CorpusbasedContrastiveAnalysisof“Root”MetaphorTran

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A Study on the Translation of Culture Loaded Words

Journal of Literature and Art Studies, December 2019, Vol. 9, No. 12, 1299-1304doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2019.12.010A Study on the Translation of Culture Loaded Words From thePerspective of Skopos TheoryZAN Chen, LYU Liang-qiuNorth China Electric Power University, Beijing, China“A word is the best evidence of the reality of culture, in the sense of a historically transmitted system of conceptionsand attitudes”. University website is an important window of foreign publicity while its English version is animportant window for foreign students in particular. Culture loaded words, with their unique foreign flavor, are theminiature of colorful culture. Therefore, the translation of culture loaded words on university websites plays animportant role in foreign publicity, as it will reflect the image of different university and indirectly affect the foreignpublicity of China. This study selects from the websites of North China Electric Power University (NCEPU) tworepresentative news and analyzes the translation of culture loaded words on university websites from theperspective of Skopos Theory. Finally, the author proposes three methods in translating thesewords—transliteration, literal translation, and free translation, which are suggestive for the translation of cultureloaded words on the university websites.All Rights Reserved.Keywords: culture loaded words, university websites, Skopos TheoryIntroductionDue to more frequent exchanges with foreign countries, the need for foreign publicity of news greatly increases. University websites are critical channels for the campus news to be transmitted. The culture loadedwords in the campus news, though sometimes more readable and interesting, bring trouble to news translators.Against the backdrop of “Chinese Culture Outgoing”, that how to better translate the culture loaded wordsbecomes a challenge.With two news articles at the website of North China Electric Power University (NCEPU) as an example, this paper will study the culture loaded words on university websites from the perspective of Skopos Theory.Literature ReviewSkopos TheorySkopostheorie was first proposed by K. Reiss, a German translation theorist. It was established by the German linguists Hans Vermeer and Katharina Reiß and comprises the idea that the function of the target textshould be primarily taken into account in the process of translation.ZAN Chen, graduate student, School of Foreign Languages, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.LYU Liang-qiu, Professor, School of Foreign Languages, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.1300A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURE LOADED WORDSSkopos Theory focuses on translation as an activity with an aim or purpose, and on the intended addressee or audience of the translation. To translate means to produce a target text in a target setting for a target purpose andtarget addressees in target circumstances. In Skopos Theory, the status of the source text is lower than it is inequivalence-based theories of translation. The source is an “offer of information”, which the translator turns intoan “offer of information” for the target audience. In Vermeer’s Skopostheorie, the most important factor is thereceiver as they have their own cultural background, expectations for the source language and communicativeneeds. For each source language, translation is “text produced for some purpose and for the target audience in thetarget language situation”.For Skopostheorie, there are three basic principles: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule, and loyalty rule. The primary rule is the skopos rule, that is, translation should be able to work in the context and culture ofthe target language according to the way expected by the target language receiver. The purpose of target languagereceiver determines the whole process of translation behavior, that is, the result determines the method. However,translation activities can have multiple purposes, which can be further divided into three categories: (1) the basicpurpose of the translator (such as making a living); (2) the communicative purpose of the translation (such asenlightening the readers); (3) the purpose to be achieved by using a special translation means (such as literaltranslation according to the structure in order to explain the particularity of the language structure in a language).However, in general, “purpose” refers to the communicative purpose of the translation, that is, thecommunicative function of the translation to the target readers in the socio-cultural context of the target language.Therefore, the translator should make clear his specific purpose in the given translation context, and decide whichtranslation method to adopt according to this purpose—literal translation, free translation, or else. Coherence rule All Rights Reserved.refers to that the translation must conform to the standard of intra-textual coherence, that is, the translation hasreadability and acceptability, which enables the receiver to understand and make sense in the target culture andthe communicative context in which the translation is used. Fidelity rule means that there should be inter textualcoherence between the source text and the target text. This is equivalent to the so-called faithfulness to theoriginal in other translation theories, but the degree and form of faithfulness to the original depend on the purposeof the translation and the translator’s understanding of the original. The principle of loyalty was put forward byNord. She found that Skopos Theory has two defects: First, people from different cultural backgrounds havedifferent views on a good translation because of the differences in cultural patterns; in addition, if thecommunicative purpose of the translation required by the target language is exactly opposite to the intention ofthe original author, then we will abide by the principle of purpose and violate the principle of faithfulness.Therefore, Nord proposed the principle of loyalty to solve the relationship between cultural differences and theparticipants in translation. According to Nord, the translator has a moral responsibility to the target audience andmust explain to them what he has done and why. On the other hand, the principle requires the translator to beloyal to the original author. The translator should respect the original author and coordinate the target languageand the author’s intention (Nord, 2001). Therefore, the principle of faithfulness focuses on the relationshipbetween the translator and the original author, the client, the target audience, etc. Nord proposed that translatorsshould follow the guiding principle of “function plus loyalty”, thus perfecting the theory.A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURE LOADED WORDS 1301Culture Loaded WordsWierzbicka (1997, p. 93) said, “A word is the best evidence of the reality of culture, in the sense of a historically transmitted system of conceptions and attitudes”. Wu Guohua (1989) claims that “a human useslanguage as a communicative tool and the members of society utilize the meaning of words to communicate witheach other according to the social cultural model of the nation”.Leech (1981) divides the meaning of words into seven parts: rational meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflective meaning, collocating meaning, and thematic meaning. According toLeech (1981),Conceptual meaning (sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning) is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication…connotative meaning is the communicative value which an expression has by virtue of whatit refers to, over and above its purely concept content. (p. 98)Obviously, culturally-loaded words possess rich connotative meaning besides their conceptual meaning. Theycan be classified into different types according to different criteria. Based on different categories,culturally-loaded words can be divided into animal, figure, plant, body, machine, food, etc. In light of vocabularyequivalence, culturally-loaded words can be classified into the following types: complete equivalent, partiallyequivalent, completely contrary, and lexical gap (Hu, 1988). The test of the animal words’ connotationintroduced in the following section is designed based on Hu’s classification.Study on the Culture Loaded Words From the Perspective of Skopos TheoryTang Ting (2012) proposed three solutions to the translation of culture loaded words in the news and All Rights Reserved.stipulated that the words in different news should be appropriately used and the words must be new. Wang Fei(2012) analyzes three basic translation of culture loaded words—accuracy, completeness, and acceptability.Yang Tingyu (2019) explored the culture loaded words in business English news and discovered that thecombination of domestication and foreignization translation strategies has become a trend. Previous study studiesmostly on economic news or business news. This study, however, focuses on the campus news on the universitywebsites according to the Skopos Theory so that the desired communicative effects can be achieved.Study on the Culture Loaded Words on University Websites From the Perspective of SkoposTheoryWith NCEPU as an example, this article selects from the website of NCEPU two articles published in 2019: One is about the Opening Ceremony; the other is about academic exchange. The two articles represent twotypical types of news: conference and academic exchange, as they can often be seen on the websites of otherdomestic and foreign university websites. For these two representative types of news, it is discovered that manyculture loaded words are covered. The culture loaded words, though help arouse the interest of readers, aredifficult to translate for the translators.TransliterationGenerally, transliteration is the conversion of a text from one script to another. Most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the goal script, for somespecific pair of source and goal language. For example, some history-related words such as “xiucai”, “yamen”,1302A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURE LOADED WORDSand “fenghuang”, some words related to athletic and recreational activities such as “pipa”, “erhu”, and “weiqi”,some words related to basic necessities of life such as “won ton”, “Wu Liang Ye”, and “litchi” (lichee), somerelated to natural landscape and local customs such as “feng shui”, “kang”, and “kowtow”, some related to theunit of measurement such as “yuan”, “jiao”, and “fen”. These words are also culture loaded words that can betranslated by transliteration.Literal TranslationLiteral translation is the rendering of text from one language to another one conveying the sense of the original whole. It is the way to maintain the contents and the form of the source language in accordance with theculture. It emphasizes the form similarity, and requires the accordance between the original passages and thetarget one in the choice of word, syntax, and styles.It can be used in the translation of traditional festivals and political words. For instance, “五四运动”, translated as “the May Fourth Movement”, was a great patriotic and revolutionary campaign pioneered byadvanced young intellectuals and participated by the people from all walks of life to resolutely fight imperialismand feudalism on May 4th of 1919. It is a culture loaded word manifested by its historical significance.Many historic movements like “the May Fourth Movement” and “the July 7th Incident” cannot be clearly explained by a few words. By taking the target readers into consideration, literal translation is the best choice.First and foremost, the exact day is very critical and of historic significance for these culture loaded words like“五四运动” and “七七事变”. Literal translation puts this point on the first place and the exact day is clearlyillustrated. But after the free translation, explanation by some phrases needs to be further illustrated. But hereconsider that the English version of news on the university website is targeted mostly at the foreign students who All Rights Reserved.already learn much about Chinese culture. They may read the news for the understanding of what has happened inthe university. The translation is readable for them. Therefore, further explanation about “the May FourthMovement” is not mentioned.SL: 2019级新生在新中国成立70周年、五四运动百年之际踏入大学校园，这本身就非常有纪念价值和使命意味。

