chapter2 Test Plan-1
ITP检验与试验计划
ITP检验与试验计划1. 引言ITP（Inspection and Test Plan）是指对某项工作或项目进行检验和试验的计划。
在ITP检验与试验计划中，需要明确各项检验和试验的要求、方法、标准以及计划安排，以确保项目或产品的质量和符合规范要求。
本文档旨在描述ITP检验与试验计划的制定过程和所涉及的要点，以指导相关人员在项目中进行有效的检验与试验。
2. ITP检验与试验计划制定流程ITP检验与试验计划的制定通常包括以下流程：2.1 确定检验和试验的目标和要求在制定ITP检验与试验计划之前，需要明确项目或产品的检验和试验目标和要求。
这些目标和要求通常来自于相关的规范、标准或合同。
2.2 制定检验和试验的方法和标准根据检验和试验的目标和要求，制定相应的检验和试验方法和标准。
这些方法和标准应当具备科学性、准确性和可行性，以确保检验和试验结果的可靠性。
2.3 制定检验和试验计划安排根据项目的进度和其他相关因素，制定检验和试验的计划安排。
计划安排应当合理、可行，并且考虑到项目的紧急情况和风险管理。
2.4 审核与批准经过制定者的审核之后，将ITP检验与试验计划提交给相关的管理部门或项目负责人进行审批和批准。
审批和批准程序应当符合项目管理的相关流程和要求。
3. ITP检验与试验计划要点3.1 检验和试验项目的明确在ITP检验与试验计划中，需要明确每个检验和试验项目的名称、内容和要求。
这样能够确保各项检验和试验的执行人员清楚明白自己的任务和职责。
3.2 检验和试验方法和标准的准确性ITP检验与试验计划中所制定的检验和试验方法和标准应当准确无误。
这些方法和标准需要经过科学论证和实践验证，以确保其可行性和可靠性。
3.3 检验和试验计划的合理性和可行性ITP检验与试验计划中的计划安排应当合理、可行。
计划安排应考虑到项目的实际情况、进度、风险等因素，以确保检验和试验的顺利进行。
3.4 检验和试验结果的记录和分析ITP检验与试验计划要求对每个检验和试验的结果进行记录和分析。
UAT测试计划
UAT测试计划UAT Testing Plan1. IntroductionThe purpose of this User Acceptance Testing (UAT) plan is to outline the approach, scope, and objectives of the UAT phase for the project. This document will provide details on the resources required, the testing activities to be conducted, and the schedule for UAT.2. ScopeThe scope of UAT includes the testing of all functionality and features of the system from a user's perspective. This includes but is not limited to:- Testing all user workflows and scenarios- Ensuring the system meets the user requirements- Verifying the user interface design and usability- Identifying any defects or issues that may affect the user experience3. Test EnvironmentThe test environment for UAT should be an accurate representation of the production environment. This includes the following:- Hardware: Ensure that the UAT environment has similar hardware specifications to the production environment.- Software: Install all necessary software applications, including the latest version of the system under test.- Data: Populate the UAT environment with realistic and representative data to support UAT activities.4. Roles and Responsibilities- Business Analyst: Responsible for gathering and documenting user requirements, managing user expectations, and facilitating UAT activities.- Test Lead: Responsible for developing the UAT test plan, coordinating UAT test activities, and managing test resources.- Business Users: Responsible for executing UAT test scripts, identifying any issues or defects, and providing feedback on the system.5. UAT Test Cases and ScriptsTest cases and scripts should be developed based on the user requirements and expected user workflows. Each test case should include the following details:- Test case ID- Test case description- Test data- Expected result6. Test Execution- Test Execution: Business users will execute the assigned test cases and scripts, following the defined test procedures.- Defect Reporting: Business users should report any defects or issues encountered during the test execution using the designated defect-tracking system.- All identified defects have been resolved or closed.- The system meets all user requirements and performs as expected.- Business users have provided sign-off indicating their acceptance and satisfaction with the system.8. UAT Sign-off- Review and analyze the overall UAT results.- Evaluate the success criteria and determine whether they have been met.- Obtain sign-off from the business users indicating their acceptance and satisfaction with the system.- Regular meetings with business users to discuss UAT progress, any issues encountered, and any additional support or training required.10. UAT Acceptance CriteriaThe UAT acceptance criteria should be defined and agreedupon by all stakeholders before the start of UAT. These criteria should clearly state what constitutes acceptance of the system and what will trigger a retest or a rejection.11. UAT Exit Criteria12. UAT ScheduleThe UAT schedule should be developed and shared with all stakeholders in advance. It should include key dates, milestones, and dependencies to ensure proper planning and coordination.13. UAT Risks and MitigationIdentify and assess any potential risks that may impact the UAT phase and develop appropriate mitigation strategies to minimize their impact.14. UAT Checklist15. UAT ResourcesIdentify the resources required for UAT, including the number of business users needed, hardware and software requirements, and any additional support or training required.16. Conclusion。
智能仪表-chapter2
2014年5月28日4时26分
Scenario: You have been hired as a consultant by a small engineering firm that design and manufactures industrial gate controllers such as those found at parking lots to control access. The firm has been successfully manufacturing the controllers for a number of year based on analog Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) technology. ASIC technology is based time of 6 months and a large set up cost to turn out the first custom IC. Form then the cost of the IC is amortized over the production run of the IC
Use structure chart to partition system into black boxes
Work out details of program flow with UML,avtivity diagram
Construct safe, low power HW test bench to simulate system
CHAPTER 2 The Design and Development Process
2014年5月28日4时26分
Inspection-and-test-plan-完整版-(详细版)
Inspection-and-test-plan-完整版-(详细版)reference shall any conflicts accrued.7.183/14Quality Inspection Flow Chart 业务流程Inspection Flow Chart始点Starting Time关联事项Relevant Procedure7.184/14不合格 unqualified合格 qualified开工前完成Shall be finished before projects start工序检验流程；Each process inspection procedure. 内部业务分担；Internal inspection allocation. 不良事项；Non-conformance items. 顾客NCR ；non-conformance record. 不合格品处理程序； Non-conformancetreatment procedure. QC 一次检查合格率；QC inspection one time passing rate.数据分析程序 Data analyze技术部门提供相关文件（图纸、施工工艺） Relevant document authorized by Technical Dept. (drawings, WPS)客户要求Customerrequirements 检查计划作成 Inspection QC 现场检查 QC site inspection 检查计划公布发放 Inspection PlanReleasing QC 现场检查结果判定/确认 QC inspection results 现场各工序检验申请 Apply for QC inspection部门例会落实或者专题会议 Implementation Meeting检查结果接受 Accept 检查结果文件整理归档 Organize and file the checking部门内部检查项目讨论 Internal inspection discussion 纠正预防措施（必要时）Corrective and Prevention action （if necessary ） 检查结果确认 Confirm inspection results 工序转序-下道工序Transfer to next process 顾客NCR 品质数据分析Data analyze完工总结及归档 Project summary and file. 