北外英国研究真题-00-10

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北外真题

I.Reading Comprehension (60 points).AMultiple Choice (36 points).Please read the following passages and choose A, B, C or D to best complete the statements about them.The Greening of America— How America is likely to take over leadership of the fight against climate change; and how it can get it right.A country with a presidential system tends to get identified with its leader. So, for the rest of the world, America is George Bush's America right now. It is the country that has mismanaged the Iraq war; holds prisoners without trial at Guantánamo Bay; restricts funding for stem-cell research because of fundamentalist religious beliefs; and destroyed the chance of a globalclimate-change deal based on the Kyoto Protocol.But to simplify thus is to misunderstand—especially in the case of the huge, federal America. One of its great strengths is the diversity of its political, economic and cultural life. While the White House dug its heels in on global warming, much of the rest of the country was moving. That's what forced the president's concession to greens in the state-of-the-union address. His poll ratings sinking under the weight of Iraq, President Bush is grasping for popular issues to keep him afloat; and global warming has evidently become such an issue. Albeit in the context of energy security, a now familiar concern of his, President Bush spoke for the first time to Congress of "the serious challenge of global climate change" and proposed measures designed, in part, to combat it.It's the weather, appropriately, that has turned public opinion—starting with Hurricane Katrina. Scientists had been warning Americans for years that the risk of "extreme weather events" would probably increase as a result of climate change. But scientific papers do not drive messages home asconvincingly as the destruction of a city. And the heat wave that torched America's west coast last year, accompanied by a constant drip of new research on melting glaciers and dying polar bears, has only strengthened the belief that something must be done.Business is changing its mind too. Five years ago corporate America was solidly against carbon controls. But the threat of a patchwork of state regulations, combined with the opportunity to profit from new technologies, began to shift business attitudes. And that movement has gained momentum, because companies that saw their competitors espouse carbon controls began to fear that, once the government got down to designing regulations, they would be left out of the discussion if they did not jump on the bandwagon. So now the loudest voices are not resisting change but arguing for it.Support for carbon controls has also grown among some unlikely groups: security hawks (who want to reduce America's dependence on Middle Eastern oil); farmers (who like subsidies for growing the raw material for ethanol); and evangelicals (who worry that man should looking after the Earth God gave him a little better). This alliance has helped persuade politicians to move. Arnold Schwarzenegger, California's Republican governor, has led the advance, with muscular measures legislating Kyoto-style curbs in his state. His popularity has rebounded as a result. And now there is movement too at the federal level, which is where it really matters. Bills to tackle climate change have proliferated. And three of the serious candidates for the presidency in 2008—John McCain, Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama—are all pushing for federal measures.Unfortunately, President Bush's newfound interest in climate change is coupled with, and distorted by, his focus on energy security. Reducing America's petrol consumption by 20% 2017, a target he announced in the state-of-the-union address, would certainly diminish the country's dependence on Middle Eastern oil, but the way he plans to go about it may not be either efficient or clean. Increasing fuel-economy standards for cars and trucks will gopart of the way, but for most of the switch America will have to rely on a greater use of alternative fuels. That means ethanol (inefficient because of heavy subsidies and high tariffs on imports of foreign ethanol) or liquefied coal (filthy because of high carbon emissions)The measure of President Bush's failure to tackle this issue seriously is his continued rejection of the only two clean and efficient solutions to climate change. One is a carbon tax, which this paper has long advocated. The second is a cap-and-trade system of the sort Europe introduced to meet the Kyoto targets. It would limit companies' emissions while allowing them to buy and sell permits to pollute. Either system should, by setting a price on carbon, discourage emission; and, in doing so, encourage the development and use of cleaner-energy technologies. Just as America's adoption of catalytic converters led eventually to the world's conversion to lead-free petrol, so its drive to clean-energy technologies will ensure that these too spread.A tax is unlikely because of America's aversion to that three-letter word. Given that, it should go for a tough cap-and-trade system. In doing so, it can usefully learn from Europe's experience. First, get good data. Europe failed to do so: companies were given too many permits, and emissions have therefore not fallen. Second, auction permits (which are, in effect, money) rather than giving them away free. Europe gave them away, which allowed polluters to make windfall profits. This will be a huge fight; for, if the federal government did what the Europeans did, it would hand out $40 billion to $50 billion in permits. Third, set a long time-horizon. Europeans do not know whether carbon emissions will still be constrained after 2012, when Kyoto runs out. Since most clean-energy projects have a payback period of more than five years, the system thus fails to encourage green investment.One of America's most admirable characteristics is its belief that it has a duty of moral leadership. At present, however, it's not doing too well on that score. Global warming could change that. By tackling the issue now it could regain the high moral ground (at the same time forging ahead in theclean-energy business, which Europe might otherwise dominate). And it looks as though it will; for even if the Toxic Texan continues to evade the issue, his successor(1)It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.[A]America is busy dealing with the Iraq war and the Guantánamo Bay prisoners[B]America is interested in stem-cell research[C]America despises the global climate-change deal[D]America declines to sign the Kyoto protocol(2)"Dig one's heels in" in the second paragraph means _______.[A]improve by pressure[B]judge by oneself[C]refuse to change one's mind[D]pay more attention to(3)Which is NOT the reason that causes the corporate America to change its mind over carboncontrols ? ________.[A]The state regulations are getting strict[B]There is an opportunity to profit from new technologies[C]Some competitors approve of carbon controls[D]The loudest voices are supporting carbon controls(4)According to the author, which is NOT a practicable way to reduce carbon emissions in America? _______.[A]Imposition of a carbon tax[B]Establishment of a cap-and-trade system[C]Permission to buy and sell permits to pollute[D]Setting a price on carbon(5)Because of the Americans' distaste for tax, the author suggests that all of the following should be done EXCEPT that ________.[A]a suitable number of permits be offered[B]the price for the permits be set[C]carbon emissions be tackled in a long-term view[D]carbon emissions be loosened after 2012(6)The polluters' "windfall profits" (para. 8) stands for _______.[A]the privilege granted by the permits[B]the unexpected lucky gain from the permits[C]the financial support from the federal government[D]the illegal interests made by the pollutersCGap Filling (14 points).Please choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill in each of the gaps in the text. There are more sentences than gaps.Truths to live byThe art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. (18)____________________. The rabbis of old put it this way: "A man comes into this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open."(19)_______________. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love to love when it was tendered.(20)_______________. I was hospitalized following a severe heart attack and had been in intensive care for several days. It was not a pleasant place.One morning, I had to have some additional tests. The required machines were located in a building at the opposite end of the hospital, so I had to be wheeled across the courtyard.As we emerged from our unit, the sunlight hit me. That's all there was to my experience. Just the light of the sun. (21) ______________.I looked to see whether anyone else relished the sun's golden glow, but everyone was hurrying to and fro, most with their eyes fixed on the ground. Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.The insight gleaned from that experience is really as commonplace as was the experience itself: life's gifts are precious but we are too heedless of them.Here then is the first pole of life's paradoxical demands on us: Never be too busy for the wonder and the awe of life. (22) ____________. Embrace each hour. Seize each golden minute.(23) _____________. This is the second side of life's coin, the opposite pole of its paradox: we must accept our losses, and learn how to let go.This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, may, will, be ours. (24)____________.[A]Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God's own earth.[B]But then life moves along to confront us with realities, and slowly but surely this second truth dawns upon us.[C]For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment.[D]When life is treated with the proper attitude, regret will surely not be left behind.[E]A recent experience re-taught me this truth.[F]Hold fast to life ... but not so fast that you cannot let go.[G] Be reverent before each dawning day.[H]And yet how beautiful it was --- how warming, how sparkling, how brilliant!II.Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese (40 points, 8 points each).Developing self-confidence(25)Confidence is a feeling — an inner fire and an outer radiance, a basic satisfaction with what one is plus a reaching out to become more.Confidence is not something a few people are born with and others are not, for it is an acquired characteristic.Confidence is the personal possession of no one; the person who has it learns it—and goes on learning. The most gifted individual on earth has to construct confidence in his gifts from the basis of faith and experience, like anybody else. The tools will differ from one person to the next, but the essential task is the same. Confidence and pose are available to us all according to our abilities and needs—not somebody else's—provided we utilize our gifts and expand them.。

北外英语学院翻译考研真题

北外英语学院翻译考研真题一、英译汉Passage 1:The Price of EducationThe fact that university education has become such a lucrative business has attracted much attention. Universities in the United States, for example, constantly compete to attract students, and they do so by offering various inducements.Some universities offer better facilities, and try to create an attractive environment in which to live and study. Increasingly, however, the quality of education is also being judged by the percentage of graduates who are able to find employment after graduation. Employers, it seems, are no longer satisfied with a university education per se, but want to be assured that graduates will have the skills necessary for the job. To ensure this, some universities are offering simulated work experience as part of their degree programs. Some universities even venture into the realm of industry and commerce, regarding themselves as training colleges rather than as scholarly institutions.The motives behind this new emphasis on practical training are not entirely altruistic. Many universities in the United Kingdom, for example, rely heavily on government funding. The thinking is that by producing employable graduates, universities are not only ensuring that their graduates get good jobs and earn good money, they are also reducing the burden on thestate. Indeed, in some countries, universities that fail to achieve high levels of graduate employment are actually penalized financially.But what is sacrificed in this obsession with practicality? The traditional concept of a university is based on the belief that knowledge is valuable in itself, and that the purpose of education is the pursuit of truth. To surrender this belief and degrade the university to the role of industry training center is to throw the baby out with the bathwater. Certainly, graduates must be able to find employment to support themselves, but a society that puts material gain above all else is a society that has lost its soul.Passage 2:Another Look at Cross-cultural CommunicationThe common expectation of much cross-cultural training is that it is designed to help business people improve their cross-cultural communication competence, thus increasing performance in a variety of multicultural or international contexts. Cross-cultural training often takes the form of brief seminars, sometimes with hands-on experiential exercises and is meant to be enjoyable, eye-opening and informative. Many authors believe that by offering such training, organizations are doing the right thing for their employees because effective cross-cultural communication skills can be a competitive advantage in business.However, less attention has been given to understanding the linkage between the skills and competencies that have been delineated and measured and the ability of learners to effectively apply such knowledge and abilities in specific situations they are likely to encounter at work. Despite the proliferation of studies advocating the use of cross-cultural training toenhance global management effectiveness, very little is known about how training may affect the actual performance of individuals or groups that are experiencing business or mission/aid-related challenges outside of their native cultural contexts.In today’s globalized and technological world, businesses and individuals are more connected across cultural boundaries than ever. In fact, almost all businesses from small to multinational employ individuals who have some form of cross-cultural interactions on a daily basis. By increasing our understanding of the linkages between knowledge, skills and abilitiesand desired training outcomes, we may be able to help individuals and organizations more effectively navigate the challenges associated with increasingly dynamic and complex cross-cultural task environment in which they operate.二、汉译英翻译 Passage 1：教育的代价大学教育已成为一个利润丰厚的生意，这一事实引起了广泛关注。

北外历年英汉同声传译专业考研试题2001--2009

北京外国语大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试复语同声传译专业试卷 (1)北京外国语大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷(复语班) (6)北外2008年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (11)北外2007年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (16)北外2006年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (22)北外2005年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (27)北外2004年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (32)北外2003年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (36)北外2002年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (41)北外2001年英汉同声传译专业考研试题 (45)北京外国语大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试复语同声传译专业试卷I.将下列文章译成汉语(50分)India and China need help to grow, not hectoringEvery time there is a spike in oil prices, or when food costs more, or there is a renewed worry about carbon and climate change, academics, pundits, and the press immediately point to the high-consumption future of India and China.They are wrong to do so when we consider the causes of energy and food challenges, and, more importantly, when we think of the actions and policies needed to manage changes in coming decades. If it is questionable that India and China are to blame for the global energy crunch, it is even less acceptable to expect them to adhere to pleas to moderate their energy consumption.Historically, energy consumption has correlated with economic growth. The present debate over energy often focuses on two dimensions: climate change (from greenhouse gases), and the scarcity of fossil fuels.With growing populations and economies, India and China will certainly consume a growing fraction of global resources, but they consume only 3 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively, of the world's petroleum today. The global leader, the US, consumes just under a quarter.Looking at future options, why does it matter if India and China are or are not similar in terms of energy consumption and needs? Global treaties aim to modify future consumption, and mechanisms or formulae that are considered fair (and likely to be ratified) must be cognizant of differences. Given the differences in their systems, needs, and incentives, a proposal meant to appeal to both may not appeal to either. Without global participation, no solution is likely work.China already has the world's second-largest electricity grid, and, at current rates of growth, it will soon become the largest electricity producer in the world. Like India, most of this is based on coal, the least “green”of the leading fossil fuels.India's present installed electricity capacity is not in the same league. The result is that, for thecoming decade, it will not be able to grow at a rate anywhere near that of China. In absolute net growth, the US will add more than twice as much capacity than India in 2007-08.China's growth of energy consumption has been positive for its population. It has now provided electricity to an estimated 98 per cent of households, unlike India or Africa. India has not met its energy growth targets even in the absence of carbon constraints –can we realistically expect it to moderate due to global concerns when it will say it is not the prime polluter?(425)II.将下列短文译成汉语(25分)The Cause of EarthquakesThe earth is divided into three main layers - a hard outer crust, a soft middle layer and a center core. The outer crust is broken into massive, irregular pieces called "plates." These plates move very slowly, driven by energy forces deep within the earth. Earthquakes occur when these moving plates grind and scrape against each other.In California, the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate meet. The Pacific Plate covers most of the Pacific Ocean floor and the California coastline. The North American Plate stretches across the North American continent and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. The primary boundary between themis the San Andreas Fault. It is more than 650 miles long and extends 10 miles deep. Many smaller faults, such as the Hayward Fault, branch from the San Andreas Fault.The Pacific Plate grinds northwestward past the North American Plate at a rate of about two inches per year. Parts of the San Andreas Fault system adapt to this movement by a constant "creep" resulting in frequent, moderate, earth tremors. In other areas, movement is not constant and strain can build up for hundreds of years resulting in strong earthquakes when it is released.Unlike other natural disasters, there is no warning for earthquakes. Future earthquakes are a serious threat to Californians, which is why the Fire Department recommends preparing before an earthquake hits. (232)III. 将下列文章译成英语(50分)“将来韵韵考上‘北大’或‘牛津’，我可能都不会这么兴奋!”魏伦斯感慨道。