达格列净联合贝前列素钠治疗2_型糖尿病周围神经病变患者的效果及有效率评价

DOI：10.16658/ki.1672-4062.2024.04.183达格列净联合贝前列素钠治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者的效果及有效率评价沈灿芳1，林莞蓉2，杨荣思1，王志伟11.石狮市总医院神经外科，福建石狮362700；2.石狮市总医院内分泌科，福建石狮362700[摘要]目的探究达格列净联合贝前列素钠治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者的效果及有效率。

方法选取2021年9月—2023年10月石狮市总医院收治的2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者88例进行研究，经抽签法分组，对照组（44例）应用贝前列素钠治疗，观察组（44例）应用达格列净、贝前列素钠治疗，对比两组血糖、传导速度、临床疗效及不良反应。

结果用药4周后，观察组各项血糖水平均低于对照组，各项神经传导速度高于对照组，临床治疗有效率高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。

两组不良反应发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。

结论达格列净、贝前列素钠联用可有效治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变，血糖显著下降，神经传导速度明显加快，不良反应减少。

[关键词] 2型糖尿病周围神经病变；达格列净；贝前列素钠；血糖；有效率；不良反应[中图分类号] R4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1672-4062（2024）02（b）-0183-04Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficacy of Dapagliflozin Combined with Beraprost Sodium in the Treatment of Patients with Peripheral Neu⁃ropathy in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusSHEN Canfang1, LIN Guanrong2, YANG Rongsi1, WANG Zhiwei11.Department of Neurosurgery, Shishi General Hospital, Shishi, Fujian Province, 362700 China;2.Department of Endo⁃crinology, Shishi General Hospital, Shishi, Fujian Province, 362700 China[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect and efficiency of dapagliflozin combined with beraprost sodium in the treatment of patients with peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A total of 88 patients with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy from Shishi General Hospital from September 2021 to October 2023 were selected for this study. They were divided by lot method. The control group (44 cases) was treated with beprost sodium, while the observation group (44 cases) was treated with dagaglizin and beprost sodium, and the blood glucose, conduction speed, clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared. Results After 4 weeks of treatment, all blood glucose levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, all nerve conduction veloci⁃ties were higher than those in the control group, and the clinical treatment effectiveness was higher than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Dapagliflozin and beraprost so⁃dium combination can effectively treat type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy, with a significant decrease in blood glu⁃cose, significantly accelerated nerve conduction velocity, with fewer adverse reactions.[Key words] Type 2 diabetes mellitus peripheral neuropathy; Dapagliflozin; Beraprost sodium; Blood glucose; Effec⁃tive rate; Adverse reaction[作者简介]沈灿芳（1988-），男，硕士，主治医师，研究方向为神经外科。

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Peters (2010) Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Reward Delay Discounting

