Lecture 2 A Comparison between English and Chinese

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lecture 2 Comparison between Chinese and English

一、英语属于印欧语系Indo-European family ，是一种拼音文字，单词没有四声，但句子可以有不同的声调；而汉语属于汉藏语系Sino-Tibetan family ，是一种表意文字，音节有四声变化，语调也很丰富。英语是一种逐渐从综合型向分析型发展的语言；汉语则是以分析为主的语言。
1. Different language families
I. Language Families (语系)
世界十大语系：一：汉藏语系Sino-Tibetan family 拥有最多的讲话人口，二：印欧语系Indo-European family 语族最多的语系，影响力最大的语系。三：乌拉尔语系Uralic family 原称乌拉尔-阿尔泰语系（突雷尼语族）四：阿尔泰语系 Altaic family 以中、俄、哈、蒙交界的阿尔泰山为中心，广泛分布于亚洲腹部的荒漠和草原地区。五：阿非罗-亚细亚语系 Afro-Asiatic family（亚非语系）旧称闪-含语系Hamito-Semitic family（闪米特-含米特语系）。六：伊比利亚－高加索语系 Ibero - Caucasus family 位于黑海和里海间的高加索地区和伊朗、土耳其部分地区。七：达罗毗荼语系 Dravidian family （德拉维达语系）分布于印度半岛中南部，斯里兰卡北部和巴基斯坦等地，八：马来－波利尼西亚语系 Austronesian family （南岛语系）世界上唯一主要分布在岛屿上的语系，分布于印度洋，南太平洋，北太平洋南部地区。九：澳斯特罗-亚细亚语系Austro-Asiatic family（南亚语系）十：非洲语言谱系
二、从句子结构上来说，英语重形合，即主
要靠语言本身的语法手段来造句，句子主干突出；而汉语重意合，构句主要靠句子内部的逻辑关系。英语句子中名词和介词占优势，每句中只能有一个作谓语的主要动词；而在汉语中则是动词占优势，一个句子中可以有很多谓语动词。英语句子的重心多在句首，而汉语句子的重心则多在句尾。英语中用被动语态的句子较多（尤其是在科技英语中更是如此）；汉语中则较少使用被动句。汉语中有众多的量词，英语中只有很少数可以做量词的名词。

Lecture 2 English vs. Chinese

Differences at the Word Level (1)
Inflectional (English) vs. Non-inflectional (Chinese) English nouns / pronouns: gender, number, case, etc. English verbs: tense, aspect, voice, mood, etc. e.g. We hoped that you would come. We were hoping that you would come. e.g. It has been noted that those who , or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do. A: 大家看到凡是起死回生的人或者幸免一死的人，他们对所做的任何
Convert English impersonal subjects into Chinese personal subjects; Convert English passives into Chinese actives.
Difference at the Sentence Level (3)
事情，总是兴趣盎然。
B: 人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们
做干的事情总是兴趣盎然。
Differences at the Word Level (1) Translation of Plural English Nouns
Plural concept English: inflection Chinese: words
Passive (English) vs. Active (Chinese) The heavy reliance on impersonal subjects in English sentences contributes a lot to the frequent use of passives, while the predominance of personal subjects in Chinese sentences entails the use of active voice. Static (English) vs. Dynamic (Chinese) English: 1) predominance of nouns over verbs 2) frequent use of adjectives and prepositions 3) non-finite verbs Chinese: preponderance of verbs e.g. He is a good eater and a good sleeper. e.g. A small plane from Kunming carried us over the mountains and sent us to Jinghong.

Lecture 2 英汉对比

没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。
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树状与竹状
英汉语言对比
树状竹状
汉语英语
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Example:
The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
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15. 晚年生活 Elderly in daily life
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16. 洗澡时间 Bathing hour
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17. 领导 The Boss
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18. 时尚 What’s trendy?
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19. 孩子 The child
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20. 心目中的彼此
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风俗习惯
英汉文化对比
他说的我不信。
➢ I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.
会上讨论了什么我一点都没记住。
➢ 王先生我认识。
I know Mr. Wang.
➢ 唱歌，他是最棒的。
He is the best singer.
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英汉语言对比
Asia? Four little tigers of
Asia!
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英汉文化对比
文化价值
英汉文化价值取向差异表
抽象问题
具体问题
时间空间观念观念