北外英国研究真题-00-10

a theme park; the Presbyterian church, Mortgage, National Insurance, Battle of Hastings, the Edinburgh Festival, Queen's Speech, the Armada, the British Empire.2001:Puritanism, the Suez Crisis, the North Sea Oil, invisible earning, fringe benefits, the Lord Ch ancellor, the Dominions, the Ulster Unionists, Collective Cabinet responsibility2002William the Conqueror, Common Law, the Principle of Precedence, Front Benchers, the City (of London), the Stranger's Gallery, the Provisional IRA2003Henry VIII, Battle of Britain, Nationalization, Sinn Fein, Orange March, Eisteddfod, Comprehen sive Schools, Open University, Tabloid, Life Peers.2004the Vikings, King James the 1st of England, the Church of England, Bloody Sunday, the Do wning-street Declaration, property-owning democracy, the speaker, GCE A level, the official Secret s Act, local government and devolution2005William the Conqueror, Whigs and Tories, national lottery, Sunday newspapers, lay magistrate s ('justices of the peace), the IRA, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Press Complaints Commis sion, social security benefits, the Single European Act of 1986.2006the Great council (1265), the English Reformation, National Curriculum (1988), National Trust, barristers and solicitors, House of Commons, the Conservative "New Right", council house, NHS and its waiting list, the Treaty of Nice.The Hundred Years' War King Henry VIII The Lake District social security benefits general election BBC TV Sinn Fein the Constitution cabinet collective responsibility visible and invisible trade2009the first-past-the-post shadow cabinet Privatization Queen Victoria Common law Anglo-Saxons Protestant Church English Channel tunnel Comprehensive Schools Quality papersThe War of Hastings King James I of England The Constitution The Opposition The Education Act of 1944 BBC Licence The Ulster Unionists Trade Union Gordon Brown the EuroQuestions:what are the main function of Parliament? (10%)what does the Education Reform Act 1988 provide for ?(10%)Essay-writing:the British Economy under Mrs. Thatcher's government. (25%)the House of Lords and the recent House of Lords Reform.(25%)2001what are the advantages and disadvantages of Britain's 'first-past-the-post' system (as compa red with proportional representation)what are the responsibilities of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet?Essay-writing:Account for Britain's decline from a world power to a regional power.there is no censorship for British press. Comment on the freedom of press in Britain.2002.QuestionExplain the atmospere of Victorianism.what is the Commonwealth and what is Britain's role in it.Essay writingBritain's mixed economy after the Second World War.Explain and assess Britain's special relationship with the United States.2003Qwhat are the characteristics and contents of British constitution?what are the functions of the British parliament.what caused the relative decline of the Uk economy after 1945.waht are the major components of the British welfare state?what role did Britain play in the WWII.comment on Britain's relations with the European Union since 1970s.2004Qwhy and how did the English Parliament come into being?what are the main features of British electoral system?what are the major arguments of Euro-sceptics and pro-Europeans in Britain towards Europe an integration?what are the major changes in British educational system after WWII.EAnalyze and assess how the end of British imperialism influenced the making of Britain's for eign policy.Comment on Labour's social and economic policies after WWII.2005Qwhat do you know about the Chartist movement and the People's Charter.how do you understand the status of women in contemporary Britain?what are the primary sources of British law and their common features?what roles does the House of Lords play in British government and how has the House of L ords been reformed in recent years.EAnalyze and assess the roles of party politics in managing Britain's economy after WWII.Explain and Comment on Britain's foreign policy priorities under Blair's Labour government.2006Qwhat is the " Glorious Revolution" ? Explain its significance.What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK.what are the causes of the Northern Ireland issue? Is Northern Ireland Assembly and a sati sfactory solution?what are the main characteristics of Britain's foreign trade?Eexplain and assess the main characteristics of British press.Britain is said to be " an awkward partner" in the European Union by some critics. Comment and give your reasons2008II Answer the following questions:1.How was the British constitutional monarchy established?2.What have been changes in British secondary education since 1944?3.What are the characteristics of British economic development since Second World War?4.What are the special features of British press?III Essay-writing:1.Explain and assess Tony Blair's Labour rule(1997--2007)ment on the relationship between Britain and the European Union since 1970s.2009Question:What is the significant of Bill of Rights?What are the areas of British economic competitive strength today?What were the developments of Northern Ireland conflict in the early 1970s?How is NHS operated?Essay:Explain and access New Labour's Reforms (devolution, European policy, the Ho use of Lords) on British identity.Explain and analysis Britain’s foreign policy principles after World War Two.2010简答题——英国议会发展历程中的几个重要事件当今英国外交政策的历史依据和地理因素论述题——英国福利制度的起源、发展及评价（我最不擅长的部分之一，也只好拽了）英国工党和保守党经济政策的特征与评价。

北外试题

2008年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）Outside Europe, the most important powers in 1939 were undoubtedly Japan and the United States. Japan was at the time already deeply involved in hostilities with China. After seizing the northern provinces of that country in 1931 and organizing them into the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan had tried to protect its rich loot and to expand its influence in China by a series of interventions, particularly in the rest of northern China. These steps had not surprisingly produced a rising tide of anti-Japanese sentiments in China, which in turn led the Japanese to embroil themselves even more deeply into Chinese affairs. When this tendency to interfere in China was combined with a degree of internal confusion and incoherence within the Japanese government that made the Chinese warlords of the time look well organized, new trouble was almost certain to follow. (141 words)二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）Inflation: China’s least wanted exportWhen inflation starts to kill people then it is a serious problem. Three people died and 31 were injured on Saturday in a stampede to buy cut-price cooking oil in the western Chinese city of Chongqing. China can no longer explain away inflation as a short-term result of floods and epidemics of animal disease ? nor can it ignore the strains its macroeconomic policies are producing.Cooking oil is a special case ? its price influenced by demand from China’s glut of new biofuel refineries ? but the broader price of food has risen in recent months by more than 15 per cent compared with a year earlier. Floods and other acts of God have had their effect, as has the global rise in wheat prices, but there are structural forces at work as well.Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3.2 per cent in October ? many steel products rose by more than 10 per cent ? and the PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 per cent hike in the controlled pump price of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of education, the real situation may be even worse.That is a worry for th e rest of the world, used to enjoying the ―China price‖, a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yet ? but it will. China’s currency has also bee n gently appreciating, but so far improvements in productivity have meant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change.The renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tackle inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to 13.5 per cent, but the strain on the banking sector’s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly, but with CPI inflation above 6 per cent, and benchmark lending rates only slightly higher, real interest rates are low. There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability that China opts for a one-off revaluation of the renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the world if the renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imbalances will only get worse the longer they are left. (451 words)三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）科学发展观是协调的发展观。

