, the Abu Hureyra people invested an ever greater amount of time and effort in caring for the wild rye and by doing so unintentionally transformed it into a domestic crop. But even this could not support the village—it was abandoned as people were forced to return to a mobile lifestyle, perhaps carrying pouches of cereal grain. Thedomesticated rye of Abu Hureyra reverted to its wild state.The geographical range of the Late Natufians also changed. With their increased interest in plant cultivation, the Late Natufians drifted away from the depleted woodlands where their forebears once flourished. They were drawn to the alluvial soils (soils deposited by rivers) of the valleys, not only those of the River Jordan, but also those found by the great rivers of the Mesopotamian plain and in the vicinity of lakes and rivers throughout the Middle East. Large expanses of these rich, fertile soils became available as the rivers and lakes struck during the Younger Dryas Wild, but cultivated, cereals grew well in such soil, especially when close to the meager springs, ponds, and streams that survived the arid conditions.Paragraph 2We know that times were hard in the increasingly arid landscapes of the Younger Dryas, but quite how hard remains unclear. The droughts certainly caused many ponds and rivers to disappear completely and the larger lakes to shrink in size. The people who lived in the south, in today’s deserts of the Negev and the Sinai, were most likely hit the hardest. They returned to a completely transient hunter-gatherer way of life, moving from place to place. Survival required improved hunting weapons: game (animals hunted for food) had become scarce, and consequently, success had become essential when a kill was possible. And so we see the invention of the Harif point, a new kind of arrowhead.1.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about why game became scarceduring the Younger Dryas?The development of new weapons in the south improved the Natufians’ hunting successes. Human settlement in the south destroyed the resources that allowed game animals to survive.Animals died or moved away as their sources of drinking water dried up.Animals were scared away by the Natufians’ rapid movement from place to place. Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [→]2.In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the Harif point?To support the idea that the Younger Dryas required Natufians to hunt in new waysTo illustrate how humans had begun to protect their settlements during the Younger Dryas To contrast the settled lifestyle of villages with the transient lifestyle of hunter-gathersTo explain the process by which ancient people invented arrowheadsParagraph 3Further north, the impact of the Younger Dryas may have been less severe. Yet survival still required more than just a return to the ancient mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle, especially as there were now many more people needing food than had been the case during earlier periods, when the Natufians lived in permanent dwellings. One response was to hunt a much wider range of animals than before, and hence we find in Late Natufian settlements the bones of many small-game species as well as larger, ever-present gazelle.3.According to paragraph 3, what did the Natufians do to feed their increasing populationduring the Younger Dryas?They began to trade food products with other people in neighboring areas.They began hunting a wider range of animals.They tried to hunt mostly the larger animals.They moved south where there were more animals.Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]Paragraph 4Another response to the changing climate was to continue, and perhaps expand the cultivation of plants. Wild cereals were particularly hard hit by the Younger Dryas owing to a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. This diminution, carefully documented from air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice, inhibited their photosynthesis and markedly reduced their yields. Consequently, whatever cultivation practices had begun during the Early Natufian period—weeding, transplanting, watering, pest control—may now have become essential to secure sufficient food. And these may have created the first domesticated strains.4.According to paragraph 4, air bubbles in Antarctic ice are evidence of which of the followingduring the Younger Dryas period?Areduction in atmospheric carbon dioxideAn increase in the number of weedsImprovements in cultivation of plantsGreater use of pest controlsParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→]5.The word “inhibited” in the passage is closet in meaning toalteredrequiredrestrictedallowed6.The word “sufficient” in the passage is closet in meaning toenoughfreshvaluablenutritiousParagraph 5This appears to be what happened at the village of Abu Hureyra just before its abandonment. When the archaeologist Gordon Hillman studied the cereal grains from the site, he found a few grains of rye from plants that had undergone the transition into domestic forms. When dated, they were shown to lie between 11,000 and 10,500 B.C.—the oldest domesticated cereal grain from anywhere in the world. Along with these grains, Hillman found seeds from the weeds that typically grow in cultivated soil. And so it appears that, as the availability of wild plant foodsdeclined due to the onset of the Younger Dryas, the Abu Hureyra people invested an ever greater amount of time and effort in caring for the wild rye and by doing so unintentionally transformed it into a domestic crop. But even this could not support the village—it was abandoned as people were forced to return to a mobile lifestyle, perhaps carrying pouches of cereal grain. The domesticated rye of Abu Hureyra reverted to its wild state.7.In paragraph 5, why does the author described the archaeologist’s findings at Abu Hureyra? To identify the best-known Natufian villageTo question the idea that wild grains were first domesticated more than 11,000 years agoTo challenge the idea presented in paragraph 4 that earlier cultivation practices became essential for Natufian survival during the Younger DryasTo provide evidence supporting the theory presented in paragraph 4 about how wild plants became domesticatedParagraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]8.According to paragraph 5, what was one response of the people of Abu Hureyra to the onsetof the Younger Dryas?They began collecting a wider variety of wild grains.They began cultivating crops at sites outside Abu Hureyra.They developed special pouches for storing and carrying cereal grain.They spent more energy and time cultivating their rye crop.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]9.According to paragraph 5, what happened to the domesticated rye left at Abu Hureyra?It developed a number of different strains.It became wild again.It became extinct.It could no longer be used as food.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]Paragraph 6The geographical range of the Late Natufians also changed. With their increased interest in plant cultivation, the Late Natufians drifted away from the depleted woodlands where their forebears once flourished. They were drawn to the alluvial soils (soils deposited by rivers) of the valleys, not only those of the River Jordan, but also those found by the great rivers of the Mesopotamian plain and in the vicinity of lakes and rivers throughout the Middle East. Large expanses of these rich, fertile soils became available as the rivers and lakes struck during the Younger Dryas Wild, but cultivated, cereals grew well in such soil, especially when close to the meager springs, ponds, and streams that survived the arid conditions.10.The word “flourished” in the passage is closet in meaning tosettledstruggledgatheredprospered11.The phrase “drawn to” in the passage is closet in meaning toconcerned byattracted towardimpressed bysurrounded by12.According to paragraph 6, why did the Natufians move to river valleys during the YoungerDryas?Plants grew better in the fertile soil next to bodies of water.The Natufians followed the game animals there.The Natufians used the rivers as their means of transportation.The valleys had more woodlands, which the Natufians needed for home building. Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow [→]Paragraphs1 and 2The so-called Natufian culture inhabited what is now the Middle East between approximately 14,000 and 11,500 years ago. This period is commonly split into two subperiods, Early Natufian (14,000 to 13,000 years ago) and Late Natufian (13,000 to 11,500). The Natufians were hunter-gatherers who relied primarily on gazelle, although they also cultivated some cereal grains. ■During the early period at least, they lived year-round in villages in built stone houses. Like all human beings, their way of life depended on the climate. ■Around 13,000 years ago, their climate began to change, becoming colder and drier, a period known as the Younger Dryas.■We know that times were hard in the increasingly arid landscapes of the Younger Dryas, but quite how hard remains unclear. ■The droughts certainly caused many ponds and rivers to disappear completely and the larger lakes to shrink in size. The people who lived in the south, in today’s deserts of the Negev and the Sinai, were most likely hit the hardest. They returned to a completely transient hunter-gatherer way of life, moving from place to place. Survival required improved hunting weapons: game (animals hunted for food) had become scarce, and consequently, success had become essential when a kill was possible. And so we see the invention of the Harif point, a new kind of arrowhead.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added tothe passage.As long as the climate remained moderate, the Natufians were able to thrive by remaining in their villages.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Answer ChoicesAs lakes and rivers dried up, Natufiansabandoned their settlements in some areas and became mobile hunters, developing new, more efficient hunting weapons to improve their success in the hunt.Cereal yields dropped when the air became excessively concentrated with carbon dioxide, which impaired photosynthesis.In one Natufian village, an archaeologist found the oldest-known domesticated cereal grain, dating from more than 14,000 years ago. A major contribution of Natufian culture to early civilization was the invention of a new arrowhead called the Harif point.With wild grains no longer plentiful, the Natufians had to invent better cultivation techniques, resulting in new domesticated varieties.The climate change forced some Late Natufians to move away from their former woodland homes and inhabit the fertile lands left by the receding rivers and lakes.MetamorphosisOrganisms that metamorphose undergo radical changes over the course of their life cycle. A frog egg hatches a tadpole that metamorphoses into an adult frog within a few days or weeks. A fruit fly egg hatches a larva that feeds for a few hours or days and then enters the pupal stage during which it develops a protective covering. The changes that occur during the metamorphosis of a single species may be so great that the species occupies two separate and very different niches or places in an environment at different times. In fact, the larvae of two species may be more similar to each other than to the corresponding adult forms of their own species.Organisms that utilize different resources at different stages of their life cycle face an unusual evolutionary problem, exploiting different niches may be difficult with a single body plan. The solution is a juvenile (immature) form specialized for one niche, followed by metamorphosis to an entirely new body plan, adapted to a different niche in the adult. Clearly, species that metamorphose must undertake complex genetic and physiological processes in the transformation. These changes require complex regulatory mechanisms that involve turning on and off many genes at appropriate times. In addition, the reorganization of the body plan in a metamorphic species entails considerable energy costs. What sorts of ecological advantages could outweigh these complications?One prevailing hypothesis is that metamorphic species specialize so as to exploit habitats with high but transient (short term) productivity----and hence high potential for growth. Part of this strategy is that specializations for feeding, dispersal, and reproduction are separated across stages. A frog tadpole occupies an aquatic environment (such as a pond) with extremely high potential for growth. The existence of the pond or its high production may be transient, however. Whereas an aquatic larva is not capable of dispersal to new ponds if its habitat becomes unsuitable, the adult frog is. In this case rapid growth in the larva is separated from dispersal and reproduction in the adult. Although the adult feeds, its growth rate is far less than that of the tadpole. The energy adults obtain from feeding is dedicated to dispersal and reproduction.Many insects benefit from the same strategy. Although a butterfly larva feeds voraciously, often on a very specific set of host plant species, the adult does not grow. If it feeds, it does so only to maintain energy reserves required for dispersal and reproduction. The monarch butterfly exemplifies this strategy. Its larvae feed specifically on milkweeds. Monarch pupae also develop on this host plant. The emerging adults migrate long distances----from all over eastern North America to nine small sites in the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico. There, females become sexually mature and migrate north, mating along the way and feeding only to maintain energy reserves. In this example, the feeding specialist stage is again separated from the dispersal and reproduction stages.In the previous examples, the reproductive function is delegated to the adult. Under certain ecological conditions, however, it is apparently advantageous for reproduction to occur in the larval stage. Thus, even the reproductive function typically fulfilled by the adult can apparently be modified under certain circumstances. Species that show this modification of a metamorphic lifecycle are said to demonstrate neoteny, a life cycle in which the larvae of some populations or races become sexually mature and no longer metamorphose into adult. Some populations of the salamander Ambystoma maculatum show this trait. In fact, the larvae of this species were originally classified as a separate species before it was recognized that they are neotenic forms.The selective factors leading to neoteny are not well understood. We know, however, that neotenicforms are more frequently found in extreme environments, often high altitudes or latitudes. High-altitude populations of certain salamanders have higher frequencies of neoteny than do low-elevation population of these species. If the larval environment is rich compared to the harsh adult environment, selection may favor neoteny. One research study, has ruled out simple food effects, supplemental food did not increase the frequency with which organisms reached the adult stage. This suggests that neoteny may be a genetically determined feature of some amphibian life histories.Paragraph 1Organisms that metamorphose undergo radical changes over the course of their life cycle. A frog egg hatches a tadpole that metamorphoses into an adult frog within a few days or weeks. A fruit fly egg hatches a larva that feeds for a few hours or days and then enters the pupal stage during which it develops a protective covering. The changes that occur during the metamorphosis of a single species may be so great that the species occupies two separate and very different niches or places in an environment at different times. In fact, the larvae of two species may be more similar to each other than to the corresponding adult forms of their own species.1.The word “radical” in the passage is closest in meaning toextremedistinctiveperiodicstructural2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the organisms that become fruitflies?They feed during the pupal stage.They become winged insects several days after the larvae hatch from eggs.They remain in the larval stage longer than they remain in the pupal stage.They need to be protected during the larval stage in order to reach the pupal stage.Paragraph 2Organisms that utilize different resources at different stages of their life cycle face an unusual evolutionary problem, exploiting different niches may be difficult with a single body plan. The solution is a juvenile (immature) form specialized for one niche, followed by metamorphosis to an entirely new body plan, adapted to a different niche in the adult. Clearly, species that metamorphose must undertake complex genetic and physiological processes in the transformation. These changes require complex regulatory mechanisms that involve turning onand off many genes at appropriate times. In addition, the reorganization of the body plan in a metamorphic species entails considerable energy costs. What sorts of ecological advantages could outweigh these complications?3.