汉英翻译概念创新之初论

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四级高频词汇创新(Innovation)

四级高频词汇创新(Innovation)

四级高频词汇创新(Innovation)创新,作为一个流行的话题,如今在各个领域中都扮演着重要的角色。

无论是科技、商业、教育还是社会领域,创新都被认为是带来进步和成功的重要驱动力。

在四级考试中,也常常会涉及到与创新相关的话题,因此我们有必要了解一些与创新相关的高频词汇。

一、创新的定义和意义创新是指通过引入新的想法、方法或产品,从而带来社会、经济或科技方面的进步和提高。

正因为创新的存在,人类社会才不断地向前发展。

创新意味着对现有情况的不满,追求更好更优秀的解决方案。

它可以推动经济的繁荣与竞争力的提升,也可以改善人们的生活和工作环境。

二、创新的领域1. 科技创新科技创新是指通过引入新的科学技术,推动社会和经济的发展。

在当今信息时代,科技创新对于一个国家的竞争力至关重要。

例如:人工智能、大数据分析、虚拟现实等领域都是当前科技创新的热点。

科技创新不仅改变了人们的生活方式和工作方式,还广泛应用于医疗、农业、交通等各个领域。

2. 商业创新商业创新是指通过创建新的商业模式、产品或服务,为市场带来新的价值和机会。

随着市场竞争的加剧,企业需要不断寻求创新来保持竞争优势。

例如,互联网的兴起促使传统企业开展在线销售,提供更便捷的购物体验。

创新的商业模式不仅可以带来商业成功,还可以满足消费者不断变化的需求。

3. 教育创新教育创新是指通过引入新的教学方法、技术和课程内容,提高教育质量和学生学习效果。

在信息化时代,教育创新逐渐成为各国教育改革的重要议题。

例如,引入在线教育平台、个性化学习等创新方法,可以满足学生个性化发展的需求,提高教育的效果和效率。

三、创新的挑战与解决方案创新虽然重要,但在实施过程中也面临各种挑战。

首先,创新需要投入大量资源和时间,而且并不是每个创新都能够获得成功。

其次,创新会面临旧有观念和利益的阻碍,改变现状并不容易。

此外,创新还可能带来风险和不确定性。

为了克服这些挑战,我们可以采取以下解决方案。

首先,建立创新文化,鼓励员工提出新的想法和方案。

论翻译的创造性PPt

论翻译的创造性PPt
追求行文流畅和节奏感
在保持语言流畅自然的同时,还应追求行文的流畅和节奏感,使译文读起来更加顺口、有韵律感。
04 创造性翻译的影响与价值
对文化交流的影响
促进文化理解
创造性翻译能够将原作的文化内涵准确传达 给目标语言读者,帮助他们更好地理解异域 文化,促进文化交流与融合。
打破文化障碍
创造性翻译能够化解文化冲突和误解,打破语言和 文化的障碍,让不同文化背景的人们能够相互理解 和沟通。
翻译时应注意保持原文的语言风格,包括语言特征、修辞手法和表达方式等, 以再现原作的艺术魅力。
传递原文的情感色彩
在保持原文语言风格的基础上,还应注重传递原文的情感色彩,使译文读者能 够感受到原作的情感表达和氛围。
语言流畅自然
符合目标语言的表达习惯
为了使译文流畅自然,翻译时应充分考虑目标语言的表达习惯,避免生硬直译,使译文更加地道、易 于理解。
丰富语言学习素材
创造性翻译可以提供丰富的语言学习素材和案例,帮助学习者更好地掌握语言的运用和表达技巧,提高 语言学习的效果和质量。
05 创造性翻译的挑战与未来 发展
翻译中的文化冲突与融合
文化差异
翻译过程中,源语言和目标语言之间的文化差异可能导致语义误 解或信息丢失。
文化融合
通过深入了解源语言和目标语言的文化背景,译者能够更好地传 达原文的意图和情感,实现文化融合。
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风格再创造
不同作者的语言风格各异,译者 需在译作中创造性地再现原作的 风格特点,以使译作在风格上与 原作保持一致。
创造性翻译的实例
诗歌翻译
诗歌的语言凝练、含蓄、富有节奏感 ,要求译者在翻译过程中充分运用创 造性,再现原诗的意境、韵律和风格 。
小说翻译

基于解构理念解读翻译的创新性

基于解构理念解读翻译的创新性

基于解构理念解读翻译的创新性在传统的翻译理论中,翻译一直被看成以忠实为绝对标准,不具有任何创造性的行为。

若不然,便是对“作者艺术个性的一种抹杀”,同时也是对“原语文化蕴涵的一种摈弃”。

然而,这种理论只是一种无法实现的幻想。

翻译绝不是简单的转换语言形式的问题,而是在另一种语境中创造性地重现某种意义的活动。

译者的主观能动性是不容忽略的。

译者的创造性叛逆已成为文学翻译不可避免的本质特征之一。

也正因如此,原作的艺术生命才能够延续,文化交流才得以实现。

解构主义又称后结构主义,从20世纪80年代末开始,在西方翻译理论界的影响日益扩大,并对传统翻译理论产生了巨大影响。

它反对传统理论“模式—复制”的关系,解构主义的翻译观是把译文从屈从于原文的处境中解放了出来,从崭新的阐释角度,把译文当作独立的文本来阅读,使原文经过翻译后获得新生。

本文之所以用解构主义的观点来分析文学翻译中的创造性叛逆,是因为二者有异曲同工之处。

它们都是从寻找文本间的意义对等中解脱出来,把研究视野放到文本以外的社会文化语境中,这样翻译便跳出传统译论只注意文本的框框,看到了译者的创造性,尊重了译者的贡献。

一、文学翻译中的创造性叛逆“创造性叛逆”是法国社会文学家埃斯卡皮提出的:“说翻译是叛逆,那是因为译者把作品置于一个完全没有预料到的参照体系里;说翻译是创造性的,那是因为译者赋予作品一个崭新的面貌,使之能与更广泛的读者进行一次崭新的文学交流;还因为它不仅延长了作品的生命,而且又赋予了它第二次生命。

”文学翻译中的创造性,表明了译者以自己的艺术创造去接近和再现原作的一种主观努力;文学翻译中的叛逆性,反映在翻译过程当中,译者为了达到某一主观愿望而造成的一种译作对原作的客观背离。

最后他总结道:“翻译总是一种创造性的叛逆。

”1·文学翻译的创造性文学翻译之所以具有创造性是因为它使作品产生了与更广泛的读者进行新的文学交流的可能,翻译不仅使作品永存,而且使作品获得了“第二生命”。

豪斯翻译评估模式在英译汉中的应用研究

豪斯翻译评估模式在英译汉中的应用研究

豪斯翻译评估模式在英译汉中的应用研究翻译质量评估是翻译学的一个重要组成部分,而早在翻译学成为一门独立的学科之前,关于如何评定翻译质量的论述无论中外都是层出不穷的,只不过大多停留在主观印象式或经验总结式的评论上,没有系统严谨的理论作为基础,主观性非常强。

同时,这些质量评估模式很少提出切实可能的评估步骤,大多泛泛而谈,或只是指出个别的评估点,做不到全面系统,因而评估效果得不到保证。

德国学者朱利安·豪斯在1977年提出了翻译界第一个基于系统功能语言学、语篇分析、语用理论以及文体学等理论而构建起来的翻译质量评估模式,后分别于1997年和2015年对该模式进行两次修订、优化,使得评估步骤更为优化,评估范围更为全面,评估理论更为科学。

系统的理论基础和切实可能的操作步骤是豪斯模式的创新之处,同时,该模式打破了以前只重视“忠实”原文或只“瞄准”译文的评估倾向,将原文和译文从文化语境、情境语境、语篇语境到语篇类型等多维度进行系统比较,得出不同之处,同时引入显性翻译、隐形翻译、文化过滤等慨念,对这些原文和译文不一致的地方进行分析,最后得出质量评估报告。

豪斯模式的这些优势使其自该模式诞生之初就受到了学术界的热烈追捧,包括单纯对该理论进行评价的,单纯应用该理论对译文进行质量评估的,也有通过应用该理论提出改良意见的。

无论哪类研究都在某种程度上促进了豪斯模式的传播和发展。

通过文献综述可以看到,中国学者对豪斯模式也进行了大量的研究,主要集中在应用该模式进行英汉或汉英翻译的质量评估上,就连豪斯本人并不是十分支持应用的诗歌翻译领域,也有学者尝试使用该模式进行质量评估。