2009年北京外国语大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc

2009年北京外国语大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：36.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、匹配题(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Authors A. T. S. EliotB. William WordsworthC. Charles DickensD. Jonathan SwiftE. John MiltonF. Francis BaconG. Percy Bysshe ShelleyH. Robert FrostI. Mark TwainJ. William ShakespeareK. Emily DickinsonL. Ralph W. EmersonM. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow（分数：20.00）(1).Fourthly, the constant breeders, besides the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children, will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, Stol"n on his wing my three and twentieth year! My hasting days fly on with full career,But my late spring no bud or blossom shew"th.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).April is the cruelest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).They cussed Jim considerable, though, and give him a cuff or two, side the head, once in a while, but Jim never said nothing, and he never let on to know me, and they took him to the same cabin, and put his own clothes on him, and chained him again, and not to no bed-leg, this time, but to a big staple drove into the bottom log, and chained his hands, too, and both legs, and said he wasn"t to have nothing but bread and water to eat, after this , till his owner come or he was sold at auction.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (6).Success is counted sweetest By those who ne"er succeed. To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (7).Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of our own mind. Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (8).The Soul selects her own Society— Then—shuts the Door— To her divine Majority— Presents no more—（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (9)."It is a part of Miss Havisham"s plans for me, Pip," said Estella, with a sigh, as if she were tired; "I am to write to her constantly and see her regularly, and report how I go on—I and the jewels—for they are nearly all mine now."（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (10).Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footsteps on the sands of time.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 二、分析题(总题数：2，分数：16.00)Once Upon a TimeNadine GordimerSomeone has written to ask me to contribute to an anthology of stories for children. I reply that I don"t write children"s stories; and he writes back that at a recent congress/book fair/seminar a certain novelist said every writer ought to write at least one story for children. I think of sending a postcard saying I don"t accept that I "ought" to write anything.And then last night I woke up—or rather was awakened without knowing what had roused me.A voice in the echo-chamber of the subconscious?A sound.A creaking of the kind made by the weight carried be one foot after another along a wooden floor. I listened. I felt the apertures of my ears distend with concentration. Again: the creaking. I was waiting for it; waiting to hear if it indicated that feet were moving from room to room, coming up the passage—to my door. I have no burglar bars, no gun under the pillow, but I have the same fears as people who do take these precautions, and my windowpanes are thin as rime, could shatter like a wineglass.A woman was murdered (how do they put it) in broad daylight in a house two blocks away, last year, and the fierce dogs who guarded an old widower and his collection of antique clocks were strangled before he was knifed by a casual laborer he had dismissed without pay.I was staring at the door, making it out in my mind rather than seeing it, in the dark. I lay quite still—a victim already —the arrhythmia of heart was fleeing, knocking this way and that against its body-cage. How finely tuned the senses are, just out of rest, sleep! I could never listen intently as that in the distractions of the day, I was reading every faintest sound, identifying and classifying its possible threat.But I learned that I was to be neither threatened nor spared. There was no human weight pressing on the boards, the creaking was a buckling, an epicenter of stress. I was in it. The house that surrounds me while I sleep is built on undermined ground; far beneath my bed, the floor, the house"s foundations, the stopes and passages of gold mines have hollowed the rock, and when some face trembles, detaches and falls, three thousand feet below, the whole house shifts slightly, bringing uneasy strain to the balance and counterbalance of brick, cement, wood and glass the hold it as a structure around me. The misbeats of my heart tailed off like the last muffled flourishes on one of the wooden xylophones made by the Chopi and Tsonga migrant miners who might have been down there, under me in the earth at that moment. The stope where the fall was could have been disused, dripping water from its ruptured veins; or men might now be interred there in the most profound of tombs.I couldn"t find a position in which my mind would let go of my body—release me to sleep again. So I began to tell myself a story, a bedtime story.In a house, in a suburb, in a city, there were a man and his wife who loved each other very much and were living happily ever after. They had a little boy, they loved him very much. They had a cat and a dog that the little boy loved very much. They had a car and a caravan trailer for holidays, and a swimming-pool which was fenced so that the little boy and his playmates would not fall in and drown. They had a housemaid who was absolutely trustworthy and an itinerant gardener who was highly recommended by the neighbors. For when they began to live happily ever after they were warned, by that wise old witch, the husband" s mother, not to take on anyone off the street. They were inscribed in a medical benefit society, their pet dog was licensed, they were insured against fire, flood damage and theft, and subscribed to the local Neighborhood Watch, which supplied them with a plaque for their gates lettered YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED over the silhouette of a would-be intruder. He was masked; it could not be said if he was black or white, and therefore proved the property owner was no racist.It was not possible to insure the house, the swimming pool or the car against riot damage. There were riots, but these were outside the city, where people of another color were quartered. These people were not allowed into the suburb except as reliable housemaids and gardeners, so there was nothing to fear, the husband told the wife. Yet she was afraid that some day such people might come up the street and tear off the plaque YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED and open the gates and stream in...Nonsense, my dear, said the husband, there are police and soldiersand tear-gas and guns to keep them away. But to please her—for he loved her very much and buses were being burned, cars stoned, and schoolchildren shot by the police in those quarters out of sight and hearing of the suburb—he had electronically controlled gates fitted. Anyone who pulled off the sign YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED and tried to open the gates would have to announce his intentions by pressing a button and speaking into a receiver relayed to the house. The little boy was fascinated by the device and used, it as a walkie-talkie in cops and robbers play with his small friends.The riots were suppressed, but there were many burglaries in the suburb and somebody"s trusted housemaid was tied up and shut in a cupboard by thieves while she was in charge of her employers" house. The trusted housemaid of the man and wife and little boy was so upset by this misfortune befalling a friend left, as she herself often was, with responsibility for the possessions of the man and his wife and the little boy that she implored her employers to have burglar bars attached to the doors and windows of the house, and an alarm system installed. The wife said, She is right, let us take heed of her advice. So from every window and door in the house where they were living happily ever after they now saw the trees and sky through bars, and when the little boy"s pet cat tried to climb in by the fanlight to keep him company in his little bed at night, as it customarily had done, it set off the alarm keening through the house.The alarm was often answered—it seemed—by other burglar alarms, in other houses, that had been triggered by pet cats or nibbling mice. The alarms called to one another across the gardens in shrills and bleats and wails that everyone soon became accustomed to, so that the din roused the inhabitants of the suburb no more than the croak of frogs and musical grating of cicadas" legs. Under cover of the electronic harpies" discourse intruders sawed the iron bars and broke into homes, taking away hi-fi equipment, television sets, cassette players, cameras and radios, jewelry and clothing, and sometimes were hungry enough to devour everything in the refrigerator or paused audaciously to drink the whisky in the cabinets or patio bars. Insurance companies paid no compensation for single malt, a loss made keener by the property owner"s knowledge that the thieves wouldn"t even have been able to appreciate what it was they were drinking.Then the time came when many of the people who were not trusted housemaids and gardeners hung about the suburb because they were unemployed. Some importuned for a job: weeding or painting a roof; anything, baas (boss), madam. But the man and his wife remembered the warning about taking on anyone off the street. Some drank liquor and fouled the street with discarded bottles. Some begged, waiting for the man or his wife to drive the car out of the electronically operated gates. They sat about with their feet in the gutters, under the jacaranda trees that made a green tunnel of the street—for it was a beautiful suburb, spoilt only by their presence—and sometimes they fell asleep lying right before the gates in the midday sun. The wife could never see anyone go hungry. She sent the trusted housemaid out with bread and tea but the trusted housemaid said these were loafers and tsotsis (criminals), who would come and tie her and shut her in a cupboard. The husband said, She"s right. Take heed of her advice. You only encourage them with your bread and tea. They are looking for their chance... And he brought the little boy"s tricycle from the garden into the house every night, because if the house was surely secure, once locked and with the alarm set, someone might still be able to climb over the wall or the electronically closed gates into the garden.You are right, said the wife, then the wall should be higher. And the wise old witch, the husband"s mother, paid for the extra bricks as her Christmas present to her son and his wife-the little boy got a Space Man outfit and a book of fairy tales.But every week there were more reports of intrusion: in broad daylight and the dead of night in the early hours of the morning, and even in the lovely summer twilight-a certain family was at dinner while the bedrooms were being ransacked upstairs. The man and his wife, talking of the latest armed robbery in the suburb, were distracted by the sight of the little boy"s pet effortlessly arriving over the seven-foot wall, descending first with a rapid bracing of extended forepaws down on the sheer vertical surface, and then a graceful launch, landing with swishing tail within the property. The whitewashed wall was marked with the cat"s comings andgoings and on the street side of the wall there were larger red-earth smudges that could have been made by the kind of broken running shoes, seen on the feet of unemployed loiterers, that had no innocent destination.When the man and wife and little boy took the pet dog for its walk round the neighborhood streets they no longer paused to admire this show of roses or that perfect lawn; these were hidden behind an array of different varieties of security fences, walls and devices. The man, wife, little boy and dog passed a remarkable choice: there was the low-cost option of pieces of broken glass embedded in cement along the top of walls, there were iron grilles ending in lance-points, there were attempts at reconciling the aesthetics of prison architecture with the Spanish Villa (spikes painted pink) and with the plaster Urns of neoclassical facades (twelve-inch pikes finned like zigzags of lightning and painted pure white). Some walls had a small board affixed, giving the name and telephone number of the firm responsible for the installation of the devices. While the little boy and the pet dog raced ahead, the husband and wife found themselves comparing the possible effectiveness of each style against its appearance; and after several weeks when they paused before this barricade or that without needing to speak, both came out with the conclusion that only one was worth considering. It was the ugliest but the most honest in its suggestion of the pure concentration-camp style, no frills, all evident efficacy. Placed the length of walls, it consisted of a continuous coil of stiff and shining metal serrated into jagged blades, so that there would be no way of climbing over it and no way through its tunnel without getting entangled in its fangs. There would be no way out, only a struggle getting bloodier and bloodier, a deeper and sharper hooking and tearing of flesh. The wife shuddered to look at it. You"re right, said the husband, anyone would think twice... And they took heed of the advice on a small board fixed the, wall: Consult DRAGON"S TEETH The People For Total Security.Next day a gang of workmen came and stretched the razor-bladed coils all round the walls of the house where the husband and wife and little boy and pet dog and cat were living happily ever after. The sunlight flashed and slashed, off the serrations, the cornice of razor thorns encircled the home, shining. The husband said, Never mind. It will weather. The wife said, You"re wrong. They guarantee it"s rust-proof. And she waited until the little boy had run off to play before she said, I hope the cat will take heed... The husband said, Don"t worry, my dear, cats always look before they leap. And it was true that from that day on the cat slept in the little boy"s bed and kept to the garden, never risking a try at breaching security.One evening, the mother read the little boy to sleep with a fairy story from the book the wise old witch had given him at Christmas. Next day he pretended to be the Prince who braves the terrible thicket of thorns to enter the palace and kiss the Sleeping Beauty back to life: he dragged a ladder to the wall, the shining coiled tunnel was just wide enough for his little body to creep in, and with the first fixing of its razor-teeth in his knees and hands and head he screamed and struggled deeper into its tangle. The trusted housemaid and the itinerant gardener, whose "day" it was, came running, the first to see and to scream with him, and the itinerant gardener tore this hands trying to get at the little boy. Then the man and his wife burst wildly into the garden and for some reason (the cat, probably) the alarm set up wailing against the screams while the bleeding mass of the little boy was hacked out of the security coil with saws, wire-cutters, choppers, and they carried it-the man, the wife, the hysterical trusted housemaid and the weeping gardener-into the house.（分数：6.00）(1).Summarize the plot of the following story in your own words (around 200 words). (30 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Make a brief comment on the characterization of the man and his wife. (30 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Define the major theme of the following short story. (40 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Identify errors of logic or reasoning, if any, in the following arguments. Briefly explain the cause of error.（分数：10.00）(1).Luck is in contradiction to God"s sovereign plan, because Albert Einstein stated that, "God does not play dice."（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Voucher programs will not harm schools, since no one has ever proven that vouchers have harmed schools.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Mr. Wang is a great teacher because he is so wonderful at teaching.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).If you allow a camel to poke his nose into the tent, soon the whole camel will follow.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).Statistic show that Hawaiians live longer than other Americans. If you want to live longer you should move to Hawaii.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

北外外交学历年考研试题

北外外交学历年考研试题2004年国际政治概论名词解释（每题5分，共30分）国家主权跨国公司综合国力哈尔福特麦金德国际准则不结盟运动简答题（每题12分，共48分）为什么说生产力是国际政治的根本动力？第二次世界大战前国际格局发展的主要阶段和基本特征？新现实主义学派对传统现实主义进行了哪些修正？关于过渡时期国际格局问题争论的主要观点？论述题（每题36分，共72分）结合联合国的实践，谈谈国际组织在国际政治中的地位与作用。

试分析经济全球化对国际政治的影响。

当代国际关系与新中国外交一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、中英联合声明2、遏制战略3、哈尔斯坦主义4、斋月战争5、“一边倒”政策6、非洲联盟二、简答题（每题12分，共48分）1、简述欧盟的扩大。

2、冷战结束后中俄关系的主要特点。

3、中国解决华侨问题的原则立场。

4、尼克松主义的战略意义。

三、论述题（每题36分，共72分）1、试分析冷战结束后日本对外政策的调整及其对亚太国际关系的影响2、试分析20世纪80年代以来中国外交政策的调整2005年国际政治概论一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、《京都议定书》2、中间地带3、北美自由贸易区4、《不扩散核武器条约》5、相互依存6、阿尔弗雷德马汉二、简答题（每题12分，共48分）1、当代恐怖主义有何特点？2、建构主义国际关系理论的基本内容3、简述国际法在当代国际关系中的作用4、如何认识国际政治中的个人因素？三、论述题（每题36分，共72分）1、试评析当前国际关系理论中的几种不同安全观2、伊拉克战争对国际关系的影响当代国际关系与新中国外交一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、“八一七”公报2、中东和平路线图计划3、三八线4、上海合作组织5、《马斯特里赫特条约》6、万隆会议二、简答题（每题12分，共48分）1、简述苏伊士运河危机及其影响2、近年来中日两国政治关系困难的症结何在？3、中国开展多边外交的原则立场是什么？4、简析冷战结束后北约东扩的影响三、论述题（每题36分，共72分）1、从东亚区域合作看中国的多边外交政策2、试析20世纪60年代国际关系的特点2006年国际政治概论一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、国家利益2、功能主义3、约翰米尔斯海默4、合作安全5、“广场协议”6、民主和评论二、简答题（每题12分，共48分）1、简述能源问题对当前国际政治的影响2、第三世界国家的政治体制类型主要有哪些？各有什么特点？3、什么是世界体系？世界体系具有哪些特征？4、如何理解国际关系中的“囚徒困境”？三、论述题（每题36分，共72分）1、试从干涉理论的发展变化，看冷战结束前后的联合国维和行动。

北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试试题(样卷)

北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试试题（样卷）招生专业：翻译学科目名称：英汉互译（笔译）（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）I.Translate the following passage into Chinese and write yourtranslation on the answer sheet. (50 points)Between Demond’s excursions he like s to accompany me to the Chinese Theatre, of which I had become a fervent votary. Peking is as much the home of the Chinese Theatre as Hollywood is of the films. I had invited many friends to performances that I thought wonderful, but after a very short time they pleaded earache, headache or frank boredom and beat a hasty retreat. Desmond was one of the rare exceptions: he understood instinctively the Chinese drama was the most vital of the traditional arts.A Pekingese enthusiast is mainly concerned with the vocal side of the drama: he goes to the theater to enjoy sustained and difficult flights of falsetto (假声) singing in a sociable atmosphere. The plot, which always drives home a sound moral, is a subsidiary attraction, and the same plays are performed year in year out to packed houses of listeners as critical as the audience of an opera in Italy. As for me, I was first struck by parallels with the Elizabethan stage.The Chinese Theatre provided that ideal synthesis of the arts which I had always been seeking, a synthesis which only the Russian Ballet had approached in Europe. It was a harmonious combination of dialogue, singing, dancing and acrobatics. The beauty of costume, make-up and movement, the subtlety of the pantomime（哑剧）, were thrilling even when one was ignorant of the plot and indifferent to the music. The technique of Chinese actors made scenery superfluous. Everything on this stage was simplified and intensified.The stage itself projected squarely into the audience without a drop curtain, though an embroidered curtain might hang at the back between the two doors for actors’ entrances and exits, and the few stage properties were symbolic. On this bare jutting platform only the comedians were allowed to be clumsy; all the others, who specialized in a certain type of role from which they never deviated, had to move with dignity, elegance and grace. In the popular drama, which had been perfected in Peking since the eighteen century, I preferred the ‘military’ or chronicle plays reviving remote periods of Chinese history in a shrill, vivid, stylized succession of tableaux（舞台造型）, teeming with characters in sumptuous costumes who performed dazzling feats in mimic battle, prodigies of swift, supple and precise sword-play, to the staid and sentimental ‘civil’ plays, with their demu re heroines, so correctly Confucian and tantalizingly deliberate, and their righteous elders warbling into the most improbableof beards.The rhythmic beauty of the battle-scenes was intoxicating; they heightened one’s blood pressure. And the technical resources of the actors seemed infinite. Being peaceable by nature, the Chinese reserved their few bellicose（好战的）strains for the theatre, where they became sublimated and polished by art. Sipping tea and nibbling melon seeds, they blandly watched the evolution of generals more ferocious than anything outside the jungle. To the clash of gongs, each carrying his favourite weapon, as decorative as it could be dangerous, the generals in gorgeous coats of mail（盔甲）strutted up like giant fighting cocks with vast plumes in their helmets, showing the thick white soles of buskin-like boots as they advanced in perfect tempo; then they juggled with their weapons to exhibit their skills. No two were alike in costume or make-up. The generals formed ranks while the supreme commander swaggered into their midst. In voices of thunder they proclaimed that they were wolves, tigers and leopards eager for the fray. The supreme commander boasted that his army of heroes would sweep his enemies off the face of the earth. (598)II.Translate the following passage into English and write yourtranslation on the answer sheet. (50 points).大宛之迹*，见*自张骞。