NeuronArticleEpisodic Future Thinking ReducesReward Delay Discounting through an Enhancement of Prefrontal-Mediotemporal InteractionsJan Peters1,*and Christian Bu¨chel11NeuroimageNord,Department of Systems Neuroscience,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Hamburg20246,Germany*Correspondence:j.peters@uke.uni-hamburg.deDOI10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.026SUMMARYHumans discount the value of future rewards over time.Here we show using functional magnetic reso-nance imaging(fMRI)and neural coupling analyses that episodic future thinking reduces the rate of delay discounting through a modulation of neural decision-making and episodic future thinking networks.In addition to a standard control condition,real subject-speciﬁc episodic event cues were presented during a delay discounting task.Spontaneous episodic imagery during cue processing predicted how much subjects changed their preferences toward more future-minded choice behavior.Neural valuation signals in the anterior cingulate cortex and functional coupling of this region with hippo-campus and amygdala predicted the degree to which future thinking modulated individual preference functions.A second experiment replicated the behavioral effects and ruled out alternative explana-tions such as date-based processing and temporal focus.The present data reveal a mechanism through which neural decision-making and prospection networks can interact to generate future-minded choice behavior.INTRODUCTIONThe consequences of choices are often delayed in time,and in many cases it pays off to wait.While agents normally prefer larger over smaller rewards,this situation changes when rewards are associated with costs,such as delays,uncertainties,or effort requirements.Agents integrate such costs into a value function in an individual manner.In the hyperbolic model of delay dis-counting(also referred to as intertemporal choice),for example, a subject-speciﬁc discount parameter accurately describes how individuals discount delayed rewards in value(Green and Myer-son,2004;Mazur,1987).Although the degree of delay discount-ing varies considerably between individuals,humans in general have a particularly pronounced ability to delay gratiﬁcation, and many of our choices only pay off after months or even years. It has been speculated that the capacity for episodic future thought(also referred to as mental time travel or prospective thinking)(Bar,2009;Schacter et al.,2007;Szpunar et al.,2007) may underlie the human ability to make choices with high long-term beneﬁts(Boyer,2008),yielding higher evolutionaryﬁtness of our species.At the neural level,a number of models have been proposed for intertemporal decision-making in humans.In the so-called b-d model(McClure et al.,2004,2007),a limbic system(b)is thought to place special weight on immediate rewards,whereas a more cognitive,prefrontal-cortex-based system(d)is more involved in patient choices.In an alternative model,the values of both immediate and delayed rewards are thought to be repre-sented in a unitary system encompassing medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC),posterior cingulate cortex(PCC),and ventral striatum(VS)(Kable and Glimcher,2007;Kable and Glimcher, 2010;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009).Finally,in the self-control model, values are assumed to be represented in structures such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFC)but are subject to top-down modulation by prefrontal control regions such as the lateral PFC(Figner et al.,2010;Hare et al.,2009).Both the b-d model and the self-control model predict that reduced impulsivity in in-tertemporal choice,induced for example by episodic future thought,would involve prefrontal cortex regions implicated in cognitive control,such as the lateral PFC or the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC).Lesion studies,on the other hand,also implicated medial temporal lobe regions in decision-making and delay discounting. In rodents,damage to the basolateral amygdala(BLA)increases delay discounting(Winstanley et al.,2004),effort discounting (Floresco and Ghods-Shariﬁ,2007;Ghods-Shariﬁet al.,2009), and probability discounting(Ghods-Shariﬁet al.,2009).Interac-tions between the ACC and the BLA in particular have been proposed to regulate behavior in order to allow organisms to overcome a variety of different decision costs,including delays (Floresco and Ghods-Shariﬁ,2007).In line with theseﬁndings, impairments in decision-making are also observed in humans with damage to the ACC or amygdala(Bechara et al.,1994, 1999;Manes et al.,2002;Naccache et al.,2005).Along similar lines,hippocampal damage affects decision-making.Disadvantageous choice behavior has recently been documented in patients suffering from amnesia due to hippo-campal lesions(Gupta et al.,2009),and rats with hippocampal damage show increased delay discounting(Cheung and Cardinal,2005;Mariano et al.,2009;Rawlins et al.,1985).These observations are of particular interest given that hippocampal138Neuron66,138–148,April15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.damage impairs the ability to imagine novel experiences (Hassa-bis et al.,2007).Based on this and a range of other studies,it has recently been proposed that hippocampus and parahippocam-pal cortex play a crucial role in the formation of vivid event repre-sentations,regardless of whether they lie in the past,present,or future (Schacter and Addis,2009).The hippocampus may thus contribute to decision-making through its role in self-projection into the future (Bar,2009;Schacter et al.,2007),allowing an organism to evaluate future payoffs through mental simulation (Johnson and Redish,2007;Johnson et al.,2007).Future thinking may thus affect intertemporal choice through hippo-campal involvement.Here we used model-based fMRI,analyses of functional coupling,and extensive behavioral procedures to investigate how episodic future thinking affects delay discounting.In Exper-iment 1,subjects performed a classical delay discounting task(Kable and Glimcher,2007;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009)that involved a series of choices between smaller immediate and larger delayed rewards,while brain activity was measured using fMRI.Critically,we introduced a novel episodic condition that involved the presentation of episodic cue words (tags )obtained during an extensive prescan interview,referring to real,subject-speciﬁc future events planned for the respective day of reward delivery.This design allowed us to assess individual discount rates separately for the two experimental conditions,allowing us to investigate neural mechanisms mediating changes in delay discounting associated with episodic thinking.In a second behavioral study,we replicated the behavioral effects of Exper-iment 1and addressed a number of alternative explanations for the observed effects of episodic tags on discount rates.RESULTSExperiment 1:Prescan InterviewOn day 1,healthy young volunteers (n =30,mean age =25,15male)completed a computer-based delay discounting proce-dure to estimate their individual discount rate (Peters and Bu ¨-chel,2009).This discount rate was used solely for the purpose of constructing subject-speciﬁc trials for the fMRI session (see Experimental Procedures ).Furthermore,participants compiled a list of events that they had planned in the next 7months (e.g.,vacations,weddings,parties,courses,and so forth)andrated them on scales from 1to 6with respect to personal rele-vance,arousal,and valence.For each participant,seven subject-speciﬁc events were selected such that the spacing between events increased with increasing delay to the episode,and that events were roughly matched based on personal rele-vance,arousal,and valence.Multiple regression analysis of these ratings across the different delays showed no linear effects (relevance:p =0.867,arousal:p =0.120,valence:p =0.977,see Figure S1available online).For each subject,a separate set of seven delays was computed that was later used as delays in the control condition.Median and range for the delays used in each condition are listed in Table S1(available online).For each event,a label was selected that would serve as a verbal tag for the fMRI session.Experiment 1:fMRI Behavioral ResultsOn day 2,volunteers performed two sessions of a delay dis-counting procedure while fMRI was measured using a 3T Siemens Scanner with a 32-channel head-coil.In each session,subjects made a total of 118choices between 20V available immediately and larger but delayed amounts.Subjects were told that one of their choices would be randomly selected and paid out following scanning,with the respective delay.Critically,in half the trials,an additional subject-speciﬁc episodic tag (see above,e.g.,‘‘vacation paris’’or ‘‘birthday john’’)was displayed based on the prescan interview (see Figure 1)indicating which event they had planned on the particular day (episodic condi-tion),whereas in the remaining trials,no episodic tag was pre-sented (control condition).Amount and waiting time were thus displayed in both conditions,but only the episodic condition involved the presentation of an additional subject-speciﬁc event tag.Importantly,nonoverlapping sets of delays were used in the two conditions.Following scanning,subjects rated for each episodic tag how often it evoked episodic associations during scanning (frequency of associations:1,never;to 6,always)and how vivid these associations were (vividness of associa-tions:1,not vivid at all;to 6,highly vivid;see Figure S1).Addition-ally,written reports were obtained (see Supplemental Informa-tion ).Multiple regression revealed no signiﬁcant linear effects of delay on postscan ratings (frequency:p =0.224,vividness:p =0.770).We averaged the postscan ratings acrosseventsFigure 1.Behavioral TaskDuring fMRI,subjects made repeated choices between a ﬁxed immediate reward of 20V and larger but delayed amounts.In the control condi-tion,amounts were paired with a waiting time only,whereas in the episodic condition,amounts were paired with a waiting time and a subject-speciﬁc verbal episodic tag indicating to the subjects which event they had planned at the respective day of reward delivery.Events were real and collected in a separate testing session prior to the day of scanning.