下一定单改进Improvements plan for7.185/14Incoming Quality ControlProcess name 工序名称Inspectio n Item 检验项目Inspection Requirement检验要求Inspection Equipment 检验工具Inspection Method 检验方法Frequency 检验频度Quality Record 记录文件Reference Document 参考文件Responsible Dept./ Person 负责部门/职务材料验收 Material inspection材料证书确认Millcertification confirm 核对材料证书与相关标准符合性， Whether mill certification are in accordance with relevant standards______目视VT到货验收 10% Receiving 10%记录表单 Record sheet材料标准Material standard质控部/进料检验员 QC dept. /Materialinspector材料验收 Material inspection钢材验收 Raw material inspection按材料标准,检查外观、长度、宽度、厚度、平面度等Check the appearance,length, width, thickness,flatness according tostandards 钢卷尺、游标卡尺Steel tape,venire caliper目视、测量 VT ， measure到货验收 10% Receiving 10%记录表单 Record sheet 材料标准Material standard质控部 /进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector焊材验收 Welding Material inspection 合格证书 certificate inspection按焊接材料标准，检查焊材包装，核对批号Check welding material package, identification mark with relevantstandards ______ 目视VT到货验收 10% Receiving 10%记录表单 Record sheet 材料标准Material standard质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector机械零件验收 Mechanicalcomponent合格证书 certificate inspection 按材料标准,检查外观尺寸等 Check the appearance, dimension according tostandards钢卷尺、游标卡尺 Steel tape, venire caliper目视、测量 VT ， measure到货验收 10% Receiving 10%记录表单 Record sheet材料标准，图纸 Material standard ，drawing质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector电气零件验收 Electrical component合格证书 certificate inspection功能测试 Functional test 电源 Power supply目视VT ，到货验收 10%Receiving 10%记录表单 Record sheet材料标准，图纸 Material standard ，drawing质控部/进料检验员/电气工程师 electrical engineerQC dept./Materialinspector涂装材料验收 Painting Material inspection 合格证 certificate inspection检查油漆桶标识，核对批号检查钢丸是够符合要求Check paint pot, shot grit identification mark with relevant standards ，______ 目视VT到货验收 10% Receiving 10%记录表单 Record sheet 材料标准Material standard质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector7.18 6/147.187/14In Process Quality ControlProcess name 工序名称InspectionItem 检验项目Inspection Requirement检验要求Inspection Equipment 检验工具Inspection Method 检验方法Frequency 检验频度Quality Record 记录文件Reference Document 参考文件Responsible Dept./ Person 负责部门/职务A. 下料 Cutting下料 cutting & layout数控切割精度检查 accuracy checking record of NC.cutting machine 工艺要求Process requirements 钢卷尺 Steel tape 尺寸测量 Dimension checking每班次 Each shift 记录表单 Record sheet——质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector下料 cutting & layout材质跟踪MATERIAL TRACK 工艺要求Process requirements—— 目视VT每件 Each piece 检验表单 Inspection report——质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector 下料 cutting & layout下料后尺寸检查 dimension inspection after cutting图纸 drawing 钢卷尺 Steel tape尺寸测量 Dimension checking 每批/首件 batch/Firstpiece记录表单 Record sheet——质控部/进料检验员QCdept./Material inspector下料 cutting & layout坡口加工 Beveling 图纸 Drawing坡口检验尺 Bevel inspectionruler尺寸测量 Dimension checking 每批/首件 batch/Firstpiece记录表单 Record sheet——质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector下料 cutting & layout钻孔 Drilling 图纸 drawing钢卷尺、游标卡尺 Steel tape, venire caliper 尺寸测量 Dimension checking 每件 Each piece记录表单 Record sheet——质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector7.188/14Process name 工序名称InspectionItem 检验项目Inspection Requirement检验要求Inspection Equipment 检验工具Inspection Method 检验方法Frequency 检验频度Quality Record 记录文件Reference Document 参考文件Responsible Dept./ Person 负责部门/职务下料 cutting & layout折弯 Bending 图纸 drawing钢卷尺、样板 Steel tape, template 尺寸测量 Dimension checking 每批/首件 batch/Firstpiece记录表单 Record sheet——质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./Materialinspector钻孔模板 Fixture尺寸检测 dimension inspection模板图纸template drawing钢卷尺、游标卡尺 Steel verniercaliper 尺寸测量 Dimension checking 每批/首件 batch/Firstpiece记录表单 Record sheet——质控部/进料检验员 QC dept./MaterialinspectorB. 部件焊接尺寸 Welding dimension of each part焊前 Before welding 焊工证 certified welders, ____________核对 Check & confirm ____________AWS D1.1工艺技术部/焊接工程师Technical dept./ welding Engineer焊前 Before welding 焊接程序welding procedure ______ ______ 核对 Check & confirm ______ ______ AWS D1.1焊前 Before welding焊接工艺welding process specifications ______ ______ 核对 Check & confirm ______ ______ AWS D1.1焊接 welding 焊接工艺参数检查 Welding parameter inspection是否符合 WPSConformity with WPS钳形表Ampere meter电流电压测量 Current & voltage measurement每天一次 One time perday记录表单 Record sheetAWS D1.1质控部/结构检验员 QC/structural inspector每部件尺寸焊前检查 Dimensioninspecti on before welding of each part定位尺寸检查 Positioning dimension inspection图纸要求Drawing requirement钢卷尺,塞尺,水平仪，样板 Steel tape, insert ruler,level尺寸测量 Dimension checking每部件 Each assembly piece记录表单 Record sheet 设计图纸 design drawing质控部/结构检验员 QC/structural inspector7.189/14Process name 工序名称InspectionItem 检验项目Inspection Requirement检验要求Inspection Equipment 检验工具Inspection Method 检验方法Frequency 检验频度Quality Record 记录文件Reference Document 参考文件Responsible Dept./ Person 负责部门/职务每部件尺寸焊后检查 dimension inspectionafter welding of each part定位尺寸检查， Positioning dimension inspection图纸要求Drawing requirement钢卷尺,塞尺,水平仪Steel tape, insert ruler,level尺寸测量 Dimension checking每部件 Each assembly piece检验表单 Inspection report 设计图纸 design drawing质控部/结构检验员 QC/structural inspector外形检查 Configur -ation inspection产生的变形。
实验1 订单与批次需求计划(LRP)实验答案
实验1 订单与批次需求计划（LRP）实验答案1. 实验背景订单与批次需求计划（LRP）是供应链管理中的重要环节，用于确定未来一段时间内的订单量和批次需求，以便进行合理的物流规划和备货策略。
本实验的目标是通过实际数据，学习和掌握LRP的计算方法和应用。
2. 实验目的1.了解订单与批次需求计划（LRP）的概念和作用；2.学习LRP的计算方法，包括需求预测、订单量计算和批次需求确定；3.掌握LRP的应用场景和实际操作。
3. 实验步骤3.1 数据准备首先，我们需要准备一些实际的数据，包括历史销售数据、需求预测数据和库存信息等。
这些数据将用于计算LRP的各个指标和参数。
3.2 需求预测根据历史销售数据和其他相关信息，我们可以使用不同的预测方法进行需求预测。
常用的预测方法包括移动平均法、指数平滑法和回归分析法等。
根据实际情况选择适当的预测方法，并计算出预测的需求量。
3.3 订单量计算在得到需求预测之后，我们需要计算出实际的订单量。
订单量的计算方法通常包括补货周期法、经济订货量法和剩余需求量法等。
根据实际情况选择适当的计算方法，并计算出订单量。
3.4 批次需求确定在计算出订单量之后，我们需要确定合理的批次需求量。
批次需求量的确定通常涉及到多个因素，包括供应商的最小订购量、物流成本和库存成本等。
根据实际情况选择适当的确定方法，并计算出批次需求量。
3.5 结果分析最后，我们需要对计算结果进行分析，并评估计划的可行性和有效性。
通过分析结果，我们可以了解到计划中存在的问题和改进的空间，并提出相应的建议和措施。
4. 实验总结通过本次实验，我们学习并掌握了订单与批次需求计划（LRP）的计算方法和应用。
订单与批次需求计划是供应链管理中的重要环节，对于合理的物流规划和备货策略具有重要意义。
通过实际数据的计算与分析，我们可以准确预测需求量、确定订单量并合理安排批次需求，从而提高供应链的效率和管理水平。
5. 参考文献[1] Chopra, S., & Meindl, P. (2007). Supply chain management: strategy, planning, and operation (Vol. 2). Pearson Education India.[2] Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P., & Simchi-Levi, E. (2008). Designing and managing the supply chain: concepts, strategies, and case studies (Vol. 3). Tata McGraw-Hill Education.。
实验1 订单与批次需求计划(LRP)实验答案
实验1 订单与批次需求计划（LRP）实验答案引言本文档是对实验1中订单与批次需求计划（LRP）实验的答案进行详细介绍和解析。
在本实验中，我们将了解和掌握订单与批次需求计划的基本概念和方法，并通过实际案例来应用这些概念和方法。
实验题目题目描述某公司生产某种产品，产品需要使用原材料A和B。
公司有一个订单清单，清单上列出了每个订单所需要的产品数量、交付日期以及产品的相关要求。
我们需要通过订单清单来进行订单与批次需求计划，以确定每个订单所需的原材料数量和交付日期。
题目要求根据给定数据，完成以下任务：1.计算每个订单所需的原材料A和B的数量；2.根据原材料的库存情况和订单的交付日期，确定最终的交付日期；3.给出订单清单的总需求量和总交付日期。
数据准备为了进行实验，我们需要准备以下数据：•原材料A和B的库存情况•订单清单，包括订单号、所需产品数量、交付日期和产品要求实验步骤步骤1：计算订单所需的原材料数量根据订单清单，我们可以计算每个订单所需的原材料A和B的数量。
假设订单清单的数据如下：订单号产品数量交付日期产品要求001102022-01-10要求1002202022-01-15要求2假设原材料A和B的比例为2:1，即每生产1个产品需要2单位的原材料A和1单位的原材料B。
那么根据订单数量和原材料比例，我们可以计算每个订单所需的原材料数量：•订单001：所需原材料A数量 = 10 * 2 = 20，所需原材料B数量 = 10 * 1 = 10•订单002：所需原材料A数量 = 20 * 2 = 40，所需原材料B数量 = 20 * 1 = 20步骤2：确定最终交付日期在实际生产过程中，原材料的供应可能存在延迟或不足的情况。
因此，在进行订单与批次需求计划时，我们需要根据原材料的库存情况和订单的交付日期，确定最终的交付日期。
假设原材料A的库存为30，原材料B的库存为15。
根据步骤1计算的订单所需的原材料数量，我们可以计算出每个订单所需的原材料的总量：•订单001：所需原材料A总量 = 20，所需原材料B 总量 = 10•订单002：所需原材料A总量 = 40，所需原材料B 总量 = 20根据原材料的库存情况和订单所需的原材料总量，我们可以确定实际可交付的订单数量和交付日期：•订单001：实际可交付数量 = min(30 / 20, 15 / 10) = min(1.5, 1.5) = 1，实际交付日期 = 2022-01-10•订单002：实际可交付数量 = min(30 / 40, 15 / 20) = min(0.75, 0.75) = 0.75，实际交付日期 = 2022-01-15步骤3：计算总需求量和总交付日期最后，我们计算订单清单的总需求量和总交付日期。
ITP(Inspection and Test Plan检验检测计划)
1.14
Approval of steel materials 钢材原材料认可
Technical specification,Design drawing 技术规格，设计图纸
AS3678/AS3679/ AS 4100,
1.15
Approval of Blasting abrasive 喷 砂介质认可
Approval of workshop drawing设 计深化认可
EBJ353-TD-MN-SPC 0001 Rev.0
Approval of 3rd party testing laboratory (ITL) 第三方检测实验室认可
BEJ353-TD-MN-SPC 0001 Rev.0 Section 10.2
Before painting starts 装前
Before galvanizing starts 锌前 Before galvanizing starts 锌前
During fabrication
Before fabrication starts 制作前
制
Mill certificate and 3rd party test certificate 提交钢厂证书及 第三方检
Technical specification技术规格
AS 1627.4
1.16
Approval of paint material 漆材料认可
油 Technical specification技术规格
1.17
Approval of Galvanizer 锌厂家认可
镀 Technical specification技术规格
料证书，外观检查
3679
制作开始前
Inspectionandtestplan完整版(详细版)
QC inspection one time passing rate.