翻译理论与英汉语言对比

+Lecture 1 A Survey of Translation+Part 1 Basic Introduction to Translation+Part 2 History of Translation+Part 3 Important Concepts of Translation+Part 1 Basic Introduction to TranslationI. What is translation?+翻译是人类交流思想过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁，使通晓不同语言的人能通过原文的重新表达而进行思想交流。

翻译是把一种语言（即源语SL）的信息用另一种语言（即译语TL）表达出来，使译文读者能得到原文作者所表达的思想，得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。

+——范仲英+To translate is to change one language into another, retaining as much of the sense as one can.+翻译就是把一种语言译成另一种语言，尽量保存原意。

+——Samuel Johnson+（a famous writer and dictionary compiler in Britain in the 18th century）+Translation is a cross-linguistic, cross-cultural and cross-social communication activity.+翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。

+Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.+翻译就是把一种语言转换成另一种语言，即用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的语言或文字内容忠实地重新表现出来。

专业英语八级(听力)模拟试卷199(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷199(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：How to Read Literature Critically?Good morning, everyone. Today, I am going to talk about how to read literature critically. Even if you’re taking your very first literature class, it’s easy to read critically if you follow our 6-step method. But before you get started, always keep this in mind: reading critically doesn’t mean tearing a work of literature apart. Instead, it means understanding what the author has written and evaluating the success of the work as a whole.Firstly, figurative language. As you are reading, make note of expressive language such as similes, metaphors, and personification.[1]Then consider why the author employs these devices. Here’s a brief definition of each term and an example:[2]Simile. A simile is a comparison of two terms and frequently uses the words like or as. For example, in John Steinbeck’s short story The Chrysanthemums, he writes of the character Eliza: “She crouched low like a fawning dog.” The image gives the reader a clear indication of Eliza’s state of mind as she reaches out to the peddler for acceptance. Literary works are replete with similes, so being aware of their presence and possible meanings will aid your critical analysis.Metaphor.[3]A metaphor is a comparison of two seemingly unrelated subjects. In Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved, her character Paul D.’s pain is expressed in a metaphor “He would keep his heart where it belonged: in that tobacco tin buried in his chest where his red heart used to be.” Metaphors are used to give language color and depth and to impact the reader’s senses.Personification.[4]Personification is the granting of human traits to objects or animals. When Nick in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby describes the trees in his hometown as “friendly,” he is giving human qualities to an object that obviously cannot “feel” anything, friendly or otherwise. But for the reader, personification provides yet another way to understand the author’s intent.Secondly, structure.[5]/[6]Many times an author opts to tell a story out of chronological sequence, perhaps with flashbacks or integrated tales. Faulkner does this in his short story A Rose for Emily. The purpose of the nonlinear structure is for the reader to understand, in retrospect, how prior events led to the discovery of Emily’s dark secret and how the town’s complicity contributed to her death. Amy Tan’s novel The Joy Luck Club uses flashback and multiple voices in the narrative to create a new perspective on immigration.Thirdly, influence.[7]For every writer, someother authors’ works appeal to him or her on some level, whether it is in the lessons learned, the style used, or the conclusions reached. Try to discover who has influenced the author of the work you are studying. Herman Melville dedicated his novel Moby Dick to fellow writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. Although the two men have a markedly different style, Melville so admired Hawthorne that he wrote to the elder author “I feel that the Godhead is broken up like the bread at the Supper, and that we are the pieces.” If you can trace an influence like this one, your critical approach will be more nuanced.Fourthly, archetypes. Your critical reading should also include an awareness of archetypes. Like influences, archetypes are things patterned after an original, and many are so common that you often don’t need extensive knowledge of the original to appreciate the meaning or intent. For example, Cervantes’ Don Quixote is an example of the most notable of archetypal “buddy pairs”; both the Don and his sidekick Sancho Panza are clueless but essentially well-meaning characters who stick together, even when they’d prefer not to. Friends who rely on one another through thick and thin are a staple of literature—from John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men to Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.