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay DiscountingNeuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.139and the frequency/vividness dimensions,yielding an‘‘imagery score’’for each subject.Individual participants’choice data from the fMRI session were then analyzed byﬁtting hyperbolic discount functions to subject-speciﬁc indifference points to obtain discount rates (k-parameters),separately for the episodic and control condi-tions(see Experimental Procedures).Subjective preferences were well-characterized by hyperbolic functions(median R2 episodic condition=0.81,control condition=0.85).Discount functions of four exemplary subjects are shown in Figure2A. For both conditions,considerable variability in the discount rate was observed(median[range]of discount rates:control condition=0.014[0.003–0.19],episodic condition=0.013 [0.002–0.18]).To account for the skewed distribution of discount rates,all further analyses were conducted on the log-trans-formed k-parameters.Across subjects,log-transformed discount rates were signiﬁcantly lower in the episodic condition compared with the control condition(t(29)=2.27,p=0.016),indi-cating that participants’choice behavior was less impulsive in the episodic condition.The difference in log-discount rates between conditions is henceforth referred to as the episodic tag effect.Fitting hyperbolic functions to the median indifference points across subjects also showed reduced discounting in the episodic condition(discount rate control condition=0.0099, episodic condition=0.0077).The size of the tag effect was not related to the discount rate in the control condition(p=0.56). We next hypothesized that the tag effect would be positively correlated with postscan ratings of episodic thought(imagery scores,see above).Robust regression revealed an increase in the size of the tag effect with increasing imagery scores (t=2.08,p=0.023,see Figure2B),suggesting that the effect of the tags on preferences was stronger the more vividly subjects imagined the episodes.Examples of written postscan reports are provided in the Supplemental Results for participants from the entire range of imagination ratings.We also correlated the tag effect with standard neuropsychological measures,the Sensation Seeking Scale(SSS)V(Beauducel et al.,2003;Zuck-erman,1996)and the Behavioral Inhibition Scale/Behavioral Approach Scale(BIS/BAS)(Carver and White,1994).The tag effect was positively correlated with the experience-seeking subscale of the SSS(p=0.026)and inversely correlated with the reward-responsiveness subscale of the BIS/BAS scales (p<0.005).Repeated-measures ANOVA of reaction times(RTs)as a func-tion of option value(lower,similar,or higher relative to the refer-ence option;see Experimental Procedures and Figure2C)did not show a main effect of condition(p=0.712)or a condition 3value interaction(p=0.220),but revealed a main effect of value(F(1.8,53.9)=16.740,p<0.001).Post hoc comparisons revealed faster RTs for higher-valued options relative to similarly (p=0.002)or lower valued options(p<0.001)but no difference between lower and similarly valued options(p=0.081).FMRI DataFMRI data were modeled using the general linear model(GLM) as implemented in SPM5.Subjective value of each decision option was calculated by multiplying the objective amount of each delayed reward with the discount fraction estimated behaviorally based on the choices during scanning,and included as a parametric regressor in the GLM.Note that discount rates were estimated separately for the control and episodic conditions(see above and Figure2),and we thus used condition-speciﬁc k-parameters for calculation of the subjective value regressor.Additional parametric regressors for inverse delay-to-reward and absolute reward magnitude, orthogonalized with respect to subjective value,were included in theGLM.Figure2.Behavioral Data from Experiment1Shown are experimentally derived discount func-tions from the fMRI session for four exemplaryparticipants(A),correlation with imagery scores(B),and reaction times(RTs)(C).(A)Hyperbolicfunctions wereﬁt to the indifference points sepa-rately for the control(dashed lines)and episodic(solid lines,ﬁlled circles)conditions,and thebest-ﬁtting k-parameters(discount rates)and R2values are shown for each subject.The log-trans-formed difference between discount rates wastaken as a measure of the effect of the episodictags on choice preferences.(B)Robust regressionrevealed an association between log-differences indiscount rates and imagery scores obtained frompostscan ratings(see text).(C)RTs were signiﬁ-cantly modulated by option value(main effectvalue p<0.001)with faster responses in trialswith a value of the delayed reward higher thanthe20V reference amount.Note that althoughseven delays were used for each condition,somedata points are missing,e.g.,onlyﬁve delay indif-ference points for the episodic condition areplotted for sub20.This indicates that,for the twolongest delays,this subject never chose the de-layed reward.***p<0.005.Error bars=SEM.Neuron Episodic Modulation of Delay Discounting140Neuron66,138–148,April15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.Episodic Tags Activate the Future Thinking NetworkWe ﬁrst analyzed differences in the condition regressors without parametric pared to those of the control condi-tion,BOLD responses to the presentation of the delayed reward in the episodic condition yielded highly signiﬁcant activations (corrected for whole-brain volume)in an extensive network of brain regions previously implicated in episodic future thinking (Addis et al.,2007;Schacter et al.,2007;Szpunar et al.,2007)(see Figure 3and Table S2),including retrosplenial cortex (RSC)/PCC (peak MNI coordinates:À6,À54,14,peak z value =6.26),left lateral parietal cortex (LPC,À44,À66,32,z value =5.35),and vmPFC (À8,34,À12,z value =5.50).Distributed Neural Coding of Subjective ValueWe then replicated previous ﬁndings (Kable and Glimcher,2007;Kable and Glimcher,2010;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009)using a conjunction analysis (Nichols et al.,2005)searching for regions showing a positive correlation between the height of the BOLD response and subjective value in the control and episodic condi-tions in a parametric analysis (Figure 4A and Table S3).Note that this is a conservative analysis that requires that a given voxel exceed the statistical threshold in both contrasts separately.This analysis revealed clusters in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC,À36,50,À10,z value =4.50)and central OFC (À18,12,À14,z value =4.05),bilateral VS (right:10,8,0,z value =4.22;left:À10,8,À6,z value =3.51),mPFC (6,26,16,z value =3.72),and PCC (À2,À28,24,z value =4.09),representing subjective (discounted)value in both conditions.We next analyzed the neural tag effect,i.e.,regions in which the subjective value correlation was greater for the episodic condi-tion as compared with the control condition (Figure 4B and Table S4).This analysis revealed clusters in the left LPC (À66,À42,32,z value =4.96,),ACC (À2,16,36,z value =4.76),left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC,À38,36,36,z value =4.81),and right amygdala (24,2,À24,z value =3.75).Finally,we performed a triple-conjunction analysis,testing for regions that were correlated with subjective value in both conditions,but in which the value correlation increased in the episodic condition.Only left LPC showed this pattern (À66,À42,30,z value =3.55,see Figure 4C and Table S5),the same region that we previously identiﬁed as delay-speciﬁc in valuation (Petersand Bu¨chel,2009).There were no regions in which the subjective value correlation was greater in the control condition when compared with the episodic condition at p <0.001uncorrected.ACC Valuation Signals and Functional Connectivity Predict Interindividual Differences in Discount Function ShiftsWe next correlated differences in the neural tag effect with inter-individual differences in the size of the behavioral tag effect.To this end,we performed a simple regression analysis in SPM5on the single-subject contrast images of the neural tag effect (i.e.,subjective value correlation episodic >control)using the behavioral tag effect [log(k control )–log(k episodic )]as an explana-tory variable.This analysis revealed clusters in the bilateral ACC (right:18,34,18,z value =3.95,p =0.021corrected,left:À20,34,20,z value =3.52,Figure 5,see Table S6for a complete list).Coronal sections (Figure 5C)clearly show that both ACC clusters are located in gray matter of the cingulate sulcus.Because ACC-limbic interactions have previously been impli-cated in the control of choice behavior (Floresco and Ghods-Shariﬁ,2007;Roiser et al.,2009),we next analyzed functional coupling with the right ACC from the above regression contrast (coordinates 18,34,18,see Figure 6A)using a psychophysiolog-ical interaction analysis (PPI)(Friston et al.,1997).Note that this analysis was conducted on a separate ﬁrst-level GLM in which control and episodic trials were modeled as 10s miniblocks (see Experimental Procedures for details).We ﬁrst identiﬁed regions in which coupling with the ACC changed in the episodic condition compared with the control condition (see Table S7)and then performed a simple regression analysis on these coupling parameters using the behavioral tag effect as an explanatory variable.The tag effect was associated with increased coupling between ACC and hippocampus (À32,À18,À16,z value =3.18,p =0.031corrected,Figure 6B)and ACC and left amygdala (À26,À4,À26,z value =2.95,p =0.051corrected,Figure 6B,see Table S8for a complete list of activa-tions).The same regression analysis in a second PPI with the seed voxel placed in the contralateral ACC region from the same regression contrast (À20,34,22,see above)yielded qual-itatively similar,though subthreshold,results in these same structures (hippocampus:À28,À32,À6,z value =1.96,amyg-dala:À28,À6,À16,z value =1.97).Experiment 2We conducted an additional behavioral experiment to address a number of alternative explanations for the observed effects of tags on choice behavior.First,it could be argued thatepisodicFigure 3.Categorical Effect of Episodic Tags on Brain ActivityGreater activity in lateral parietal cortex (left)and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial and ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (right)was observed in the episodic condition compared with the control condition.p <0.05,FWE-corrected for whole-brain volume.