数据分析程序
Data analyze
2.1进料检验IncomingQuality Control
Process name
工序名称
Inspection Item
检验项目
Inspection Requirement
电气零件验收
Electricalcomponent
合格证书
certificate inspection
功能测试Functional test
电源
Powersupply
目视VT，
到货验收10%
Receiving10%
记录表单
Recordsheet
材料标准，图纸
Materialstandard，drawing
Recordsheet
材料标准
Materialstandard
质控部/进料检验员
QCdept./Material inspector
机械零件验收
Mechanicalcomponent
合格证书
certificate inspection
按材料标准,检查外观尺寸等
Check theappearance,dimensionaccording to standards
材料证书确认
Millcertificationconfirm
核对材料证书与相关标准符合性，
Whether mill certification are in accordance with relevant standards
______
目视VT
到货验收10%
Receiving10%
英语词汇基础 CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2analyze attitude category contrast critical deliberate excessive fragile frustration indicateTen Words in ContextIn the space provided, write the letter of the meaning closest to that of each boldfaced word. Use the context of the sentences to help you figure out each word's meaning.1. analyze/'ænəlaiz / - verb●Someone in the laboratory will analyze the blood sample to see if the patient hasan illness.●Before we can suggest solutions, we must carefully analyze the city's moneyproblems.________ Analyze means a. to plan. b. to study. c. to create.2. attitude/'ætitju:d / - noun●Athletes need to have a positive attitude. Even if they have lost the previousgame, they need to come into the next one ready to win.●Rudy came to the party with a poor attitude; he was sure that he'd be bored andwouldn't have any fun.________ Attitude means a. set of rules. b. background. c. way of thinking.3. category/'kætigəri / - noun●When I was in high school, I didn't seem to fit into any category. I wasn't anathlete, a scholar, or a rebel.●The small store had many jazz and rock recordings, but not much in the categoryof country music.________ Category means a. goal. b. feeling. c. group.4. contrast /'kɔntra:st / - noun●Everyone is surprised to see that there's a contrast between Peggy's eyes — oneeye is brown, and the other is green.●I was struck by the contrast between the fancy cars and houses west of MainStreet and the poor neighborhoods to the east.________ Contrast means a. disappointment. b. place. c. difference.5. critical/'kritikəl / - adjective●My boss can be very critical of me when I don't do my best work, but she's alsoquick to praise me when I do well.●My aunt is critical of her neighbors. She calls them lazy because their houseneeds painting and their yard is overgrown with weeds.________ Critical means a. fault-finding. b. jealous. c. proud.6. deliberate /di'libərət / - adjective●Manny's pushing me was quite deliberate; it wasn't accidental at all.●I'm sure our neighbor knew that the tall tree he was planting would keep the sunfrom our flowers. It was a deliberate dirty trick.________ Deliberate means a. easy. b. fair. c. planned.7. excessive/ik'sesiv / - adjective●Excessive speed caused the accident; the truck driver was going nearly eightymiles an hour.●Mrs. Hill's concern about her little boy's health is excessive. She rushes him to thedoctor every time he gets the sniffles or scrapes his knee.________ Excessive means a. overly great. b. off and on. c. normal.8. fragile/'frædʒail / - adjective●The lamp is fragile, so when you pack it, please put it in a deep box with plentyof newspaper around it.●When our daughter was little, we kept our fragile dishes and glasses out of herreach. We knew she would break them.________ Fragile means a. broken. b. strong. c. breakable.9. frustration/frʌs'treiʃən / - noun●Trying to learn to roller-blade, I fell down twenty times and then crashed into awall. Feeling more frustration than pain, I finally gave up.●Elaine felt great frustration when she failed her driving test for the third time.________ Frustration means a. relief. b. discouragement. c. pleasure.10. indicate /'indikeit / - verb●Jeff's frown seemed to indicate that he was unhappy with our plan.●The parking-lot attendant pointed to indicate that I should drive the car all theway up to the fence.________ Indicate means a. to hide. b. to show. c. to plan.Matching Words with DefinitionsFollowing are definitions of the ten words. Print each word next to its definition. If you look closely at each word in context, you will be able to figure out its meaning.1. ___________ A feeling of anger and helplessness that comes from bad luck,defeat, or failure; disappointment2. ___________ A point of view; state of mind; way of thinking or feeling3. ___________ A group of people or things having something in common; type4. ___________Too much; more than is reasonable5. ___________Done on purpose; carefully planned6. ___________An obvious difference7. ___________Disapproving; tending to find fault8. ___________Easily broken or damaged9. ___________To examine carefully; study closely10. ___________T o show; serve as a sign or signalCAUTION: Do not go any further until you are sure the above answers are correct. Then you can use the definitions to help you in the following practices. Your goal is eventually to know the words well enough so that you don't need to check the definitions at all.Sentence Check 1to take driving lessons.________ 2. A planned action is ______.________ 3.______ eating over the holidays led to my gaining three pounds.________ 4. A road sign with a picture of a leaping deer ______s that deer often cross the road at that spot.________ 5.After losing every game last season, the soccer players began training this year with a poor ______. If they don't transform˚their outlook,they will have another losing season.________ 6.Something that is ______ can be easily damaged.________ 7.Which ______ of movie do you prefer, comedy or action-adventure?________ 8.When Maggie ______d her reasons for wanting to marry Joe, she realized that they were not good ones.________ 9.Many teenagers feel their parents are too ______ of their clothing, music, and friends.________ 10.I was surprised by the ______ between kind, gentle Bill and his impatient, bad-tempered brother.Sentence Check 2Using the answer lines, complete each item below with two words from the box.1-2. There is a large ______ between things that fit in the ______ of junk food and those foods needed for basic nutrition.3-4. When a child is learning to play a musical instrument, parents should have an encouraging ______. Rather than being ______ ofthe child, parents should find things to praise.5-6. When we broke three glasses while washing the dishes, it wasn't ______.They were just too ______.7-8. Most people can deal with some ______, but if discouragement becomes ______, it can actually cause illness.9-10. When we ______ the citywide election returns, they will ______ how each neighborhood voted.Related WordsOnce you learn a new word, you can more easily understand many related words. Below are ten words related to the core words of this chapter. Use their definitions toother signs of being sick.________ 2.No matter how many times Mike says it was an accident, I believe he ______ tried to knock me down.________ 3.Our garden is growing more vegetables than our family can eat, so we're giving the ______ to neighbors.________ 4.The laboratory's ______ of the blood sample showed that the patient was quite healthy.________ 5.We painted our living room in ______ colors — one wall is pale yellowI kicked it.________ 7.My parents ______ their books by subject — mysteries, health, humor, and so on.________ 8.My instructor's ______ of my paper was tough, but helpful. In addition to pointing out the paper's faults, he suggested ways to correct them.________ 9.I'm completely ______ when it comes to pizza. Frozen or fresh-baked, crisp or soggy, thick crust or thin — I love it all.________ 10.E ven though her son is now in college, Mrs. Hill is still ______ concerned about him. She calls him every day to be sure he's eatingright and getting enough sleep.Synonyms and AntonymsA. Synonyms. Write the letter of the word or phrase that most nearly means the same as each boldfaced word.________ 1.analyzea. rememberb. examinec. find fault withd. use________ 2.attitudea. heightb. outlookc. knowledged. skill________ 3.categorya. groupb. purposec. reactiond. problem________ 4.criticala. absentb. frightenedc. nervousd. disapproving ________ 5.indicatea. planb. concealc. showd. disappoint B. Antonyms. Write the letter of the word or phrase that most nearly means the opposite of each boldfaced word.________ 6.contrasta. differenceb. environmentc. enjoymentd. sameness________ 7.deliberatea. accidentalb. harmfulc. helpfuld. fortunate________ 8.excessivea. not realb. not enoughc. unexpectedd. required________ 9.fragilea. damagedb. unbreakablec. unnecessaryd. beautiful________ 10.f rustrationa. showing ignoranceb. feeling hatredc. being satisfiedd. expressing surpriseFinal CheckRead the passages carefully. Then fill in each blank with the word that best fits the context.(1)________ of everyone else's mistakes? If the washing machine or the stereo breaks down, is your reaction (2)________ anger and (3)________? If so, beware! Too much bad temper and discouragement could be harming your health. Scientists say that faultfinders and those who are often angry actually seem to have more heart attacks. So if you fall into this (4)________ of people, it's a smart idea to try to change your outlook. Learn to take things more calmly; learn to be more patient when someone or something disappoints you. If your (5)________ improves, your health may improve too.(6)________ there is in their leisure activities! Mira loves an exciting challenge˚ and often takes (7)________ risks. She has mastered the skateboard, she drives in stock-car races, and she's even tried boxing. In fact, she says she'd go skydiving if only she could afford it. Pat is a collector. She spends her spare time searching for old crystal and china — and taking care of it. She never minds the hours it takes her to wash and dust her precious, (8)________ treasures. Then there's Celia, who wants to spend every possible minute reading — and that's all! You've never met Mira, Pat, and Celia, but doesn't this tell you a lot about them? If we (9)________ how people spend leisure time, their interests and hobbies can reveal a great deal about theirpersonalities. What do you think your hobbies and other activities would (10)________ about you?。
检验试验计划英语
检验试验计划英语Test Plan1. IntroductionThe purpose of this test plan is to outline the procedures for conducting a series of tests to verify the functionality and performance of the product. This test plan will cover the scope of testing, test objectives, test environments, test resources, test schedule, and test deliverables.2. ScopeThe scope of testing will include functional testing, performance testing, usability testing, compatibility testing, and security testing. The tests will be conducted on the product in various environments to ensure that it meets the specified requirements.3. Test Objectives- To verify that the product functions as intended- To identify any defects or issues in the product- To ensure that the product is secure and reliable- To validate the performance of the product under different conditions- To assess the usability of the product from an end-user perspective4. Test EnvironmentsThe tests will be conducted in multiple environments including development, testing, staging, and production environments. Each environment will be set up with the necessary configurations to simulate real-world usage scenarios.5. Test ResourcesThe test team will consist of testers, developers, and stakeholders. Testers will be responsible for executing the tests, developers will be responsible for fixing any issues found during testing, and stakeholders will review the test results and provide feedback.6. Test ScheduleThe testing phase will be conducted over a period of two weeks. Each type of test will be conducted sequentially to ensure thorough coverage of all aspects of the product.Daily status meetings will be held to track progress and address any issues that arise.7. Test DeliverablesThe test deliverables will include a test plan document, test cases, test scripts, test reports, and a final test summary report. These deliverables will be reviewed by stakeholders to ensure that all testing objectives have been met.测试计划1. 引言本测试计划的目的是概述进行一系列测试的程序，以验证产品的功能和性能。
Lecuture2_USP Tests and Specifications
Introducation
p3
Identity, strength, quality, and purity of a drug product.