这充分表明了豪斯模式在翻译质量评估上具有巨大的潜力和优势。

本研究在充分分析豪斯模式的理论基础上,利用该模式(2015年最新修订版)对一篇“韩素音青年翻译奖”的参赛文章的参考译文进行了分析和质量评估。

一方面,利用该理论对大赛参考译文的质量进行检验;同时也是对该理论本身的可能性进行验证。

新英汉翻译教程前言

新英汉翻译教程前言
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前言
《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》(以下称《大纲》)就高校翻 译教学规定:
前言 “笔译课的目的在于使学生具备笔头翻译的基本能
力。通过介绍各类文体语言的特点、汉英两种语言 的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法,使学 生掌握英汉双语翻译的基本理论,掌握英汉词语、 长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英汉互译的能力。” “能运用翻译的理论和技巧,将英美报刊上的文章 以及文学原著译成汉语,或将我国报刊、杂志上的 文章和一般文学作品译成英语,速度为每小时 250—300个英文单词。译文要求忠实原意,语言流 畅。能担任一般外事活动的口译。”
前言 培养跨世纪的翻译人才的需要,是新世纪网络课
程建设的需要。该教材由学生用书、教师用书、 电子教案和学习光盘 四大部分组成。它的设计、 编写和制作过程是一个课堂教学和学生自学相结 合的试验过程。
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前言
《新英汉翻译教程》运用多媒体教学的手段,
前言 课堂的信息量大大增加,突出了课堂上师生
的互动性,促进学生快速动脑,把无形的思 维过程变成了有形的快速翻译实践过程,便 于讨论争辩,便于结果检验,同时在争辩检 验这一过程中产生的成就感无形中激发了学 生翻译的积极性、兴趣和竞争意识。
前言
前言
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前言
通讯缩小了世界,语言丰富了世界,翻
前言 译沟通了世界。翻译是桥梁,翻译是纽带,
翻译是亲合剂,翻译是人类文化活动的一个 重要部分,只要有人类的交际,翻译活动就 存在。
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前言
近年来,我国有关英语翻译方面的书籍
前言 很多,有文学诗歌的翻译、有文体修辞的翻
译、有商务外贸的翻译、有现代科技文献的 翻译、有翻译的专题论著、有翻译的理论研 究、有翻译的方法探讨等。

新标准大学英语四汉译英翻译

新标准大学英语四汉译英翻译

Unit1“创客”指勇于创新,努力将自己的创意变为现实的人。

这个词译自英文单词maker,源于美国麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)微观装配实验室(fabrication laboratory)的课题。

该课题以客户为中心,以创新为理念,由个人设计、制造满足个人需要的智能设备,参与该课题的学生即“创客”。

在中国,“创客”特指具有创新理念、自主创业的人。

中国的“创客”即包括发明新设备的科技达人,也包括软件开发者、艺术家、设计师等诸多领域的优秀代表。

Chuangke is a term that refers to innovative people who make an effort to turn their cuttingedge ideas into reality. The term is translated from the English word maker, which is derived from the fabrication laboratory project of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US. It is a consumer-centred project, emphasizing innovation and designed to empower individuals to develop and produce smart devices to suit personal needs. The students participating in the project are called “makers”. In China, Chu angke refers to those who start their own businesses with innovative ideas. Chinese makers include tech-savvy people who dedicate themselves to creating new devices and distinguished innovators in various fields, such as software developers, artists and designers.Unit2每年在“世界读书日”这一天(4 月23 日),中国各地都会举办“全民阅读,书香中国”的活动,旨在培养全民阅读的风气(ethos),让更多的人知道阅读不只是知识分子、学生的功课,而且是每个人生活方式的一部分。

【英语】【翻译】中国译协中译英最新发布

【英语】【翻译】中国译协中译英最新发布

中国译协中译英最新发布,各类专业术语直译(马上要口译的孩子们可以参考参考,万一考到了说得溜吓死考官~~~)1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development(也有一说outlook 应为conception,有兴趣自己去查字典了解了解两词的区别2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化 a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律,提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人,以正确的舆论引导人,以崇高的精神塑造人,以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fineworks8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chinese appeal9.越是民族的,越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众,贴近生活,贴近实际。

2学期第15周翻译与创新学生

2学期第15周翻译与创新学生

翻译与创新学生090909 翻译与创新一、人类进历史上的发明创新:火的使用、象形文字、中国古代四大发明(参见李约瑟Joseph Needham《中国古代技术史》)Science and Civilisation in China、阿拉伯数字、算盘、英国工业革命等。

二十世纪以来:电话、电视、人造卫星、电脑、互联网等科技发明层出不穷。

翻译也是人类智力活动的一种,也可以、而且也必须创新。

二、英语的发展是创新过程1.英语的发展:人类发明创造史的一个缩影(James Joyce, Ulysses);从乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1345-1400)到乔伊斯(James Joyce, 1882-1941)的文学作品,不只是文学史,更是一部语言发展史,其间英语发生了顺应社会变迁的巨变,从形式到内容都是。

例:Davy Byrne smiledyawnednodded all in one. (Ulysses, Chapter 8),参阅陈恕《尤利西斯导读》“前言”。

2.“I heartily wish I could, but …”/ “Nay, but me no buts —I have set my heart on it.”(Sir Walter Scott, The Abbot )词类:名词用作动词。

3.生造词nonce wordsa. meatware仿照?b.Taikonaut=?汉语拼音(去尾)+英语单词(掐头)c.copetition竞合(竞争+合作)=competition+cooperation;d. 狮虎兽?提示:两个英文词拼凑而成e. I had no outlook, but an uplook rather. (Jack London, “What Life Means to Me”)译文:我没有世界观,只有升迁观/世俗观。

f. All moanday, tearsday, wailsday, thumpsday, frightday, shatterday(James Joyce, Finnegans Wake)from《牛津》=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, p.136)f译文:见下方“五、自创或改造”4.pool selection=?选5. NEET= not in education, employment or training(“啃老族”);6. NINJA: No income, no job, and asset(次贷危机的事主);旧词新义7. class ceiling: 仿照?ceiling8.“World Englishes is committed to the study of global varieties of English in their distinctive cultural, sociolinguistic and educa tional contexts.” (N.B.World Englishes is an academic quarterly edited by Braj B. Kachru and Larry E. Smith, and the publisher is Blackwell Publishing. And by February, 2003, 22 volumes had been edited.)9. back formation: upload仿照?三、英译汉例子1.意译:Rejoyce飘柔;Waterloo Bridge魂断蓝桥2.Seven Types of Ambiguities, by W. Empson“模棱?”3-1.TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) 托福3-2“寄托一族”,来自?4.Dot-com:?(请使用音译,仿“小康”。

学术中译英-概述说明以及解释

学术中译英-概述说明以及解释

学术中译英-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述学术翻译是指将学术领域中的文献、论文、研究报告等内容从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的过程。

这种翻译不仅要准确传达原文的含义,还需要保持学术风格和专业性,以确保学术成果得以有效传播和应用。

学术翻译在学术交流和全球学术合作中起着重要的作用。

随着全球化进程的加速,学术研究的国际化程度越来越高,各国学者需要阅读和理解来自不同语言背景的研究成果。

学术翻译为学术界提供了一个跨越语言障碍的桥梁,促进了学术交流和知识传播。

然而,学术翻译也面临着挑战。

学术领域的专业性和复杂性使得学术翻译需要翻译人员具备深厚的学术素养和专业知识。

同时,各个学科领域的术语和概念差异也增加了翻译的难度。

此外,学术翻译还需要解决文化差异和语言表达的问题,确保翻译成果符合目标读者的理解和接受。

在未来,学术翻译将继续发展并适应不断变化的学术环境。

随着科技的不断进步和全球化的深入发展,跨学科研究和国际合作将变得更加频繁,对学术翻译的需求也将增加。

同时,学术翻译的应用领域也将越来越广泛,包括学术出版、学术会议、学术交流等。

学术翻译的发展将为全球学术界的合作与发展提供更好的支持和促进。

1.2 文章结构本文主要分为引言、正文和结论三个部分,以探讨学术中译英这一话题。

具体的文章结构如下:引言部分主要包含了以下几个方面的内容。

首先,对学术翻译进行了概述,介绍了学术翻译的定义和背景。

其次,说明了文章的整体结构,简要介绍了各个章节的内容。

然后,明确了本文的目的,即通过对学术翻译的探讨,探索学术翻译的重要性、挑战和发展趋势。

最后,通过总结概述了全文的主要观点和结论。

正文部分将深入探讨学术翻译的相关内容。

首先,将对学术翻译的定义进行具体阐述,明确了学术翻译是指将学术文本从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的过程。