北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试基础英语2000[试卷+答案]

北京外国语大学2000年硕士研究生入学试题基础英语试卷I.Reading Comprehension.（32分）1.Read the following article and paraphrase the underlined parts:The twenty-first century will mark the era of tertiary and lifelong learning for everybody-or almost everybody.Thus the West Report from Australia,echoing a key theme of the immediately preceding Dearing Report in the UK①(National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education [NCIHE],1997).The notion of lifelong learning has pervaded higher education around the world as governments have increasingly come to recognize a link between their education systems and national economic performance.However,policy relating to the actual making of the link needs deeper consideration.The development of key skills’has been seen in the UK as an important way in which higher education can contribute to economic development,but it can be argued that to focus on these skills represents a narrow and insufficient response to what employers-and the wider interest-really need(see Stephenson’s[1998]argument for a‘capability’approach to higher education and,more broadly,the discussion in part2of Barnett[1994].However the contested nature of this aspect of higher education might be resolved,current discussions have left relatively unexplored the broader implications for curricula②and,in particular,for fist-cycle provision.In earlier times many took the view that a first degree③was a sufficient basis for lifetime career.The accelerating pace of knowledge development has undermined this conception,and increasing attention is now being given to the provision of higher degree programs and other opportunities for professional development.This raises a serious question:what function does the first degree serve in the context of lifelong learning?Logically,it makes no sense in today’s world to try to pack first degree curricula with all the knowledge,understanding and skills need for the rest of a lifetime.There simply is not the time available,and anyway curriculum-packing runs the risk of superficiality of learning.④A first degree should,if they have not already acquired it,develop in students the ability to learn how to learn,as well as enhance their subject-specific expertise and other relevant skills.The old saying is valid here:giving individuals each a fish might feed them for a day,but teaching them the skills of fishing could feed them for life.There is a need to think of the first degree in terms of the quality,rater than the quantity,of students’learning,In today’s world the first degree becomes more of a foundation qualification, upon which graduates will expect to build during their lives.Some might react by saying that to make such a shift implies a dilution of academic standards-but the counter is that standards relate primarily to the quality,and not the quantity,of students’learning.⑤The reconstrued first degree need be no intellectual poor relation:academic rigour can be built into curricula of widely differing focus.The standards may well be different,but they do have to be inferior.Some reduction in the volume of discipline-specific content will require an adjustment of thought⑥－in particular,on the part of employers and professional bodies.The professional accreditation of some first degree programs is seen by some as an essential condition.However, there seems no necessary reason for this to be the case-and it might well be to the professions’longer-term advantage if first degree curricula were to pay particular attention to developing in graduates the ability to learn to learn,⑦leaving subsequent professional and developmentalactivities to provide the‘topping-up’that would cohere with the professional bodies’expectations.A strategic vision for higher education in the next millennium requires more than a muttering of the mantra of lifelong learning.Making lifelong learning‘work demands a sustained commitment to fitting together the pieces of the multidimensional jigsaw whose components include educational purposes,values and practicalities.Academics are among the people who ought to relish this jigsaw’s challenge.Whippier-snapper:an insignificant,esp.young,person who appears impertinent.①echoing a key theme of the immediately preceding Dearing Report in the UK.②However the contested nature of this aspect of higher education might be resolved,current discussions have left relatively unexplored the broader implications for curricula.③first degree④curriculum-packing runs the risk of superficiality of learning.⑤but the counter is that standards relate primarily to the quality,and not the quantity,of students’learning.⑥Some reduction in the volume of discipline-specific content will require an adjustment of thought⑦it might well be to the professions’longer-term advantage if first degree curricula were to pay particular attention to developing in graduates the ability to learn.Ⅱ.Read the following passage and answer the following questions:（28分）When that Grand old Man of Victorian,William Evart Gladstone,was in his85th year,he was steering the second home-rule bill foe Ireland through a recalcitrant parliament and going home to translate the odes of Horace at night,When Ronald Reagan reached the tender age of73,he was fighting his second presidential election campaign.Alan Greenspan,the world’s most successful central banker,is also73.Politics and economics are plainly jobs that the old can do well.They are not alone.The boardrooms of the world’s big companies are full of non-executive sages, telling whippersnapper40-somethings how to run their firms.①Why,then,are so few of the rich world’s older folk in employment?They live longer and enjoy better health than their parents did.Most jobs have become less physically demanding;most people in late middle age are well sensibly,is no harder than training the young.But the figures show an1960,men could expect to spend50of their68years of life in paid work.Today,they are likely to work for only38of their76years.Fewer than two-thirds of men in their late50a and early60s ate in the rich world’s labour force.by the time they celebrate their55th birthday,more than half of Europe’s men have gone home to translate Horace.②For most,that is something to celebrate.Never before have so many people been able to look forward to so many years of healthy leisure.Two-thirds of people say that they like being retired and have no desire to go back to work There are grandchildren to enjoy,foreign countries to visit,books to read and golf games to play.The pleasures of old age less expensive,and more widely available,than ever before.③Silver-haired liningThe big question is whether all of this retirement is voluntary.It is worth asking for its own sake;in a liberal society,the old,too,should be free to choose.But,in addition,the stampede to retire has consequences not merely for the old themselves.And it is often being encouraged by perverse public policy.Widespread and early retirement will increasingly affect the lives of everyone else,for two reasons.The first is a familiar one:as the share of old folk in the population rises,so will the burden on the young of paying for their pensions and health care.The second is less discussed:the rise of the grey-headed leisured class has consequences for economic growth,because of its impact on the supply of labour and of capital.Many governments,their eyes focused on the impact that future pensions claims will have on public finances,have embarked on reforms__but not always reforms that five pensioners a freer choice.For their eyes are also trained.in the shorter term,on high unemployment.④Governments,especially in western Europe,are pressing more people to retire early,on the mistaken view that this will provide jobs for the young,even as they try to trim pensioners’entitlements in order to reduce the burden on public finances.This is unforgivable from a liberal point of view.It is also foolish from the perspective of public policy.The sheer size of the baby-boom generation that starts to teach retirement age over the coming decade means that there will be a simple,but huge imbalance:too few people in work, paying taxes and pension contributions;too many in retirement,drawing on pensions and running up health costs.In that case,the main alternatives will be to renege on the pensions that workers thought they had been promised,or to raise taxes.It would be far better for the health of economies if more older people went on working instead.Quite small rises in the ages at which people retire have large effects.⑤As long as older folk stay in the job market,they pay taxes （helping one side of the fiscal balance）and draw either no pension,or a smaller one（helping the other）.Governments should recognize that people（like politicians）would prefer to decide for themselves when to retire.At Present,the choice is,perversely,biased in favour of retirement.For example,in many countries,the opportunity cost of working beyond the minimum retirement age is high:workers must often leave the job market in order to receive a state pension,and even where this is not the case,they rarely earn any extra pension for their additional taxes and contributions,If they claim disability benefit,as many in their late50s and early60s do,their pension rights are rarely affected.Such perverse incentives should be replaced with neutrality.Employers,often urged on by trade unions,also put obstacles of their own in the way of older workers.Pension schemes based on defined benefits make it disproportionately expensive to offer jobs to older people.Pay schemes that reward longs service more that merit and productivity make it disproportionately costly to keep older workers on the payroll.⑥And sheer discrimination,formally banned in the united States but flourishing in most countries,persuades many older folk to go home rather than risk probable rebuff.Would such changes coax60-olds off the golf course?In America,where jobs for older workers are plentiful and the government is scrapping the tax disincentives for older folk to work, early retirement has begun to fall.Give people a choice,and they might surprise you.Answer the following questions.1.The boardrooms of the world’s big companies are full of non-executive sages,telling whippersnapper40-somethings how to run their firms.（1）what is the meaning of“boardroom”in this sentence?（2）what is meant by“non-executive sages”?（3）what is meant by“whippier-snapper40something’s”?2.By the time they celebrate their55th birthday,more than half of Europe’s men have gonehome to translate Horace.Do they really go home to translate poetry?What do they do?3.The pleasures of old age are less expensive,and more widely available,than ever before.Explain the idea of this sentence in your own words.4.For their eyes are also trained in the shorter term,on high unemployment.What is the meaning of this sentence?Explain in your own words.5.Quite small rises in the ages at which people retire have large effects.Explain in your own words.6.Pay schemes that reward long service more than merit and productivity make it disproportionately costly to keep older workers on the payroll.（1）why is it very costly to keep older workers on the payroll?（2）what is meant by“to keep…..on the payroll”?7.Does the author of this article advocate that workers reaching retirement age should stay on their jobs?If so,why?If not,what does he advocate?Ⅲ.Translate the following Chinese passage into English（40分）从诞生的那天起，人类就开始一刻也不停地创造着他的文明。

北京外国语大学 2010年硕士研究生真题

北京外国语大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：复语同声传译科目名称：英汉互译（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）Located about 30 minutes from Damascus airport, the Four Seasons Damascus is nestled in the heart of the city, a short cab ride away from the National Museum (filled with archaeological treasures) and the historically rich Old City. The 18-storey hotel was opened in 2006 and still looks fresh and new. It has a sleek and modern exterior that stands prominently amidst the city's skyline. One of the outstanding features of the hotel is its service, which is truly exceptional. We never had to look far to find a staff member eager to assist us, and they always responded cheerfully and promptly to any request we made, no matter how small.We stayed on the eighth floor in a one-bedroom diplomatic suite, which was spacious and offered splendid views of the city. At night the sounds of the busy streets below were barely audible and never distracted us from our sleep.The only aspect of the room that we found disappointing was the TVs, which were not flat screens. The old, boxy-looking TV's seemed a little dated in the otherwise modern-looking room. （182）二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）From Indiana, to outer space, and back to Indiana again. Monday morning, Kevin Ford returned to his alma mater, Blackford High School suited up in NASA gear. Ford gave an hour long presentation about his experiences as pilot of the space shuttle Discovery. Ford was one of seven astronauts who took part in a 13-day mission that began August 28th.The 49-year-old is from Montpelier, and graduated from Blackford High School in 1978."It feels really good, because this is my roots," Ford told News Channel 15. "I sat right in those bleachers and I had a dream. I didn't know if I'd go to space when I was in high school, but I had a dream of doing something that was really cool like that."Ford describes his time in space as the experience of his life. He spent nine years training, before the shuttle ever lifted off. "Even though you mentally prepare for it, it's just hard to imagine until you get there, and I would say 'hey, stuff is floating'." Zero gravity, space food, and using the bathroom in space all came up during the hour long presentation.During the special assembly, Ford gave hundreds of students a behind-the-scenes look at his space adventures by showing private crew video and sharing several personal stories. He also had a message for the students: be persistent, and stick to your goals. Ford revealed he'd been rejected three times, before being accepted into NASA's astronaut program.Before the assembly concluded, Ford presented the school with a special poster and a medallion. The medallion had previously been given to him by the school. Ford took it with him on the space mission, with the intention of bringing it back one day. In return, principal Sue Neat presented Ford with an identical medallion to keep. (302)三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）不能把生态建设和经济发展对立起来，一定要共同发展，把生态资源转化为资本。

北京外国语大学(已有10试题)