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that an advantage ofdevelop regulatory mechanisms for turning genes on and offoccupy different niches at different parts of the life cycleundertake complex genetic and physiological processesreduce their energy costs4.Why does the author ask the question “What sorts of ecological advantages could outweighthese complications?”To suggest that there is no single advantage but many advantagesTo challenge the idea that metamorphic transformations are always beneficialTo prepare readers for a discussion that may explain why metamorphosis occursTo identify a particular aspect of metamorphosis that is poorly understoodParagraph 3One prevailing hypothesis is that metamorphic species specialize so as to exploit habitats with high but transient (short term) productivity----and hence high potential for growth. Part of this strategy is that specializations for feeding, dispersal, and reproduction are separated across stages. A frog tadpole occupies an aquatic environment (such as a pond) with extremely high potential for growth. The existence of the pond or its high production may be transient, however. Whereas an aquatic larva is not capable of dispersal to new ponds if its habitat becomes unsuitable, the adult frog is. In this case rapid growth in the larva is separated from dispersal and reproduction in the adult. Although the adult feeds, its growth rate is far less than that of the tadpole. The energy adults obtain from feeding is dedicated to dispersal and reproduction.5.The word “exploit” in the passage is closest in meaning toidentifyadapt touse to advantagebecome established in6.According to paragraph 3, by changing from a tadpole into an adult frog, an adult frog is abletomaintain a high growth rateprovide a safer habitat for its offspringobtain more foodmove to a more suitable locationParagraph 4Many insects benefit from the same strategy. Although a butterfly larva feeds voraciously, often on a very specific set of host plant species, the adult does not grow. If it feeds, it does so only to maintain energy reserves required for dispersal and reproduction. The monarch butterflyexemplifies this strategy. Its larvae feed specifically on milkweeds. Monarch pupae also develop on this host plant. The emerging adults migrate long distances----from all over eastern North America to nine small sites in the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico. There, females become sexually mature and migrate north, mating along the way and feeding only to maintain energy reserves. In this example, the feeding specialist stage is again separated from the dispersal and reproduction stages.7.According to paragraph 3 and 4, what do frogs and butterflies have in common?Adults of both reproduce only when there is enough food in a habitat to sustain their offspring.Adults of both eat only enough to supply the energy needed for dispersal and reproduction.Immature forms of both disperse to new habitats when the habitats they are in can no longer sustain them.Immature forms of both depend on aquatic environments.8.The phrase “the same strategy” in the passage refers todispersing to new habitats as adultsspending most of the life cycle on dispersal and reproductionfeeding on a specific set of host plant speciesseparating specialization for feeding from dispersal and reproductionParagraph 5In the previous examples, the reproductive function is delegated to the adult. Under certain ecological conditions, however, it is apparently advantageous for reproduction to occur in the larval stage. Thus, even the reproductive function typically fulfilled by the adult can apparently be modified under certain circumstances. Species that show this modification of a metamorphic life cycle are said to demonstrate neoteny, a life cycle in which the larvae of some populations or races become sexually mature and no longer metamorphose into adult. Some populations of the salamander Ambystoma maculatum show this trait. In fact, the larvae of this species were originally classified as a separate species before it was recognized that they are neotenicforms.9.The word “apparently” in the passage is closest in meaning tousuallyespeciallyseeminglycertainly10.According to paragraph 5, why were the larvae of some populations of the salamanderspecies Ambystoma maculatum once thought to be members of a separate species?Because they were shaped differently than other larvae of Ambystoma maculatum.Because they were discovered far away from other members of Ambystoma maculatum.Because they were sexually mature and could reproduce.Because the neotenic form of Ambystoma maculatum looks very different from theneotenic forms of other salamanders.Paragraph 6The selective factors leading to neoteny are not well understood. We know, however, that neotenicforms are more frequently found in extreme environments, often high altitudes or latitudes. High-altitude populations of certain salamanders have higher frequencies of neoteny than do low-elevation population of these species. If the larval environment is rich compared to the harsh adult environment, selection may favor neoteny. One research study, has ruled out simple food effects, supplemental food did not increase the frequency with which organisms reached the adult stage. This suggests that neoteny may be a genetically determined feature of some amphibian life histories.11.The word “harsh” in the passage is closest in meaning toseveretypicalrestrictedavailable12.Paragraph 6 indicates that greater frequency of neoteny in salamanders may be associatedwith all of the following EXCEPTan environment that is richer for larvae than for adultsan inadequate food supply for larvaea high-altitude locationa genetic makeup favoring neotenyParagraph 2Organisms that utilize different resources at different stages of their life cycle face an unusual evolutionary problem, exploiting different niches may be difficult with a single body plan. ■The solution is a juvenile (immature) form specialized for one niche, followed by metamorphosis to an entirely new body plan, adapted to a different niche in the adult. ■Clearly, species that metamorphose must undertake complex genetic and physiological processes in the transformation. ■These changes require complex regulatory mechanisms that involve turning on and off many genes at appropriate times. ■In addition, the reorganization of the body plan in a metamorphic species entails considerable energy costs. What sorts of ecological advantages could outweigh these complications?13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added tothe passage.Metamorphosis, however, comes with its own set of difficulties.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.。
蒿子粑粑作文英语
蒿子粑粑作文英语Title: The Fascinating World of Horseshoe Crab Eggs。