其次,将探讨学术翻译的重要性,包括促进学术交流、推动学术发展和拓展学术影响力等方面。

然后,将分析学术翻译所面临的挑战,例如专业性要求高、文化差异和语言表达的灵活性等方面,并提供相应的解决方法和策略。

浅谈翻译中的创新性发挥

浅谈翻译中的创新性发挥
科 技 信 窟
浅谈翻译 【 硇创新性发挥 l 】
聊 城 大 学大 学外语教 育 学院 郑 雯
[ 摘 要] 翻译工作承 载着原作者 、 译者 、 者之 间的信 息传 递和文化 交流 , 了疏通异域风情和异 国文化的差异给读 者理解造成的 读 为 障碍 , 创新性发挥是 不可避 免的 , 有人把 这种现 象称之为创造性“ 叛逆” 我4 i , t&为这里所指的“ 逆” ' 3 叛 并非真正的叛 逆 , 反而是一种深 度的忠 实, 对异 国文化 的传递 和交流发 挥着重要作用。但是 , 在进行创新性翻译 时要 坚持 适度原 则, 否则, 译者就会真正背叛原作者
翻译从 表面上看 , 是两种语言 之间 的转换 , 即语 际转化 , 但在深层 意义上它更是一种文 化信 息的传 递 , 通过翻译 , 读者可 以了解异 国文化 和异域风情 , 同时 , 翻译也为不同国家相互 了解及学 习先进 的文化技术 架起 了桥梁 。古往 今来 , 对于如何更好地翻译作 品以达到最佳效果 , 一 直是 国内外翻译 者们所追求 的 目标 。 忠实” “ 是被放在 一切翻译工作 中 最 为重要 的地位 , 中 , 其 具有 代表性 的有西 方学术启 蒙思想 家严复 的 “ 、 、 ” 鲁迅 以“ 顺” 信 达 雅 , 信 为标 准的 “ 持原 作丰 姿” 傅雷 的“ 似 保 , 神 说 ”再 到钱 钟书的“ , 化境说” 我们都可 以看 出, 者们 心 目中的翻译应 , 译 该是理想化 和纯粹 透明的 , 认为翻译能够忠实表达 和再现作 者的原 意 , 传达原作 的思想 内容 、 意境 、 和神韵 , 风格 才能算是完成 了翻译 的使命 。 传 统翻译更是 遵循“ 实性原则 ”甚 至有很 多人 把翻译看成是 语 忠 , 言上机 械对应的活动 , 根本谈不上创意 , 要求 翻译 完全 忠实于原作的思 想, 而忽略了因不 同国家 的语言 、 民族 、 文化差 异所带来的问题 , 在翻译 过程 中被传递 的信 息要做到表面意义 上的“ 原汁原 味” 但 是 , 。 这样所 被传 递 的精神 实质却受 到了阻碍 。针 对翻译过程 中存在的这一 问题 , 法 国文学社 会学 家埃斯卡皮( oet s ri 提 出“ R b rE c pt a ) 创造性 叛逆 ”说 翻 , 译 是“ 叛逆 ” 那是 因为它把作 品置 于一个完全没 有预料到 的参 照体系 , 里, 说翻译 是“ 创造性 ” , 的 那是 因为它赋予作 品一个 崭新 的面貌 , 使之 能与更广泛 的读者进行 一个崭新 的文学交流 , 因为它不仅延 长了作 还 品的生命 , 而且又赋予它第二 次生命 ” 。创新性发挥为翻译学研究注人 了新 的华 丽 , 它摆脱 了传 统翻译过程 中形 式和意义 “ 对等 ” “ 和 忠实” 的 标准, 译者 可以充分发 挥 自己的主 观能动性和创造性 , 合理 、 活地采 灵 用一些策 略来达到 翻译作 品的 目的。 创新性发挥 ” “ 也体现 了翻译者地 位的一种 转变 。以前 , 者被认 为对作 品不 能有丝毫 改动, 以说 , 译 可 译 者地位极其 低下 , 且受到很 大程 度上 的限制 。最有影 响力 的是德莱 并 塞的观点, 他认为译者必须绝对 服从 原作, 把翻译 比作戴着脚镣在绳索 上 跳舞 , 者是奴 隶, 在别人 的庄 园里劳 动, 舞 只能 然而 酿出来 的酒却是 主人的 。而 “ 创新性发 挥” 挑战 了传 统翻译界 的看 法 , 翻译 的主体转 把 移到译者身 上 , 这对 翻译 者来说 , 得不说是一种 很大的鼓舞 , 不 这犹如 打开一扇长期关闭 的窗户 , 使得 翻译 者一下子开阔了视野 , 也对翻译工

第一篇创新作文英文翻译

第一篇创新作文英文翻译

第一篇创新作文英文翻译英文:Innovation is the key to success in today's rapidly changing world. As an individual, I believe that innovation is not just about coming up with new ideas, but also about finding creative solutions to problems and improving existing products or services.One example of my own innovation is when I was working on a group project in college. Our task was to design a new product that would solve a common problem. Instead of just brainstorming ideas, I decided to conduct a survey to find out what people actually wanted and needed. Based on the results, I came up with a unique product that not only addressed the problem, but also had additional featuresthat made it more appealing to consumers.Another example of innovation that I admire is the way that Apple revolutionized the smartphone industry with theintroduction of the iPhone. They didn't just create a new phone, they completely changed the way people interact with technology. The iPhone was not only a phone, but also a camera, music player, and internet browser all in one device. It was a game-changer that set a new standard for the industry.Innovation is not always easy, and it often requires taking risks and thinking outside the box. However, the rewards can be great, both personally and professionally. By embracing innovation and constantly striving for improvement, we can stay ahead of the curve and achieve success in today's competitive world.中文:创新是在当今快速变化的世界中取得成功的关键。

(英汉对照)比尔盖茨谈创新(中英对照)

(英汉对照)比尔盖茨谈创新(中英对照)