Sampling plan and acceptance criteria required by USP XXII/NF XVII for
content uniformity testing [905]
continued
p7
3. If the average value of the dosage units tested is definition in the individual monograph, the requirements are the same as those given in Table 5.2.1 except that the words “label claim“ are replaced by the words “label claim multiplied by the average value of the dosage units tested (expressed as a percent of label claim) divided by 100.”
continued
Sampling Plan and Acceptance Criteria p6
4. Calculate the correction factor, F, by formula
F A P
in which A is the weight of the active ingredient equivalent to one average dosage unit obtained by the assay procedure, and P is the weight of active ingredient equivalent to one average dosage unit obtained by the special procedure. If
测试计划Test Plan(范例)
大学图书管理系统测试计划版本历史为了提高从事图书管理工作的管理员的工作效率，开发了大学图书管理系统。
这个系统能满足用户Login/Logout。
具有管理员账户权限的管理员可以执行添加、管理图书主要功能：完成新图书的添加、查询、维护，借阅登记、借阅维护等功能，能按图书编号、名称、出版社进行模糊查询，能记录每本图书的借阅情况等。
操作简单、界面友好；确保信息的准确性，动态性，安全性。
大学图书管理系统是基于的技术，客户端的要求也很低。
1.3范围测试阶段包括单元测试，集成测试，系统测试，性能测试，验收测试及对测试进行评估。
本计划所提到的测试类型是需求阶段的测试，即对大学图书管理系统进行功能验证的测试过程。
1.3.1准备测试的特征以下特征将被测试，以确保“大学图书管理系统”能满足规定的需求：1）用户Login、Logout●用户Login、Logout✧Login✧Logout●管理员的权限✧管理员的权限: 添加，删除，修改，查询2）图书信息的添加，删除，修改●图书的添加，删除，修改✧添加新的图书信息✧删除已经添加的图书信息✧修改已经添加的图书信息●图书借阅情况的添加、修改✧添加新的图书借阅情况✧修改已经添加的图书借阅状态✧修改已经添加的图书借阅信息4) 图书的查询●图书编号、名称、出版社的查询✧图书编号的查询，编号唯一的✧图书名称的查询✧图书作者的查询表 5-3-1 测试列表和测试范围1）本次测试将不考虑关系数据库（My SQL）的安装和功能。
假定数据库已安装并处于可操作的状态假定数据库表结构是准确的，包含需求规格说明书中定义的规定类型和字段的宽度。
这些需求在准备和安装文档中有详细说明。
2.测试参考文档和测试提交文档2.1测试参考文档●大学图书管理系统产品需求文挡●大学图书管理系统软件设计规格说明书2.2测试提交文档本次测试完成后的提交文档包括：●测试计划●测试规格说明文档●测试用例设计文挡●测试Bug列表●测试小结●测试分析报告3.测试进度表5-3-2 测试进度安排表集成测试主要目的是检测系统是否达到设计需求，对业务流程及数据流的处理是否符合标准，检测系统对业务流程处理是否存在逻辑不严谨及错误，检测需求是否存在不合理的标准及要求。
英语词汇教程I-chapter1-2
Chapter 11. agreement 1.N-COUNT An agreement is a formal decision about future action that is made by two or more countries, groups, or people. 协议例：It looks as though a compromise agreement has now been reached.2.N-UNCOUNT Agreement on something is a joint decision that a particular course of action should be taken. 共识例：A spokesman said, however, that the two men had not reached agreement on the issues discussed.3.N-UNCOUNT Agreement with someone means having the same opinion as they have. 同意例：The judge kept nodding in agreement.4.PHRASE If you are in agreement with someone, you have the same opinion as they have. 意见相同2. cancel /ˈkænsəl/1.V-T/V-I If you cancel something that has been arranged, you stop it from happening. If you cancel an order for goods or services, you tell the person or organization supplying them that you no longer wish to receive them. 取消例：The Russian foreign minister yesterday cancelled his visit to Washington.2. V-T If someone in authority cancels a document, an insurance policy, or a debt, they officially declare that it is no longer valid or no longer legally exists. 废止; 废除例：He intends to try to leave the country, in spite of a government order cancelling his passport.3. curious /ˈkjʊərɪəs/1.ADJ If you are curious about something, you are interested in it and want to know more about it. 好奇的例：Steve was intensely curious about the world I came from.2. ADJ If you describe something as curious, you mean that it is unusual or difficult to understand. 不寻常的; 难以理解的例：The pageant promises to be a curious mixture of the ancient and modern.4. fact1.N-COUNT Facts are pieces of information that can be discovered. 实例例：There is so much information you can almost effortlessly find the facts for yourself.2.PHRASE You use in fact, in actual fact, or in point of fact to indicate that you are giving more detailed information about what you have just said. 确切地说例：We've had a pretty bad time while you were away. In fact, we very nearly split up this time.5. flexible /ˈflɛksɪbəl/1.ADJ A flexible object or material can be bent easily without breaking. 柔韧的例：...brushes with long, flexible bristles.2.ADJ Something or someone that is flexible is able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur. 灵活的表赞许例：...flexible working hours.6. odor /ˈəʊdə/1.N-VAR An odor is a particular and distinctive smell. 独特气味例：...the lingering odor of car exhaust.7. prepare /prɪˈpɛə/1.V-T If you prepare something, you make it ready for something that is going to happen. 准备例：Two technicians were preparing a videotape recording of last week's programme.2.V-T/V-I If you prepare for an event or action that will happen soon, you get yourself ready for it or make the necessary arrangements. (为…) 作准备; 准备(做某事)例：The party leadership is using management consultants to help prepare for the next election.8. suggest /səˈdʒɛst/1.V-T If you suggest something, you put forward a plan or idea for someone to think about. 建议例：He suggested a link between class size and test results of seven-year-olds.2. V-T If one thing suggests another, it implies it or makes you think that it might be the case. 暗示例：Earlier reports suggested that a meeting would take place on Sunday.Chapter 21. daily /ˈdeɪlɪ/1.ADV If something happens daily, it happens every day. 每天地例：Cathay Pacific flies daily nonstop to Hong Kong.2.ADJ Daily is also an adjective. 每天的例：They held daily press briefings.3. PHRASE Your daily life is the things that you do every day as part of your normal life. 日常生活例：All of us in our daily life react favorably to people who take us and our views seriously.2. entertain /ˈɛntəˈteɪn/1.V-T/V-I If a performer, performance, or activity entertains you, it amuses you, interests you, or gives you pleasure. 使娱乐; 娱乐例：They were entertained by top singers, dancers and celebrities.2. .V-T/V-I If you entertain, or entertain people, you provide food and drink for them, for example, when you have invited them to your house. 招待; 宴客例：I don't like to entertain guests anymore.3. experience /ɪkˈspɪərɪəns/1.N-UNCOUNT Experience is knowledge or skill in a particular job or activity that you have gained because you have done that job or activity for a long time. 经验例：He has also had managerial experience on every level.2. N-COUNT An experience is something that you do or that happens to you, especially something important that affects you. 经历例：His only experience of gardening so far proved immensely satisfying.3. V-T If you experience a particular situation, you are in that situation or it happens to you. 经历例：We had never experienced this kind of holiday before and had no idea what to expect.4. identity /aɪˈdɛntɪtɪ/1.N-COUNT Your identity is who you are. 身份例：Abu is not his real name, but it's one he uses to disguise his identity.2.N-VAR The identity of a person or place is the characteristics that distinguish them from others. 特性例：I wanted a sense of my own identity.5. negative /ˈnɛɡətɪv/1.ADJ A fact, situation, or experience that is negative is unpleasant, depressing, or harmful. 负面的; 消极的例：The news from overseas is overwhelmingly negative.2. ADJ If someone is negative or has a negative attitude, they consider only the bad aspects of a situation, rather than the good ones. 消极的; 持否定态度的例：When asked for your views about your current job, on no account must you be negative about it.6. original /əˈrɪdʒɪnəl/1.ADJ You use original when referring to something that existed at the beginning of a process or activity, or the characteristics that something had when it began or was made. 起初的例：The original plan was to go by bus.2. ADJ An original document or work of art is not a copy. 原件的; 原作的例：...an original film poster.7. produce 动词读作prəˈdjuːs。
Chapter2 心肺运动试验
Low Risk - Men under 45 yrs and
women under 55 yrs. Who are asymptomatic and have no more than one risk factor (HTN, Obesity, Hypercholesterolemia, Family Hx.)
Questions On The PAR-Q To Ask Potential Exercising Persons
1. Has your doctor ever said that you have heart trouble ? 2. Do you frequently have pains in your heart and chest ?
Cigarette Smoking - current use or those who have quit within the last 6 months (other tobacco use - pipe, cigars, etc.)
Hypertension - Blood pressure on two separate occassions > 140/90 or an individual who is on medications for hypertension
Sedentary Lifestyle - Persons who are not involved with a regular exercise program†.