北京外国语大学英语学院英语语言文学专业二外法语1995——2009二外德语1995——2009二外日语1995——2009二外俄语1995——2009二外西班牙语1998——2009二外法语（MTI）2010二外德语（MTI）2010二外日语（MTI）2010二外俄语（MTI）2010二外西班牙语（MTI）2010基础英语1995——2010（2000——2009有答案）基础英语（外研中心外语教育、外国语言专业）2007——2010英美文学1995——2010（2002——2008有答案）英美文学（外国文学所）2009英美文学文论与文化研究（外国文学所）2010英语语言学和应用语言学1995——2010（注：1995——1997年称“英语应用语言学”）（2002——2009有答案）美国社会文化研究1990，1995——2010（1990有答案）英国社会文化研究1995——2010澳大利亚研究1995——2010英、汉互译（笔译）（英语学院）2009英语翻译理论与实践（英语学院）1997——2008，2010（2000——2001，2003——2005有答案）英汉同声传译（高翻学院）1998——2008（2002——2005有答案）英汉互译（同声传译）（高翻学院）2009——2010复语同声传译专业试卷（高翻学院）2009——2010英语翻译基础（MTI笔译方向）2010汉语写作与百科知识（MTI笔译方向）2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（笔译）2009——2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（口译）2009——2010英汉对比与翻译2001高级翻译1995——1997外语教育2008——2009英语教育2002——2007外语语言研究方向专业试卷2008英语综合1985，1995——2002（1985有答案）语言测试2002——2007普通语言学2007普通语言学、外语教学2004——2006（2004——2005有答案）普通语言学及应用语言学（外研中心）2010句法、第二语言习得2003综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002英语新闻业务与新闻学基础知识2006——2009国际新闻2010国际法学专业（无此试卷）外交学专业综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002中国外语教育研究中心外国语语言学及应用语言学专业二外法语1995——2009二外德语1995——2009二外日语1995——2009二外俄语1995——2009二外西班牙语1998——2009二外法语（MTI）2010二外德语（MTI）2010二外日语（MTI）2010二外俄语（MTI）2010二外西班牙语（MTI）2010基础英语1995——2010（2000——2009有答案）基础英语（外研中心外语教育、外国语言专业）2007——2010英美文学1995——2010（2002——2008有答案）英美文学（外国文学所）2009英美文学文论与文化研究（外国文学所）2010英语语言学和应用语言学1995——2010（注：1995——1997年称“英语应用语言学”）（2002——2009有答案）美国社会文化研究1990，1995——2010（1990有答案）英国社会文化研究1995——2010澳大利亚研究1995——2010英、汉互译（笔译）（英语学院）2009英语翻译理论与实践（英语学院）1997——2008，2010（2000——2001，2003——2005有答案）英汉同声传译（高翻学院）1998——2008（2002——2005有答案）英汉互译（同声传译）（高翻学院）2009——2010复语同声传译专业试卷（高翻学院）2009——2010英语翻译基础（MTI笔译方向）2010汉语写作与百科知识（MTI笔译方向）2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（笔译）2009——2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（口译）2009——2010英汉对比与翻译2001高级翻译1995——1997外语教育2008——2009英语教育2002——2007外语语言研究方向专业试卷2008英语综合1985，1995——2002（1985有答案）文化语言学2007语言测试2002——2007普通语言学2007普通语言学、外语教学2004——2006（2004——2005有答案）普通语言学及应用语言学（外研中心）2010句法、第二语言习得2003综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002外国文学所英语语言文学专业二外法语1995——2009二外德语1995——2009二外日语1995——2009二外俄语1995——2009二外西班牙语1998——2009二外法语（MTI）2010二外德语（MTI）2010二外日语（MTI）2010二外俄语（MTI）2010二外西班牙语（MTI）2010基础英语1995——2010（2000——2009有答案）基础英语（外研中心外语教育、外国语言专业）2007——2010英美文学1995——2010（2002——2008有答案）英美文学（外国文学所）2009英美文学文论与文化研究（外国文学所）2010英语语言学和应用语言学1995——2010（注：1995——1997年称“英语应用语言学”）（2002——2009有答案）美国社会文化研究1990，1995——2010（1990有答案）英国社会文化研究1995——2010澳大利亚研究1995——2010英、汉互译（笔译）（英语学院）2009英语翻译理论与实践（英语学院）1997——2008，2010（2000——2001，2003——2005有答案）英汉同声传译（高翻学院）1998——2008（2002——2005有答案）英汉互译（同声传译）（高翻学院）2009——2010复语同声传译专业试卷（高翻学院）2009——2010英语翻译基础（MTI笔译方向）2010汉语写作与百科知识（MTI笔译方向）2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（笔译）2009——2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（口译）2009——2010英汉对比与翻译2001高级翻译1995——1997外语教育2008——2009英语教育2002——2007外语语言研究方向专业试卷2008英语综合1985，1995——2002（1985有答案）语言测试2002——2007普通语言学2007普通语言学、外语教学2004——2006（2004——2005有答案）普通语言学及应用语言学（外研中心）2010句法、第二语言习得2003综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002德语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）德国外交经济2000——2005德国文学2001——2005德语翻译理论与实践2000——2005基础德语2000——2005德语教学法2004——2005德语跨文化经济交际2000——2005德语语言学2000——2005国际问题研究所外交学专业综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002社会科学部外交学专业综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002国际商学院外交学专业综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002俄语学院俄语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）俄罗斯社会与文化2002——2003，2005俄罗斯文学2002——2005俄语翻译2004俄语翻译技巧2002翻译理论（俄语专业）2003俄语翻译理论与实践2005俄语基础2004——2005俄语语言学基础理论2002——2004现代俄语语言学2005俄语综合2002法语系法语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）欧洲语言学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）德语系德语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）德国外交经济2000——2005德国文学2001——2005德语翻译理论与实践2000——2005基础德语2000——2005德语教学法2004——2005德语跨文化经济交际2000——2005德语语言学2000——2005日语系日语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）日本社会文化2004（日语系）日本语言文学2004（日语系）以下试卷为日研中心试卷，仅供参考：专业日语2009（2009有答案）基础日语1997——2006，2008——2009（2000——2006，2008——2009有答案）日本概况2003——2005（2003——2005有答案）日本社会1997——2004（2000——2004有答案）日本社会经济2008（2008有答案）日本社会日本经济2005——2006（2005——2006有答案）日本文化1997——2004，2008（2000——2004，2008有答案）日本文学1997——2004，2008（2000——2004，2008有答案）日本文学日本文化2005——2006（2005——2006有答案）日本语言1997——2004（2000——2004有答案）日本语教育2008（2008答案）日本语言日本教育2005——2006（2005——2006有答案）日本语学2008（2008有答案）综合考试（日语专业）1997——2002（2000——2002有答案）日研中心日语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）专业日语2009（2009有答案）基础日语1997——2006，2008——2009（2000——2006，2008——2009有答案）日本概况2003——2005（2003——2005有答案）日本社会1997——2004（2000——2004有答案）日本社会经济2008（2008有答案）日本社会日本经济2005——2006（2005——2006有答案）日本文化1997——2004，2008（2000——2004，2008有答案）日本文学1997——2004，2008（2000——2004，2008有答案）日本文学日本文化2005——2006（2005——2006有答案）日本语言1997——2004（2000——2004有答案）日本语教育2008（2008答案）日本语言日本教育2005——2006（2005——2006有答案）日本语学2008（2008有答案）综合考试（日语专业）1997——2002（2000——2002有答案）西葡系西班牙语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）西班牙语基础2003——2004（其中2004年的试卷共12页，缺P11-12）西班牙语专业2003——2004欧洲语言学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）阿语系阿拉伯语语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）欧洲语系欧洲语言文学专业二外英语1997——2003（2000——2003有答案）亚非语系亚非语言文学专业（无此试卷）国际交流学院语言学及应用语言学专业比较文学概论2004海外汉学2003——2004现代汉语1999古代汉语1999综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002综合考试（含古代汉语、古代文学、现当代文学）2001中国历史文化2001历史文化综合1999——2000语言学与应用语言学专业综合2000语言学及现代汉语2000——2001比较文学与世界文学专业比较文学概论2004海外汉学2003——2004中国古代文学专业综合考试（含古代汉语、古代文学、现当代文学）2001高翻学院外国语语言学及应用语言学专业二外法语1995——2009二外德语1995——2009二外日语1995——2009二外俄语1995——2009二外西班牙语1998——2009二外法语（MTI）2010二外德语（MTI）2010二外日语（MTI）2010二外俄语（MTI）2010二外西班牙语（MTI）2010基础英语1995——2010（2000——2009有答案）基础英语（外研中心外语教育、外国语言专业）2007——2010英汉互译（同声传译）（高翻学院）2009——2010英汉同声传译（高翻学院）1998——2008（2002——2005有答案）英、汉互译（笔译）（英语学院）2009英语翻译理论与实践（英语学院）1997——2008，2010（2000——2001，2003——2005有答案）复语同声传译专业试卷（高翻学院）2009——2010英语翻译基础（MTI笔译方向）2010汉语写作与百科知识（MTI笔译方向）2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（笔译）2009——2010翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）英汉互译（口译）2009——2010英汉对比与翻译2001高级翻译1995——1997外语教育2008——2009英语教育2002——2007外语语言研究方向专业试卷2008英语综合1985，1995——2002（1985有答案）语言测试2002——2007普通语言学2007普通语言学、外语教学2004——2006（2004——2005有答案）普通语言学及应用语言学（外研中心）2010句法、第二语言习得2003综合考试（含国际政治、汉语）2000——2002英语语言学和应用语言学1995——2010（注：1995——1997年称“英语应用语言学”）（2002——2009有答案）。

MTI北外百科真题

MTI北外百科真题篇一：2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI试题真题及答案才思教育网址：2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI试题真题及答案各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

百科写作标准答案一、名词解释鲧（gǔｎ）鲧，姓姬，字熙。

黄帝的后代，昌意之孙，姬颛顼之子，姒文命（大禹）之父。

三吏唐朝诗人杜甫的三首诗：《石壕吏》、《新安吏》、《潼关吏》。

佛教四大名山即山西五台山、浙江普陀山、四川峨眉山、安徽九华山，分别供奉文殊菩萨、观音菩萨、普贤菩萨、地藏菩萨。

有“金五台、银普陀、铜峨眉、铁九华”之称。

四大名山随着佛教的传入，自汉代开始建寺庙，修道场，延续至清末。

明清之际三大思想家即李贽、黄宗羲、顾炎武。

李贽主张是非标准依照时代变化而变化，反对以孔子的是非为标准；认为穿衣吃饭就是“人伦物理”，人不能脱离基本的物质生活去空谈仁义道德。

黄宗羲提出了“天下为主，君为客”的民主思想，这就是他对儒家思想的批判。

顾炎武倡导经世致用。

五代五代十国，一般又简称“五代”。

唐朝灭亡之后，在中原地区相继出现了后梁、后唐、后晋、后汉和后周五个朝代以及割据于西蜀、江南、岭南和河东等地的十几个政权，合称五代十国。

“五代”更偏向于这五个位于中原的王朝，正统史学家们一般称五代为中央王朝。

五代并不是一个指朝代，而是指介于唐宋之间的一个特殊的历史时期。

颜柳颜是颜真卿，柳是柳公权；二人与欧阳询均为唐代楷书大家，常与元代赵孟頫并称：颜柳赵欧。

本草纲目该书由明朝伟大的医药学家李时珍（1518—1593）为修改古代医书中的错误、对本草学进行的全面整理，前后历时29年。

书中载有药物1892种，包括新药374种，收集药方11096个，还绘制了1160幅精美的插图。

全书共190余万字，分52卷，16部、60类。

古代四大发明四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有重大影响的四种发明，即造纸术、指南针、火药、活字印刷术。

北外英语专业考研真题（2）

北外英语专业考研真题(2)CGap Filling (14 points).Please choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill in each of the gaps in the text. There are more sentences than gaps.Truths to live byThe art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. (18)____________________. The rabbis of old put it this way: "A man comes into this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open."(19)_______________. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love to love when it was tendered.(20)_______________. I was hospitalized following a severe heart attack and had been in intensive care for several days. It was not a pleasant place.One morning, I had to have some additional tests. The required machines were located in a building at the opposite end of the hospital, so I had to be wheeled across the courtyard.As we emerged from our unit, the sunlight hit me. That's all there was to my experience. Just the light of the sun. (21) ______________.I looked to see whether anyone else relished the sun's golden glow, but everyone was hurrying to and fro, most with their eyes fixed on the ground. Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to thesplendor of it all.The insight gleaned from that experience is really as commonplace as was the experience itself: life's gifts are precious but we are too heedless of them.Here then is the first pole of life's paradoxical demands on us: Never be too busy for the wonder and the awe of life. (22) ____________. Embrace each hour. Seize each golden minute.(23) _____________. This is the second side of life's coin, the opposite pole of its paradox: we must accept our losses, and learn how to let go.This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, may, will, be ours. (24)____________.[A]Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God's own earth.[B]But then life moves along to confront us with realities, and slowly but surely this second truth dawns upon us.[C]For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment.[D]When life is treated with the proper attitude, regret will surely not be left behind.[E]A recent experience re-taught me this truth.[F]Hold fast to life ... but not so fast that you cannot let go.[G] Be reverent before each dawning day.[H]And yet how beautiful it was --- how warming, how sparkling, how brilliant!II.Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese (40 points, 8 points each).Developing self-confidence(25)Confidence is a feeling —an inner fire and an outer radiance, a basic satisfaction with what one is plus a reaching out to become more. Confidence is not something a few people are born with and others are not, for it is an acquired characteristic.Confidence is the personal possession of no one; the person who has it learns it—and goes on learning. The most gifted individual on earth has to construct confidence in his gifts from the basis of faith and experience, like anybody else. The tools will differ from one person to the next, but the essential task is the same. Confidence and pose are available to us all according to our abilities and needs—not somebody else's—provided we utilize our gifts and expand them.。