(英汉对照)比尔盖茨谈创新(中英对照)Bill gates _ Innovating to zero!创新到零Transcript for Bill Gates on energy: Innovating to zero!I'm going to talk today about energy and climate. And that might seem a bit surprising because my full-time work at the foundation is mostly about vaccines and seeds, about the things that we need to invent and deliver to help the poorest two billion live better lives. But energy and climate are extremely important to these people, in fact, more important than to anyone else on the planet. The climate getting worse, means that many years their crops won't grow. There will be too much rain, not enough rain. Things will change in ways that their fragile environment simply can't support. And that leads to starvation. It leads to uncertainty. It leads to unrest. So, the climate changes will be terrible for them.Also, the price of energy is very important to them. In fact, if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of, to reduce poverty, by far, you would pick energy. Now, the price of energy has come down over time. Really, advanced civilization is based on advances in energy. The coal revolution fueled the industrial revolution, and, even in the 1900's we've seen a very rapid decline in the price of electricity, and that's why we have refrigerators, air-conditioning, we can make modern materials and do so many things. And so, we're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world. But, as we make it cheaper -- and let's go for making it twice as cheap -- we need to meet a new constraint, and that constraint has to do with CO2.CO2 is warming the planet, and the equation on CO2 is actually a very straightforward one. If you sum up the CO2 thatgets emitted, that leads to a temperature increase, and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects. The effects on the weather and, perhaps worse, the indirect effects, in that the natural ecosystems can't adjust to these rapid changes, and so you get ecosystem collapses.Now, the exact amount of how you map from a certain increase of CO2 to what temperature will be and where the positive feedbacks are, there's some uncertainty there, but not very much. And there's certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be, but they will be extremely bad. I asked the top scientists on this several times, do we really have to get down to near zero? Can't we just cut it in half or a quarter? And the answer is that, until we get near to zero, the temperature will continue to rise. And so that's a big challenge. It's very different than saying we're a 12 ft high truck trying to get under a 10 ft bridge, and we can just sort of squeeze under. This is something that has to get to zero.Now, we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year, over 26 billion tons. For each American, it's about 20 tons. For people in poor countries, it's less than one ton. It's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet. And, somehow, we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero. It's been constantly going up. It's only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all, so we have to go from rapidly rising to falling, and falling all the way to zero.This equation has four factors. A little bit of multiplication. So, you've got a thing on the left, CO2, that you want to get to zero, and that's going to be based on the number of people, the services each person's using on average, the energy on average for each service, and the CO2 being put out per unit of energy.So, let's look at each one of these and see how we can get this down to zero. Probably, one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero. Now that's back from high school algebra, but let's take a look.First we've got population. Now, the world today has 6.8 billion people. That's headed up to about nine billion. Now, if we do a really great job on new vaccines(疫苗), health care, reproductive health services, we could lower that by, perhaps, 10 or 15 percent, but there we see an increase of about 1.3.The second factor is the services we use. This encompasses everything, the food we eat, clothing, TV, heating. These are very good things, and getting rid of poverty means providing these services to almost everyone on the planet. And it's a great thing for this number to go up. In the rich world, perhaps the top one billion, we probably could cut back and use less, but every year, this number, on average, is going to go up, and so, over all, that will more than double the services delivered per person. Here we have a very basic service. Do you have lighting in your house to be able to read your homework, and, in fact, these kids don't, so they're going out and reading their school work under the street lamps.Now, efficiency, E, the energy for each service, here, finally we have some good news. We have something that's not going up. Through various inventions and new ways of doing lighting, through different types of cars, different ways of building buildings. there are a lot of services where you can bring the energy for that service down quite substantially, some individual services even, bring it down by 90 percent. There are other services like how we make fertilizer, or how we do air transport, where the rooms for improvement are far, far less. And so, overallhere, if we're optimistic, we may get a reduction of a factor of three to even, perhaps, a factor of six. But for these first three factors now, we've gone from 26 billion to, at best, maybe 13 billion tons, and that just won't cut it.So let's look at this fourth factor -- this is going to be a key one -- and this is the amount of CO2 put out per each unit of energy. And so the question is, can you actually get that to zero? If you burn coal, no. If you burn natural gas, no. Almost every way we make electricity today, except for the emergingrenewables and nuclear, puts out CO2. And so, what we're going to have to do at a global scale, is create a new system. And so, we need energy miracles.Now, when I use the term miracle, I don't mean something that's impossible. The microprocessor is a miracle. The personal computer is a miracle. The internet and its services are a miracle. So, the people here have participated in the creation of many miracles. Usually, we don't have a deadline, where you have to get the miracle by a certain date. Usually, you just kind of stand by, and some come along, some don't. This is a case where we actually have to drive full speed and get a miracle in a pretty tight time line.Now, I thought, how could I really capture this? Is there some kind of natural illustration, some demonstration that would grab people's imagination here? I thought back to a year ago when I brought mosquitos, and somehow people enjoyed that. (Laughter) It really got them involved in the idea of, you know, there are people who live with mosquitos. So, with energy, all I could come up with is this. I decided that releasing fireflies would be my contribution to the environment here this year. So here we have some natural fireflies. I'm told they don't bite, in fact, theymight not even leave that jar. (Laughter)Now, there's all sorts gimmicky solutions like that one, but they don't really add up to much. We need solutions, either one or several, that have unbelievable scale and unbelievable reliability, and, although there's many directions people are seeking, I really only see five that can achieve the big numbers. I've left out tide, geothermal, fusion, biofuels. Those may make some contribution, and if they can do better than I expect, so much the better, but my key point here is that we're going to have to work on each of these five, and we can't give up any of them because they look daunting, because they all have significant challenges.Let's look first at the burning fossil fuels, either burning coal or burning natural gas. What you need to do there, seems like it might be simple, but it's not, and that's to take all the CO2, after you've burned it, going out the flue, pressurize it, create a liquid, put it somewhere, and hope it stays there. Now we have some pilot things that do this at the 60 to 80 percent level, but getting up to that full percentage, that will be very tricky, and agreeing on where these CO2 quantities should be put will be hard, but the toughest one here is this long term issue. Who's going to be sure? Who's going to guarantee something that is literally billions of times larger than any type of waste you think of in terms of nuclear or other things? This is a lot of volume. So that's a tough one.Next, would be nuclear. It also has three big problems. Cost, particularly in highly regulated countries, is high. The issue of the safety, really feeling good about nothing could go wrong, that, even though you have these human operators, that the fuel doesn't get used for weapons. And then what do you do with thewaste? And, although it's not very large, there are a lot of concerns about that. People need to feel good about it. So three very tough problems that might be solvable, and so, should be worked on.The last three of the five, I've grouped together. These are what people often refer to as the renewable sources. And they actually -- although it's great they don't require fuel -- they have some disadvantages. One is that the density of energy gathered in these technologies is dramatically less than a power plant. This is energy farming, so you're talking about many square miles, thousands of time more area than you think of as a normal energy plant. Also, these are intermittent sources. The sun doesn't shine all day, it doesn't shine every day, and, likewise, the wind doesn't blow all the time. And so, if you depend on these sources, you have to have some way of getting the energy during those time periods that it's not available. So, we've got big cost challenges here. We have transmission challenges. For example, say this energy source is outside your country, you not only need the technology, but you have to deal with the risk of the energy coming from elsewhere.And, finally, this storage problem. And, to dimensionalize this, I went through and looked at all the types of batteries that get made, for cars, for computers, for phones, for flashlights, for everything, and compared that to the amount of electrical energy the world uses, and what I found is that all the batteries we make now could store less than 10 minutes of all the energy. And so, in fact, we need a big breakthrough here, something that's going to be a factor of a hundred better than the approaches we have now. It's not impossible, but it's not a very easy thing. Now, this shows up when you try to get the intermittent source to be above, say,20 to 30 percent of what you're using. If you're counting on it for 100 percent, you need an incredible miracle battery.Now, how we're going to go forward on this: what's the right approach? Is it a Manhattan project? What's the thing that can get us there? Well, we need lots of companies working on this, hundreds. In each of these five paths, we need at least a hundred people. And a lot of them, you'll look at and say they're crazy. That's good. And, I think, here in the TED group, we have many people who are already pursuing this. Bill Gross has several companies, including one called eSolar that has some great solar thermal technologies. Vinod Khosla's investing in dozens of companies that are doing great things and have interesting possibilities, and I'm trying to help back that. Nathan Myhrvold and I actually are backing a company that, perhaps surprisingly, is actually taking the nuclear approach. There are some innovations in nuclear: modular, liquid. And innovation really stopped in this industry quite some ago, so the idea that there's some good ideas laying around is not all that surprising.The idea of T errapower is that, instead of burning a part of uranium, the one percent, which is the U235, we decided, let's burn the 99 percent, the U238. It is kind of a crazy idea. In fact, people had talked about it for a long time, but they could never simulate properly whether it would work or not, and so it's through the advent of modern supercomputers that now you can simulate and see that, yes, with the right material's approach, this looks like it would work.And, because you're burning that 99 percent, you have greatly improved cost profile. You actually burn up the waste, and you can actually use as fuel all the leftover waste from today's reactors. So, instead of worrying about them, you just take that.It's a great thing. It breathes this uranium as it goes along. So it's kind of like a candle. You can see it's a log there, often referred to as a traveling wave reactor. In terms of fuel, this really solves the problem. I've got a picture here of a place in Kentucky. This is the left over, the 99 percent, where they've taken out the part they burn now, so it's called depleted uranium. That would power the U.S. for hundreds of years. And, simply by filtering sea water in an inexpensive process, you'd have enough fuel for the entire lifetime of the rest of the planet.So, you know, it's got lots of challenges ahead, but it is an example of the many hundreds and hundreds of ideas that we need to move forward. So let's think, how should we measure ourselves? What should our report card look like? Well, let's go out to where we really need to get, and then look at the intermediate. For 2050, you've heard many people talk about this 80 percent reduction. That really is very important, that we get there. And that 20 percent will be used up by things going on in poor countries, still some agriculture. Hopefully, we will have cleaned up forestry, cement. So, to get