inversion 倒装

第二十八章倒装Chapter 28 Inversion英语中的语序通常是主语在前，谓语动词在后。

所谓倒装就是把动词放在主语之前。

这种情况出现在疑问句中，也出现在其他一些特殊情形下。

28.1 两种倒装 (Two types ofinversion) | 28.2 | 28.3 | 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.6 | 28.7 | top | 倒装一般分为两种，即主谓倒装和主语/功能词倒装。

28.1.1 主谓倒装 (Subject-verb inversion)主谓倒装，又称为全部倒装（Full inversion），即把整个谓语动词放在主语之前。

这一类倒装主要出现于地点状语后面，said John, answered Peter等有直接引语的结构中以及表语提前的情况下。

例如：--At the far end of the room stood a tall policeman.--“I love you,” whispered John.--Completely different is the last story.28.1.2 主语/ 功能词倒装 (Subject-operation inversion)这种倒装又称为部分倒装，即把功能词(助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前，动词的其余部分依然在主语之后。

如果句中没有助动词或情态动词，则要加一个助动词do, does或did。

例如：--He had no money, nor did he know anyone he could borrow from.--On no account must this switch be touched.--Only by chance did I hear that her mother had died.--Were she alive today, she would grieve at the changes.28.2 在以neither, nor, so等开始的句子中 (Sentences beginning with neither, nor, so, etc.)| 28.1 | 28.3 | 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.6 | 28.7 | top | 用neither, nor和so引导的句子表达某人、某事或某种情况与刚才提到的相同，在这种情况下必须要用倒装。

neither, nor表示“也不…”；so表示“也如此”。

这种倒装是部分倒装。

--“I didn’t get much sleep last night.” “Neither/Nor did I.”--“My husband never touches a drying-up cloth.” “Neither does mine.”--He refused to apologize. Neither/Nor would he offer any explanation.--All the students were obviously very miserable. Nor were the teachers satisfied with theconditions at the school.--John saw the accident and so did Mary.--She was angry and so was I.请比较下面两句中so和neither/nor 表达截然不同的意思。

--The corn is ripening, and so are the apples.--The corn isn’t ripening, and neither/ nor are the apples.请注意：a. so放在句首也可以用来表达另外一种意思，即对于别人讲的情况加以肯定，表示附和。

在这种情况下，不用倒装。

请比较：--“You’ve spilled coffee on your dress.” “ Oh, dear. So I have.” (哎哟，真的呀。

) --You’ve spilled coffee on the table, and so have I. (=…, and I’ve spilled coffee on the table, too.)--“That’s Isabel, look!” “So it is!” (就是她)--“I’m having a tooth out tomorrow.” “So am I.” (=…, I am having a tooth out tomorrow, too.)--You asked me to leave, and so I did. (你叫我走，我就走了。

)--You asked him to leave, and so did I. （你叫他走，我也叫他走啊。

）b. neither虽然放句首，但是其中心词作句子主语时，不用倒装。

例如：--Neither of them wanted to stay.c. Neither…nor…句型中的nor分句也应该用倒装。

如：--Sam neither has long hair, nor does he wear jeans.--Mary was neither happy, nor was she sad.--They have neither replied to my letters, nor have they answered my telephone calls.28.3 在以否定副词（如hardly, never等）开始的句子中 (Sentences beginning with negative adverbexpressions: hardly, never,etc.) | 28.1 | 28.2 | 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.6 | 28.7 | top |在正式文体中，许多表达否定意义的副词或状语词组可以放在句首。

在这种情况下，必须用部分倒装。

表达否定意义的副词和词组常见的有seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, never, few, little, invain, much/ even/ still less, 以及含有no/ not的词组/句型如no sooner…(than), on no account, inno circumstances, in no way, by no means, at no time, no longer, not until, nowhere等等。

例如：--Seldom had I seen such confusion.--Never in history had technology made such spectacular advances.--Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.--No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake.--At no time was the entrance left unguarded.--Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it.--On no account must this switch be touched.--In no circumstances must the door be left open.--In no way can Mrs. Pethers be held responsible.--To no one will they admit their guilt.注意，如果位于句首的这种否定词/词组是作句子主语，句子不需要倒装。

如：--Little help can be expected from Peter.--Not a single word that he said entitles you to make that accusation.--No honest man would lie.--Not many people came to the party.28.4 在以表示地点或方向的副词（如here, there, down, away等）开始的句子中 (Sentencesbeginning with adverbs of position and direction: here, there, down, away, etc.)| 28.1 | 28.2 | 28.3 | 28.5 | 28.6 | 28.7 | top | 当表示地点或方向的副词位于句首时，句子可用全部倒装。

句中的谓语动词常常是come, lie,stand, walk, live等不及物动词或是系动词be。

在文学性和描写性文章中采用这类倒装主要是为了使其更加生动，而把主语置于句末则是为了使之成为信息中心。

--Down fell a dozen apples.--Away goes my chance of winning!--In walked a man dressed in a black gown.--Next to it stood a pile of paper cups.--A few miles further on lies the enchanting suburb of Balham, gateway to the South.--Over the bridge marched the soldiers.--On the very top of the hill lives a hermit.以上例句也可以不用倒装而用正语序，如：--A dozen apples fell down.--My chance of winning goes away.--A man dressed in a black gown walked in.但是如果主要动词是be时，句子总是用倒装，这时将be动词置于主语之前。

例如：--Below is a restaurant.--Next to it is a different sign which says simply “Beware”.--Alongside him on the rostrum will be Mr. Mitchell Fromstein.以here, there开始的倒装句在口语中尤其多见。