2019年北京外国语学院MTI翻译基础真题

北京外国语大学2019年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：英语口译、英语笔译科目名称：英语翻译基础(考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）I.Translate the following terms into Chinese.(15points,1point each)1.EQ2.adversity quotient3.CIO4.CBD5.OTC6.UPU7.induction cooker8.pentathlon9.certificate of origin10.pathogen11.interim provisions12.No loitering.13.dopamine14.national treatment15.pyramind schemeII．Translate the following terms into English.(15points,1point each)1.报复性关税2.水陆两栖飞机3.科技创业板4.吃瓜群众5.上海自由贸易试验区6.网络空间7.剁手党8.司法行政机关9.自拍10.文化事业单位11.健身教练12.政府采购13.暂行规定14.大道至简15.疏导公众情绪III．Translate the following passage into Chinese.(60points)Major global trends such as population growth,urbanization,uneven economic growth,increasing inequality,sudden or protracted political transitions and climate change suggest that humanitarian caseloads will continue to increase.Already,the consequences of disasters for national and regional development,as well as economic growth,have led many Governments to bolster national capacities for disaster management.People affected by emergencies also increasingly use technology to articulate their needs,to seek resources from their own communities,neighbors and Governments.Humanitarian actors can leverage technology to distribute assistance more quickly and cost-efficiently and to map hazards for better coordination and planning.It will be essential to support innovation in the sector and for humanitarian organizations to harness the opportunities technology can provide.Member States and humanitarian actors are still better at responding to crises than at preventing or preparing for them.Recognizing this,the United Nations brought resilience to the forefront of the humanitarian agenda in2012through closercollaboration between humanitarian and development agencies to manage risks and address the underlying vulnerabilities.Increased synergies between disaster risk reduction,including preparedness,and climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts will be needed.Given the changing humanitarian landscape,we must continue to adapt and update the international humanitarian system,making it more inclusive and interoperable, connecting and convening all actors who want to contribute to different aspects of preparedness,response,resilience and recovery.We must put a greater premium on evidence,innovation and partnerships,as well as on enhanced capacity,especially at the local level.More must be done to engage affected countries.Preparations are under way for a World Humanitarian Summit in2016to take stock of the changing environment,agree on how to adapt and make humanitarian action fir for future challenges.IV.Translate the following passage into English(60points)越来越多的有识之士认为，人类文明正处于深刻转型之中，正走向一个新时代。

【北京外国语大学-英美文学-考研真题及答案】英美文学2010

【北京外国语大学-英美文学-考研真题及答案】英美文学方向专业试卷（考试时间3 小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）Section 1 Matching (30points)Match each of the following ten passages with its. author. There are more authors than passages here, and one author may be matched with more than onepassage.Write the passage number (1-10) and the corresponding author letter (A 句for each answer. For example, thefollowing is Passage2:Only one same reason is shared by all of us: we wish to create worlds as real as, but other than the world that is. Or was. This is why we cannot plan. We know a world is an organism, not a machine. We also know that a genuinely created world must be independent of its creator; a planned world (a world that fully reveals its planning) is a dead world. It is only when our characters and events begin to disobey us that they begin to l ive.And its author is [M] F owles. Then your answer should be: 2M.Passages1.Whoso would be a man must be a non-conformist. He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of our own mind. Aboslve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world.2.It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger - but I done it, and I wam't ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didn't do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn't done that one ifl'd a knowed it would make him feel that way.3.While arranging my hair, I looked at my face in the glass and felt it was no longer plain: there was hope in its aspect and life in its colour; and my eyes seemed as if they had beheld the fount of fruition and borrowed beams from the lustrous ripple. I had often been unwilling to look at my master, because I feared he could not be pleased at my look: but I was sure I might lift my face to his now, and not cool his affection by its expression.4.Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.5.Some say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.From what I've tasted of desire,I hold with those who favour fire.But if it had to perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destructionice Is also greatAnd would suffice.6.I wander thro' each charter'd street,Near where the charter'd Thames does flow,And mark in every face I meetMarks of weakness, marks of woe.7.Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!8.Another thing in Joe that I could not understand when it fi订st began to develop itself, but which I soon arrived at sorrowful comprehension of, was this: As I became stronger and better, Joe became a little less easy with me.9.All Nature is but art, unknown to thee;All chance, direction, which thou canst not see;All discord, harmony not understood;All partial evil, universal good;And, spite of pride, in erring reason's spite,One truth is clear: whatever IS, is RIGHT.10.The grass-plot before the jail, in Prison Lane, on a certain summer morning, not less than two centuries ago, was occupied by a pretty large number of the inhabitants of Boston, all with their eyes intently fastened on the iron-clamped oaken door. Amongst any other population, or at a later period in the history of New England, the grim rigidity that petrified the bearded physiognomies of these good people would have ugured some awful business in hand.AuthorsA.Henry Divid ThoreauB.William WordsworthC.Charles DickensD.Alexander PopeE.Francis BaconF.Charlotte BronteG.Percy Bysshe ShelleyH.Robert FrostI.Mark TwainJ.William ShakespeareK.Nathaniel Haw出orneL.Ralph W. EmersonM.Willam BlakeSection 2 Short Story (120points)1.Summarize the p lot o f t hefollowing .sto疗in y our own words. (30points)2.De fine the ma j or theme o f the following short sto叮'.(40points)3.Make a brief comment on the characterization of the man and his wife. (30points)4.C omment on the ending part o f the story.{20points)The Enormous RadioJim and Irene Wescott were the kind of people who seem to strike that satisfactory average of income, endeavor, and respectability that is reached by the statistical reports in college alumni bulletins. They were the parents of two young children, they had been married nine years, they lived on the twelfth floor of an apartment house near Sutton Place, they went to the theater on an average of 10.3 times a year, and they hoped someday to live in Westchester. Irene Wescott was a pleasant, rather plain g订l with soft brown hair, and a wide, fine forehead upon which nothing at all had been written, and in the cold weather she wore a coat of fitch skins dyed to resemble mink. You could not say that Jim Westcott looked younger than he was, but you could at least say of him that he seemed to feel younger. He wore his graying hair cut very short, he dressed in the kind of clothes his class had worn at Andover, and his manner was earnest, vehement, and intentionally na'ive. The Westcotts differed from their friends, their classmates, and their neighbors, only in an interest they shared in serious music. They went to a great many concerts - although they seldom mentioned t压s to anyone - and they spent a good deal of time listening to music on the radio.Their radio was an old instrument, sensitive, unpredictable, and beyond repair. He promised to buy Irene a new radio, and on Monday when he came home from work he told her that he had got one. He refused to describe it, and said it would be a surprise for her when it came.The radio was delivered at the kitchen door the follo劝ng afternoon, and with the assistance of her maid and the handyman Irene uncrated it and brought it into the living room. She wasstruck at once with the physical ugliness of the large gumwood cabinet. Irene was proud of her living room, she.had chosen its furnishings and colors as carefully as she chose her clothes, and now it seemed to her that her new radio stood among her intimate possessions like an aggressive intruder. She was confounded by the number of dials and switches on the instrument panel, and she studied them thoroughly before she put the plug into a wall socket and turned the radio on. The dials flooded with a malevolent green light, and in the distance she heard the music of a piano quartet. The quintet was in the distance for only an instant; it bore down upon her with a speed greater than light and filled the apartment with the noise of music amplified so mightily that it knocked a china ornament from a table to the floor. She rushed to the instrument and reduced the volume. The violent forces that were snared in the ugly gumwood cabinet made her uneasy. Her children came home from schoc,l then, and she took them to the Park. It was not until later in the afternoon that she was able to return to the radio.The maid had given the children their suppers and was supervising their baths when Irene turned on the radio, reduced the volume, and sat down to listen to a Mozart quintet that she knew and enjoyed. The music came through clearly. The new instrument had a much purer tone, she thought, than the old one. She decided that tone was most important and that she could conceal the cabinet behind the sofa. But as soon as she had made her peace with the radio, the interference began. A crackling sound like the noise of a burning powder fuse began to accompany the singing of the strings. Beyond the music, there was a rustling that reminded Irene unpleasantly of the sea, and as the quintet progressed, these noises were joined by the many others. She tried all the dials and switches but nothing dimmed the interference, and she sat down, disappointed and bewildered, and tried to trace the flight of the melody. The elevator shaft in her building ran beside the living-room wall, and it was the noise of the elevator that gave her a clue to the character of the static. The rattling of the elevator cables and the opening and closing of the elevator doors were reproduced in her loudspeaker, and, realizing that the radio was sensitive to electrical currents of all sorts, she began to discern through the Mozart the ringing of telephone bells, the dialing of phones, and the lamentation of a vacuum cleaner. By listening more carefully, she was able to distinguish doorbells, elevator bells, electric razors, and Waring mixers, whose sounds had been picked up from the apartments that surrounded hers and transmitted through her loudspeaker. The powerful and ugly instrument, with its mistaken sensibility to discord, was more than·she could hope to master, so she turned the thing off and went into the nursery to see her children.When Jim came home that night, he was tired, and he took a bath and changed his clothes. Then he joined Irene in the living room. He had just turned on the radio when the maid .announced dinner, so he left it on, and Irene went to the table.Jim was too tired to make even·pretense of sociability, and there was nothing about the dinner to hold Irene's interest, so her attention wandered from the food to the deposits of silver polish on the candlesticks and from there to the music in the other room. She listened for a few minutes to a Chopin prelude and then was surprised to hear a man's voice break in. ."For Christ's sake, Kathy," he said, "do you always have to play the piano when I get home?" The music stopped abruptly. "It's the only chance I have," the woman said. "I'm at the office all day." "So am I," the man said. He added something obscene about an upright piano, and slammed a door. The passionate and m elancholy music began again."Did you hear that?" Irene asked."What?" Jim was eating his dessert."The radio. A man said something while the music was still going on -- something dirty.""It's probably a play.""I don't think it is a play," Irene said.They left the table and took their coffee into the living room. Irene asked Jim to try another station. He turned the knob. "Have you seen my garters?" A man asked. "Button me up," a woman said. "Have you seen my garters?" the man said again. "Just button me up and I'll find your ga廿ers," the woman said. Jim shifted to another station. "I wish you wouldn't leave apple cores in the ashtrays," a man said. "I hate the smell.""This is strange," Jim said."Isn't it?" Irene said.Jim turned the knob again. "'On the coast of Coromandel where the early pumpkins blow,"' a woman with a pronounced English accent said, "'in the middle of the woods lived the Yonghy-Bonghy-Bo. Two old chairs, and half a candle, one old jug without a handle "' "My God!" Irene cried. "That's the Sweeneys' nurse.""'These were all his worldly goods,"' the British voice continued."Turn that thing off," Irene said."Maybe they can hear us." Jim switched the radio off. "That was Miss Armstrong, the Sweeneys' nurse," Irene said. "She must be reading to the little girl. They live in 17-B. I've talked with Miss Armstrong in the Park. I know her voice very well. We must be getting other people's apartments.""That's impossible," Jim said."Well, that was the Sweeneys' nurse," Irene said hotly. "I know her voice. I know it very well. I'm wondering if they can hear us."Jim turned the switch. First from a distance and then nearer, nearer, as if borne on the wind, came the pure accents of the Sweeneys' nurse again: '"Lady Jingly! Lady Jingly!"' she said, '"sitting where the pumpkins blow, will you come and be my wife? said the Yonghy-Bonghy-Bo '"Jim went over to the radio and said, "Hello" loudly into the speaker.'"