to that 80 percent, the developed countries, including countries like China, will have had to switch their electricity generation altogether. So, the other grade is, are we deploying this zero-emission technology, have we deployed it in all the developed countries and we're in the process of getting it elsewhere. That's super important. That's a key element of making that report card.So, backing up from there, what should the 2020 report card look like? Well, again, it should have the two elements. We should go through these efficiency measures to start getting reductions. The less we emit, the less that sum will be of CO2, and, therefore, the less the temperature. But in some ways, the grade we getthere, doing things that don't get us all the way to the big reductions, is only equally, or maybe even slightly less, important than the other, which is the piece of innovation on these breakthroughs.These breakthroughs, we need to move those at full speed, and we can measure that in terms of companies, pilot projects, regulatory things that have been changed. There's a lot of great books that have been written about this. The Al Gore book, "Our Choice" and the David McKay book, "Sustainable Energy Without the Hot Air." They really go through it and create a framework that this can be discussed broadly, because we need broad backing for this. There's a lot that has to come together.So this is a wish. It's a very concrete wish that we invent this technology. If you gave me only one wish for the next 50 years, I could pick who's president, I could pick a vaccine, which is something I love, or I could pick that this thing that's half the cost with no CO2 gets invented, this is the wish I would pick. This is the one with the greatest impact. If we don't get this wish, the division between the people who think short term and long term will be terrible, between the U.S. and China, between poor countries and rich, and most of all the lives of those two billion will be far worse.So, what do we have to do? What am I appealing to you to step forward and drive? We need to go for more research funding. When countries get together in places like Copenhagen, they shouldn't just discuss the CO2. They should discuss this innovation agenda, and you'd be stunned at the ridiculously low levels of spending on these innovative approaches. We do need the market incentives, CO2 tax, cap and trade, something that gets that price signal out there. We need to get the message out.We need to have this dialogue be a more rational, more understandable dialogue, including the steps that the government takes. This is an important wish, but it is one I think we can achieve.Thank you. (Applause) Thank you.Chris Anderson: Thank you. Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. Just so I understand more about Terrapower, right -- I mean, first of all, can you give a sense of what scale of investment this is?Bil Gates: To actually do the software, buy the supercomputer, hire all the great scientists, which we've done, that's only tens of millions, and even once we test our materials out in a Russian reactor to make sure our materials work properly, then you'll only be up in the hundreds of millions. The tough thing is building the pilot reactor, finding the several billion, finding the regulator, the location that will actually build the first one of these. Once you get the first one built, if it works as advertised, then it's just clear as day, because the economics, the energy density, are so different than nuclear as we know it.CA: And so, to understand it right, this involves building deep into the ground almost like a vertical kind of column of nuclear fuel, of this sort of spent uranium, and then the process starts at the top and kind of works down?BG: That's right. T oday, you're always refueling the reactor, so you have lots of people and lots of controls that can go wrong, that thing where you're opening it up and moving things in and out. That's not good. So, if you have very cheap fuel that you can put 60 years in -- just think of it as a log -- put it down and not have those same complexities. And it just sits there and burns for the sixty years, and then it's done.CA: It's a nuclear power plant that is its own waste disposalsolution.BG: Yeah. Well, what happens with the waste, you can let it sit there -- there's a lot less waste under this approach -- then you can actually take that, and put it into another one and burn that. And we start off actually by taking the waste that exists today, that's sitting in these cooling pools or dry casking by reactor. That's our fuel to begin with. So, the thing that's been a problem from those reactors is actually what gets fed into ours, and you're reducing the volume of the waste quite dramatically as you're going through this process.CA: But in your talking to different people around the world about the possibilities here, where is there most interest in actually doing something with this?BG: Well, we haven't picked a particular place, and there's all these interesting disclosure rules about anything that's called nuclear, so we've got a lot of interest, that people from the company have been in Russia, India, China. I've been back seeing the secretary of energy here, talking about how this fits into the energy agenda. So I'm optimistic. You know the French and Japanese have done some work. This is a variant on something that has been done. It's an important advance, but it's like a fast reactor, and a lot of countries have built them, so anybody who's done a fast reactor, is a candidate to be where the first one gets built.CA: So, in your mind, timescale and likelihood of actually taking something like this live?BG: Well, we need, for one of these high-scale, electro-generation things that's very cheap, we have 20 years to invent and then 20 years to deploy. That's sort of the deadline that the environmental models have shown us that we have to meet. And,you know, Terrapower, if things go well, which is wishing for a lot, could easily meet that. And there are, fortunately now, dozens of companies, we need it to be hundreds, who, likewise, if their science goes well, if the funding for their pilot plants goes well, that they can compete for this. And it's best if multiple succeed, because then you could use a mix of these things. We certainly need one to succeed.CA: In terms of big-scale possible game changes, is this the biggest that you're aware of out there?BG: An energy breakthrough is the most important thing. It would have been, even without the environmental constraint, but the environmental constraint just makes it so much greater. In the nuclear space, there are other innovators. You know, we don't know their work as well as we know this one, but the modular people, that's a different approach. There's a liquid type reactor, which seems a little hard, but maybe they say that about us. And so, there are different ones, but the beauty of this is a molecule of uranium has a million times as much energy as a molecule of, say, coal, and so, if you can deal with the negatives, which are essentially the radiation, the footprint and cost, the potential, in terms of effect on land and various things, is almost in a class of its own.CA: If this doesn't work, then what? Do we have to start taking emergency measures to try and keep the temperature of the earth stable?BG: If you get into that situation, it's like if you've been over-eating, and you're about to have a heart-attack. Then where do you go? You may need heart surgery or something. There is a line of research on what's called geoengineering, which are various techniques that would delay the heating to buy us 20 or 30 yearsto get our act together. Now, that's just an insurance policy. You hope you don't need to do that. Some people say you shouldn't even work on the insurance policy because it might make you lazy, that you'll keep eating because you know heart surgery will be there to save you. I'm not sure that's wise, giventhe importance of the problem, but there's now the geoengineering discussion about, should that be in the back pocket in case things happen faster, or this innovation goes a lot slower than we expect.CA: Climate skeptics: if you had a sentence or two to say to them, how might you persuade them that they're wrong?BG: Well, unfortunately, the skeptics come in different camps. The ones who make scientific arguments are very few. Are they saying there's negative feedback effects that have to do with clouds that offset things? There are very, very few things that they can even say there's a chance in a million of those things. The main problem we have here is kind of like AIDS. You make the mistake now, and you pay for it a lot later.And so, when you have all sorts of urgent problems, the idea of taking pain now that has to do with a gain later -- and a somewhat uncertain pain thing. In fact, the IPCC report, that's not necessarily the worst case, and there are people in the rich world who look at IPCC and say, okay, that isn't that big of a deal. The fact is it's that uncertain part that should move us towards this. But my dream here is that, if you can make it economic, and meet the CO2 constraints, then the skeptics say, okay, I don't care that it doesn't put out CO2, I kind of wish it did put out CO2, but I guess I'll accept it because it's cheaper than what's come before. (Applause)CA: And so, that would be your response to the BjornLomborg argument, that basically if you spend all this energy trying to solve the CO2 problem, it's going to take away all your other goals of trying to rid the world of poverty and malaria and so forth, [that] it's a stupid waste of the Earth's resources to put money towards that when there are better things we can do.BG: Well, the actual spending on the R&D piece -- say the U.S. should spend 10 billion a year more than it is right now -- it's not that dramatic. It shouldn't take away from other things. The thing you get into big money on, and this, reasonable people can disagree, is when you have something that's non-economic and you're trying to fund that. That, to me, mostly is a waste. Unless you're very close and you're just funding the learning curve and it's going to get very cheap. I believe we should try more things that have a potential to be far less expensive. If the trade-off you get into is, let's make energy super expensive, then the rich can afford that. I mean, all of us here could pay five times as much for our energy and not change our lifestyle. The disaster is for that two billion.And even Lomborg has changed. His shtick now is, why isn't the R&D getting discussed more. He's still, because of his earlier stuff, still associated with the skeptic camp, but he's realized that's a pretty lonely camp, and so, he's making the R&D point. And so there is a thread of something that I think is appropriate. The R&D piece, it's crazy how little it's funded.CA: Well Bill, I suspect I speak on the behalf of most people here to say, I really hope your wish comes true. Thank you so much.BG: Thank you. (Applause)我今天要谈的是能源与气候,这可能有点出人意料毕竟我在基金会的全职工作主要是关于疾病疫苗和农业种苗的那些的确是需要我们发明传播,以改善世上最贫穷的二十亿人的生活的东西那些的确是需要我们发明传播,以改善世上最贫穷的二十亿人的生活的东西但事实上,能源和气候对这些人极为重要,事实上,比对地球上其他人更加重要但事实上,能源和气候对这些人极为重要,事实上,比对地球上其他人更加重要气候的持续恶化意味着他们的庄稼将多年无法生长,意味着洪涝或干旱气候的持续恶化意味着他们的庄稼将多年无法生长,意味着洪涝或干旱这些变化将令他们脆弱的环境无法承受这些变化将令他们脆弱的环境无法承受这将导致饥荒,导致动荡,导致社会骚乱所以,气候变化将给他们带来严重后果,同时,能源价格也对他们至关重要所以,气候变化将给他们带来严重后果,同时,能源价格也对他们至关重要事实上,如果只能降低一样东西的价格以减少贫困,你一定会首选能源价格事实上,如果只能降低一样东西的价格以减少贫困,你一定会首选能源价格能源价格随着人类历史进程逐渐下降,先进文明是建立在先进能源的基础上的能源价格随着人类历史进程逐渐下降,先进文明是建立在先进能源的基础上的当年的煤炭革命推进了工业革命早在二十世纪初,我们就迎来了电价的快速下跌,这就是我们能够享受冰箱空调的原因早在二十世纪初,我们就迎来了电价的快速下跌,这就是我们能够享受冰箱空调的原因我们由此可以拥有各种现代化的事物,能够做各种事情得益于电力,我们能在一个富裕的世界里过着美妙的生活但是,当我们进一步降低电价的时候,比如再使其便宜两倍我们就有了一个新的限制,这个限制与二氧化碳有关我们就有了一个新的限制,这个限制与二氧化碳有关二氧化碳正在使全球变暖,而计算二氧化碳排放的公式其实非常简单明了二氧化碳正在使全球变暖,而计算二氧化碳排放的公式其实非常简单明了当前二氧化碳巨大的排放量将导致温度上升当前二氧化碳巨大的排放量将导致温度上升温度的升高将引起一系列非常严重的后果比如对天气的直接影响,或对生态系统的间接影响,生态系统无法应对剧烈变化的结果就是生态系统的全面崩溃比如对天气的直接影响,或对生态系统的间接影响,生态系统无法应对剧烈变化的结果就是生态系统的全面崩溃比如对天气的直接影响,或对生态系统的间接影响,生态系统无法应对剧烈变化的结果就是生态系统的全面崩溃二氧化碳排放增加和温度升高究竟成怎样的关系,两者间的正反馈效应为何?二氧化碳排放增加和温度升高究竟成怎样的关系,两者间的正反馈效应为何?二氧化碳排放增加和温度升高究竟成怎样的关系,两者间的正反馈效应为何?这中间有一些不确定因素,但不多至于全球变暖的具体负面影响有多严重,这无法完全确定,但肯定极其严重至于全球变暖的具体负面影响有多严重,这无法完全确定,但肯定极其严重我为此多次请教过顶尖的科学家们:我们真的一定要将二氧化碳排放降到零吗?我为此多次请教过顶尖的科学家们:我们真的一定要将二氧化碳排放降到零吗?减少到一半或四分之一不行吗?他们的回答是,除非我们降到零,否则气温将持续上升,那将是一个巨大的挑战他们的回答是,除非我们降到零,否则气温将持续上升,那将是一个巨大的挑战他们的回答是,除非我们降到零,否则气温将持续上升,那将是一个巨大的挑战这不同于让一辆12英尺高的卡车通过限高10英尺的桥,只要想办法挤过去即可这不同于让一辆12英尺高的卡车通过限高10英尺的桥,只要想办法挤过去即可二氧化碳的排放是要彻底降到零为止当前我们每年都排放大量的二氧化碳,总量超过260亿吨当前我们每年都排放大量的二氧化碳,总量超过260亿吨美国人约排放量约20吨,贫穷国家人均不到一吨,全球人均排放量约为5吨美国人约排放量约20吨,贫穷国家人均不到一吨,全球人均排放量约为5吨美国人约排放量约20吨,贫穷国家人均不到一吨,全球人均排放量约为5吨无论如何,我们都要做出改变,直至把这个数字降到零无论如何,我们都要做出改变,直至把这个数字降到零这个数字现在还在继续上升中,只有经济波动才稍稍抑制其上升的势头这个数字现在还在继续上升中,只有经济波动才稍稍抑制其上升的势头我们不但要扭转其迅速上升的势头,还要让它下降,并且一路降到零我们不但要扭转其迅速上升的势头,还要让它下降,并且一路降到零这个二氧化碳的公式有四个因素,四者相乘这个二氧化碳的公式有四个因素,四者相乘等式左面是二氧化碳排放量,我们的目标是让它降到零二氧化碳排放=人口总数 X 人均使用的服务量 X 每单位服务平均耗用能源量X 每单位能源的二氧化碳排放二氧化碳排放=人口总数 X 人均使用的服务量 X 每单位服务平均耗用能源量 X 每单位能源的二氧化碳排放二氧化碳排放=人口总数 X 人均使用的服务量 X 每单位服务平均耗用能源量X 每单位能源的二氧化碳排放二氧化碳排放=人口总数 X 人均使用的服务量 X 每单位服务平均耗用能源量 X 每单位能源的二氧化碳排放下面让我们逐个来看各个因子,看看怎样才能将等式最终降为零下面让我们逐个来看各个因子,看看怎样才能将等式最终降为零显然,我们需要至少一个因子非常接近于零,这是简单的高中代数(老美高中才学这个?) 显然,我们需要至少一个因子非常接近于零,这是简单的高中代数(老美高中才学这个?)?我们来看一下,首先是人口我们来看一下,首先是人口目前世界上有68亿人,这将继续增长到约90亿人目前世界上有68亿人,这将继续增长到约90亿人如果我们在新疫苗开发、医疗服务、生殖健康方面的工作做得卓有成效的话如果我们在新疫苗开发、医疗服务、生殖健康方面的工作做得卓有成效的话这个数字可能可以减少10%到15%,这样的话综合增长率约为1.3 这个数字可能可以减少10%到15%,这样的话综合增长率约为1.3第二个因子是我们使用的服务这包括所有东西:我们吃的食物,穿的衣服,电视,暖气,都是些非常美好的事物这包括所有东西:我们吃的食物,穿的衣服,电视,暖气,都是些非常美好的事物这包括所有东西:我们吃的食物,穿的衣服,电视,暖气,都是些非常美好的事物摆脱贫穷就意味着向地球上每个人提供这些服务,这个因子进一步提高才是好事摆脱贫穷就意味着向地球上每个人提供这些服务,这个因子进一步提高才是好事摆脱贫穷就意味着向地球上每个人提供这些服务,这个因子进一步提高才是好事在发达国家里,最富裕的十。