Horseshoe crab eggs, or "蒿子粑粑" (háozǐ bābā) in Chinese, are a remarkable marvel of nature that captivates both scientists and enthusiasts alike. In this essay, we delve into the intriguing aspects of horseshoe crab eggs and their significance in the ecosystem.First and foremost, let's understand what horseshoe crab eggs are and how they are produced. Horseshoe crabs, ancient marine arthropods often referred to as "living fossils," play a vital role in the coastal ecosystem. Every year during the spawning season, usually in spring or early summer, female horseshoe crabs migrate to shallow waters to lay their eggs. These eggs, also known as horseshoe crab roe or cái ròu (菜肉) in Chinese cuisine, are spherical in shape and range in size from a few millimeters to a centimeter in diameter.The reproductive process of horseshoe crabs is fascinating. Female horseshoe crabs release thousands of eggs into the sand, where they are fertilized by the male's sperm. The eggs are then buried in the sand for protection against predators and environmental conditions. This burying behavior is crucial for the survival of the eggs, as it provides insulation and prevents desiccation.One of the most remarkable features of horseshoe crab eggs is their blue-green coloration. This distinctive hue is due to a pigment called biliverdin, which also gives the blood of horseshoe crabs its blue color. Biliverdin serves as a protective mechanism against harmful UV radiation and predatory organisms, effectively shielding the developing embryos from potential harm.Furthermore, horseshoe crab eggs serve as a vital food source for numerous marine species, including migratory shorebirds, fish, and crustaceans. The annual spawning of horseshoe crabs coincides with the migration of shorebirds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, making these eggs a crucial energy source for the birds' long-distancejourneys. Without the abundance of horseshoe crab eggs, many shorebird populations would struggle to sustain their arduous migrations.In addition to their ecological importance, horseshoe crab eggs also hold cultural significance in various regions. In Chinese cuisine, háozǐ bābā is considered a delicacy and is often enjoyed steamed or stir-fried with seasonings. The rich flavor and nutritional value of horseshoe crab eggs make them a sought-after ingredient in traditional dishes.Despite their ecological and cultural importance, horseshoe crab populations face threats from habitat loss, overharvesting, and pollution. Conservation efforts are underway to protect these ancient creatures and ensure the preservation of their spawning grounds. Initiatives such as habitat restoration, regulation of harvesting practices, and public awareness campaigns are crucial steps in safeguarding horseshoe crab populations for future generations.In conclusion, horseshoe crab eggs are not merely a culinary delicacy but a vital component of coastal ecosystems and cultural heritage. Their unique characteristics and ecological role underscore the importance of conserving horseshoe crab populations and their spawning habitats. By understanding and appreciating the significance of háozǐ bābā, we can contribute to the conservation of these extraordinary creatures and the biodiversity of our planet's oceans.。
老虎在野外生活英语作文
Tigers,being apex predators,are welladapted to life in the wild.Here are some key aspects of their existence in their natural habitats:1.Hunting and Diet:Tigers are carnivorous and primarily hunt large ungulates such as deer and wild boar.They are solitary hunters,relying on stealth and their powerful build to ambush their prey.2.Territory:Tigers are territorial animals.They mark their territories with scent and vocalizations,which helps them maintain their hunting grounds and deter other tigers from encroaching.3.Habitat:Tigers can be found in a variety of habitats,including tropical rainforests, grasslands,and temperate forests.They are adaptable and can survive in diverse environments as long as there is sufficient prey and water.munication:Tigers communicate through vocalizations such as roars,which can be heard over long distances,and body language.These methods are used to signal their presence and intentions to other tigers and potential mates.5.Reproduction:Mating season for tigers is generally in the late winter and spring.Aftera gestation period of around103days,a female tiger,or tigress,will give birth to a litter of cubs,usually between two to six.6.Cubs Development:Tiger cubs are born blind and completely dependent on their mother for survival.They start to explore their surroundings at around six to eight weeks and begin to learn hunting skills from their mother.7.Threats:Tigers face numerous threats in the wild,including poaching for their body parts,which are used in traditional medicine,and habitat loss due to deforestation and human encroachment.8.Conservation Efforts:Various conservation programs aim to protect tigers and their habitats.These include antipoaching patrols,habitat restoration,and education to raise awareness about the importance of preserving these magnificent creatures.9.Behavior:Tigers are generally nocturnal,which means they are most active during the night.They are also known for their ability to swim and have been observed crossing rivers and even diving for fish.10.Adaptability:Despite their large size,tigers are agile and can climb trees,althoughthis is less common in adults.They are also capable of traveling long distances in search of food or new territories.Understanding the life of tigers in the wild is crucial for their conservation and the preservation of the ecosystems they inhabit.。
保护狐狸的原因英语作文
Protecting foxes is an important environmental and ecological responsibility that we must take seriously.Here are several reasons why we should protect these beautiful and intelligent creatures:1.Ecological Balance:Foxes play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. As predators,they help control the population of smaller animals,such as rodents,which can be harmful to crops and spread diseases.2.Biodiversity:Biodiversity is essential for a healthy planet.Foxes contribute to this diversity,and their decline could have unforeseen consequences on the environment.3.Cultural Significance:Foxes have been a part of human culture and folklore for centuries.They are often depicted as clever and resourceful animals,and protecting them helps preserve these cultural narratives.4.Adaptability:Foxes are highly adaptable creatures.They can live in various habitats, from forests to urban areas,demonstrating the resilience of nature.5.Scientific Research:Foxes are used in scientific research to study animal behavior, genetics,and ecology.Their protection ensures that valuable data can continue to be collected.6.Aesthetic Appreciation:Foxes are visually appealing animals with unique fur patterns and behaviors.Their presence in the wild contributes to the aesthetic value of natural landscapes.cational Value:Observing and learning about foxes can be an educational experience for people of all ages,fostering a greater appreciation for wildlife and the need for conservation.8.Conservation Efforts:Protecting foxes is part of broader conservation efforts to preserve wildlife and their habitats.It is a testament to our commitment to protecting the natural world.9.Economic Benefits:In some regions,foxes can contribute to the local economy through ecotourism,where visitors come to observe wildlife in its natural habitat.10.Moral Responsibility:As stewards of the Earth,we have a moral responsibility to protect all species,including foxes,from extinction and unnecessary suffering.In conclusion,protecting foxes is not just about preserving a single species it is about safeguarding the intricate web of life that makes our planet vibrant and diverse.By taking steps to protect foxes,we are also taking steps to protect the environment and the countless other species that depend on it.。
保护动物内容英语作文初中
Animals have always been an integral part of our ecosystem, playing crucial roles in maintaining the balance of nature. However, with the rapid development of human society and the expansion of human activities, the habitats of many animals are being destroyed, and their survival is facing severe threats. As a society, it is our responsibility to protect animals and maintain the ecological balance.One of the most pressing issues is the loss of natural habitats due to deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization. Many animals are forced to leave their homes, and some are even driven to the brink of extinction. For example, the giant panda, a national treasure of China, is an endangered species primarily due to the destruction of its natural habitat. The giant pandas diet mainly consists of bamboo, and the reduction of bamboo forests has directly affected the survival of the giant panda.In addition to habitat loss, poaching and illegal trade are also significant threats to the survival of animals. The demand for animal products, such as ivory, fur, and rhino horns, has led to the rampant killing of these animals. For instance, elephants are hunted for their ivory tusks, and their population has drastically decreased in recent years. The same is true for rhinos, whose horns are highly valued in some cultures for their supposed medicinal properties.Another issue is the invasion