[8]Archetypes often fall into one of two categories: character archetypes and situational archetypes. Along with the buddy pair, common character archetypes include the Christ-figure, the scapegoat, and the hero who saves the day, for instance Homer’s Odysseus or J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter.[9]Situational archetypes include the quest and the pursuit of an elusive goal, whether that quest is King Arthur’s relentless pursuit of the Holy Grail or Frodo’s search for the ring in Tolkien’s trilogy. Another readily identifiable situational archetype is the loss of innocence.[10]Initiation is also a frequent situational archetype.[11]In fact, Hemingway’s short story Indian Camp combines both the initiation and loss of innocence archetypes. Nick, the young protagonist, must be initiated into the world of sexuality by witnessing its most profound product—childbirth. At the same time, he is stripped of any romantic illusions about a woman’s body.Fifthly, symbolism. Ah, the most dreaded word for many a reader. What is a symbol and how can you identify one in literature?[12]A symbol typically encompasses both a literal meaning and a figurative meaning. Unlike a metaphor, a symbol is not necessarily a statement: a single word can evoke meaning and become a symbol. Being aware of common symbols in novels will increase your ability to read a work critically.[13]Spring, for example, is often a symbol of renewal; conversely, winter often symbolizes a figurative death. Fitzgerald’s short story Winter Dreams is heartbreakingly rendered from the outset by the symbolism of its title. We know that the harsh, symbolically loaded word “winter” offsets the fragility and hope of the word “dreams”.[14]Other common symbols include lightness and darkness, the Christian cross, the Star of David, and the Nazi swastika. The more symbols you are able to identify, the richer your critical interpretation will be.Sixthly, read and reread.[15]Resist the impulse to assess a work after you first read it, even if you have diligently completed the first five steps given here. A thorough critical analysis cannot be accomplished until you’ve reread the work.OK I have outlined 6 steps for you to follow when you read literature. These steps will help you better understand and appreciate the literary works of all times.How to Read Literature Critically?Reading critically does not mean tearing a work of literature apart, but understanding and evaluating the work as a whole. A six-step method will help us read literature critically.I. Figurative Language—Make note of expressive language—Think about the【T1】_____ behind employing the devices【T1】______—Some examples of figurative languagea)【T2】_____: a comparison of two terms【T2】______b)Metaphor: a comparison of two seemingly 【T3】_____ subjects【T3】______c)【T4】_____: granting human traits to objects or animals【T4】______II. Structure—Nonlinear structure: a story【T5】_____ order 【T5】______sequence with【T6】_____ or integrated tales【T6】______—Examples: A Rose for Emily & The Joy Luck Club III. Influence—Trace an influence between authors a)the lessons learnedb)【T7】_____【T7】______c)the conclusions reached —Example: Hawthorne’s influence on MelvilleIV. Archetypes—Archetypes patterned after an original—Two types of archetypes 【T8】_____【T8】______a)buddy pairb)Christ-figurec)the scapegoatd)the hero Situational archetypesa)【T9】_____ and pursuit of an elusive goal【T9】______b)loss of innocencec)【T10】_____【T10】______—Authors can【T11】_____ different archetypes,【T11】______e.g. Hemingway’s Indian CampV. Symbolism—A symbol contains both【T12】_____ meanings【T12】______—A symbol is not necessarily a statement—Common symbols in literaturea)Spring, which symbolizes【T13】_____【T13】______b)Winter, which symbolizes death—Other common symbols, like 【T14】_____ etc.【T14】______VI. Read and Reread—Don’t【T15】_____ a work after you first read it【T15】______1．【T1】正确答案：reasons解析：本题考查“修辞语言”的内容。

Lecture two 汉英对比

抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就迎刃而解。
Once the principal contradiction is grasped,
all problems will be readily solved.
6. 汉语突出人称，英语突出物称
相对英语而言，汉语比较多用人称化的说法，
行为主体往往由人或以人为本的机构出面，称为汉语突出人称，也就是说汉语主语多是人，或者是无主语句。英语的修辞特点之一在于其物称倾向，即英语具有以抽象名词和物质名词为主语的特点。英语在选择主语时，比汉语更多地采用无生命的事务、不能主动发出动作的词语。这一特点在书面语，尤其是在新闻、科技、学术文献以及一些散文作品中较为显著。
丰富，质量精良。 Our company has standard production premises complete with full lines of equipment. Having a strong team of technicians with rich experience, the company makes products of top quality.
此句中四个动词的不同时态表明了动作发生的不同
时间，但这四个动作并不是按照时间先后顺序排列的。最后发生的动作will deny放在句首，而最先发生的动作inherited却放在句尾，而汉语以事情发生或存在的先后排序。
3. 汉英句子结构比较
汉语： “板块型” 或 “竹节型”

汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似 “万倾碧波层层推进”
5.汉语重意合，英语重形合

汉语和英语分属不同的语系:汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系。它们在发音、构词法、句法、修辞形式以及谋篇布局方面都有各自的规律和特点,两者之间虽不乏相通之处,但也存在着明显的差异。Eugene A. Nida说过，从语言学角度来看，英、汉语言之间最重要的区别莫过于形合（hypotaxis）与意合（parataxis）之分了（1982）。 “形合”和“意合”是已故语言学家王力先生所译。形合指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段（syntactic devices）或词汇手段（lexical devices）。意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（semantic connection）”（方梦之，2004）。印欧语言重形合，语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。汉语重意合，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。

Lecture 2翻译语境下的中西文化对比

High-Context Culture
1. Implicitly embeds meanings at different levels of the sociocultural context
2. Values group sense 3. Tends to take time to cultivate and establish a permanent personal relationship 4. Emphasizes spiral logic 5. Values indirect verbal interaction and is more able to read nonverbal expressions. 6. Tends to use more “feeling” in expression 7. Tends to give simple, ambiguous, noncontexting messages .
Political Correctness
Bias-free language The aim is to make language less wounding(伤人感情的 ) or demeaning(贬低身份的) to those whose sex, race, physical condition or circumstances leave them vulnerable to the raw power of words.
Finland
US/UK
Sw eden
US
GM s logan US “ body by Fis her” Come Alive US w ith Peps i
B elgium
Elextrolux is the w ors t quality/Elec trolux performs good oral s ex Corps e by Fis her Peps i brings your anc es tors bac k from the grave

Lecture 2 English vs. Chinese

Difference at the Sentence Level (1)
Hypotaxis (English) vs. Parataxis (Chinese) overt cohesion
cohesive ties, esp. connectives an “architecture style” of long or subordinate structures
Inanimate (English) vs. Animate Subjects (Chinese) English: Inanimate subjects (passives, introductory it, abstract nouns) Chinese: Animate subjects (personal subjects, subjectless sentences) # Translation techniques:
事情，总是兴趣盎然。
人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们
做干的事情总是兴趣盎然。
Differences at the Word Level (1) Translation of Plural English Nouns
Plural concept English: inflection Chinese: words
Differences at the Word Level (4)
Predominance of Disyllables & Quadrisyllables (Chinese)
e.g. She is eighteen and beautiful. e.g. China is a vast country with rich natural resources and a large population. e.g. 当风和日丽时，举目远望，佘山、金山、崇明岛隐隐可见。 On a fine day, one can even see Mount Sheshan, Mount Jinshan and Chongming Island in the distance, though not very clearly.

英译汉2comparison between C and E

• 1. Similarity
• 1.1 Both English and Chinese words are characteristic of
polysemy (one word has many meanings.) • • • • • • • • • Eg. broken a broken man一个绝望的人 a broken soldier一个残废军人 broken money 零钱 a broken promise 背弃的诺言 a broken spirit 消沉的意志
• 1.3 Share the same basic parts of speech: • N, V, Pron, Conj, Prep, Adj, Adv, etc.
Lecture 2
Comparison between English and Chinese
Introduction
Why？
As you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning English-Chinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important, so to speak, to master the languages’ peculiarities. Only by doing so can we raise our distinguishing ability, have a good command of the characteristics and apply the techniques consciously in our translation. Thus we can achieve better comprehension and better representation. The comparison here will be shown in the following points.