翻译之创译法

翻译之创译法
创 译 法
Creative Translation
定义
创译法是指翻译时不拘泥于源语言在语意 与语音上的束缚,进行的一定创造性的翻译, 以求译语与源语在功能或效果上的对等。但是, 创译法并不是纯粹的或天马行空的创作,它是 基于源语在翻译时进行适当的拓展,只是赋予 译者一定的“创意”空间。因此,使用创译法 要求译者有Байду номын сангаас富的知识、大胆的想象和拓展性 的思维,译者要能不局限于字面意思,善于挖 掘深层涵义,同时大胆地加入其个人创造。
优点(Advantages)
在信息传输方面做到了与原文内容的统一,很准确的传达 了原文想表达的意思。同时在文化交流方面也有贡献,将源 语用创造性的,符合目的语表达方式的话语陈述出来,使得 文化沟通更加深入更加有效,使得目的语读者能更清晰明白 源语作者的意图。同时给翻译的方法也注入了新的活力,提 供了新的,可供借鉴的翻译方法。
缺点(Disadvantages)
译文版本与原文会给人截然不同的感觉, 这使得译作不够忠实原文,失去了源语表达 的风格和特色,从而忽略了原文在翻译中的 作用和地位,导致过分意译及归化。
There will emerge huge difference between the original version and translated version, resulting in unfaithfulness to the SL and deficiency in original flavor and features . Therefore, this translation method weakens the function and status of original text, resulting in overdone liberal translation and domestication.

求实和创新——解读直译和意译

求实和创新——解读直译和意译

求实和创新——解读直译和意译【摘要】:翻译是把一种语言已经表达出来的东西跨越时空的转化为另一种语言的语言活动。

从语义到文体通过应用最切近、最自然的直译或最超然、最婉转的意译,达到在译入语中使用对等语再现译出语的信息。

【关键词】:翻译; 技巧; 直译; 意译翻译既是一门有着自己内在科学规律的科学;又是一门用画笔把客观人物的形态和神态刻画得惟妙惟肖的艺术;更是一门操作起来灵活多变,又能明确表述涵义的一门技能。

文章就以具体实例在具体操作过程中间略解读下最基本的翻译技巧--直译和意译,及其在实践中的灵活应用。

下文在实例中运用翻译技巧--直译和意译,并发展创新。

运用literal translation 和liberal translation 时,是直译还是意译?这常常要取决于上下文。

因为同一个单词在这个句子中用直译,但在另一个句子里可能会行不通,这时译者需要:能直译则直译,不能直译就意译。

试看下面例句:1) Blood is thicker than water.[译] 血浓于水(直)2) Out of sight, out of mind.[译] 眼不见,心不烦。