† Persons
not accumulating 30 + minutes of exercise on most days/week
计算机组成与设计第五版(Chapter2)
Chapter 2 Solutions S-3 2.1 addi f, h, -5 (note, no subi)add f, f, g2.2 f = g + h + i2.3 sub $t0, $s3, $s4add $t0, $s6, $t0lw $t1, 16($t0)sw $t1, 32($s7)2.4 B[g] = A[f] + A[1+f];2.5 add $t0, $s6, $s0add $t1, $s7, $s1lw $s0, 0($t0)lw $t0, 4($t0)add $t0, $t0, $s0sw $t0, 0($t1)2.62.6.1 temp = Array[0];temp2 = Array[1];Array[0] = Array[4];Array[1] = temp;Array[4] = Array[3];Array[3] = temp2;2.6.2 lw $t0, 0($s6)lw $t1, 4($s6)lw $t2, 16($s6)sw $t2, 0($s6)sw $t0, 4($s6)lw $t0, 12($s6)sw $t0, 16($s6)sw $t1, 12($s6)S-4 ChapterSolutions22.712ab12128cd8ef4ef4cd0120ab2.8 28824000182.9 sll $t0, $s1, 2 # $t0 <-- 4*gadd $t0, $t0, $s7 # $t0 <-- Addr(B[g])lw $t0, 0($t0) # $t0 <-- B[g]addi $t0, $t0, 1 # $t0 <-- B[g]+1sll $t0, $t0, 2 # $t0 <-- 4*(B[g]+1) = Addr(A[B[g]+1])lw $s0, 0($t0) # f <-- A[B[g]+1]2.10 f = 2*(&A);2.11addi $t0, $s6, 4I-type82284add $t1, $s6, $0R-type02209sw $t1, 0($t0)I-type43890lw $t0, 0($t0)I-type35880add $s0, $t1, $t0R-type098162.122.12.1 500000002.12.2 overflow2.12.3 B00000002.12.4 no overflow2.12.5 D00000002.12.6 overflow2.132.13.1 128ϩϫϾ 231Ϫ1, x Ͼ 231Ϫ129 and 128 ϩ x ϽϪ231, x ϽϪ231Ϫ 128(impossible)2.13.2 128Ϫ x Ͼ 231Ϫ1, x ϽϪ231ϩ129 and 128 Ϫ x ϽϪ231, x Ͼ 231ϩ 128(impossible)2.13.3 xϪ 128 ϽϪ231, x ϽϪ231ϩ 128 and x Ϫ 128 Ͼ 231Ϫ 1, x Ͼ 231ϩ 127(impossible)Chapter 2 Solutions S-52.14 r-type, add $s0, $s0, $s02.15 i-type, 0xAD4900202.16 r-type, sub $v1, $v1, $v0, 0x006218222.17 i-type, lw $v0, 4($at), 0x8C2200042.182.18.1 opcode would be 8 bits, rs, rt, rd fi elds would be 7 bits each2.18.2 opcode would be 8 bits, rs and rt fi elds would be 7 bits each2.18.3 more registers → more bits per instruction → could increase code sizemore registers → less register spills → less instructionsmore instructions → more appropriate instruction → decrease code sizemore instructions → larger opcodes → larger code size2.192.19.1 0xBABEFEF82.19.2 0xAAAAAAA02.19.3 0x000055452.20 srl $t0, $t0, 11sll $t0, $t0, 26ori $t2, $0, 0x03ffsll $t2, $t2, 16ori $t2, $t2, 0xffffand $t1, $t1, $t2or $t1, $t1, $t02.21 nor $t1, $t2, $t22.22 lw $t3, 0($s1)sll $t1, $t3, 42.23 $t2 = 32.24 jump: no, beq: noS-6 ChapterSolutions22.252.25.1 i-type2.25.2 addi $t2, $t2, –1beq $t2, $0, loop2.262.26.1 202.26.2 i = 10;do {B += 2;i = i – 1;} while ( i > 0)2.26.3 5*N2.27addi $t0, $0, 0beq $0, $0, TEST1LOOP1: addi $t1, $0, 0beq $0, $0, TEST2LOOP2: add $t3, $t0, $t1sll $t2, $t1, 4add $t2, $t2, $s2sw $t3, ($t2)addi $t1, $t1, 1TEST2: slt $t2, $t1, $s1bne $t2, $0, LOOP2addi $t0, $t0, 1TEST1: slt $t2, $t0, $s0bne $t2, $0, LOOP12.28 14 instructions to implement and 158 instructions executed2.29 for (i=0; i<100; i++) {result += MemArray[s0];s0 = s0 + 4;}Chapter 2 Solutions S-7 2.30 addi $t1, $s0, 400LOOP: lw $s1, 0($t1)add $s2, $s2, $s1addi $t1, $t1, -4bne $t1, $s0, LOOP2.31 fib: addi $sp, $sp, -12 # make room on stacksw $ra, 8($sp) # push $rasw $s0, 4($sp) # push $s0sw $a0, 0($sp) # push $a0 (N)bgt $a0, $0, test2 # if n>0, test if n=1add $v0, $0, $0 # else fib(0) = 0rtn #jtest2: addi $t0, $0, 1 #bne $t0, $a0, gen # if n>1, genadd $v0, $0, $t0 # else fib(1) = 1rtnjgen: subi $a0, $a0,1 # n-1jal fib # call fib(n-1)add $s0, $v0, $0 # copy fib(n-1)sub $a0, $a0,1 # n-2jal fib # call fib(n-2)add $v0, $v0, $s0 # fib(n-1)+fib(n-2)rtn: lw $a0, 0($sp) # pop $a0lw $s0, 4($sp) # pop $s0lw $ra, 8($sp) # pop $raaddi $sp, $sp, 12 # restore spjr $ra# fib(0) = 12 instructions, fib(1) = 14 instructions,# fib(N) = 26 + 18N instructions for N >=22.32 D ue to the recursive nature of the code, it is not possible for the compiler toin-line the function call.2.33 after calling function fib:old $sp -> 0x7ffffffcc ontents of register $ra for-4fib(N)c ontents of register $s0 for-8fib(N)$sp-> -12 c ontents of register $a0 forfib(N)there will be N-1 copies of $ra, $s0 and $a0S-8 ChapterSolutions22.34 f: addi $sp,$sp,-12sw$ra,8($sp)$s1,4($sp)swsw$s0,0($sp)$s1,$a2move$s0,$a3movefuncjal$a0,$v0move$a1,$s0,$s1addjalfunc$ra,8($sp)lw$s1,4($sp)lw$s0,0($sp)lw$sp,$sp,12addi$rajr2.35 W e can use the tail-call optimization for the second call to func, but thenwe must restore $ra, $s0, $s1, and $sp before that call. We save only oneinstruction (jr $ra).2.36 R egister $ra is equal to the return address in the caller function, registers$sp and $s3 have the same values they had when function f was called, andregister $t5 can have an arbitrary value. For register $t5, note that althoughour function f does not modify it, function func is allowed to modify it sowe cannot assume anything about the of $t5 aft er function func has beencalled.2.37 MAIN: addi $sp, $sp, -4sw $ra, ($sp)add $t6, $0, 0x30 # ‘0’add $t7, $0, 0x39 # ‘9’add $s0, $0, $0add $t0, $a0, $0LOOP: lb $t1, ($t0)slt $t2, $t1, $t6bne $t2, $0, DONEslt $t2, $t7, $t1bne $t2, $0, DONEsub $t1, $t1, $t6beq $s0, $0, FIRSTmul $s0, $s0, 10FIRST: add $s0, $s0, $t1addi $t0, $t0, 1LOOPjChapter 2 Solutions S-9DONE: add $v0, $s0, $0lw $ra, ($sp)addi $sp, $sp, 4jr $ra2.38 0x000000112.39 Generally, all solutions are similar:lui $t1, top_16_bitsori $t1, $t1, bottom_16_bits2.40 No, jump can go up to 0x0FFFFFFC.2.41 N o, range is 0x604 + 0x1FFFC = 0x0002 0600 to 0x604 – 0x20000= 0xFFFE 0604.2.42 Y es, range is 0x1FFFF004 + 0x1FFFC = 0x2001F000 to 0x1FFFF004- 0x20000 = 1FFDF0042.43 trylk: li $t1,1ll $t0,0($a0)$t0,trylkbnezsc $t1,0($a0)beqz$t1,trylklw $t2,0($a1)slt $t3,$t2,$a2$t3,skipbnezsw $a2,0($a1)skip: sw $0,0($a0)2.44 try: ll $t0,0($a1)slt $t1,$t0,$a2$t1,skipbnezmov $t0,$a2sc $t0,0($a1)$t0,trybeqzskip:2.45 It is possible for one or both processors to complete this code without everreaching the SC instruction. If only one executes SC, it completes successfully. Ifboth reach SC, they do so in the same cycle, but one SC completes fi rst and thenthe other detects this and fails.S-10 ChapterSolutions22.462.46.1 Answer is no in all cases. Slows down the computer.CCT ϭ clock cycle timeICa ϭ instruction count (arithmetic)ICls ϭ instruction count (load/store)ICb ϭ instruction count (branch)new CPU time ϭ 0.75*old ICa*CPIa*1.1*oldCCTϩ oldICls*CPIls*1.1*oldCCTϩ oldICb*CPIb*1.1*oldCCTTh e extra clock cycle time adds suffi ciently to the new CPU time such thatit is not quicker than the old execution time in all cases.2.46.2 107.04%, 113.43%2.472.47.1 2.62.47.2 0.882.47.3 0.533333333。
Chapter(2) Two
[ii] For some certain scopes: A subjective test is used in a small scope (For example, in a class);while an objective test is used in a large scope (nation-wide or even world-wide), CET,WSK… [iii] For some certain purposes: An objective test is used for selecting in the proficiency test; while a subjective test is used in the diagnostic test to reinforce or remedy learning and improve teaching.
3
a. Short-term objectives b. New examples of the material taught c. Immediate response d. Analysis: (Generally speaking, most of the students should get 80% right.) m (mean) and S.D. (Standard Deviation) (Questions:) (1) If m is small, what’s the problem? (2) If S.D. is big, what’s the problem?