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay DiscountingNeuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.141tags increase subjective certainty that a reward would be forth-coming.In Experiment 2,we therefore collected postscan ratings of reward conﬁdence.Second,it could be argued that events,always being associated with a particular date,may have shifted temporal focus from delay-based to more date-based processing.This would represent a potential confound,because date-associated rewards are discounted less than delay-associated rewards (Read et al.,2005).We therefore now collected postscan ratings of temporal focus (date-based versus delay-based).Finally,Experiment 1left open the question of whether the tag effect depends on the temporal speciﬁcity of the episodic cues.We therefore introduced an additional exper-imental condition that involved the presentation of subject-speciﬁc temporally unspeciﬁc future event cues.These tags (henceforth referred to as unspeciﬁc tags)were obtained by asking subjects to imagine events that could realistically happen to them in the next couple of months,but that were not directly tied to a particular point in time (see Experimental Procedures ).Episodic Imagery,Not Temporal Speciﬁcity,Reward Conﬁdence,or Temporal Focus,Predicts the Size of the Tag EffectIn total,data from 16participants (9female)are included.Anal-ysis of pretest ratings conﬁrmed that temporally unspeciﬁc and speciﬁc tags were matched in terms of personal relevance,arousal,valence,and preexisting associations (all p >0.15).Choice preferences were again well described by hyperbolic functions (median R 2control =0.84,unspeciﬁc =0.81,speciﬁc =0.80).We replicated the parametric tag effect (i.e.,increasing effect of tags on discount rates with increasing posttest imagery scores)in this independent sample for both temporally speciﬁc (p =0.047,Figure 7A)and temporally unspeciﬁc (p =0.022,Figure 7A)tags,showing that the effect depends on future thinking,rather than being speciﬁcally tied to the temporal spec-iﬁcity of the event cues.Following testing,subjects rated how certain they were that a particular reward would actually be forth-coming.Overall,conﬁdence in the payment procedure washighFigure 4.Neural Representation of Subjective Value (Parametric Analysis)(A)Regions in which the correlation with subjective value (parametric analysis)was signiﬁcant in both the control and the episodic conditions (conjunction analysis)included central and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC),bilateral ventral striatum (VS),medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC),and posterior cingulate cortex(PCC),replicating previous studies (Kable and Glimcher,2007;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009).(B)Regions in which the subjective value correlation was greater for the episodic compared with the control condition included lateral parietal cortex (LPC),ante-rior cingulate cortex (ACC),dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC),and the right amygdala (Amy).(C)A conjunction analysis revealed that only LPC activity was positively correlated with subjective value in both conditions,but showed a greater regression slope in the episodic condition.No regions showed a better correlation with subjective value in the control condition.Error bars =SEM.All peaks are signiﬁcant at p <0.001,uncorrected;(A)and (B)are thresholded at p <0.001uncorrected and (C)is thresholded at p <0.005,uncorrected for display purposes.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay Discounting142Neuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.(Figure 7B),and neither unspeciﬁc nor speciﬁc tags altered these subjective certainty estimates (one-way ANOVA:F (2,45)=0.113,p =0.894).Subjects also rated their temporal focus as either delay-based or date-based (see Experimental Procedures ),i.e.,whether they based their decisions on the delay-to-reward that was actually displayed,or whether they attempted to convert delays into the corresponding dates and then made their choices based on these dates.There was no overall signiﬁcant effect of condition on temporal focus (one-way ANOVA:F (2,45)=1.485,p =0.237,Figure 7C),but a direct comparison between the control and the temporally speciﬁc condition showed a signiﬁcant difference (t (15)=3.18,p =0.006).We there-fore correlated the differences in temporal focus ratings between conditions (control:unspeciﬁc and control:speciﬁc)with the respective tag effects (Figure 7D).There were no correlations (unspeciﬁc:p =0.71,speciﬁc:p =0.94),suggesting that the observed differences in discounting cannot be attributed to differences in temporal focus.High-Imagery,but Not Low-Imagery,Subjects Adjust Their Discount Function in an Episodic ContextFor a ﬁnal analysis,we pooled the samples of Experiments 1and 2(n =46subjects in total),using only the temporally speciﬁc tag data from Experiment 2.We performed a median split into low-and high-imagery participants according to posttest imagery scores (low-imagery subjects:n =23[15/8Exp1/Exp2],imagery range =1.5–3.4,high-imagery subjects:n =23[15/8Exp1/Exp2],imagery range =3.5–5).The tag effect was signiﬁcantly greater than 0in the high-imagery group (t (22)=2.6,p =0.0085,see Figure 7D),where subjects reduced their discount rate by onaverage 16%in the presence of episodic tags.In the low-imagery group,on the other hand,the tag effect was not different from zero (t (22)=0.573,p =0.286),yielding a signiﬁcant group difference (t (44)=2.40,p =0.011).DISCUSSIONWe investigated the interactions between episodic future thought and intertemporal decision-making using behavioral testing and fMRI.Experiment 1shows that reward delay dis-counting is modulated by episodic future event cues,and the extent of this modulation is predicted by the degree of sponta-neous episodic imagery during decision-making,an effect that we replicated in Experiment 2(episodic tag effect).The neuroi-maging data (Experiment 1)highlight two mechanisms that support this effect:(1)valuation signals in the lateral ACC and (2)neural coupling between ACC and hippocampus/amygdala,both predicting the size of the tag effect.The size of the tag effect was directly related to posttest imagery scores,strongly suggesting that future thinking signiﬁ-cantly contributed to this effect.Pooling subjects across both experiments revealed that high-imagery subjects reduced their discount rate by on average 16%in the episodic condition,whereas low-imagery subjects did not.Experiment 2addressed a number of alternative accounts for this effect.First,reward conﬁdence was comparable for all conditions,arguing against the possibility that the tags may have somehow altered subjec-tive certainty that a reward would be forthcoming.Second,differences in temporal focus between conditions(date-basedFigure 5.Correlation between the Neural and Behavioral Tag Effect(A)Glass brain and (B and C)anatomical projection of the correlation between the neural tag effect (subjective value correlation episodic >control)and the behav-ioral tag effect (log difference between discount rates)in the bilateral ACC (p =0.021,FWE-corrected across an anatomical mask of bilateral ACC).(C)Coronal sections of the same contrast at a liberal threshold of p <0.01show that both left and right ACC clusters encompass gray matter of the cingulate gyrus.(D)Scatter-plot depicting the linear relationship between the neural and the behavioral tag effect in the right ACC.(A)and (B)are thresholded at p <0.001with 10contiguous voxels,whereas (C)is thresholded at p <0.01with 10contiguousvoxels.Figure 6.Results of the Psychophysiolog-ical Interaction Analysis(A)The seed for the psychophysiological interac-tion (PPI)analysis was placed in the right ACC (18,34,18).(B)The tag effect was associated with increased ACC-hippocampal coupling (p =0.031,corrected across bilateral hippocampus)and ACC-amyg-dala coupling (p =0.051,corrected across bilateral amygdala).Maps are thresholded at p <0.005,uncorrected for display purposes and projected onto the mean structural scan of all participants;HC,hippocampus;Amy,Amygdala;rACC,right anterior cingulate cortex.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay DiscountingNeuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.143。