of alien species, which can disrupt the ecological balance and threaten the survival of native species. When alien species are introduced into an ecosystem, they may compete with native species for resources, leading to a decline in the population of nativespecies. For example, the introduction of the American bullfrog into China has had a significant impact on the local ecosystem, as it preys on native frogs and disrupts the food chain.To protect animals, we must take a series of measures. First and foremost, we need to strengthen environmental protection and reduce the destruction of animal habitats. This can be achieved through reforestation, establishing nature reserves, and implementing sustainable development practices. For example, China has implemented a series of measures to protect the giant panda, such as establishing giant panda nature reserves and restoring bamboo forests.Secondly, we need to enhance law enforcement to combat poaching and illegal trade. Governments should strengthen the supervision and punishment of illegal hunting and trade, and raise public awareness about the importance of protecting animals. For instance, China has enacted laws to protect endangered species and has increased penalties for illegal hunting and trade.Lastly, we need to strengthen international cooperation to address the global issue of animal protection. Countries should work together to formulate and implement international conventions and agreements to protect animals. For example, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES is an international agreement aimed at ensuring that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.In conclusion, protecting animals is a responsibility that we all share. We need to take a series of measures, including strengthening environmental protection, enhancing law enforcement, and promoting international cooperation, to protect animals and maintain the ecological balance. Only by working together can we create a harmonious coexistence between humans and animals.。
写一个猴子的作文英语
The monkey is one of the most fascinating creatures in the animal kingdom.It is known for its agility,intelligence,and playful nature.Heres a detailed composition about monkeys,exploring their characteristics,habitat,and behavior.Title:The Marvelous World of MonkeysIntroduction:Monkeys are primates that captivate us with their humanlike behaviors and movements. They are found in various parts of the world,from the dense jungles of South America to the lush forests of Asia.These creatures are not only entertaining to watch but also hold a significant place in the ecosystem.Physical Characteristics:Monkeys come in a variety of shapes and sizes.They typically have long arms and legs, which are well adapted for climbing and swinging in trees.Their hands and feet are equipped with opposable thumbs,allowing them to grasp objects with precision.The fur of monkeys can range from short and sleek to long and fluffy,and their colors can be as diverse as black,brown,or even white.Habitat:Monkeys are highly adaptable and can be found in a wide range of environments.Some species prefer the dense canopies of rainforests,while others thrive in savannahs, mountainous regions,and even urban areas.Their habitat choice often influences their diet and social structure.Diet:The diet of a monkey can vary greatly depending on its species and habitat.Some monkeys are herbivores,feeding primarily on fruits,leaves,and seeds.Others are omnivores,incorporating insects,small animals,and even eggs into their diet.The diet of a monkey plays a crucial role in its health and survival.Social Behavior:Monkeys are known for their complex social structures.Many species live in troops or groups,which can range from a few individuals to over a hundred.Within these groups, there is often a hierarchy,with a dominant male or group of males leading the troop. Monkeys communicate with each other using a variety of vocalizations,body language, and facial expressions.Reproduction and Parenting:Monkeys typically mate for life or have longterm partnerships.After a gestation periodthat can last several months,the female gives birth to one or more offspring.Parenting in monkey societies is often a shared responsibility,with both parents and other members of the troop caring for the young.Conservation Status:Unfortunately,many monkey species are facing threats due to habitat loss,poaching,and climate change.Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the survival of these intelligent and social animals.Protecting their natural habitats and raising awareness about their plight are key strategies in conservation.Conclusion:Monkeys are a testament to the diversity and adaptability of life on Earth.Their playful antics and complex social behaviors offer us a glimpse into the richness of the natural world.As we learn more about these creatures,it becomes increasingly important to protect and preserve their environments for future generations to appreciate. Reflection:Reflecting on the life of monkeys,one cannot help but be amazed by their resilience and adaptability.It is our collective responsibility to ensure that these remarkable animals continue to thrive in their natural habitats,reminding us of the delicate balance of our planets ecosystems.。
《生态翻译学视角下的汉英口译“事后追惩”论析》范文
《生态翻译学视角下的汉英口译“事后追惩”论析》篇一一、引言随着全球化进程的推进，汉英口译作为一种重要的跨文化交流方式，其准确性和流畅性对国际交流和合作具有至关重要的意义。
生态翻译学视角下的汉英口译，不仅关注翻译的即时效果，更强调翻译的生态系统和长远影响。
本文将从生态翻译学的角度出发，对汉英口译中的“事后追惩”现象进行深入分析，探讨其理论基础、实践应用及未来发展趋势。
二、生态翻译学理论基础生态翻译学是一种以生态整体观为指导的翻译理论，强调翻译过程中的生态环境、译者主体性以及翻译的动态性。
在汉英口译中，生态翻译学关注的是口译过程中的语言环境、文化背景、交际意图等多重因素的综合影响。
这一理论认为，口译不仅仅是语言的转换，更是文化的传播和交流的桥梁。
三、汉英口译中的“事后追惩”现象“事后追惩”是指口译结束后，由于种种原因导致的翻译错误或遗漏，进而引发的追责和惩罚现象。
在汉英口译中，这一现象尤为突出。
从生态翻译学的角度来看，“事后追惩”是口译生态系统中的一个重要环节，它反映了口译过程中可能出现的失误和不足，同时也为口译质量的提高提供了重要依据。
四、汉英口译“事后追惩”的实践应用（一）译者责任意识的培养“事后追惩”机制可以促使译者增强责任意识，提高口译质量。
通过追惩制度，译者能够更加清晰地认识到自己在口译过程中的责任和义务，从而在口译过程中更加谨慎、准确地处理语言和文化信息。
（二）口译质量的持续改进“事后追惩”机制可以为口译质量的持续改进提供重要依据。
通过对口译过程中的错误和遗漏进行追惩，可以及时发现并纠正口译过程中的问题，为今后的口译工作提供宝贵的经验和教训。
（三）跨文化交流的促进从跨文化交流的角度看，“事后追惩”有助于促进不同文化之间的交流和理解。
通过追惩机制，可以发现并解决因文化差异导致的口译误解和错误，从而促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
五、汉英口译“事后追惩”的挑战与未来发展尽管“事后追惩”在汉英口译中具有重要意义，但also it presents several challenges and opportunities. 首先, 对于“事后追惩”的具体标准和实施细节, 需要进一步完善和明确。
《生态翻译学视角下的汉英口译“事后追惩”论析》范文
《生态翻译学视角下的汉英口译“事后追惩”论析》篇一一、引言随着全球化进程的推进，汉英口译在跨国交流中的重要性日益凸显。
在翻译学的研究中，生态翻译学作为一个新兴的领域，正逐渐成为研究焦点。
本文将从生态翻译学的视角出发，对汉英口译的“事后追惩”进行深入探讨，分析其理论基础、实施方式及其在口译实践中的价值。
二、生态翻译学理论基础生态翻译学是近年来兴起的一门跨学科研究领域，它将生态学的原理和翻译学的理论相结合，探讨翻译活动的生态性和译者的主体地位。
该理论强调翻译环境的和谐性、多样性及动态性，关注译者在整个翻译生态环境中的核心地位。
在汉英口译中，生态翻译学为我们提供了一个全新的视角来审视翻译活动，强调口译过程的生态平衡与协调发展。
三、汉英口译的“事后追惩”“事后追惩”是指对已完成翻译任务进行回顾、总结和反思，以发现并纠正翻译过程中的错误和不足。
在汉英口译中，这一过程尤为重要。
通过对口译活动的“事后追惩”，我们可以对译者的翻译质量进行评估，找出翻译中的问题并分析原因，从而提出改进措施。
此外，“事后追惩”还有助于提升译者的专业素养和综合能力，提高其翻译质量。
四、生态翻译学视角下的“事后追惩”从生态翻译学的角度来看，“事后追惩”是实现口译生态平衡的重要手段。
在口译过程中，译者需要与整个生态环境保持和谐互动，包括与原文作者、译文读者以及口译环境等各方面的协调。
通过“事后追惩”，我们可以更好地了解译者在口译过程中的表现，发现其与生态环境之间的不和谐因素，从而提出针对性的改进措施。
这有助于优化口译生态环境，提高口译质量。
五、实施方式及价值实施“事后追惩”需要遵循一定的步骤和原则。
首先，要对口译任务进行全面的回顾和总结，包括对原文的理解、译文的表达以及口译环境等方面进行分析。
其次，要找出翻译中的错误和不足，分析其原因并提出改进措施。
最后，要对译者的表现进行评估和反馈，帮助其提升专业素养和综合能力。
通过实施“事后追惩”，我们可以实现以下几个方面的价值：1. 提高口译质量：通过对口译活动的回顾和总结，我们可以找出翻译中的问题并加以改进，从而提高口译质量。
雅思口语wild animals话题