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2) Objective Test
(1) The Objective Test has only one correct answer. (2) From: Multiple-choice (3) Advantages: [i] The result is objective. [ii] Scoring is very convenient, unnecessarily ask the professionals to score. [iii] It covers a wide range of items. [iv] It’s very reliable. [v] The paper can be kept for later use. 15
阿吉斯 绩效管理(英文版·第4版)题库Chapter 02 - Test Bank
Chapter 2—Performance Management ProcessTrue/False Questions2.1Ability is the physical, emotional, intellectual, and psychological aptitude toperform the work.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.44)LO: 4 Answer:True2.2Knowledge is having the information to do the job and having experience at thejob.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.44)LO: 4 Answer:False. Knowledge includes only having the information needed to do the job but not necessarily having done the work.2.3Job descriptions stay stable over time and therefore do not need to be updated.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.51)LO: 4 Answer:False. Jobs change, so job descriptions must be checked and updated on ongoingbasis.2.4Results criteria fall into the following categories: quality, quantity, cost-effectiveness, and timeliness.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.51)LO: 5 Answer:True2.5Key accountabilities are the yardstick used to evaluate how well an employee hasachieved each objective.(Suggested points: 2, [2.2], pg.52)LO: 5 Answer:False. Performance standards are the yardstick used to evaluate how well anemployee has achieved each objective.2.6Employees should be measured exclusively on the results that they achieve.(Suggested points: 2, [2.2], pg.52)LO: 5 Answer:False. Employees should be measured on results and behaviors.2.7Employees and supervisors should both evaluate employee performance during theperformance assessment phase.(Suggested points: 2, [2.4], pg.56)LO: 7 Answer:True2.8Self-serving bias refers to the degree to which participants in job analysis differ inhow carefully they attend to the job analysis rating at hand.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.47)LO: 4 Answer:False. Carelessness bias refers to the degree to which participants in job analysisdiffer in how carefully they attend to the job analysis rating at hand.2.9It is very important that the components of a performance management system allbe related to one another.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.42)LO: 2 Answer:True2.10The employee should wait until the review cycle is over, or until a seriousproblem develops, to solicit performance feedback and ask for coaching.(Suggested points: 2, [2.3], pg.54)LO: 6 Answer:False. The employee should not wait until the review cycle is over to solicitperformance feedback in the form of “check-ins.” Also, the employee should notwait until a serious problem develops to ask for coaching.Multiple-Choice Questions2.11The two main steps in the prerequisites phase of performance management are:A. U nderstanding the organization’s mission and conducting job analysisB. D eveloping the organization’s mission and conducting job analysisC. Conducting job analysis and writing a development planD. U nderstanding the organization’s m ission and writing a development plan(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.42)LO: 3 Answer: A2.12 A job description includes a summary of:A. Job dutiesB. Working conditionsC. Needed KSAsD. All of the above(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.44)LO: 4 Answer: D2.13__________ are clusters of measurable KSAs.A. Job dutiesB. CompetenciesC. Performance standardsD. Key accountabilities(Suggested points: 2, [2.2], pg.52)LO: 5 Answer: B2.14Performance execution is linked to _____________ and _____________.A. prerequisites; performance planningB. performance planning; performance reviewC. performance planning; performance assessmentD. performance assessment; performance review(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.42)LO:1 Answer: C2.15Self-ratings of performance are important because they do all of the followingEXCEPT:A. Emphasize discrepancies between the employee’s and supervisor’s views ofperformanceB. Reduce employee defensiveness during an appraisal meetingC. Decrease employee satisfaction with the performance management systemD. Increase employee ownership and commitment to the programs(Suggested points: 3, [2.4], pg.56)LO: 7 Answer: C2.16Performance reviews should focus on:A. What has been done and how (past)B. What compensation may be received as a consequence (present)C. Goals for the upcoming review period (future)D. All of the above(Suggested points: 2, [2.10, pg.57])LO: 8 Answer: D2.17The correct order of the phases of a performance management process is:A.Performance planning, prerequisites, performance execution, performanceassessment, performance review.B.Prerequisites, performance planning, performance execution, performanceassessment, performance review.C.Performance planning, prerequisites, performance execution, performancereview, performance assessment.D.Prerequisites, performance execution, performance planning, performanceassessment, performance review.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.42)LO: 1 Answer: B2.18The poor implementation of the performance planning phase will result in thepoor implementation of the:A.Performance execution phaseB.Performance assessment phaseC.Performance review phaseD.All of the above(Suggested points: 2, [2.4], pg.42)LO: 2 Answer: D2.19The prerequisites to the implementation of a performance management system are:A.Money and timeB.Knowledge of the organization’s culture and knowledge of the jobs inquestionC.Knowledge of the organization’s mission and knowledge of the organization’scultureD.Knowledge of the organi zation’s mission and knowledge of the jobs inquestion(Suggested points: 2, [2.6], pg. 43)LO: 3 Answer: D2.20Methods of conducting a work analysis include all of these EXCEPT:A.Reading textbooksB.Observation of employees in actionC.Off-the-shelf questionnairesD.Interviews with employees(Suggested points: 2, [2.2], pg.44)LO: 4 Answer: A2.21O*NET is:A.An online resource for pay scale informationB.An online resource for job testingC.An online resource for finding jobsD.An online resource for generic job descriptions(Suggested points: 2, [2.3], pg.48)LO: 4 Answer: D2.22During the performance planning component, the supervisor and employee meetto discuss and agree upon:A.The employee’s salaryB.Results, behaviors, and a development planC.Performance, corrections, and a timelineD.The supervisor’s expectations(Suggested points: 2, [2.2], pg.52]LO: 5 Answer: B2.23Which of the following are primarily the responsibilities of the employee in termsof performance execution?A.Check-ins and performance touchpointsB.Collection and sharing of performance datamitment to goal achievementD.All of the above(Suggested points: 2, [2.3], pg.55)LO: 6 Answer: D2.24Which of the following are primarily the responsibilities of the supervisor interms of performance execution?A.FeedbackB.Observation and documentationC.ReinforcementD.All of the aboveE. B and C only(Suggested points: 2, [2.3], pg.55)LO: 6 Answer: D2.25Which of the following statements is true according to the text?I. Employees are primarily responsible for finding resources for developmentplans in the performance execution state.II. Both employees and supervisors should rate performance in the performance assessment phase.III. Any discrepancy between employee and supervisor ratings is unacceptable.IV. Many sources can be utilized for data regarding performance.A.All of the statements are correct.B.I, II, and IV only are correct.C.II and IV only are correct.D.None of the statements are correct.(Suggested points: 2, [2.4], pg.56)LO: 7 Answer: C. Note: Supervisors, and NOT employees are primarily responsible forfinding resources for development plans in the performance execution state (pg. 55) 2.26The text offers six recommended steps for conducting productive performancereviews. Included in those steps are which of the following?A.Cite specific positive and negative behaviorsB.Agree on a bonusC.Agree on an action planD.A and C onlyE.None of the aboveF.All of the above(Suggested points: 2, [2.5], pg.58)LO:8 Answer: D2.27“KSA” in the text refers to what?A.Knowledge, social skills, and aptitudeB.Knowledge, skills, and abilitiesC.Knowledge, skills, and agilityD.Knowledge of situation and action(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.44)LO: 3 Answer: B2.28Job descriptions are a key prerequisite for any performance management systembecause:A.Without them, employees will not “buy in” to the system.B.Performance management systems are not applicable unless certain jobelements are present.C.They provide the criteria that will be used in measuring performance.D.They provide information to employees as to what tasks are most important intheir jobs.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.51)LO: 4 Answer: C2.29In the performance planning stage, the term “results” refers to what?A.Customer reactionsB.Ratings that result from performanceC.Customer complaints resulting from performanceD.Outcomes an employee must produce(Suggested points: 2, [2.7], pg.52)LO: 5 Answer: D2.30During the collection of information from individuals for the purpose ofconducting a work analysis, why might different people in the same position andsame job duties rate certain knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) as moreimportant than other KSAs?A.People tend to believe that the their own behaviors and personality traits aremore needed for successful job performance compared to behaviors andpersonality traits of others.B.Insufficient rater training was provided prior to the collection of informationfrom the individuals.C.Participants in job analysis differ in how carefully they attend to the jobanalysis rating at hand.D.All of the above(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.47)LO: 4 Answer: D2.31 A Web-based training program, designed to reduce rater bias, does all of thefollowing EXCEPT:A.Provides a common point of referenceB.Allows raters to define each rating dimensionC.Defines the scale anchorsD.Describes what behaviors were indicative of each rating dimensionE.Permits raters to practice their rating skills(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg. 48)LO: 4 Answer: B. Note: Programs provide raters with definitions of rating dimensions,they do NOT allow raters to define rating dimensions.2.32People tend to attribute success to themselves and failure to external causes (i.e.,factors outside of their control). This tendency is called:A.Social projection biasB.Optimism biasC.Availability heuristicD.Self-serving biasE.False consensus bias(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg. 47)LO: 4 Answer: D2.33______________________ leads people to believe that others behave similarly tothemselves and hence lead people to think about themselves instead of people ingeneral when reporting KSAs for their jobs.A.Social projection biasB.Optimism biasC.Carelessness biasD.Self-serving biasE.False consensus bias(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg. 47)LO: 4 Answer: A2.34___________________leads people to believe that others share the same beliefsand attitudes as themselves.A.Social projection biasB.Optimism biasC.Carelessness biasD.Self-serving biasE.False consensus bias(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg. 47)LO: 4 Answer: E2.35___________________results from the use of automatic versus controlledprocessing of information, leading to differences in how carefully people attend to the job analysis rating task at hand.A.Social projection biasB.Optimism biasC.Carelessness biasD.Self-serving biasE.False consensus bias(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.47)LO: 4 Answer: CShort-Answer and Essay-Type Questions2.35 Performance management is an ongoing process including five interrelatedcomponents. Please explain how the poor implementation of a phase in theprocess or how a disrupted link between any of the phases will have a negativeimpact on the performance management process as a whole.(Suggested points: 3, .5[Summary Point #2], .5[Summary Point #3], pg. 42, pg. 59)LO: 2 Answer:Each of the five components of the performance management process plays animportant role. If any of these components is implemented poorly, then the entire performance management system suffers. For example, the lack of knowledge ofthe organization’s mission and the job in question (i.e., prer equisites) will notallow performance planning (i.e., performance roadmap) to be aligned withorganizational goals, thereby leading to poor performance execution. In short, aperformance management system is only as good as its weakest component.The links between the various components need to be established clearly. Oneexample would be that performance planning needs to be closely related toperformance execution. Performance planning is a futile exercise if executiondoes not follow from planning. The same applies to all the various components of performance management.2.36 The employee and the supervisor both have important roles during theperformance execution phase. Please list and explain each party’s responsibilities in this phase of the performance management process.