/ am tired of living singly, "' the nurse went on, '"on this coast so wild and shingly, I'm a-weary of my life; ifyou 'll come and be my wife, quite serene would be my life '""I guess she can't hear us," Irene said. "Try something else."Jim turned to another station, and the living room was filled with the uproar of a cocktail party that had overshot its mark. Someone was playing the piano and singing the "Whiffenpoof Song," and the voices that surrounded the piano were vehement and happy. "Eat some more sandwiches," a woman shrieked. 1h e r e were screams of laughter and a dish of some sort crashed to the floor."Those must be the Fullers, in 11-E," Irene said. "I knew they were giving a party this afternoon. I saw her in the liquor store. Isn't this too divine? Try something else. See if you can get those people in 18-C."The Westcotts overheard that evening a monologue on salmon fishing in Canada, a bridge game, running comments on home movies of what had apparently been a fortnight at Sea Island, and a bitter family quarrel about an overdraft at the bank. They turned off their radio at midnight and went to bed, weak with laughter.The following morning, Irene cooked breakfast for the family - the maid didn't come up from her room in the basement until ten - braided her daughter's hair, and waited at the door until her children and her husband had been carried away in the elevator. Then she went into the living room and tried the radio. "I don't want to go to school," a child screamed. "I hate school. I won't go to school. I hate school." "You will go to school," an enraged woman said. "We paid eight hundred dollars to get you into that school and you'll go if it kills you." The next number on the dial produced the worn record of the "Missouri Waltz." Irene shifted the control and invaded the privacy of several breakfast tables. She overheard demonstrations of indigestion, carnal love, abysmal vanity, faith, and despair. Irene's life was nearly as simple and sheltered as it appeared to be, and the forthright and sometimes brutal language that came from the loudspeaker that morning astonished and troubled her. She continued to listen until her maid came in. Then she turned off the radio quickly, since this insight, she realized, was a furtive one.Irene had a luncheon date with a friend that day, and she left her apartment a little after twelve.Irene had two Martinis at lunch, and she looked searchingly at her friend and wondered what her secrets were. They had intended to go shopping after lunch, but Irene excused herself and went home. She told the maid that she was not to be disturbed; then she went into the living room, closed the doors, and switched on the radio. She heard, in the course of the afternoon, the halting conversation of a woman entertaining her aunt, the hysterical conclusion of a luncheon party, and hostess briefing her maid about some cocktail guests. "Don't give the best Scotch to anyone who hasn't white hair," the hostess said. "See if you can get rid of the liver paste before you pass those hot things, and could you lend me five dollars? I want to tip the elevator man."As the afternoon waned, the conversations increased in intensity. From where Irene sat, she could see the open sky above the East River. There were hundreds of clouds in the sky, as though the south wind had broken the winter into pieces and were blowing it north, and on her radio she could hear the arrival of cocktail guests and the return of children and businessmen from their schools and offices. "I found a good-sized diamond on the bathroom floor this morning," a woman said. "It must have fallen out of the bracelet Mrs. Dunston was wearing last night." "We'll sell it," a man said. 'Take it down to the jeweler on Madison Avenue and sell it. Mrs. Dunston won'tknow the difference, and we could use a couple of hundred bucks " "'Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St. Clement's,'" the Sweeneys' nurse sang. "Halfpence and farthings, say the bells of St. Martin's. When will you pay me? say the bells at old Bailey ..."' "It's not a hat," a womancried, and at her back roared a cocktail party. "It's not a hat, it's a love affair. That's what Walter Florell said. He said it's not a hat, it's a love affair," and then, in a lower voice, the same woman added, "Talk to somebody, for Christ's sake, honey, talk to somebody. If she catches you standing here not talking to anybody, she'll take us off her invitation list, and I love these parties."Jim came home at about six the next night. Emma, the maid, let him in , and he had taken off his hat and was taking off his coat when Irene ran into the hall. Her face was shining with tears and her hair was disordered. "Go up to 16-C, Jim!" she screamed. "Don't take off your coat. Go up to 16-C. Mr Osborn's beating his wife. They've been quarreling since four o'clock, and now he is hitting her. Go up there and stop him."From the radio in the living room, Jim heard screams, obscenities, and thuds. "You know you don't have to listen to this sort of thing," he said. He strode into the living room and turned the switch. "It's indecent," he said. "It's like looking into windows. You know you don't have to listen to this sort of thing. You can turn it off.""Oh, it's so terrible, it's so dreaful," Irene was sobbing. I've been listening all day, and it's so depressing.""Well, if it's so depressing, why do you listen to it? I brought this dammed radio to give you some pleasure," he said. "I paid a great deal of money for it. I thought it might make you happy. I wanted to make you happy.""Don't , don't, don't,,don't quarrel with me," she moaned, and laid her head on his shoulder. "All the others have been quarreling all day. Everybody's been quarreling. They're all worried about money. Mrs. Hutchinson's mother is dying of cancer in Florida and they don't have enough money to send her to the Mayo Clinic. At least, Mr Hutchinson says they don't have enough money. And some woman in this building is having an affair with the handyman - with that hideous handyman. It's too disgusting. And Mrs. Melville has heart trouble, and Mr. Hendricks is going to lose his job in April and Mrs. Hendricks is horrid about the whole thing and that girl that plays the "Missouri Waltz" is a whore, a common whore, and the elevator man has tuberculosis and Mr. Osborn has been beating his wife." She wailed, she trembled with grief and checked the stream of tears down her face with the heel of her palm."Well why do you have to listen?" Jim asked again. "Why do you have to listen to this stuff if it makes you miserable?""Oh, don't, don't, don't," she cried; "Life is too terrible, too sordid and awful. But we'venever been like that, have we, darling"? Have we? I mean, we've always been good and decent and loving to one another, haven't we? And we have two children, two beautiful children. Our lives aren't sordid, are they, darling? Are they?" She flung her arms around his neck and drew his face down to hers. "We're happy, aren't we, darling? We are happy, aren't we?""Of course we're happy," he said tiredly. He began to surrender his resentment. "Of course we are happy. "I'll have that dammed radio fixed or taken away tomorrow." He stroked her soft hair. "My poor girl," he said."You love me, don't you? she asked. "And we're not hypercritical or worried about money or dishonesty, are we?"A man came in the morning and fixed the radio. Irene turned it on cautiously and was happy to hear a California-wine commercial and a recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, including Schiller's "Ode to Joy." She kept the radio on all day and nothing untoward came toward the speaker.A Spanish suite was being played when Jim came home. "Is everything all right?" he asked. His face was pale, she thought. They had some cocktails and went to dinner to the "Anvil Chorus" from II Trovatore. This was followed by Debussy's "La Mer.""I paid the bill for the radio today," Jim said. "It cost four hundred dollars. I hope you'll get some enjoyment out of it.""Oh, I'm sure I will," Irene said."Four hundred dollars is a good deal more than I can afford," he went on. "I wanted to get something that you'd enjoy. It's the last extravagance we'll indulge in this year. I see that you haven't paid your clothing bills yet. I saw them on.your dressing table." He looked directly at her. "Why did you tell me you paid them? Why did you lie to me?""I just didn't want you to worry, Jim," she said. She drank some water. "I'll be able to pay my bills out of this months allowance. There were the slipcovers last month, and that party.""You've got to learn to handle the money I give you a little more intelligently, Irene," he said. "You've got to understand that we don't have as much money this year as we had last. I had a very sobering talk with Mitchell today. No one is buying anything. We're spending all of our timepromoting new issues, and you know how long that takes. I'm not getting any younger you know. I'm thirty-seven. My hair will be gray next year. I haven't done as well as I hoped to do. And I don't suppose things will get any better.""Yes dear," she said."We've got to start cutting down," Jim said. "We've got to think of the children. To be perfectly frank with you, I worry about money a great deal. I'm not at all sure of the future. No one is. If anything should happen to me, there's the insurance, but that won't go very far today. I've worked awfully hard to give you and the children a comfortable life," he said bitterly. "I don't like to see all my energies, all my youth, wasted in fur coast and radios and slipcovers and -""Please Jim," she said. "Please. They'll hear us.""Who'll hear us? Emma can't hear us.""The Radio.""Oh, I'm sick! He shouted. "I'm sick to death of your apprehensiveness. The radio can't hear us. Nobody can hear us. And what if they can hear us? Who cares?"Irene got up from the table and went into the living room. Jim went to the door and shouted from there. "Why are you so Christly all of a sudden? What's turned you overnight into a convent girl? You stole your mother's jewelry before they probated her will. You never gave your sister a cent of that money that was intended for her - not even when she needed it. You made Grace Rowland's life miserable, and where was all your all your piety and your virtue when you went to that abortionist? I'll never forget how cool you were. You packed your bag and went off to have that child murdered as if you were going to Nassau. If you had any reasons, if you had any good reasons -Irene stood for a minute before the hideous cabinet , disgraced and sickened, but she held her hand on the switch before she extinguished the music and the voices, hoping the instrument might speak to her kindly, that she might hear the Sweeney's nurse. Jim continued to shout at her from the door. The voice on the radio was suave and noncommital. "An early-morning railroad disaster in Tokyo," the loudspeaker said, "killed twenty-nine people. A frre in a Catholic hospital near Buffalo for the care of blind children was extinguished early this morning by nuns. The temperature is forty-seven. The humidity is eighty-nine."。