Lecture Seven 英汉句法对比与翻译(2)

Section Two Comparison • 例14： • The site is aimed to help small and medium sized manufacturers (中小型企业) technically challenged and mistrustful of online transactions find buyers through a user-friendly(易学的，易操作的), commissionfree site．
Section Two Comparison • north, south, east and west 东西南北 • joys and sorrows 悲欢 • weal and woe 祸福
Section Two Comparison • • • • • • 英语句子的语义结构: 以关系词为中心造句借助形态变化和丰富的连接词语按照合乎语法的规则搭架语序的先后次序灵活体现严密的语法关系
Section Two Comparison • 译文： • 你会发现，信用差总比没有强．这是个有趣但又有点使人灰心的事。我领不到维萨卡。理由是因为我没有信用记录。
Section Two Comparison • • • • • • • 二、汉语造句特征：按时间和逻辑顺序铺呈句子汉语句子语序的固定很大程度上是因为汉语中的介词贫乏，且完全没有分词英语使用介词和分词之处汉语都只用动词
• 译文：今年早些时候，英国移动电话运营商 “沃达丰”公司，通过和其同行美国“空中联系”电讯公司股东达成总值620亿美元的现金和股票的掉期交易，并购了“空中联系”公司。
Section Two Comparison • • • • • 英语句子各成分的排序比较灵活从英语思维习惯来看英语句子一般先总提后分述即: 先有判断和结论部分，后提供事实和具体描述 • 先陈述结果后追叙具体经过

Lecture 2 Contrast and Comparison Between English and Chinese

English sentence structuring depends more on hypotaxis which mainly employs grammatical means form or organize the sentences while Chinese sentences structuring depends much more on Parataxis which mainly makes use of the logical relations within the sentences. So the English sentence structures are usually rather compact, and the Chinese sentence structures are usually quite curtailed and concise. Chinese: covert coherence English: overt coherence
Difference in sentential barycenter In an English complex sentence, the main clause, usually occurs initially, is the main part. A Chinese complex sentence is usually organized according to the temporal and logical order, placing the most important information at or near the ending.
4. Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 肯尼迪总统明显的是被目击者相信开了三枪中的第一枪击中的。据目击者说，凶手共开了三枪，肯尼迪显然是被第一枪击中的。

Comparison-between-English-and-ChinesePPT课件

在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
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Examples of Negative Transfer
2. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population.
Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier.
皮。
very naughty.
那所房子你们早该修了。
英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。
这里建大桥，我看行不通。
• You should have repaired the house.
• It is by no means easy to learn the English language.
——(梁实秋《学问与趣味》)
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Translation 1:
①I have come across a great many young friends, ②bright and diligent, ③do exceedingly well in studies, ④but they are rather weak in Chinese, ⑤even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. ⑥When asked why, they’ll say they are
Comparison between English and Chinese
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Native Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?

AComparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseAbbreviationsword精品文档4页

AComparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseAbbreviations In Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary， abbreviation is defined as a shortening of a word or a phrase. As a matter of fact，since the old times， abbreviation has been a common linguistic phenomenon in English and Chinese languages.I Abbreviations in EnglishInitialism is defined as an abbreviation that uses the first letter of each word in the phrase. In our everyday life， there are ATM （Auto Teller Machine）， and TOFEL （Test of English as a Foreign Language）. In computer science， there are also lots of abbreviations generated， for example PC （Personal Computer）... （Yu， 2002）Acronym refers to an abbreviation of several words in such a way that the abbreviation itself forms a word. Maybe SARS （Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome） is an English acronym of most familiarity to our Chinese.Clipping words refer to abbreviations of long or sophisticated words with most letters clipped. It can be subdivided into four categories： front clipping， back clipping， front and back clipping， and middle clipping. There are burger （hamburger）， zoo （zoological park），flu （influenza）， and maths （mathematics）.Blending refers to abbreviation which blends two or more wordsinto one word. Nowadays， more and more blending words are taken as independent words but not abbreviation. In blending words， there are DYNAMO （dynamic models）， smog （smoke+fog ）， fortnight （fourteen nights）， REFORGER （Return for Germany），’ twas （it was）.II Classification of the Forming Patterns of Chinese AbbreviationsChinese is a language laying much stresses on meaning；therefore abbreviations in Chinese take meaning but not form as its main point to consider， for example，if we abbreviate “上海吊车厂”into “上吊”or “自贡纺纱厂” into “自杀”， it will lead into ambiguity or even become a standing joke. Chinese abbreviation could be classified into： condensation， reversal initialism，clipping， numeral abbreviation， and abbreviation with substitution.Condensation refers to the way to condense two or more words into one word. This type of abbreviation formation is equal to blending of English abbreviation formation， e.g. 阿联酋（阿拉伯联合酋长共和国.）Reversal initialism is to extract the initial character of every word， e.g. 西欧（欧洲西部）. As in English， clipping in Chinese refers the way to clip characters from the original word， e.g. 清华（清华大学）；解放军（中国人民解放军）.The numeral abbreviation could be found in phrases like. 三教（儒教、道教、佛教），四书（《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》）. III Differences between English and Chinese AbbreviationsOne of the differences between English and Chinese abbreviations lies in their components. English abbreviations take letters as the basic components. Every letter could stand for more than one meaning. In contrary， Chinese abbreviations take Chinese characters as basic components. Almost every Chinese character could stand for a stable meaning.Additionally are differences of their forming features. The arbitrary combination of sound， form， and meaning makes the formation of English abbreviations very flexible， which causes the trend to give many old abbreviations new meanings， for example，we could explain PhD as permanent head Damage. On the contrary，meanings of Chinese abbreviations are not so flexible as面授（面对面地讲授）.Then comes the differences of formations. As many English words are multi-syllables， English abbreviations could be abbreviations of words， phrases or sentences. On the contrary， as Chinese characters are monosyllables， Chinese abbreviations are mainly ofphrases more than four characters. The meaning of every Chinese character is comparatively stable， so Chinese abbreviations could maintain the information and meaning of the original phrases very well.希望以上资料对你有所帮助，附励志名3条：1、积金遗于子孙，子孙未必能守；积书于子孙，子孙未必能读。

Comparison between English writing and Chinese writing

Comparison between English writing and Chinese writingOne is that the English thought pattern is linear. Each paragraph often begins with a st atement of its central idea, known as topic sentence. English writing prefers to come t o the point directly rather than provides much room for the background or the environ ment. In contrast, the Chinese thought pattern is circular. The idea is introduced at firs t, and as the following paragraphs are developed, it comes closer and closer to the poi nt. Therefore, sometimes the main issue is not clear enough until the end. Based on th e central idea, every paragraph expounds the thought of the writer so that the whole es say is flooded with the main issue. At the same time, the English writing is objective, while Chinese writing is more subjective. The English wr iter acts like a camera, which puts itself outside the event when the event happens. Us ually, he puts forward his ideas, followed by the facts to argue in favor of them. On the contrary, the Chinese writer spares no efforts to make his ideas come to light. What’s more, he writes from the inside of the issue, that is, his points are mixed with his own feelings. The writing is a success if most readers are persuaded by his feeling s. In other words, the feeling of the writer is the essence of the whole essay.。

英语修辞学Lecture 2

The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式： 1. 名词型 E.g All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
（三）、用as if或as though表示比喻关系 seem 虚拟句型, 最常见的是as if/though Eg: He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Vealsquez.
(3)用remind…of表示比喻关系本体与喻体之间以“remind…of”作桥梁，把二者联系起来，触景生情。 1．She reminds me of a tigress 2．His nose was particularly white and his large nostrils，correspondingly dark，reminds me of an oboe when they dilated. 3．These red roses remind him of his lovely and dear wife ten years ago．
英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。 E.g Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...