(Suggested points: 2, [2.3], ppg.54-55)LO: 6 Answer:During the performance execution phase, these are the employee’sresponsibilities:mitment to goal achievement. The employee must be committed to thegoals that were set. One way to enhance commitment is to allow the employeeto be an active participant in the process of setting the goals.B.Check-ins and performance touchpoints. The employee should not wait untilthe review cycle is over to solicit performance feedback. Also, the employeeshould not wait until a serious problem develops to ask for coaching. Theemployee needs to take a proactive role in soliciting performance feedbackand coaching from his or her supervisor.C.Collecting and sharing performance data. The employee should provide thesupervisor with regular updates on the employee’s progress toward goalachievement both in terms of behaviors and results.D.Preparing for performance reviews. The employee should not wait until theend of the review cycle approaches to prepare for the review. On the contrary,the employee should engage in an ongoing and realistic self-appraisal so thatcorrective actions can be taken if necessary. The usefulness of the self-appraisal process can be enhanced by gathering informal performanceinformation from peers and customers (both internal and external).During the performance execution phase, these are supervisor’s responsibilities:A.Observation and documentation. Supervisors must observe and documentperformance on a daily basis. It is important to keep track of examples of bothgood and poor performance.B.Updates. As the organization’s goals may change, it is important to update andrevise initial objectives, standards, and key accountabilities (in the case ofresults) and competency areas (in the case of behaviors).C.Feedback. Feedback on progression toward goals and coaching to improveperformance should be provided on a regular basis and certainly before thereview cycle is over.D.Resources. Supervisors should provide employees with resources andopportunities to participate in developmental activities. Thus, supervisorsshould encourage (and sponsor) participation in training, classes, and specialassignments.E.Reinforcement. Supervisors must let employees know that the employees’outstanding performance is noticed by reinforcing effective behaviors andprogress toward goals. Also, supervisors should provide feedback regardingnegative performance and how to remedy the observed problem. So,observation and communication are not sufficient. Performance problemsmust be diagnosed early on and appropriate steps taken as soon as the problemis discovered.2.37 Define knowledge in terms of the prerequisites needed for performance planning.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.44)LO: 3 Answer:Knowledge is having the information needed to perform the work but notnecessarily having done it.2.38 Define skills in terms of the prerequisites needed for performance planning.(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.44)LO: 3 Answer:Skills are the required attributes that are usually acquired by having done thework in the past.2.39 Define abilities in terms of the prerequisites needed for performance planning.(Suggested points: 2, [2.2], pg.44)LO: 3 Answer:Abilities are the physical, emotional, intellectual, and psychological aptitude toperform the work, but neither having done it nor having been trained to do thework is required.2.40 In what ways is self-appraisal beneficial for performance assessment?(Suggested points: 2, [2.4], pg.56)LO: 7 Answer:With self-appraisal, there is a greater likelihood that the information will be usedproductively in the future. Self-appraisals can reduce employees’ resentfulnessand increase employee satisfaction with the performance management system.Also, the discrepancy between employee and supervisor appraisals is likely totrigger development efforts, particularly when supervisor appraisal is morenegative than employee self-appraisal.2.41Why is the performance review meeting considered the “Achilles’ heel of theentire process”?(Suggested points: 2, [2.5], pg.57)LO: 8 Answer:Many managers are uncomfortable with providing performance feedback,particularly when performance is deficient; this discomfort may lead to anxietyand the avoidance of the appraisal interview. Because each component of theperformance management process plays an important role, when any of thesecomponents is implemented poorly or not at all, then the entire performancemanagement system suffers.2.42 A good performance appraisal meeting includes discussions of what?(Suggested points: 2, [2.5], pg.57)LO: 8 Answer:A good performance appraisal meeting includes discussions of what has beendone and how (the past); goals and development plans the employee will beexpected to achieve during the following review period (the future); and what new compensation, if any, the employee may be receiving as a result of his/herperformance (the present).2.43 What are the five components in the performance management cycle?(Suggested points: 2, [2.1], pg.42)LO: 1 Answer:The five components of the performance management cycle are: prerequisites,performance planning, performance execution, performance assessment, andperformance review.2.44 List the six recommended steps for conducting productive performance reviews.(Suggested points: 2, [2.5], pg. 58)LO: 8 Answer:The six recommended steps for conducting productive performance reviews are:A.Identify what the employee has done well and poorly by citing specificbehaviors.B.Solicit feedback from the employee about these behaviors.C.Discuss the implications of changing or not changing the behaviors.D.Explain to the employee how skills used in past achievements can helpovercome any current performance problems.E.Agree on an action plan.F.Set a meeting to follow up and agree on the behaviors, actions, and attitudesthat will be evaluated.2.45 Define self-serving bias, and explain how it may affect the job analysis process.(Suggested points: 3, [2.1], pg.47)LO: 4 Answer:Self-serving bias is the tendency for people to attribute success to themselves and failure to external causes (i.e., factors outside of their control). As a result, thisbias leads people to report that their own behaviors and personality traits are more needed for successful job performance compared to behaviors and personalitytraits of others.2.46 Distinguish between social projection bias and false consensus bias.(Suggested points: 3, [2.1], pg.47)LO: 4 Answer:Social projection bias leads people to believe that others behave similarly tothemselves and hence leads people to think about themselves instead of people in general when reporting KSAs for their jobs. False consensus bias is different from social projection bias, because false consensus bias leads people to believe thatothers share the same beliefs and attitudes as themselves.2.47How do the self-serving, social projection, false consensus biases, andcarelessness bias commonly affect the job analysis process?(Suggested points: 3, [2.1], pg.48)LO: 4 Answer:Self-serving, social projection, and false consensus biases, and carelessness biasaffect job analysis ratings because they lead people to believe that their ownKSAs are those driving success in their jobs. So, these lead to an exaggeratedview regarding the KSAs needed—and this exaggeration is based on precisely the KSAs that job incumbents have.2.48How does a Web-based rater training program work to help raters become lesssusceptible to rater biases and thus more accurate in the ratings that are collectedin a job analysis?(Suggested points: 3, [2.1], pg. 48)LO: 4 Answer:Taken together, self-serving, social projection, false consensus biases, andcarelessness bias affect job analysis ratings because they lead people to believethat their own KSAs are those driving success in their jobs. So, these lead to anexaggerated view regarding the KSAs needed—and this exaggeration is based on precisely the KSAs that job incumbents have. Given such, a rater trainingprogram helps participants converge onto a common point of reference, which is a point where the exaggeration is significantly mitigated. As a result, rater trainingprogram participants tend to provide significantly lower ratings for certain KSAsthan do nonparticipants who tend to exaggerate those KSAs.2.49 List the five steps that typically make up a Web-based rater training program.(Suggested points: 3, [2.1], pg. 48)LO: 4 Answer:A Web-based training program usually includes the following five steps:(1) Provide raters with a definition of each rating dimension.(2) Define the scale anchors.(3) Describe what behaviors were indicative of each dimension.(4) Allow raters to practice their rating skills.(5) Provide feedback on the practice。
集成电路封装和可靠性Chapter2-1-芯片互连技术【芯片封装测试】
UESTC-Ning Ning1Chapter 2Chip Level Interconnection宁宁芯片互连技术集成电路封装测试与可靠性UESTC-Ning Ning2Wafer InWafer Grinding (WG 研磨)Wafer Saw (WS 切割)Die Attach (DA 黏晶)Epoxy Curing (EC 银胶烘烤)Wire Bond (WB 引线键合)Die Coating (DC 晶粒封胶/涂覆)Molding (MD 塑封)Post Mold Cure (PMC 模塑后烘烤)Dejunk/Trim (DT 去胶去纬)Solder Plating (SP 锡铅电镀)Top Mark (TM 正面印码)Forming/Singular (FS 去框/成型)Lead Scan (LS 检测)Packing (PK 包装)典型的IC 封装工艺流程集成电路封装测试与可靠性UESTC-Ning Ning3⏹电子级硅所含的硅的纯度很高，可达99.9999 99999 %⏹中德电子材料公司制作的晶棒(长度达一公尺，重量超过一百公斤)UESTC-Ning Ning4Wafer Back Grinding⏹PurposeThe wafer backgrind process reduces the thickness of the wafer produced by silicon fabrication (FAB) plant. The wash station integrated into the same machine is used to wash away debris left over from the grinding process.⏹Process Methods:1) Coarse grinding by mechanical.(粗磨)2) Fine polishing by mechanical or plasma etching. (细磨抛光)UESTC-Ning Ning5旋转及振荡轴在旋转平盘上之晶圆下压力工作台仅在指示有晶圆期间才旋转Method:The wafer is first mounted on a backgrind tape and is then loaded to the backgrind machine coarse wheel . As the coarse grinding is completed, the wafer is transferred to a fine wheel for polishing .UESTC-Ning Ning6 Wafer Back Grinding processObjective:To reduce thethicknesswith a coarse grindingwheel.Objective:To load and alignthe wafer into thewafer cleaning andtape laminationmachine.Objective:To clean the waferfor the nextlamination step.Objective:To laminate a protectivelayer of film on thecircuitry surface of thewafer .2. Wafer cleaning1. Load and Align 3. Back grind Tape lamination4. Coarse grindingUESTC-Ning Ning7Wafer Back Grinding process (Cont.)Objective:To unload the wafer from back grinding machine.5. Fine polishing6. UnloadObjective:To load the wafer to wafer mounter.Objective:To remove the back grind tape afterwafer mounted on the frame.8. Tape removal7. LoadUESTC-Ning Ning8Wafer Back Grinding Issues and Challenges⏹Issues☐Ease of process–Thin wafer handling from one step to another –Back grinding tape removal–Excessive stresses removal or reduction from the wafer.（应力）☐Yield–Wafer breakage due to stress built up during thinning process. –Scratches .(划痕)–Die metallization smearing.（污点，模糊）☐Equipment stability and capability⏹Challenges☐Market requirements drive for very thin wafer (<3 mils)☐Flip chip wafer back grindingUESTC-Ning Ning9Wafer sawing⏹Wafer Separation Process►Purpose:The wafer separation process is to divide the wafer into individual dice or chips.Process Methods:1)Sawing (with diamond-impregnated saw blade) 锯切☐Single or dual cut ☐Step cut or bevel cut2) Partial scribing (with laser beam, diamond-tipped scribing tool, or diamond-impregnated saw blade) 局部划片器UESTC-Ning Ning10Wafer sawingUESTC-Ning Ning11►Wafer Sawing is a Front-of-Line (FOL) operation that cuts the wafer along the streets separating the individual die. Streets, also called scribe lines , are lines on the wafer that separate each individual die from the surrounding dice. Kerf width is the saw width. After the wafer is sawn, the wash station, using a detergent, removes residual cut material fromthe wafer.Wafer sawingDicing Blade晶圆工作台刀刃NingUESTC-Ning Ning13The SAWING process is broken down into four steps:Objective:To rinse slurry (silicon dust)before it dries with de-ionized water and CO2. Also to drywafer by pinning and with clean air , and unload wafer .1. Load and Align2. Pattern Recognition System (PRS)3. Cut4. Wash, Rinse, Dry and UnloadObjective:To separate dice from a wafer with resin-bonded diamond wheel . (First blade is used to remove metal structures and stresses on street for second blade.)Wafer sawingUESTC-Ning Ning14Wafer Sawing Issues and Challenges⏹Issues:☐Ease of process--Die chipping control （碎屑）--Multiple die types and sizes processing☐Yield--Saw on die--Scratches （划痕）--Chipping --Die crack☐Equipment stability and capability⏹Challenges:☐Smaller kerf width for more die per wafer☐Larger wafer size (300mm)with multiple die types and sizesUESTC-Ning Ning15--Die Attach Process☐Purpose:The die attach process is to attach the sawed die in the right orientation accurately onto the substrate with a bonding medium in between to enable the next wire bond first level interconnection operation .☐Process Methods1)Semi-automated eutectic die attach .低共熔物芯片粘接2)Fully automated adhesive die attach.胶粘剂粘接--Die Attach Process 晶粒--Die Attach Process☐Au-Si 低共熔合金粘接法金膜◆低共融合金粘接法主要用在芯片产品需要非常低的背部接触电阻。
软件工程第七版Chapter_02v1过程模型
M odeling analysis design
建模
Cons t ruc t i on code t est
De plo y m e n t d e l iv e ry fe e dbac k
分析 设计
构件 编码 测试
部署 交付 反馈
delivery of
1st increment
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惯用模型
惯用过程模型提倡有序的软件工程方法 因此导致一些问题… 如果传统过程模型力求实现结构化和有序，那么
对于富于变化的软件世界，这一模型是否合适呢？ 如果我们抛弃传统过程模型（以及它们带来的秩
序），取而代之以一些不够结构化的模型，是否 会使如软件工作无法达到协调和一致？
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瀑布模型
功能和特性需求 开发人员可能对算法的效率、操作系统的兼
容性和人机交互的形式等情况并不确定 2.特点 很少是好用的，可能太慢太大，难以使用。 一般作为被丢弃的系统。
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特点： 采用循环的 方式逐步加 深系统定义 和实现的深 度，同时降 低风险。 确定一系列 里程碑，确 保利益相关 者都支持可 行的和令人 满意的系统 解决方案。
5
过程模式
一个过程模式
描述了软件工程工作中遇到的过程相关的问题 明确了问题环境 并给出了针对该问题的一种或几种可证明的解决方案
通俗地讲，过程模式提供了一个描述模版 [Amb98]—一种在软件过程的背景下，统一描述 问题解决方案的方法。
6
过程模式描述模板
模式名称：表述该模式在软件过程中的含 义。
(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman.