雅思口语wild animals话题1. Do you think it is important to protect wild animals? Why? Yes, I believe it is important to protect wild animals. Wild animals play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems and biodiversity. They help in pollination, seed dispersal, and controlling insect populations. Additionally, many wild animals are endangered or threatened due to habitat destruction, illegal hunting, and pollution. By protecting them, we can ensure the survival of these species and preserve the natural beauty and diversity of our planet.2. How can people help in protecting wild animals?There are several ways individuals can contribute to the protection of wild animals. First and foremost, we can support conservation organizations financially or by volunteering our time to their causes. Additionally, we can spread awareness about the importance of preserving wildlife through social media, educational programs, and community events. Moreover, we can make sustainable choices in our daily lives by reducing water usage, avoiding single-use plastics, and supporting eco-friendly companies. Lastly, we should follow local laws and regulations regarding wildlife protection and report any illegal activities we witness.3. Do you think zoos are helpful in the conservation of endangered species?Zoos can play a role in the conservation of endangered species, but it is a controversial topic. Some argue that zoos provide a safe environment for endangered animals and help with breeding programs to increase their populations. They also give people theopportunity to learn about and appreciate these animals, which can lead to increased awareness and support for conservation efforts. However, critics argue that keeping animals in captivity deprives them of their natural habitat and restricts their freedom. They believe that more emphasis should be placed on protecting animals in their natural habitats and promoting their well-being there.4. What are the negative impacts of human activities on wild animals?Human activities have had numerous negative impacts on wild animals. Deforestation, for example, destroys habitats and disrupts ecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity and forcing animals to relocate or face extinction. Pollution, such as air and water pollution, can contaminate habitats and harm animals' health. Illegal hunting and poaching for animal parts or trophies directly contribute to the decline of many animal species. Climate change caused by human activity is altering habitats and making it difficult for some animals to adapt. Additionally, urbanization leads to encroachment into animal territories, resulting in conflicts and displacement.5. Should there be restrictions on visiting or interacting with wild animals?Yes, I believe there should be restrictions on visiting or interacting with wild animals, especially if it involves captive ones or those in vulnerable habitats. Uncontrolled interaction can lead to disturbance, stress, and behavioral changes in animals. It can also increase the risk of spreading diseases between humans and animals. Proper regulations and guidelines should be in place toensure that any interactions are carried out ethically and with the animals' welfare as the top priority.。
介绍海马的英语作文
Seahorses:The Enigmatic Dwellers of the OceanSeahorses are among the most unique and captivating creatures in the ocean.Known for their horse-like heads,prehensile tails,and extraordinary reproductive behavior,seahorses have fascinated marine biologists and ocean enthusiasts alike.This essay will explore the characteristics,behavior,habitat,and ecological importance of seahorses,as well as their interactions with humans.Characteristics of SeahorsesSeahorses belong to the family Syngnathidae and possess several distinctive features:Physical Appearance:Seahorses are easily recognizable by their elongated bodies,curled tails,and horse-like heads.They have bony plates covering their bodies instead of scales,which provide them with a rigid,armor-like structure.Their dorsal fin,located on their back,propels them forward,while their pectoral fins,located near the back of their head,help them steer.Size and Coloration:Seahorses vary in size depending on the species, ranging from less than an inch to over a foot in length.They come in a variety of colors,including shades of yellow,orange,red,brown,and black.Some species can change color to blend in with their surroundings, providing them with camouflage against predators.Prehensile Tail:One of the most remarkable features of seahorses is their prehensile tail.This tail functions like a hand,allowing seahorses to grasp onto seagrasses,corals,and other substrates.This adaptation helps them anchor themselves in place,especially in areas with strong currents.Behavior and Reproductive StrategiesSeahorses exhibit a range of fascinating behaviors and have unique reproductive strategies:Feeding Habits:Seahorses are carnivorous and feed primarily on small crustaceans,such as shrimp and plankton.They use their long snouts to suck in prey with a rapid snapping motion.Seahorses lack teeth and a stomach,so they must eat frequently to sustain themselves.Reproductive Behavior:Seahorses are known for their unique reproductive behavior,where males carry and give birth to the young. During courtship,males and females engage in a series of elaborate dances,often changing color and intertwining their tails.The female then transfers her eggs into a specialized brood pouch on the male's abdomen,where he fertilizes and incubates them.After a gestation period,the male gives birth to fully formed,miniature seahorses.Monogamous Relationships:Many seahorse species form monogamous pairs,meaning they mate with the same partner for life.This strong pair bond is reinforced through daily greetings and synchronized movements, which help maintain their connection and coordinate reproductive activities.Habitat and DistributionSeahorses are found in a variety of marine habitats across the world's oceans:Geographic Range:Seahorses are distributed in shallow coastal waters worldwide,including the Atlantic,Pacific,and Indian Oceans,as well as the Mediterranean Sea.They are commonly found in tropical and temperate regions.Preferred Habitats:Seahorses inhabit seagrass beds,coral reefs, mangroves,and estuaries.They prefer areas with abundant vegetationor structures to which they can anchor themselves.These habitats provide them with shelter,food,and breeding grounds.Ecological ImportanceSeahorses play a crucial role in their ecosystems:Predator-Prey Dynamics:As predators of small crustaceans and plankton, seahorses help regulate the populations of these organisms.This maintains a balance in the marine ecosystem and supports the health of the food web.By controlling the populations of their prey,seahorses indirectly influence the abundance and distribution of other marine species.Habitat Health:Seahorses contribute to the health of their habitats by participating in the nutrient cycle.Their feeding activities help control the populations of small invertebrates,which can impact the growth and health of seagrass beds and coral reefs.Healthy seagrass beds and coral reefs,in turn,provide habitat and protection for a wide variety of marine organisms.Interactions with HumansThe relationship between seahorses and humans is complex and multifaceted:Conservation and Threats:Seahorses face threats from habitat destruction,pollution,and overfishing.Coastal development,destructive fishing practices,and climate change can degrade their habitats, reducing the availability of suitable areas for feeding and breeding. Additionally,seahorses are often targeted for the traditional medicine trade,aquarium trade,and as curiosities.Conservation efforts focus on protecting seahorse habitats,regulating trade,and raising awareness about the importance of marine conservation.Aquarium Trade:Seahorses are popular in the aquarium trade due to their unique appearance and interesting behavior.However,it is important to ensure that seahorses are sourced sustainably,either through captive breeding programs or from sustainable wild collection practices.Over-collection of wild seahorses can deplete local populations and impact the health of marine ecosystems.Cultural Significance and Education:Seahorses have been featured in various cultures and mythologies,often symbolizing strength,power, and cational programs in aquariums,marine research centers,and schools play a vital role in promoting awareness about seahorse conservation and the importance of healthy marine ecosystems.ConclusionSeahorses are remarkable animals that play a vital role in the health and balance of marine ecosystems.Their unique characteristics,complex behavior,and ecological importance make them key components of the world's biodiversity.Understanding and appreciating seahorses is essential for the preservation of natural environments and the continued coexistence of humans and marine life.By fostering a deeper appreciation for seahorses and supporting conservation efforts,we can ensure that these enigmatic dwellers of the ocean continue to thrive and inspire future generations.Protecting seahorses means safeguarding the rich and diverse ecosystems they inhabit,ultimately benefiting all forms of life in our oceans.。
动物习性英语作文