Comparison Between British English and American English

Comparison Between British English and American English As we all know, English has become the most important language in today’sworld. No mater you are a citizen or you are a government officer, you still need to use English to communicate with other country’s people. However, English has two branches, that is, British English and American English. And American English is already accepted by British people. Therefore, they also begin to learn and use this simplification language, that is American English is much easier than British English. Due to their similarities and differences, the relationship between the two branches is really complicated so it’s really necessary and important for us to figure it out.Over the past 400 years, the form of the language used in the United States – and that used in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Isles have diverged in many ways, leading to the dialects now commonly referred to as American English and British English. Differences between the two include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuation, idioms, formatting of dates and numbers, and so on.A small number of words have completely different meanings between the two dialects or are even unknown or not used in one of the dialect.The following pa s sage will give you a rough idea about the similarities and differences about British English and American English. We will divided it in two three parts. The first part we will talk about similarities in aspects like pronunciation grammar and structure. Dissimilarities in vocabulary, spelling rules and pronunciation will be the main body of part two. The last part is deal with the conclusions. SimilarityTo begin with, we have to admire that their similarities are so tininess compared to their dissimilars. Just like mandarin Chinese and Beijingese were from old Chinese, the relationship is of British English and American English is like branch and trunk. Those two languages came from an ancient language which made it impossible for them to have too much in difference. Let’s talk about the similarities in detail. PronunciationMost English words share the same pronunciation in those two countries, for the reason that the British English and America English came from the ancient Indo-European language, so there is no problem for Americans to communicate freely with the British. Any language has a vast number of speech sounds, yet basic sound are limited in number. No matter in British English or American English, there are 48 basic sounds in all. In the same way, due to the length of development history, few words changed a bit of their pronounce in American English, which I will talk about it later.Grammar and structureComposing of 26 letters, the order of the English words, most of them, are the same. Different from Chinese, English is a kind of hypotactic language or called grammatical language. There is little difference between British English and American English in grammar. Therefore, they share the same grammar system. Subject, predict and object are the main body of the English structure, maybe sometimes along with subordinate clauses.DifferencesLet’s put emphasis on their dissimilars. Although, American English is almost the same as British English, they still have some differences. This situation just like our country, we have many different localisms, which are really difficult to communicate with each other. The same thing occurs between British English and American English. The major differences are as followed.VocabularyWe all know that the British English has a much longer history than American English, so it’s natural to have a part of English words changed their meaning or their order during the transition, which didn’t set an obstacle for the British and the American during communication. The main difference in vocabulary lie in two parts, the first part is talk about the same words shows distinguished meaning in different country, the second part is about the varied words shows the same meaning.On one hand, the same words express dissimilar meanings in British English and American English. For example, in Briton we use underground or tube (地铁) while American use subway instead. More examples are like ring and call打电话, flat and apartment公寓 , note and bill账单 , tin and can罐头 ,bill and check支票 ,seaside and beach海滩, luggage and baggage 行李,autumn and fall秋天 , post and mail邮件，lift and elevator 电梯，holidays and vacation假日，ill and sick 生病，zip and zipper 拉链，aubergine and eggplant茄子, banger and old car老爷车rubber and eraser橡皮, serviette and napkin餐巾, set square and triangle三角板,shop and store商店,shop assistant and shop worker售货员, trouser and pants裤子,university and college大学,torch and flashlight手电筒,trainer and sneakers运动鞋. From the examples here we can see that American English is easier to remember and understand while British English is just kept its original words without few changes.On the other hand, the words you use to describe something dependent on where you are. When you are in great Briton you had better use British English in case the British would misunderstand you, the same rules also works in America. American regard first floor as第一楼but first floor means第二楼for British who usually useground floor as第一楼. For instance, public school means private school in Briton and council school in America, Cupboard means closet壁橱in British and 食橱in America. More examples like ship means convey by sea in Briton and means convey by any transportation: marine, railway, motor, vehicle, etc.Spelling rulesThere are also some different spelling rules during the varied development of these two branches.First，some words ended with –ter in America while ended with –tre ,but those words do not have distinguished meaning in this tow countries. American English: Theater, center, meter. British English: Theatre, centre, metre.Second, different spelling in writing. 分析analyse and analyze, 支票cheque and check, 保卫defence and defense, 安装install and install, 节目programme and program, 轮胎tyre and tire, 监狱goal and jail, 特殊speciality and specialy, 珠宝jewelley and jewelry, 犁plough and plow (British English and American English respectively).PronunciationFamous for its conservative, the British is much more serious than American which had a great impact on British English pronunciation. American English is charactered by casual and exaggeration. By American pronunciation we mean the pronunciation of general American English. Any leaner of English whose first steps in the language have been based on a general British model should also understand the general form of American speech. However, he may find that there are many differences in pronunciation between general American English and general British model though they do not nowadays constitute a serious obstacle to easy communication. Just look the examples followed; the word “letter”the British pronounces as [´letə] while American pronounces as [´letə(r)], “reduce” pronounces by the British and American respectively as [ri´dju:s] and [ri´du:s], “laugh”as [la:f] and [læf] , “more”as [m ] and [m (r)], “letter ” as [´letə] and [´letə(r)], “flower”as [flauə] and [flauər], “not” as [n t] and [nat], “bomb” as [b m] and [bam], “top” as [t p] and [tap].Business writingJust look the two letters here:(1)Dear Sirs,On 25th May I shall be removing from the above address to St Annes—on—sea and wish to arrange cover in the sum of 8.000 for household effects during transit. Will you please quote your terms for providing the required cover, which should include loading and discharge?Yours faithfully;John Smith(2)Gentleman;Referring to your cable of February 12, we are pleased to confirm having told you 50 tons of peanuts on the terms and conditions agreed upon.We enclose here with our sales Confirmation No.CF2437 in duplicate, a copy of which please countersign and return to us for our file.Truly Yours,John SmithHere we can know the information that the address is Dear Sirs+, shows the serious, conservative of british people ,so that’s easy to figure out that No.1 is a british style and No.2 is a American style. Their different feature in language do has an impact on their business writing.SummaryEngli sh is one of the most popular languages in the world. The people who speak English reached a number of two hundred and eighty million and the number is just second to the people who speak mandarin Chinese. There are also regard English as second language with a number of one hundred and twenty million, so the number should be four hundred million. English is not only widely used in business, government and education but also used in research, tourism and art.But due to the few differences between British English and American English, there is necessary and important to draw a clear distinction between them.This divergence between American English and British English once caused George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are "two countries divided by a common language"; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston Churchill. Likewise, Oscar Wilde wrote, "We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, the language." However, we should keep it in mind that those differences display some changing rules. Just as the old going says “When you are in Rome do as Romans do”. Having knowledge of those rules and features, we can definitely have an effective study and communication on English.。