肝病专业英语词汇

3α-羟类固醇脱氢酶(Y' 蛋白) γ -谷氨酰转移酶 γ-氨基丁酸甲胎蛋白人兽共患病异种肝移植脂肪性纤维瘤,黄色瘤黄嘌呤氧化酶黄斑瘤全球移植中心名录窗口期肝豆状核变性肥达反应外斐反应韦克斯勒成人智力测验呕吐视觉诱发电位病毒学应答病毒复制病毒性肝炎静脉-静脉转流 VOD 肝小静脉闭塞病静脉-动脉转流血管活性肽静脉曲张胆管消失综合征疫苗熊去氧胆酸尿胆素原尿胆素二磷酸尿苷异构酶尿素生成鸟氨酸循环,尿素循环上消化道出血粗纤维调节素肝未分化肉瘤充盈不足学说非结合高胆红素血症游离胆红素,非结合胆红素超声(波)检查法
短潜伏期肝炎移动性浊音腹水白蛋白浓度梯度血清肝炎血清诊断血清胆红素血清白蛋白血清学应答乙肝血清学检查血清转换败血症相关胆汁淤积正链,有义链镇静剂次级胆酸海蓝组织细胞增多症硬化疗法硬化性胆管炎日本血吸虫病湄公血吸虫曼氏血吸虫日本血吸虫间插血吸虫埃及血吸虫血吸虫瘢痕形成期粗面内质网滚环机制(环状DNA复制的机理) RNA干扰核酶核糖体胆固醇逆向转运
伤寒 Ⅳ型胶原 Ⅲ型前胶原甲肝和乙肝疫苗抑癌基因肿瘤坏死因子肝结核滋养体甘油三酯颠换效应经颈静脉肝内门腔分流转换输血传染的病毒输血性肝炎转化生长因子
transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 肝动脉化疗栓塞 trans-activation toxic hepatitis total cholesterin total bilirubin tomor necrosis factor tocopherol TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase thymosin Thymopolypeptides for Injection thromboxane the core promoter element tentative diagnosis tension of muscle tenderness Telbivudine taurocholic acid taurochenodeoxycholate acid systemic inflammatory response syndrome syncytial giant-cell hepatitis sustained virus response sustained response 反式激活中毒性肝炎总胆固醇总胆红素肿瘤坏死因子生育酚,维生素E 肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物胸腺肽胸腺肽血栓素核心启动子元件,启动子核心元件暂时的(假定的)诊断,试验性诊断肌张力压痛 LdT 牛(磺)胆酸牛磺鹅(去氧)胆酸盐,牛磺鹅(脱氧)胆酸盐全身炎症反应综合症融合巨细胞性肝炎持续病毒应答持久应答

白塞氏病病因和发病机制

患者脑脊液中淋巴细胞增多，补体C3、IgG 升高。
3. 遗传因素学说本病具有地区性发病倾向，主要见于日本、
中国、伊朗及地中海东部一些国家，其原因可能与上述地区存在具有某种HLA抗原的人种有关。
4. 其他性激素分泌、锌元素缺乏
临床表现
1. 皮肤粘膜损伤: 在颊粘膜和外阴部由于淋巴细胞和浆细胞
Different diffusion-weighted MRI findings in brainstem neuroBehçet’s disease. BMJ Case Rep 2021. doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-200738
3.5 脑血管造影：以脑血管意外为主要表现的患者脑血管
International consensus recommendation (ICR) criteria for NBD diagnosis 2021
Consensus classification of neuro-Behcet’s
disease
Central nervous system Parenchymal • Multifocal/diffuse • Brainstem • Spinal cord • Cerebral • Asymptomatic (silent) • Optic neuropathy Non-parenchymal • Cerebral venous thrombosis: intracranial hypertension • Intracranial aneurysm • Cervical extracranial aneurysm/dissection • Acute meningeal syndrome Peripheral nervous system (relation to BD uncertain) • Peripheral neuropathy and mononeuritis multiplex • Myopathy and myositis Mixed parenchymal and non-parenchymal disease

behavioural analysis

behavioural analysis[Behavioural Analysis]Introduction:Behavioural analysis is a psychological approach that involves studying, understanding, and interpreting human behaviour. This field of study aims to observe and analyze human actions, reactions, and patterns to gain insights into their thoughts, emotions, and personality traits. By examining behaviour, psychologists, researchers, and practitioners can better understand the motives, intentions, and underlying processes of individuals. In this article, we will explore different aspects of behavioural analysis, including its methods, applications, and significance.Methodology:Behavioural analysis employs several methods to study human behaviour. These methods include direct observation, interviews, surveys, and experiments. Direct observation involves carefully observing and noting down behavioural patterns in specific settings. Researchers may conduct structured or unstructured interviews to gather information about individuals' experiences, perspectives, and attitudes. Surveys are another common method that employsquestionnaires to collect data on a larger scale. Lastly, experiments are conducted to test hypotheses and explore cause-and-effect relationships between specific variables and behaviour.Applications:Behavioural analysis finds applications in various fields, including psychology, sociology, education, marketing, and criminal justice. Psychologists use this approach to diagnose and treat mental health conditions. Understanding patterns and triggers behind certain behaviours allows therapists to develop more effective treatment plans. Moreover, behavioural analysis is relevant in education as it helps identify learning difficulties, behavioural disorders, and social challenges among students. Teachers can then adapt their teaching methodologies to accommodate these individual needs.In the marketing industry, behavioural analysis plays a pivotal role in understanding consumer purchasing behaviour. By studying consumer habits, preferences, anddecision-making processes, companies can design targeted marketing campaigns and develop products that align with customers' needs and wants. In the criminal justice system,behavioural analysis contributes significantly to crime investigation and profiling. Detectives and criminal profilers analyze crime scenes, offender behaviour, and eyewitness accounts to predict the characteristics and motivations of criminals. This aids in the apprehension and prevention of future crimes.Significance:Behavioural analysis is significant as it provides valuable insights into human behaviour, enabling professionals to make informed decisions and implement effective strategies. By understanding the factors that influence behaviour, individuals can gain self-awareness and make positive changes in their lives. The knowledge acquired through behavioural analysis also helps society in general by fostering better understanding and empathy towards others.Behavioural analysis allows researchers to explore the complex interaction between biology, cognition, and the environment. It aids in uncovering the underlying reasons for certain behaviours, including biases, attitudes, and beliefs. This understanding is crucial in addressing societal issues such as discrimination, prejudice, and inequality.Moreover, behavioural analysis helps in predicting andpreventing harmful or deviant behaviours. By identifying risk factors and early warning signs, professionals can intervene and provide necessary support to individuals at risk. For example, in the field of mental health, behavioural analysis assists in identifying warning signs of potential self-harm or suicide. This enables mental health professionals to take appropriate measures to prevent tragedy and provide the necessary care and intervention.Conclusion:Behavioural analysis is a comprehensive approach that delves into the intricacies of human behaviour. Through various methods, this field of study unlocks valuable insights into the motives, intentions, and underlying processes that drive our actions and reactions. The applications of behavioural analysis span across multiple disciplines, all helping us gain a better understanding of ourselves and others. By recognizing the significance of behavioural analysis, we can cultivate a more empathetic and inclusive society while effectively addressing individual and societal challenges.。