(意)3) Too many cooks spoil the broth.[译] 厨子多了煮坏汤。

(直)4) Grasp all, lose all.[译] 样样都要,全都失掉。

(意)[注释] 汉英两种语言在表达中虽然存在许多不同之处,但也有其相同之处,这时,运用直译法为好(如例1,例4)。

5) Every bean has its black.[F] 每颗豆子都有黑色。

(直)[T] 人人皆有短处。

(意)6) Hitler was once as proud as a peacock.[F] 希特勒曾经像孔雀一样骄傲。

(直)[T] 希特勒一度曾不可一世。

(意)7) She likes to rubber-neck.[F] 她喜欢摩擦颈子。

(直)[T] 她喜欢东张西望。

第一章汉译英的理论基础

第一章汉译英的理论基础

三 汉语频繁使用对仗修辞格和四字词组 天造地设 created by nature; ideal 天涯海角 the ends of the earth; the remotest corners of the earth 四通八达 extend in all directions 四分五裂 fall apart 年富力强 in the prime of life
b 汉语中的虚词 • 这杯牛奶你还喝不喝啊?(疑问) • 这花多美啊! (赞叹) • 你爸爸说得对啊! (肯定) • 这任务很艰巨啊! (提醒) • 你过马路要小心啊!(叮咛) • 上衣啊,裙子啊,鞋子啊,塞了慢慢一箱子。(列举) • 来啊,快来啊!(催促)
c 汉语的词类 “打”:“打人”(动词) “一打梳子”(量词) “红”:“红了半边天” (动词) “红色” (形容词) “玫瑰红” (名词)
(2) 汉语表意较模糊,英语表意较准确 a 汉语中单复数概念不如英语明晰 e.g.“你有笔吗?” • Have you got a pen? • Have you got pens? • Have you got any pens? • Have you got some pens? • Have you got the pen? • Have you got the pens?
汉英心理文化对比中国文化重人论轻器物重综合轻分析重意会轻言传崇尚群体意识强调同一性追求人与自然的和谐西方文化重物质轻人论重分析轻综合重概念忌笼统强调人权主张个人至上科学文化强调人与自然的对立人文文化一中国人重直觉与具象西方人重理性与逻辑汉语词语直观性强
第一章 汉译英的理论基础
1文化定义 文化定义 文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质 财富和精神财富的总和。 2文化分类 文化分类 物质文化、心理文化、制度文化(语言) 3语言与文化的关系 语言与文化的关系 语言是文化的载体,是文化的生命线。 翻译不仅是语言转换,更确切地说,是文化转换。 语言和文化的差异在很大程度上源于心理文化的 差异。

创新的英文谚语带翻译

创新的英文谚语带翻译

创新的英文谚语带翻译一个民族如果想要走在时代的前列,就一刻也不能没有创新思维,一刻也不能停止各种创新,以下是为你整理的关于创新的英文谚语,欢迎大家阅读。

创新是企业的灵魂,是企业持续发展的保证!;;海尔集团Innovation is the soul of the enterprise,is the enterprise sustainable development guarantee!没有创新,就不可能有合理的,尤其是有效的管理。

;;阿法纳西耶夫Without innovation,there can be no reasonable,especially the effective management。

天才的主要标记不是完美而是创造,天才能开创新的局面。

;;亚瑟;柯斯勒Genius of the main mark is not perfect but creation,days to create a new situation。

如果学习只在模仿,那么我们就不会有科学,也不会有技术。

;;高尔基If learning only in the imitation,so we wouldn't have science,there will be no technology。

企业一旦站立到创新的浪尖上,维持的办法只有一个,就是要持续创新。

;;张瑞敏Once stood to innovation,to maintain the way only one,is to continuous innovation。

随着一种观念的流行,言语创新的程度丝毫不亚于习惯改变的程度。

;;塞;约翰逊Words with the popularity of an idea,the degree of innovation is no less habits change。

可持续竞争的唯一优势来自于超过竞争对手的创新能力。

文学翻译创新分析

文学翻译创新分析

文学翻译创新分析ﻭﻭ从认知语言学视角看文学翻译创造性认知语言学的一个核心观点是认为在现实和语言之间存在“认知"这一中间环节,即:现实-认知-语言。

该观点充分肯定现实决定认知,认知决定语言,语言是现实和认知共同作用的产物。

也就是说,认知语言学认为语言是基于对客观世界的体验,具有客观性;又强调语言与人的认知密切相关,认为语言在人们的头脑里生成,具有创造性。

认知语言学的观点同样适合文学翻译,文学翻译就是译者基于对原文本客观体验的基础上将原语转换成目的语的认知活动过程,也就是说文学翻译既具有创造性又具有忠实性,是创造性与忠实性的对立统一.(一)文学翻译的创造性ﻭ首先来看一下认知语言学给文学翻译创造性带来的认知阐释.认知语言学认为由于各自的地理、历史、和文化等因素的影响,原语和目的语之间存在大量的认知不对等。

例如,同是“”,希腊语的“”是指“度量”时间的功能,而拉丁语的“"则指的明暗状况。

另外,从事文学翻译的译者面对的不再是单纯的文字,而是文字后面的具体艺术形象,这就要求译者要摸清原作的思想内容、创作意图风格,以及与当时创作有关的种种条件,但是译者作为认知主体在阅读理解过程中会不可避免地受到他本身所处的时代、民族文化传统和语言时期以及个人阅历、修养、性格和思维习惯的影响,因此译者对作品的认知理解不可能和原创的完全相同。

而且,文学作品本身就具有语言模糊性和含蓄性的特点。

这些因素最终造成译者对原文本认知理解上的不确定性。

例如《哈姆雷特》剧中的独白“tobe,ornott obe,thatistheuestion",如何理解这个早在四百多年前莎翁就没有说清楚的句子呢?这个“be”的受词(宾语)该是什么呢?这句话到底如何理解,至今仍然没有达成共识.正如伽达默尔所言,文学翻译的“文本只是没有意义的文字符号,它们只有在理解中才能重新富有意义;同时理解还能参与文本意义的生成,使文本的意义处于永远的不确定之中.”这种不确定性恰恰体现了译者对原文本认知理解上的创造性。

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教育教学・Education Teaching 166 大陆桥视野·2016年第24期汉英翻译概念创新之初论魏建国 / 外交学院【摘 要】本文提出翻译理论界和译作市场存在的理论与实践脱节的问题,同时提出了西方翻译理论与汉语体系的不兼容的问题,指出了汉英翻译理论填补理论真空,进行创新的必要性,并通过创意性推出次逻辑素概念,与久尔吉-拉多的逻辑素形成定义对,有可能解决目前文学翻译和评论的某些问题。

阐释法作为直译的有益补充,在文学翻译中起着举足轻重的作用,本文对阐释法运用需要遵循的规则和应该达到的目标做了初步探讨。

【关键词】次逻辑素;逻辑素;阐释法1.问题、根源和机遇1.1中国学者的认知习惯对翻译理论的影响自道安提出了“五失本,三不易”,直到严复的“信、达、雅”以及钱钟书的“化境”等,都代表了中国传统文化看问题的一个特点:大而化之。

哲学上,宏观地看问题,虽有高屋建瓴等正面元素,但同时,却一直缺乏微观方法论作为支撑,即,与大的翻译原则与目标配套的具体可行的、系统化的解决方案,保证前者得以实现,并具有可学习性和可复制性,同样重要的是,留下理论升级的“接口”。

而缺乏具体实施手段的大目标和原则最终是否能达到,同样缺乏相对统一和客观的评价标准。

认知习惯上,中国人喜欢从大处着眼,于是,翻译史上提出的理论也多是走宏观路线,但从“小处着手”就明显不足了,其中表现在翻译过程理论与翻译技巧之间,很多地方是脱节的,其中的理论真空并不罕见,因此,这种过程描述对学习者失去了应有的意义。

译者只能靠自己在实践中摸索和总结出一些具体的译法,不可避免地呈现出碎片化倾向,而其运用上,自我发挥和个人掌握的随意性较强,译评也是莫衷一是。

1.2修饰语翻译理论融入文学翻译过程模型之必要本文对修饰语部分的翻译建立了基本的认知和处理思路,翻译中的模糊的、可探讨的空间便会越来越落到微观处,而在此层面,大量处理文本的具体实践就会生发出开创性的原则和标准。

就像人类对物质理解日深,逐渐发现并揭示出原子、分子、粒子和质子一样,甚至暗物质一样,也是一个不断深化的理论构建过程,每一步都引起了学科上的革命,所以说,翻译的微观理论体系中,真空不少,构建和完善工作大有可为!除了对修饰语翻译理论化的欠缺,翻译过程理论多注重描述文本解析、重组的线性顺序(注1),却没顾及到每道工序之间转进的处理,即,在过去流程图中对过程各阶段的衔接,绝少注意到,至少每个步骤所涵盖的东西不都是“等容量、等距离、等难度”的,例如,修饰语在文本中占比巨大且类别多样,是否应该在翻译过程描述中予以体现?而这种理论与实践脱节的现象长期形成了译界一大怪状:研究翻译理论的,多不太会翻译;而即使没有成套的理论,译者也能推出译作。