研究生英语翻译答案

Chapter Two Comparison Between English & ChineseLexical Differences:1 W ord Meaning1) absolutely equivalent meaningUsu. Proper names; technical terms; names of objects2) partly equivalent meaning3) no equivalent meaningUsu. Newly-appeared words; or those only existing in one culture4) poly-meaning wordsA) Usually children have no school on Saturdays.B) This professor doesn’t belong to any school.C) Both of his sons graduated from the law school.D) At the beginning of every term we have a school meeting.E) She attended a dancing school when she was five.2 CollocationTo cut wheat 割麦子To cut cake 切蛋糕To cut finger-nails 剪（或修）指甲To cut branches from a tree 砍掉树上的枝丫To cut a stone into an image of Buddha 把石头雕刻成佛像To cut a hole in a wall 在墙上挖一个洞吃药to take medicine吃后悔药to regret吃香to be very popular吃惊to be surprised吃苦to bear hardships吃透to have a thorough grasp吃斋to be a vegetarian for religious reasons吃馆子to dine out吃鸭（零）蛋to get a zero in an exam or to score nothing in a game吃一堑，长一智 a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit3 W ord orderUsu. the use of attributive and adverbial is different.Classroom practice:1. soft pillow ___________ soft music ___________soft cushion ___________ soft wood ___________soft money ___________ soft drink ___________soft breeze ___________ soft light ___________soft voice ___________ soft fire ___________soft hat ___________ soft words ___________soft answer ___________ soft goods ___________soft heart ___________ soft water ___________2 . regular reading ___________ regular flights ___________regular job ___________ regular visitor ___________regular speed ___________ regular gasoline ___________regular verb ___________ regular army ___________ 3 . run into debt ___________ run for presidency ___________run wild ___________ run a factory ___________ run the streets ___________ run a fever ___________ run to the extremes ___________ run to seed ___________Chapter Three Lexical TranslationSection One Choice of word meaningOne with the help of word class1. The net income of the peasants in the county averages 8458 Y uan this year.2. Though an average student with average intelligence, his achievements surprised all of the students and teachers.3. Tom’s school work is above the average.4. 十年树木，百年树人。