联合con-GRU与ATGAT模型的情感分析三元组方法

现代电子技术Modern Electronics TechniqueApr. 2024Vol. 47 No. 82024年4月15日第47卷第8期0 引言自然语言处理是一种专业分析如文本、图像、视频等多种人类语言的人工智能。

自然语言处理分为情感分析[1]、关系抽取[2]等多种具体问题，本文主要研究情感分析问题。

在日常生活中，人们更多关注的是某一个方面的具体情感，传统的情感分析也仅仅是判断出某一个方面的情感，并没有指出文本的方面词表示。

Peng 等人在2020年提出了三元组的概念[3]，三元组是指将方面词、情感词以及情感极性作为一个组合共同输出，是当前情感分析的主要方向。

三元组的示例如下：Sentence1:The environment here is poor,but the food is delicious.Sentence2:Overall,it′s okay.Aspect term:environment,food,NULL Opinion term:poor,delicious,okaySentimental Polarities: negative, positive, positive Opinion Triplets:（environment, poor, negative ）,（food,delicious,positive ）,（NULL,okay,positive ）DOI ：10.16652/j.issn.1004⁃373x.2024.08.024引用格式：毕晓杰，李卫疆.联合con⁃GRU 与ATGAT 模型的情感分析三元组方法[J].现代电子技术，2024，47（8）：149⁃154.联合con⁃GRU 与ATGAT 模型的情感分析三元组方法毕晓杰1，2，李卫疆1，2（1.昆明理工大学信息工程与自动化学院，云南昆明 650500； 2.昆明理工大学云南省人工智能重点实验室，云南昆明 650500）摘要：情感分析三元组任务是情感分析任务的研究热点，其目的在于将方面词、情感词与情感极性组成三元组。

基于句法依存分析的图网络生物医学命名实体识别

2021⁃02⁃10计算机应用,Journal of Computer Applications 2021,41(2):357-362ISSN 1001⁃9081CODEN JYIIDU http ：//基于句法依存分析的图网络生物医学命名实体识别许力，李建华*（华东理工大学信息科学与工程学院，上海200237）（∗通信作者电子邮箱jhli@ ）摘要：现有的生物医学命名实体识别方法没有利用语料中的句法信息，准确率不高。

针对这一问题，提出基于句法依存分析的图网络生物医学命名实体识别模型。

首先利用卷积神经网络（CNN ）生成字符向量并将其与词向量拼接，然后将其送入双向长短期记忆（BiLSTM ）网络进行训练；其次以句子为单位对语料进行句法依存分析，并构建邻接矩阵；最后将BiLSTM 的输出和通过句法依存分析构建的邻接矩阵送入图卷积网络（GCN ）进行训练，并引入图注意力机制优化邻接节点的特征权重得到模型输出。

所提模型在JNLPBA 和NCBI -disease 数据集上的F1值分别达到了76.91%和87.80%，相比基准模型分别提升了2.62和1.66个百分点。

实验结果证明，提出的方法能有效提升模型在生物医学命名实体识别任务上的表现。

关键词：生物医学；命名实体识别；双向长短期记忆网络；图卷积网络；句法依存分析；图注意力机制中图分类号：TP391.1文献标志码：ABiomedical named entity recognition with graph network based onsyntactic dependency parsingXU Li ，LI Jianhua *（School of Information Science and Engineering ，East University of Science and Technology ，Shanghai 200237，China ）Abstract:The existing biomedical named entity recognition methods do not use the syntactic information in the corpus ，resulting in low precision.To solve this problem ，a biomedical named entity recognition model with graph network based onsyntactic dependency parsing was proposed.Firstly ，the Convolutional Nerual Network （CNN ）was used to generate character vectors which were concatenated with word vectors ，then they were sent to Bidirectional Long Short -Term Memory （BiLSTM ）network for training.Secondly ，syntactic dependency parsing to the corpus was conducted with a sentence as a unit ，and the adjacency matrix was constructed.Finally ，the output of BiLSTM and the adjacency matrix constructed bysyntactic dependency parsing were sent to Graph Convolutional Network （GCN ）for training ，and the graph attention mechanism was introduced to optimize the feature weights of adjacency nodes to obtain the model output.On JNLPBAdataset and NCBI -disease dataset ，the proposed model reached F1score of 76.91%and 87.80%respectively ，which were2.62and 1.66percentage points higher than those of the baseline model respectively.Experimental results prove that the proposed method can effectively improve the performance of the model in the biomedical named entity recognition task.Key words:biomedicine;named entity recognition;Bidirectional Long Short -Term Memory (BiLSTM)network;GraphConvolutional Network (GCN);syntactic dependency parsing;graph attention mechanism引言在生物医学领域，每年都会新增大量的专利、期刊和报告等文献。

喹喔啉化合物的脂质过氧化活性

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2016年第35卷第1期·216·化工进展喹喔啉化合物的脂质过氧化活性秦祥宇，朱长进（北京理工大学化工与环境学院，北京 100081）摘要：研究了一系列先前合成的喹喔啉化合物的抑制脂质过氧化活性，实验得到了这些化合物的体内和体外脂质过氧化抗氧化活性数据，发现这类喹喔啉化合物具有优异的抗氧化活性，其中，脂质过氧化清除率最高的化合物是2-(3-(3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯基)-2氧喹喔啉-1(2H)-烷基)乙酸，它在浓度为100μmol/L时，对应的清除率达到了57.7%。

构效关系研究认为对羟基苯乙烯这一结构单元对于喹喔啉化合物在提高抗氧化活性有重要意义。

关键词：有机化合物；喹喔啉；抗氧化；药物中图分类号：TQ 460 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2016）01–0216–04DOI：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2016.01.029Inhibition activity of lipid peroxidation of quinoxalinone compoundsQIN Xiangyu，ZHU Changjin（School of Chemical Engineering and Environment，Beijing Institute of Technology，Beijing 100081，China）Abstract：A series of synthesized quinoxalinone compounds have been investigated for their inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The activity data of in vitro and in vivo inhibition of lipid peroxidation has been obtained. These quinoxalinone compounds were found to have excellent antioxidant activity.2-(3-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl)-2-oxoquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl)acetic acid showed appreciable antioxidant properties，much more potent than other tested compounds，with the inhibition value of57.7%. Further structure activity relationship analysis demonstrates the importance of thepara-hydroxystyryl structure for the quinoxaline derivatives in the antioxidant activity.Key words：organic compounds；quinoxalinone；antioxidant；pharmaceuticals糖尿病并发症是由糖尿病患者体内多元醇代谢通路异常所造成的细胞组织中山梨醇的蓄积所引起的[1]。