动物习性英语作文Animal behavior is a fascinating subject that has always captivated the interest of many. In this essay I will explore the various habits and behaviors of animals highlighting their unique characteristics and the reasons behind them.Firstly animals have different sleeping patterns. For instance lions are known for their long naps often sleeping for up to 20 hours a day. This is because they are apex predators and do not need to spend much time searching for food. On the other hand some animals like dolphins and whales take turns sleeping with one half of their brain remaining awake while the other half rests. This allows them to continue swimming and breathing even while asleep.Secondly animals exhibit various feeding habits. Herbivores such as cows and deer primarily consume plant material while carnivores like lions and tigers feed on other animals. Omnivores including bears and pigs can eat both plants and animals. The type of food an animal eats is closely related to its physical adaptations such as the shape of its teeth and digestive system.Thirdly many animals have developed unique ways of communication. Birds use songs and calls to attract mates or warn others of danger. Bees on the other hand perform a waggle dance to communicate the location of food sources to their fellow bees. Elephants use infrasound which is below the range of human hearing to communicate over long distances.Migrating is another common behavior among animals. Many bird species such as the Arctic tern travel thousands of miles each year to breed and feed. This migration helps them avoid harsh weather conditions and find abundant food sources. Similarly some mammals like whales and wildebeests undertake long journeys to find suitable habitats.Lastly animals also display various mating behaviors. Peacocks for example perform elaborate displays to attract females while male gorillas establish dominance to gain access to potential mates. In some species such as wolves monogamous relationships are common with pairs staying together for life.In conclusion animal behavior is incredibly diverse and complex. From sleeping patterns to mating rituals each species has developed unique habits to ensure their survival andreproduction. Understanding these behaviors not only deepens our appreciation for the natural world but also helps us better protect and conserve animal populations.。
灵长类动物按等级上行互相梳理毛发的强化学习模型说明书
A reinforcement learning model for grooming up the hierarchy in primatesMatthias Wubs a,*,Redouan Bshary b,Laurent Lehmann aa Department of Ecology and Evolution,University of Lausanne,Lausanne,Switzerlandb Department of Biology,University of Neuch^a tel,Neuch^a tel,Switzerlanda r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received12July2017Initial acceptance13September2017 Final acceptance12January2018MS.number:17-00561RKeywords:food competitiongroominglearningsocioecological modeltheoretical modeltolerance Primates spend a considerable amount of time grooming each other.Grooming is regularly found to be traded reciprocally(for grooming)or for rank-related benefits in the presence of food competition.It has been suggested that if food sources are clustered and monopolizable,then lower-ranked individuals will groom higher-ranked ones in order to be tolerated on food patches.This leads to grooming being directed up the hierarchy.However,the conditions where this is expected to occur are based on verbal reasoning alone,and no quantitative analysis of the conditions favouring grooming up the hierarchy appear in the literature.Here,we develop a quantitative model investigating when food competition can result in grooming up the hierarchy.Individuals are assumed to take actions pertaining to whom to groom,where to feed and whom to tolerate on food patches.By allowing individuals to choose actions according to reinforcement learning,we delineate conditions where groups of individuals will express reciprocal grooming and grooming up the hierarchy depending on environmental conditions(e.g. quality,number of food patches).In particular,we show that conditions of intense food competition may lead to less grooming up the hierarchy.The predictions of our model could guide future comparative studies and meta-analyses investigating social relationships in primates.©2018The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Primates spend a significant proportion of their daily time budget grooming other individuals:picking through fur to remove ectoparasites and clean the skin(social grooming,hereafter grooming;Dunbar,1991).This observation may come as no surprise since being groomed is beneficial due to the removal of ectopara-sites(Tanaka&Takefushi,1993).Furthermore,grooming has an important social function,where social bonds between individuals are reinforced through the act of grooming.It has been argued that grooming behaviour has evolved because of these benefits(Dunbar, 1991).However,there can also be costs associated with giving grooming.These come in the form of opportunity costs(not being able to use the time or energy for other activities),such as reduced vigilance(Barrett&Henzi,2006;Maestripieri,1993).Thus, grooming behaviour can potentially be exploited,whereby within a pair of individuals only one makes the investment to groom and the other reaps the benefit without reciprocating.Understanding the causal proximate and ultimate factors influencing individual grooming decisions is a long-standing goal in primatology(Schino, 2001;Seyfarth,1980).Grooming can be thought of as a commodity that can be traded, where individuals give grooming in order to receive something back.If grooming is solely traded for grooming,then pairs of in-dividuals are expected to trade equal amounts of grooming. Numerous studies do indeed report a so-called time matching of grooming between individuals(Barrett,Henzi,Weingrill,Lycett,& Hill,1999;Leinfelder,de Vries,Deleu,&Nelissen,2001;Pazol& Cords,2005;Rowell,Wilson,&Cords,1991).Here,the individuals in a dyad are found to spend an approximately equal amount of time grooming each other,either within a single grooming bout or over a longer period of time.However,primate troops are nearly always characterized by a dominance hierarchy,and grooming in-teractions occur between individuals of different ranks.In a sig-nificant proportion of studies,grooming is observed to be directed up the hierarchy,that is,higher-ranked individuals receive more grooming than lower-ranked ones.Hence,grooming decisions are likely to depend on factors other than just the exchange of grooming.In other words,grooming of high-ranked by low-ranked individuals is likely to be traded for benefits other than grooming*Correspondence:M.Wubs,Department of Ecology and Evolution,University of Lausanne,Lausanne1015,Switzerland.E-mail address:*********************(M.Wubs).Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviourjournal ho mep age:/locate/anbehavhttps:///10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.02.0140003-3472/©2018The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Animal Behaviour138(2018)165e185(Roubov a,Kone c n a, Smilauer,&Wallner,2015;Seyfarth,1980; Ventura,Majolo,Koyama,Hardie,&Schino,2006;Wei et al.,2012).What are the benefits that can explain grooming up the hier-archy?The socioecological model of primatology is concerned with the causes and consequences of food competition and its effect on social relationships(Kappeler&van Schaik,2002).Within this framework it is argued that under conditions where individuals compete over food resources low-ranked individuals may trade grooming for nongrooming benefits provided by high-ranked ones (Kappeler&van Schaik,2002;van Schaik,1989;Sterck,Watts,& van Schaik,1997).If food sources(or patches)are clumped and monopolizable,then individuals are expected to defend food sources or attempt to displace one another from them.Here,co-alitions may be formed between individuals,either to defend a food source or to displace others from it.Then,low-ranking individuals may groom higher-ranking individuals to gain coalitionary support in agonistic interactions(Carne,Wiper,&Semple,2011;Schino, 2007;Seyfarth&Cheney,1984;Seyfarth,1980).Experimental evi-dence for grooming being traded for coalitionary support can be found in baboons,Papio hamadryas,and vervet monkeys,Chlor-ocebus pygerythrus(Borgeaud&Bshary,2015;Cheney,Moscovice, Heesen,Mundry,&Seyfarth,2010).Owing to the trading of grooming by low-ranked individuals for such support from high-ranked individuals,on average