北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

目　录2011年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2012年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2013年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2014年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2015年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2011年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解I. Briefly explain the following terms. (20 points)1．perlocutionary act【答案】According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act. A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance. Thus, by saying “Morning!” the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.2．minimal pair【答案】Minimal pairs are the two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.3．distinctive feature【答案】The distinctive feature refers to a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.4．linguistic variable【答案】Linguistic variable are those where the meaning remain constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different form. So far pronunciation is concerned house [h] and with [h] has same social meaning with different pronunciation. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.5．lingua franca【答案】It is a language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. The lingua franca couldbe an internationally used language of communication (e. g. English), it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could be a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages.II. Answer the following questions. (30 points)1．Why do we say linguistics is a science? (10 points)【答案】Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It tries to answer the basic questions “What is language?” and “How does language work?” Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts, which arc found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation; that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.（此题考查语言学作为一门学科其科学性，此题开放性试题，从其研究内容及方法角度作答即可。

北外国关考研真题2021

北外国关考研真题2021北外国关考研真题20212021年北外国关考研真题近日公布，引起了广大考生的关注和热议。

作为国内外语教育领域的权威考试机构，北外国关在考研真题的设计上一直以来都备受考生们的关注。

首先，2021年北外国关考研真题在题型上保持了稳定和创新并重的特点。

从历年的考研真题来看，北外国关一直以来都注重综合能力的考察，题型涵盖了听力、阅读、写作等各个方面。

而今年的考研真题也不例外，依然以这种多维度的方式来考察考生们的语言运用能力和综合素养。

其次，2021年北外国关考研真题在内容上更加贴近时代和社会。

随着全球化的不断发展和中国在国际舞台上的崛起，对外语人才的需求也越来越大。

因此，今年的考研真题在内容上更加注重国际政治、经济、文化等方面的知识。

这不仅考察了考生们的语言运用能力，也考察了他们对国际形势的了解和分析能力。

另外，2021年北外国关考研真题在难度上也有所提高。

考生们纷纷表示，今年的考研真题相较于往年更具挑战性。

这也反映了北外国关对考生们综合素质的要求越来越高。

对于考生们来说，这既是一种压力，也是一种机遇。

只有在面对更高难度的考题时，才能真正锻炼自己的语言运用能力和思维能力。

同时，2021年北外国关考研真题也给考生们提供了更多的备考参考。

通过仔细分析今年的考研真题，考生们可以了解到北外国关对于各个科目的重点考点和命题思路。

这对于考生们来说无疑是一种宝贵的备考资源，能够帮助他们更有针对性地进行备考，提高他们的考试成绩。

最后，2021年北外国关考研真题的公布也引发了对于考研制度的一些思考。

有人认为，考研真题的设计应该更加注重实际应用能力的考察，而不仅仅是对语言知识的测试。

而另一些人则认为，考研真题应该更加注重基础知识的考察，以确保考生们具备扎实的语言基础。

这些不同的声音也反映了对于考研制度的不同看法和期望。

总之，2021年北外国关考研真题的公布引起了广大考生的关注和热议。

这不仅是对考生们综合素质的一种考察，也是对于考研制度的一种检验。

北外研究生考试英美文学2002真题答案

北京外国语大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试英美文学专业试题The following exam will be graded on both what you say and how you say it. All answers must be written on the answer sheets.I. Below are some terms that you might overhear literary critics say at a cocktail party in the English Department at BFSU. Explain SIX of them. (30 points)1. ballad2. Calvinism3. dramatic irony4. epic5. metaphysical conceit6. Oedipus complex7. round character8. transcendentalismII. 1. Summarize the plot of the following story in your own words(around 200 words). (20 points)2. Comment on the narrative technique of the story. (20 points)Continuity of ParksHe had begun to read the novel a few days before. He had put it down because of some urgent business conferences, opened it again on his way back to the estate by train; he permitted himself a slowly growing interest in the plot, in the characterizations. That afternoon, after writing a letter giving his power of attorney and discussing a matter of joint ownership with the manager of his estate, he returned to the book in the tranquility of his study which looked out upon the park with its oaks. Sprawled in his favorite armchair, its back toward the door-even the possibility of an intrusion would have irritated him, had he thought of it-he let his left hand caress repeatedly the green velvet upholstery and set to reading the final chapters. He remembered effortlessly the names and his mental images of the characters; the novel spread its glamour over him almost at once. He tasted the almost perverse pleasure of disengaging himself line by line from the things around him, and at the same time feeling his head rest comfortably on the green velvet of the chair with its high back, sensing that the cigarettes rested within reach of his hand, that beyond the great windows the air of afternoon danced under the oak trees in the park. Word by word, licked to the point where the images settled sown and took on color and movement, he was witness to the final encounter in the mountain cabin. The woman arrived first, apprehensive; now the lover came in, his face cut by the backlash of a branch. Admirably, she stanched the blood with her kisses, but he rebuffed her caresses, he had not come to perform again the ceremonies of a secret passion, protected by a world of dry leaves and furtive paths through the forest. The dagger warmed itself against his chest, and underneath liberty pounded, hidden close. A lustful, panting dialogue raceddown the pages like a rivulet of snakes, and one felt it had all been decided from eternity. Even to those caresses which writhed about the lover’s body, as though wishing to keep him there, to dissuade him from it; they sketched abominably the frame of that other body it was necessary to destroy. Nothing had been forgotten: alibis, unforeseen hazards, possible mistakes. From this hour on, each instant had its use minutely assigned. The cold-blooded, twice-gone-over re-examination of the details was barely broken off so that a hand could caress a cheek. It was beginning to get dark.Not looking at one another now, rigidly fixed upon the task which awaited them, they separated at the cabin door. She was to follow the trail that led north. On the path leading in the opposite direction, he turned for a moment to watch her running, her loosened and flying. He ran in turn, crouching among the trees and hedges until, in the yellowish fog of dusk, he could distinguish the avenue of trees which led up to the house. The dogs were not supposed to bark, they did not bark. The estate manager would not be there at this hour, and he was not there. He went up the three porch steps and entered. The woman’s words reached him over the thudding of blood in his ears: first a blue chamber, than a hall, then a carpeted stairway. At the top, two doors. No one in the first room, no one in the second. The door of the salon, and then, the knife in hand, the light from the great windows, the high back of an armchair covered in green velvet, the head of the man in the chair reading a novel.Ш. The following is an excerpt from one of John Fowles’s novels. What does the passage say about the novel? (30points)You may think novelists always have fixed plans to which they work, so that the future predicted by Chapter One is always inexorably the actuality of Chapter Thirteen. But novelists write for countless different reasons: for money, for fame, for reviewers, for parents, for friends, for loved ones; for vanity, for pride, for curiosity, for amusement; as skilled furniture makers enjoy making furniture, as drunkards like drinking, as judges like judging, as Sicilians like emptying a shotgun into an enemy’s back. I could fill a book with reasons, and they would all be true, though not true of all. Only one same reason is shared by all of us: we wish to create worlds as real as, but other than the world that is. Or was. This is why we cannot plan. We know a world is an organism, not a machine; a planned world (a word that fully reveals its planning) is a dead world. It is only when our characters and events begin to disobey us that they begin to live. When Charles left Sarah on her cliff edge, I ordered him to walk Straight back to Lyme Regis. But he did not; he gratuitously turned and went down to the Dairy.Oh, but you say, come on-what I really mean is that the idea crossed my mind as I wrote that it might be more clever one have him stop and drink milk…and meet Sarah again. That is certainly one explanation to what happened; but I can only report-I am the most reliable witness-that the idea seemed to me to come clearly from Charles, not myself. It is not only that he has begun to gain autonomy; I must respect it, and disrespect all my quasi-diving plans for him, if I wish him to be real.In other words, to be free myself, I must give him, and Tina, and Sarah, even the abominable Mrs. Poultney, their freedom as well. There is only one good definition of God; the freedom that allows other freedoms to exist. And I must conform to that definition.The novelist is still a god, since he creates (and not even the most aleatory avant-garde modern novel has managed to extirpate its author completely); what has changed is that we are nolonger the gods of the Victorian image, omniscient and decreeing; but in the new theological image, with freedom our first principle, not authority.This is the end of the exam.北京外国语大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试英美文学专业试题参考答案I.The following exam will be graded on both what you say and how you say it. All answers must be written on the answer sheets.I. Below are some terms that you might overhear literary critics say at a cocktail party in the English Department at BFSU. Explain SIX of them. (30 points)1. balladBallad is a narrative poem, usually simple and fairly short, originally designed to be sung. Ballads often begin abruptly, imply the previous action, utilize simple language, tell the story tersely through dialogue and described action, and make use of refrains. The folk ballad, which reached its height in Britain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was composed anonymously and handed down orally, often in several different versions. The literary ballad, consciously created by a poet in imitation of the folk ballad, makes use (sometimes with considerable freedom) of many of its devices and conventions. Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, Keats’s “La Belle Dame sans Merci”, and Wilde’s “Ballad of Reading Gaol”are all literary ballads.2. CalvinismCalvinism is the doctrine of John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva. It’s doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from god.3. dramatic ironyDramatic (or tragic irony) depends on the structure of the play more than on the actual words of the characters. An extraordinary example of sustained dramatic irony is Sophocles’Oedipus Rex, in which Oedipus seeks throughout the play for the murderer of Laius, the former king of Thebes, only to find that he himself is the guilty one. The term dramatic irony is also used to describe the situation which arises when a character in a play speaks lines which are understood in a double sense by the audience though not by the characters onstage. When Brabantio warns Othello against being betrayed by Desdemona, the Moor replies, “My life upon her faith.” For an audience who knows the story, Othello’s remark presages the tragedy to come.4. epicEpic is a long narrative poem in which action, characters, and language are on a heroic level and style is exalted and majestic. Basically, there are two kinds of epic: (a) primary-also known as oral or primitive, (b) secondary-also known as literary. The first belongs to the oral tradition and is thus composed orally and recited; only much later, in some cases, is it written down. The second is written down at the start. Major characteristics of an epic are 1) a vast setting remote in time andplace, 2) a noble and dignified objective, 3) a simple plot, 4) a central incident (or series of incidents) dealing with legendary material, 5) a theme involving universal human problems, 6) a towering hero of great stature, 7) superhuman strength of body, character, or mind, 8) supernatural forces such as gods, angels, and demons, intervening from time to time. Among noted epics are Homer’s the Iliad and the Odyssey, the Old English Beowulf, Milton’s Paradise Lost, and Longfellow’s Hiawatha. Sometimes Whitman’s long poem Leaves of Grass is also called an epic.5. metaphysical conceitConceit means concept, idea and conception. As a literary term this word has come to denote a fairly elaborate figurative device of a fanciful kind which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole or oxymoron and which is intended to surprise and delight by its wits and ingenuity. The pleasure we get from many conceits is intellectual rather than sensuous. The Metaphysical conceit, characteristic of Donne and other Metaphysical poets of the seventeenth century, is a comparison, often elaborate, extended, or startling, between objects which are apparently dissimilar, e.g. John Donne’s comparison of two souls with two bullets in “The Dissolution” and that of two lovers with compasses.6. Oedipus complexIt is a Freudian term, drawn from the myth of Oedipus who without knowing the truth married his mother. The term designates attraction on the part of the child toward the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry and hostility toward the parent of its own. It occurs during the phallic stage of the psychosexual development of the personality, approximately years three to five. Resolution of the Oedipus complex is believed to occur by identification with the parent of the same sex and by the renunciation of sexual interest in the parent of the opposite sex. Freud considered this complex the cornerstone of the superego and the nucleus of all human relationships.7. round characterThis is a term first used by E. M. Forster to designate a character drawn with sufficient complexity to be able to be recognizable, understandable, and different from all others appearing in the same selection. A round character must, according to Forster, be capable of surprising a reader “in a convincing way.” Complexity of characterization, moreover, must be accompanied by an organization of traits or qualities. The round character is opposite to flat character whose personal traits can be summed up in one or two points. In Shakespeare’s Henry IV the Prince changes and develops, and he is a round character.8. transcendentalismTranscendentalism is a New England movement which flourished from about 1835 to 1860. It had its roots in romanticism and in post-Kantian idealism by which Coleridge was influenced. It had a considerable influence on American art and literature. Basically religious, it emphasized the role and importance of the individual conscience, and the value of intuition in matters of moral guidance and inspiration. The actual term was coined by opponents of the movement, but accepted by its members (e.g. Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-82, one of the leaders, published The Transcendentalist in 1841). The group of people was also social reformers. Some of the members, besides Emerson, were famous, including Bronson Alcott, Henry David Thoreau and Nathaniel Hawthorne.II. 1. Summarize the plot of the following story in your own words(around 200 words). (20 points)2. Comment on the narrative technique of the story. (20 points)Continuity of ParksHe had begun to read the novel a few days before. He had put it down because of some urgent business conferences, opened it again on his way back to the estate by train; he permitted himself a slowly growing interest in the plot, in the characterizations. That afternoon, after writing a letter giving his power of attorney and discussing a matter of joint ownership with the manager of his estate, he returned to the book in the tranquility of his study which looked out upon the park with its oaks. Sprawled in his favorite armchair, its back toward the door-even the possibility of an intrusion would have irritated him, had he thought of it-he let his left hand caress repeatedly the green velvet upholstery and set to reading the final chapters. He remembered effortlessly the names and his mental images of the characters; the novel spread its glamour over him almost at once. He tasted the almost perverse pleasure of disengaging himself line by line from the things around him, and at the same time feeling his head rest comfortably on the green velvet of the chair with its high back, sensing that the cigarettes rested within reach of his hand, that beyond the great windows the air of afternoon danced under the oak trees in the park. Word by word, licked to the point where the images settled sown and took on color and movement, he was witness to the final encounter in the mountain cabin. The woman arrived first, apprehensive; now the lover came in, his face cut by the backlash of a branch. Admirably, she stanched the blood with her kisses, but he rebuffed her caresses, he had not come to perform again the ceremonies of a secret passion, protected by a world of dry leaves and furtive paths through the forest. The dagger warmed itself against his chest, and underneath liberty pounded, hidden close. A lustful, panting dialogue raced down the pages like a rivulet of snakes, and one felt it had all been decided from eternity. Even to those caresses which writhed about the lover’s body, as though wishing to keep him there, to dissuade him from it; they sketched abominably the frame of that other body it was necessary to destroy. Nothing had been forgotten: alibis, unforeseen hazards, possible mistakes. From this hour on, each instant had its use minutely assigned. The cold-blooded, twice-gone-over re-examination of the details was barely broken off so that a hand could caress a cheek. It was beginning to get dark.Not looking at one another now, rigidly fixed upon the task which awaited them, they separated at the cabin door. She was to follow the trail that led north. On the path leading in the opposite direction, he turned for a moment to watch her running, her loosened and flying. He ran in turn, crouching among the trees and hedges until, in the yellowish fog of dusk, he could distinguish the avenue of trees which led up to the house. The dogs were not supposed to bark, they did not bark. The estate manager would not be there at this hour, and he was not there. He went up the three porch steps and entered. The woman’s words reached him over the thudding of blood in his ears: first a blue chamber, than a hall, then a carpeted stairway. At the top, two doors. No one in the first room, no one in the second. The door of the salon, and then, the knife in hand, the light from the great windows, the high back of an armchair covered in green velvet, the head of the man in the chair reading a novel.参考答案：1. Having gone through his business, the protagonist, a landowner sat down in his favoritearmchair in the study and became immersed in his unfinished novel. The novel was about a murder in which two lovers conspired to kill a landowner. The two lovers met secretly in the forest to make a careful plan. They were both anxious and excited, yet they went through their scheme twice in quite a cold-blooded way. They took every possibility into consideration, including alibis, unforeseen hazards and possible mistakes. Then they separated, the woman went one direction, while the man went another one that led to the house of the landowner. With a dagger hidden underneath his clothes, the man went near the house. Nothing unexpected happened: the dogs didn’t bark and the estate manager was not in the house at that moment. Following the woman’s instructions about the arrangement of the house, the man succeeded in going through the house and finding the landowner who was sitting in his armchair in the study reading a novel.2. An identified man enters a room, sits down in his favorite chair and begins reading a novel about murder. The book follows another man as he crosses a twilit park, encounters the gates of a large house, enters the house and kills the man who sits reading the book. In such a story, the narrator combines the reality with fantastic and dreamlike elements. He postulates reality as a labyrinthine game and interweaves space and time into an ambiguous yet revealing puzzle. The parallel times, simultaneity, the dizzyingly labyrinthine structures of mind and memory are quite distinguishable and remarkable. By using this kind of narrative technique, the narrator perplexes the reader and makes the reader hard to identify what’s the real and what’s the imaginative, what’s in the book the landowner is reading and what is happening to himself.Ш. The following is an excerpt from one of John Fowles’s novels. What does the passage say about the novel? (30points)You may think novelists always have fixed plans to which they work, so that the future predicted by Chapter One is always inexorably the actuality of Chapter Thirteen. But novelists write for countless different reasons: for money, for fame, for reviewers, for parents, for friends, for loved ones; for vanity, for pride, for curiosity, for amusement; as skilled furniture makers enjoy making furniture, as drunkards like drinking, as judges like judging, as Sicilians like emptying a shotgun into an enemy’s back. I could fill a book with reasons, and they would all be true, though not true of all. Only one same reason is shared by all of us: we wish to create worlds as real as, but other than the world that is. Or was. This is why we cannot plan. We know a world is an organism, not a machine; a planned world (a word that fully reveals its planning) is a dead world. It is only when our characters and events begin to disobey us that they begin to live. When Charles left Sarah on her cliff edge, I ordered him to walk Straight back to Lyme Regis. But he did not; he gratuitously turned and went down to the Dairy.Oh, but you say, come on-what I really mean is that the idea crossed my mind as I wrote that it might be more clever one have him stop and drink milk…and meet Sarah again. That is certainly one explanation to what happened; but Ican only report-I am the most reliable witness-that the idea seemed to me to come clearly from Charles, not myself. It is not only that he has begun to gain autonomy; I must respect it, and disrespect all my quasi-diving plans for him, if I wish him to be real.In other words, to be free myself, I must give him, and Tina, and Sarah, even the abominable Mrs. Poultney, their freedom as well. There is only one good definition of God; the freedom that allows other freedoms to exist. And I must conform to that definition.The novelist is still a god, since he creates (and not even the most aleatory avant-garde modern novel has managed to extirpate its author completely); what has changed is that we are no longer the gods of the Victorian image, omniscient and decreeing; but in the new theological image, with freedom our first principle, not authority.参考答案：From the excerpt, we can see Fowles advocates the freedom of characters in the novel. He claims to give his characters independence by letting them make decisions for themselves as a way of overcoming his own prejudices. Different from the omniscient and decreeing novelist in the Victorian Age, he is a new kind of textual God, with freedom as his first principle, not authority. By giving the characters freedom, they can appear more real and dynamic and thus attractive, as he puts it, “it is only when our characters and events begin to disobey us that they begin to live.” Only in this way, the writer can create a real and organic world.At the same time, Fowles believes that the novelist should not be thinking or intentionally creating a plot, but rather to let one unfold and simply describe it. He makes it out to be as though authors have a peephole to another dimension through which they watch and write down everything they see, as he says, “but I can only report—and I am the most reliable witness”.。

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