本文认为:造成这种情况的原因是:国内对所提出的理论,学术界多看其理论来源、派别和是否可以自圆其说,但从没人要求理论的提出者利用其观点进行相应的充分实证,以检验理论的可操作性和适用的广泛度,因此,译者不看这些理论,也不会影响其实践活动和译作水平;实践上,多年以来,翻译技巧多总结在MTI的教科书里了,有了这些英汉对译的“匠人”操作法指南,再加上多年勤奋实践、广泛阅读原作以及与同行交流积累的个人心得,包括深厚的语感,确实打造出了不少经验主义色彩浓厚的译界高手,反过来,这些人的工作,特别是非文学类文本的翻译,得到了某种程度的社会认可,使其自然觉得理论之“无用”。

长此以往,由于理论研究者较少参与实践活动,特别是实践中最前沿的文学翻译活动,造成了与译者越来越大的工作方向上的差距,所以,只得在著述中多引经据典,包括引用译例,来增强其可信度,殊不知,对于其所引用的诸多例证,很多并不一定与其提出的观点有强烈的逻辑联系,在阅读理论分析文本的过程中,作者经常可以从其例证中引出其他可能性,但这种似是而非的实证,常常也没人去细究,因为,将其束之高阁对实践并无大碍;另方面,译作的推出,多是靠译者的个人解决问题的能力和才华,而细究其译法源自谁家理论流派,多是理论研究者的后知后觉般的逆向思考,译者也乐得自己的实践成果有幸被套上某些理论的光环了。

还有一个原因就是:从全球看,研究汉英对译理论的外国人,特别是文学翻译方面,也多是理论与实践脱节的,比如,翻译《金瓶梅》的美国的罗伊教授,倾三十余年,完成此书的英文翻译,实践经验极为丰富,但并未提出什么翻译基础理论;而国际翻译理论多是基于欧洲语言提出的,如对等理论,在相同和相似的语系中进行比较对等效果是较为直观的,但对不是一个语系的别的大陆、别的人种的语言,如汉语,这种对等是否成立?如果成立,是否应该做理论本地化的嫁接工作? 理论引入与汉藏语系的接口在哪里?需要有什么样的理论搭桥或体系衔接,才能把外国有益的理论引入到汉英理论的大框架内?这些都是国内理论界应该思考和探讨的具体课题。

这些工作应该只有汉语本族人能够胜任。

否则,只举出部分双语实例,证明对等的存在,而对汉语更复杂的语言现象是否适用,是否需要理论再创新,长期不去深究,只能说明学界并未完全吃透这一西方理论与汉英翻译理论的异同点,无法有效地运用它,指导实践活动并奠定理论本地化发展的基础。

1.3英汉词法、句法对文学翻译的影响实践中,很多情况下和很大程度上,英语和汉语单词的内涵多义性并不是一一对应的,没有同一语系的某种意思的匹配性。

英汉字典的释意也只是大概的意思,如果再查英英字典比对,彼此意思的出入便会呈现出来。

这就要求译者自主来根据上下文遣词造句,以合适的语言风格予以诠释,否则,如果译者不深究其理,借英汉字典的释意直接译出,有可能造成各种疑问偏差,而译文语篇的偏差和失去原文的文学感染力和文化底蕴,多是从这些细微之处的翻译不严谨造成的,正所谓“积小错为大错”。

英文的一个词并不直接对应中文的一个词,反之亦然。

为译准英文的一个词,往往需要中文的几个词,甚至一个短句。

而为保证所谓译文与原作的风格相近。

可某些译作常常不这样做,其结果是,文本上看,确实做到了某种程度上的形式对等,如文本长度和选词数量等,但双语意思上的漏洞和缺失较多,且经不起推敲。

如果是文学作品,这种翻译处理造成的影响就更大,即作品的文脉,包括文内细微逻辑关系的断裂和感情、情绪等非显性的内在联系丧失。

市场反应是:读者也说不出译作到底哪里不好,但就是读不下去;对于专业人士,抓住某一段深究,会发现问题多多。

这是西方对等理论的反例,光靠“意思对等”或“动态对等”来辩解,并不能说明多大问题,而是需要理论往前推进,提出更新、更实用的微观翻译理论概念、建模并搭建相应框架,比如,对阐释法的使用条件、阐释程度的把握等制定规则和要求。

要做好这些工作,也非中国人莫属。

其实,从这两种语言的句法上看,英语多是“竹竿句”,一环套一环,一环修饰一环的“树状”结构,语法要求较为强烈,通过其形合来分析好语法,对意思的理解就有了靠得住的理论支撑;而汉语多是小短句、“流水句”,参差错落的长短句中,多以短句为主,其逻辑关系多体现在上下文,这就是汉语的“义合” 大陆桥视野·2016年第24期 167形态,没有英语标志性的“先行词”,每句话都貌似平摆浮搁,却内涵情感和逻辑关系,很多实践中遇到的问题都不是现成的西方翻译理论所能全盘指导的,因此,语言实际要求我们汉语本族人,在借鉴西方理论的同时,要创建一套新的汉英对译理论,而非照搬或套用西方理论以佐证并企图指导翻译实践,因为,西方理论不可能全面涵盖中文复杂而独特的语言现象!2.从启发中得到新的理念2.1 理论依据和概念自从匈牙利语言学家久尔吉-拉多在其博士论文”Outline of a Systematic Translatology”(注2)中提出了“逻辑素”和逻辑素链以后,后来翻译过程的研究也把从语篇中提取逻辑素链(Logic Chain)加进来了。

但,这只部分使流程图解释开了一些翻译实践,尤其是对非文学类文本的翻译。

提取逻辑素(Logeme)和逻辑素链(Logic Chain)是大致可以译出原作的全貌了。

而任何一门语言都有两大核心内容:文学和法律语言。

前者代表了该语言的生动性;后者代表了严谨性。

直到如今,恰恰在这两方面,各种流程图均无法解释清楚文学和法律翻译的实践。

其原因就是:没有把修饰语的翻译提到足够的理论高度,并使之真正融入理论体系。

这也是拉多这一理论概念需要在汉英翻译中进行深化和发展的方向。

以此为切入点,就会有相应的课题难点,比如,本文作者首次提出的“次逻辑素”概念(Sub-logeme)(注3),就是与逻辑素并列的基础定义和概念,二者配成定义对,形成语篇翻译分析方法论互为支撑和补充的两大支柱。

如果说“逻辑素”是语篇的骨头,“逻辑素链”是骨架,那么,“次逻辑素”就是它的皮肤、血肉和经脉。

它构成了文本的形态、容貌和精神,是其美好意蕴,即文学性,的外在体现。

2.2定义与定义对耐心,恒也,这说的是治学态度;细心,微也,这说的是本文感兴趣的翻译理论研究的方向----潜心于细节。

老子说:〝天下大事,必作于细〞,杜甫有诗曰:〝始知豪放在精微〞。

长江浩瀚,成于滴水;泰山磅礴,基于尘埃。

文本不管是多大规模的宏章巨制,笔下多么气吞山河,也要一句句写成,一句句译出。

把握好每一句,乃似小实大之举。

文本中发现精微之处,就是发现美,美就存在于修饰语中,存在于“”次逻辑素”中,把其完好地转化进译文,需要做到两点:完整且恰如其分。

做到完整,是翻译的量化加工、转化的过程;做到恰如其分,是译者对原文的文化搭桥,很多情况下,靠直译显然无法做到,因此用阐释法作手段补充,而译者的文笔就起着极其重要的作用,说是某种再创作并不为过。

如何才算达到恰如其分的翻译目标,就需要定出若干原则让译者去把握,也让译评者和译者有一个共识的考量平台。

总之,原文本是客观存在的主体,发现其言语精妙,实践翻译过程,通达互转思路。

从流程框架中,找到每个工序适宜的方法,把具体手段与大的整体理论思路对接好,保证实施每个步骤时,有章可循,有据可考,这样,神来之笔便不会是天外飞虹般难以琢磨,灵感闪现也不会是无所依傍的乍现偶得了。

次逻辑素是语篇中一切修饰语、句的集合;逻辑素和逻辑素链是语篇的骨架。

从语篇概念看,既然次逻辑素把语篇修饰语囊括了,而逻辑素链则是构成意思的主干,于是,逻辑素、逻辑素链与次逻辑素都可以量化统计;从实操上看,可以把译出语和译入语中的这三者进行逐一比对,并逐一考量译法是否恰当,推敲其文字处理的理论依据。

译文能够做到不漏译,增、减译都会得到有效的审查和校正,总体上,是可以保证译作维持在一个正常水准的。

逻辑素与次逻辑素结成定义对,翻译时,双管齐下,呈现语篇的全貌。

既要注意抓住逻辑素链,保持文本意思的大方向正确,也要推敲次逻辑素的译出,做到细节正确,进而精彩。

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