grooming should be directed up the hierarchy.Grooming can also be traded for increased tolerance(reduced aggression)for a low-ranked individual by a high-ranked one on a food source(Henzi&Barrett,1999).This relies on broadly the same ecological conditions as the grooming under the coalitionary sup-port hypothesis.If food sources are monopolizable then,instead of attempting to displace a higher-ranked individual,the low-ranked individual may groom the higher-ranked one in order to be toler-ated by that individual on the food source.Like the coalitionary support hypothesis,there is empirical evidence showing that grooming for tolerance occurs(Carne et al.,2011;Tiddi,Aureli, Polizzi di Sorrentino,Janson,&Schino,2011;Ventura et al.,2006; Xia,Garber,Sun,Zhu,&Sun,2012).Furthermore,while most pri-mate studies rely on correlational data,it has been shown experi-mentally that vervet monkeys trade grooming for short-term tolerance(Borgeaud&Bshary,2015).There thus exists ample empirical support that grooming may be directed up the hierarchy,when it is traded for either coalitio-nary support or tolerance.However,the conditions under which this is expected to occur are mainly based on verbal models(van Schaik,1989;Sterck et al.,1997;Wrangham,1980),and there are few quantitative predictions as to the conditions under which grooming will be directed up the hierarchy and those grooming patterns that will be associated with it(which individuals receive extra grooming;Dunbar,2002).One of the few models investi-gating grooming up the hierarchy is Seyfarth's(1977)model.In this quantitative model individuals make grooming decisions based on the‘attractiveness’of potential recipients.The attractiveness of an individual as grooming partner depends on the rank of that indi-vidual,since rank influences the likelihood of successfully sup-porting the focal individual in an agonistic interaction,and thus the highest-ranked individual is the most attractive grooming partner. The model managed to replicate two features that are typically found in various primate species:high-ranking individuals receive more grooming than low-ranking ones and individuals of adjacent rank groom each other more than expected by chance alone (Seyfarth,1977).In an extension of this model,various types of competition for grooming access were investigated(Sambrook, Whiten,&Strum,1995).However,both models explicitly assumed that high-ranked individuals are attractive grooming partners,and thus the grooming decisions are not linked directly to the intensity of food competition itself.It would thus be relevant to have a quantitative model that links endogenous grooming de-cisions to the mode of food competition and that could determine conditions under which grooming up the hierarchy occurs as an equilibrium behaviour.Here,we present a reinforcement learning(individual-based) model in which a group of individuals have grooming and feeding interactions,whose payoff consequences(‘rewards’)affect groom-ing,feeding and tolerance decisions.This allows us to determine conditions under which food competition can lead to grooming being directed up the hierarchy under the grooming for tolerance hypothesis.Although grooming occurs frequently between kin,a meta-analysis demonstrated a significant effect of grooming reci-procity among nonkin(Schino&Aureli,2008).Since our main in-terest here is the effect of food competition,we assume that individuals in the model are unrelated.However,we further as-sume that individuals spend their entire life together,which cor-responds to the philopatric sex,and this typically means the females in primates(Pusey&Packer,1987).The main questions that we address with this model are:(1)can food competition result in grooming up the hierarchy as an equilibrium behaviour when individuals decide whom to groom,where to feed and whom to evict,dynamically according to payoffs,(2)what kind of grooming patterns are expected if grooming is directed up the hi-erarchy(e.g.do all individuals groom the alpha individual,or do they mostly groom one rank up the hierarchy),and(3)to what extent does the strength of competition(due to the number of patches or the aggressiveness of individuals)modulate grooming up the hierarchy?THE MODELThe Biological SettingWe consider a group of N individuals ranked in a stable,linear dominance hierarchy where individual i2{1,2,...,N}has a unique rank r i¼i2{1,2,...,N}.Individual i¼1is the lowest-ranked and i¼N is the highest-ranked or alpha individual.Individuals within this group interact with each other for T discrete time steps,which can be thought of as the number of interactions on a daily basis, monthly basis,yearly basis,etc.Each interaction time step t¼1,2,..., T is characterized by four sequential behavioural stages:grooming, food patch selection,aggressive interactions and feeding,which occur in this order and that we now detail.Stage1:GroomingEach individual either selects an individual that it grooms or it grooms no one.The set of actions available to individual i in thisTable1List of model parametersParameter Equations Meaningc6Cost of groomingb6,10Benefit of being groomedg6Change in motivation when not groomingl4,8Exploration rated5,9,10Discount factorb11Regulate probability of engaging in a contest ε10Impact of evictiond1,7Dominance gradientq03Reference patch qualitym2InterferenceN Group sizeN P Number of patchesM.Wubs et al./Animal Behaviour138(2018)165e185 166。
动物的英语作文
Animals are an integral part of our ecosystem,playing various roles that contribute to the balance of nature.In this essay,we will explore the characteristics and importance of animals,as well as the relationship between humans and animals.Characteristics of Animals1.Diversity:The animal kingdom is incredibly diverse,with millions of species ranging from the smallest insects to the largest mammals.Each species has its own unique set of characteristics that allow it to survive in its specific environment.2.Adaptability:Animals have evolved over millions of years to adapt to their environments.This adaptability is evident in the various forms,behaviors,and survival strategies that animals exhibit.munication:Animals communicate in a variety of ways,including through vocalizations,body language,and chemical signals.This communication is crucial for social animals to maintain group cohesion and for mating purposes.4.Reproduction:Animals reproduce to ensure the continuation of their species. Reproduction methods vary widely,from laying eggs to giving birth to live young.Importance of Animals1.Ecological Balance:Animals play a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance. They are involved in food chains and webs,where they act as predators,prey,or decomposers.2.Pollination and Seed Dispersal:Many animals,such as bees and birds,are essential for pollination and seed dispersal,which are crucial for plant reproduction and the growth of new plant communities.3.Medical and Scientific Research:Animals have been used in medical and scientific research for centuries.They provide valuable insights into human biology and diseases, leading to the development of new treatments and therapies.4.Cultural Significance:Animals have cultural significance in many societies.They are often featured in myths,legends,and religious beliefs,and are used as symbols of various human qualities.Relationship Between Humans and Animals1.Pets:Humans have domesticated certain animals,such as dogs and cats,to serve as companions.Pets provide emotional support and companionship to their owners.2.Food and Clothing:Animals are a source of food and materials for clothing.The meat industry and the use of animal products like leather and wool are significant parts of the global economy.3.Conservation Efforts:As humans have encroached on natural habitats,many animal species have become endangered.Conservation efforts are necessary to protect these species and their habitats.4.Ethical Considerations:The treatment of animals by humans has raised ethical questions about the rights of animals and the responsibilities of humans towards them.In conclusion,animals are a fascinating and essential part of our world.Understanding their characteristics,importance,and the complex relationship between humans and animals is crucial for the preservation of our planets biodiversity and the wellbeing of all living creatures.。