新编英语语法教程教案第一章

Teaching Notes

Chapter One

The Hierarchical Structure of Grammar

ⅠTeaching Aims:

This chapter aims to:

1.help students to know the hierachial structure of English grammar.

2.get students to learn morphemes words, phrases and sentences and their

classification.

ⅡTeaching Procedures

1.Introduction

The grammatical structure of English is a hierarchical one, which can be divided into five levels, i.e. Sentence, Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme. A sentence is the largest unit and highest level in a grammatical structure while a morpheme is the smallest and lowest one.

2.Morphemes

A morpheme is the smallest unit in English grammar, and also the smallest meaningful unit of language.

1) Free Morphemes

Free morphemes are morphemes which can constitute words by themselves,

e.g. boy, girl, work, water.

2) Bound Morphemes

Some morphemes like de-, dis-, -ness, -ly are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.

Bound morphemes are mostly affixes. Affixes are attached to free morphemes either to form new words or to indicate grammatical categories. Affixes can be divided into two types: prefixes and suffixes.

3.Words

1)Simple Word, Derivative, Compound Word

a)simple words (morpheme words):at, far, hand, get

b)derivatives:

prefixes: dislike, unhappy, pronoun, prewar

suffixes: worker, widen, foolish, manly

c)compound words: handbook, outline, moreover, anybody

2)According to grammatical function, English words can be classified into

Closed Class and Open Class.

a)Closed Class

Closed class refers to all the Function words. The number of this type of words are limited. No new comers will enter into this class. Therefore, this kind of words are called Closed Class. They include:

Preposition: in, on, without

Pronoun: you, he, one, this

Determiner: a, the, his, that, some

Conjunction: and, or, but, when

Auxiliary: do, can, must, will

b)Open Class

Open class refers to all the Content Words. In this type of words, new words appear continuously. Therefore, they are called Open Class. They included: Noun: Smith, Paris, man, book

Adjective: old, big, cheap

Adverb: here, fast, early

Main Verb: work, make, give

4.Phrases

A phrase is a grammatical unit which is formed by one word or more than one word. A phrase is usually a string of words built up around a head word which determines both the class that the phrase belongs to and the way the phrase is structured.

Noun Phrase ( N P ):

all the college students

the tall boy sitting there

Verb Phrase ( V P ):

looks pale

arrived last night

Adjective Phrase ( Adj P ):

very difficult

careful enough

Adverb Phrase ( Adv P ):

very clearly

so slowly

Preposition Phrase ( P.P ):

before the war

in the north

5.Clauses

In logical terms, a clause is a construction of a subject and a predicate. In view of grammatical relations, clauses are divided into two broad categories, the main clause and the subordinate clause, the latter of which may function as a nominal clause, a relative clause, or an adverbial clause.

1)Nominal clauses

He said that he had done his best.

What he said was true.

2)Relative clauses

This is one of the best films I’ve ever seen.

He failed to pass the test, which was a pity.

3)Adverbial clauses