Inspection and test plan 完整版 (详细版)讲解学习
conflicts accrued.业务流程Inspection Flow Chart始点Starting Time关联事项Relevant Procedure不合格 unqualified合格 qualified开工前完成Shall be finished before projects start工序检验流程；Each process inspection procedure. 内部业务分担；Internal inspection allocation. 不良事项；Non-conformance items. 顾客NCR ；non-conformance record. 不合格品处理程序；Non-conformance treatment procedure.QC 一次检查合格率； QC inspection one time passing rate.数据分析程序 Data analyze2.1进料检验 Incoming Quality Control技术部门提供相关文件（图纸、施工工艺） Relevant document authorized by Technical Dept. (drawings, WPS)客户要求Customerrequirements 检查计划作成 Inspection Plan QC 现场检查 QC site inspection 检查计划公布发放 Inspection Plan ReleasingQC 现场检查结果判定/确认 QC inspection results 现场各工序检验申请 Apply for QC inspection 部门例会落实或者专题会议 Implementation Meeting检查结果接受 Accept 检查结果文件整理归档Organize and file the checking report 部门内部检查项目讨论 Internal inspection discussion 纠正预防措施（必要时）Correctiveand Prevention action （if necessary ） 检查结果确认 Confirm inspection results 工序转序-下道工序Transfer to next process 顾客NCR 品质数据分析Data analyze 完工总结及归档 Project summary and file.下一定单改进Improvementsplan for next orderProcess name 工序名称InspectionItem检验项目InspectionRequirement检验要求InspectionEquipment检验工具InspectionMethod检验方法Frequency检验频度QualityRecord记录文件ReferenceDocument参考文件ResponsibleDept./ Person负责部门/职务A. 下料 Cutting下料cutting & layout 数控切割精度检查accuracychecking recordof NC. cuttingmachine工艺要求Process requirements钢卷尺Steel tape尺寸测量Dimensionchecking每班次Each shift记录表单Record sheet ——质控部/进料检验员QC dept./Materialinspector下料cutting & layout材质跟踪MATERIALTRACK工艺要求Process requirements——目视VT每件Each piece检验表单Inspection report ——质控部/进料检验员QC dept./Materialinspector下料cutting & layout下料后尺寸检查dimensioninspection aftercutting图纸drawing钢卷尺Steel tape尺寸测量Dimensionchecking每批/首件batch/Firstpiece记录表单Record sheet ——质控部/进料检验员QC dept./Materialinspector下料cutting & layout 坡口加工Beveling图纸Drawing坡口检验尺Bevelinspection ruler尺寸测量Dimensionchecking每批/首件batch/Firstpiece记录表单Record sheet ——质控部/进料检验员QC dept./Materialinspector下料cutting & layout钻孔Drilling图纸drawing钢卷尺、游标卡尺Steel tape,venire caliper尺寸测量Dimensionchecking每件Eachpiece记录表单Record sheet ——质控部/进料检验员QC dept./Materialinspector下料cutting & layout折弯Bending图纸drawing钢卷尺、样板Steel tape,template尺寸测量Dimensionchecking每批/首件batch/Firstpiece记录表单Record sheet ——质控部/进料检验员QC dept./Materialinspector钻孔模板Fixture尺寸检测dimensioninspection模板图纸template drawing钢卷尺、游标卡尺Steel verniercaliper尺寸测量Dimensionchecking每批/首件batch/Firstpiece记录表单Record sheet ——质控部/进料检验员QC dept./MaterialinspectorB. 部件焊接尺寸 Welding dimension of each part。
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软件需求是设计、编码和测试人员 共同的起点
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Chapter 2
Library administrator user case model
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Chapter 2
软件缺陷来源分布
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Chapter 2
修复缺陷成本
stage Repair costs
requirem ents 1
design
coding
delivery
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100
1000
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Chapter 2
测试人员参加需求评审的目标
测试人员参加“需求评审”和”需求测试“活动所需要达 到的目标包括如下三个方面： 1、充分地理解需求，确保对需求的理解与需求分析人员 是一致的； 2、从可测试的角度，努力发现《用户需求说明书》中不 可测试的需求，从而提醒需求分析人员尽早修改； 3、从测试人员的角度努力发现《用户需求说明书》中的 不准确之处，从而提醒需求分析人员及时修改这部分用户 需求。
测试计划要点和制订过程 需求文档的审查和评审 整理测试需求 测试策略 测试环境 测试管理 测试计划编写
4
Chapter 2
我们关注的实质是如何计划ing测试！
测试计划要点和制订过程
这里所说的测试计划是指软件测 试工作中的一个阶段，其重点在于 对整个测试项目工作的计划，准确 的说，是计划整个测试工作，其工 作产品是记录整个工作计划的文档 －测试计划。
“计划赶不上变化” 计划赶不上变化”
应该在项目启动的初期就开始准备测试计划工作。 不要寄希望于一次就可以完成测试计划工作，在项 目的不同阶段，获得新的信息后就应添加或调整一 些计划内容。
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Chapter 2
掌控项目的背景
要做好测试计划和随后的测试工作，必须掌控项 目的背景，包括项目的来源、客户和需求等。 如何掌控？就是获取和测试相关的要素的详细信 息，以便掌握项目的特点，制定相应的测试策略 和方法。
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Chapter 2
软件测试的项目要素
在测试计划前，要获取那些信息？
–
– – – – – –
用户：软件的用户是谁？不同用户会有不同的质量需求；客 户不一定就是用户 目标：软件要实现的业务 范围：功能、服务对象范围 工期 项目类型 软件平台 开发工具和语言
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Chapter 2
测试计划示例
快速浏览 测试计划哪些要素
5
Chapter 2
测试计划的目的
尽早的明确测试工作的内容（范围）、 测试工作的方法、测试工作所需要的各 种资源、人员分配等信息 发布这些信息，尽快将下一步测试工作 需要考虑的问题和准备的条件落实下来 也就是说测试计划工作的重点在于对当 前阶段工作任务的准备和规划以及信息 的交流。
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Chapter 2
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测试需求：需要被测试的质量需求
Chapter 2
“重中之重”的测试策略 重中之重”
测试策略负责描述测试工作中采用的方法以及测试 的目标，通常包括关于在不同的测试阶段需要考虑 的测试类型和测试目标，需要使用哪些测试技术， 不同测试阶段结束的标准是什么，以及一些可能会 对测试工作产生影响的因素。
战略 测试计划 战术
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Chapter 2
测试计划的内容和要点
一个软件项目的测试计划是一份 描述测试工作的目标、范围、策略 、方法和重点的文档。 在测试计划中，我们应该关注以 下内容：测试需求、测试策略、测 试资源、风险和意外。
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Chapter 2
测试需求
测试需求要明确哪些需要测试，哪 些不需要测试，如有可能，应尽量 说明需求或不需要测试的理由。 通常我们把需要测试的部分做为测 试需求，不需要测试的的部分做为 测试风险。
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先安装影碟出租管理系统软件熟悉系统。
测试过程管理 Software Test Process Management
王 彩
软件测试过程
测试计划
测试设计
测试开发
测试评估
测试执行
软件生命周期
开发生命周期
需求分析 测试生命周期
设计定义
程序编制
建立 建立 建立
维护
修改
测试计划
测试设计
测试开发
测试执行 评估
缺陷跟踪
Chapter 2
测试计划
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Chapter 2
需求文档的审查和评审
思考：为什么在测试计划中谈需求评审？ – 软件需求是设计、编码和测试人员共同的起点 – 需求缺陷 软件缺陷并不只是在编程阶段才产生，需求 和设计阶段同样会产生缺陷。并且数量最多，修 复代价最高。
16
Chapter 2
需求分析的过程和重要性
需求分析所要做的工作是深入描述软件的功能和性 能，确定软件设计的限制和软件同其它系统元素的 接口细节，定义软件的其它有效性需求。因此，需 求分析阶段必须清楚地定义并理解所要解决的问题 ，完整地获取用户需求。
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Chapter 2
作为测试人员，还是需要对软件产 品所涉及的行业的业务有一个全面 的、深入的了解——当然，这不是 对一个刚刚入门的测试者的要求， 但是如果想称为一个优秀的测试者 ，是难免要付出这部分努力的。
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Chapter 2
思考与练习
需求审查： 假定部门B接手部门A项目，A提供《影碟出租 管理系统》需求规格说明书（2010.10起草） 及影碟系统已发布版本（2011.9发布v1.0）， B要升级现有版本，现在你是部门B中参与需 求审查的人员，负责对2.4 3.1 3.2进行静态评 审并简要记录评审中发现的问题。
测试策略
13
Chapter 2
测试计划制订过程
测试评审软件需求 测试评审软件需求 评审软件 定义测试需求
定义测试策略
定义测试环境 定义测试环境
定义测பைடு நூலகம்管理
编写和审核测试计划
14
Chapter 2
测试计划
测试计划要点和制订过程 需求文档的审查和评审 整理测试需求 测试策略 测试环境 测试管理 测试计划编写