Neuron overload and the juggling physician

Neuron overload and the juggling physicianDanielle Ofri aPatients often complain that their doctors don't listen. Although there are probably a few doctors who truly are tone deaf, most are reasonably empathic human beings, and I wonder why even these doctors seem prey to this criticism. I often wonder whether it is sheer neuron overload on the doctor side that leads to this problem. Sometimes it feels as though my brain is juggling so many competing details, that one stray request from a patient—even one that is quite relevant—might send the delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down.One day, I tried to work out how many details a doctor needs to keep spinning in her head in order to do a satisfactory job, by calculating how many thoughts I have to juggle in a typical office visit. Mrs Osorio is a 56-year-old woman in my practice. She is somewhat overweight. She has reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension. Her cholesterol is on the high side but she doesn't take any medications for this. She doesn't exercise as much as she should, and her last DEXA scan showed some thinning of her bones. She describes her life as stressful, although she's been good about keeping her appointments and getting her blood tests. She's generally healthy, someone who'd probably be described as an average patient in a medical practice, not excessively complicated.Here are the thoughts that run through my head as I proceed through our 20-min consultation.Good thing she did her blood tests. Glucose is a little better. Cholesterol isn't great. May need to think about starting a statin. Are her liver enzymes normal?Her weight is a little up. I need to give her my talk about five fruits and vegetables and 30 min of walking each day.Diabetes: how do her morning sugars compare to her evening sugars? Has she spoken with the nutritionist lately? Has she been to the eye doctor? The podiatrist?Her blood pressure is good but not great. Should I add another BP med? Will more pills be confusing? Does the benefit of possible better blood pressure control outweigh the risk of her possibly not taking all of her meds?Her bones are a little thin on the DEXA. Should I start a bisphosphonate that might prevent osteoporosis? But now I'm piling yet another pill onto her, and one that requires detailed instructions. Maybe leave this until next time?How are things at home? Is she experiencing just the usual stress of life, or might there be depression or anxiety disorder lurking? Is there time for the depression questionnaire?Health maintenance: when was her last mammogram? PAP smear? Has she had a colonoscopy since she turned 50? Has she had a tetanus booster in the past 10 years? Does she qualify for a pneumonia vaccine?Ms Osorio interrupts my train of thought to tell me that her back has been aching for the past few months. From her perspective, this is probably the most important item in our visit, but the fact is that she's caught one of my neurons in mid-fire (the one that's thinking about her blood sugar, which is segueing into the neuron that's preparing the diet-and-exercise discussion, which is intersecting with the one that's debating about initiating a statin). My instinct is to put one hand up and keep all interruptions at bay. It's not that I don't want to hear what she has to say, but the sensation that I'm juggling so many thoughts, and need to resolve them all before the clock runs down, that keeps me in moderate state of panic. What if I drop one—what if one of my thoughts evaporates while I address another concern? I'm trying to type as fast as I can, for the very sake of not letting any thoughts escape, but every time I turn to the computer to write, I'm not making eye contact with Mrs Osorio. I don't want my patient to think that the computer is more important than she is, but I have to keep looking toward the screen to get her lab results, check her mammogram report, document the progress of her illnesses, order the tests, refill her prescriptions.Then she pulls a form out her of bag: her insurance company needs this form for some reason or another. An innocent—and completely justified—request, but I feel that this could be the straw that breaks the camel's back, that the precarious balance of all that I'm keeping in the air will be simply unhinged. I nod, but indicate that we need to do her physical examination first. I barrel through the basics, then quickly check for any red-flag signs that might suggest that her back pain is anything more than routine muscle strain. I return to the computer to input all the information, mentally running through my checklist, anxious that nothing important slips from my brain's holding bay.I want to do everything properly and cover all our bases, but the more effort I place into accurate and thorough documentation, the less time I have to actually interact with my patient. A glance at the clock tells me that we've gone well beyond our allotted time. I stand up and hand Mrs Os orio her prescriptions. “What about my insurance form,” she asks. “It needs to be in by Friday, otherwise I might lose my coverage.” I clap my hand against my forehead; I've completely forgotten about the form she'd asked about just a few minutes ago.Studies have debunked the myth of multitasking in human beings. The concept of multitasking was developed in the computer field to explain the idea of a microprocessor doing two jobs at one time. It turns out that microprocessors are in fact linear, and actually perform only one task at a time. Our computers give the illusion of simultaneous action based on the microprocessor “scheduling” competing activities in a complicated integratedalgorithm. Like microprocessors, we humans can't actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. We merely zip back and forth between them, generally losing accuracy in the process. At best, we can juggle only a handful of thoughts in this manner. The more thoughts we juggle, the less we are able to attune fully to any given thought. To me, this is a recipe for disaster. Today I only forgot an insurance company form. But what if I'd forgotten to order her mammogram, or what if I'd refilled only five of her six medicines? What if I'd forgotten to fully explain the side-effects of one of her medications? The list goes on, as does the anxiety.At the end of the day, my mind spins as I try to remember if I've forgotten anything. Mrs Osorio had seven medical issues to consider, each of which required at least five separate thoughts: that's 35 thoughts. I saw ten patients that afternoon: that's 350. I'd supervised five residents that morning, each of whom saw four patients, each of whom generated at least ten thoughts. That's another 200 thoughts. It's not to say that we can't handle 550 thoughts in a working day, but each of these thoughts potentially carries great risk if improperly evaluated. If I do a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves ten thoughts that might get lost in the process. Any one of those lost thoughts could translate into a disastrous outcome, not to mention a possible lawsuit. Most doctors are reasonably competent, caring individuals, but the overwhelming swirl of thoughts that we must keep track of leaves many of us in a perpetual panic that something serious might slip. This is what keeps us awake at night.There are many proposed solutions—computer-generated reminders, case managers, ancillary services. To me, the simplest one would be time. If I had an hour for each patient, I'd be a spectacular doctor. If I could let my thoughts roll linearly and singularly, rather than simultaneously and haphazardly, I wouldn't fear losing anything. I suspect that it would actually be more efficient, as my patients probably wouldn't have to return as frequently. But realistically, no one is going to hand me a golden hour for each of my patients. My choices seem to boil down to entertaining fewer thoughts, accepting decreased accuracy for each thought, giving up on thorough documentation, or having a constant headache from neuronal overload.These are the choices that practising physicians face every day, with every patient. Mostly we rely on our clinical judgment to prioritise, accepting the trade-off that is inevitable with any compromise. We attend to the medical issues that carry the greatest weight and then have to let some of the lesser ones slide, with the hope that none of these seemingly lesser ones masks something grave.Some computers have indeed achieved the goal of true multitasking, by virtue of having more than one microprocessor. In practice, that is like possessing an additional brain that can function independently and thus truly simultaneously. Unless the transplant field advances drastically, there is little hope for that particular deus ex machina. In some cases,having a dedicated and competent clinical partner such as a one-on-one nurse can come close to simulating a second brain, but most medical budgets don't allow for such staffing indulgence.As it stands, it seems that we will simply have to continue this impossible mental high-wire act, juggling dozens of clinical issues in our brains, panicking about dropping a critical one. The resultant neuronal overload will continue to present a distracted air to our patients that may be interpreted as us not listening, or perhaps not caring.When my computer becomes overloaded, it simply crashes. Usually, I reboot in a fury, angry about all my lost work. Now, however, I view my computer with a tinge of envy. It has the luxury of being able to crash, and of a reassuring, omniscient hand to press the reboot button. Physicians are permitted no such extravagance. I pull out the bottle of paracetamol tablets from my desk drawer and set about disabling the childproof cap. It's about the only thing I truly have control over.。

小鼠淋巴结位置

Research paperAnatomy and nomenclature of murine lymph nodes:Descriptive study and nomenclatory standardization in BALB/cAnNCrl miceWim Van den Broeck a,⁎,Annie Derore b,c ,Paul Simoens aaDepartment of Morphology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Ghent University,Salisburylaan 133,B-9820Merelbeke,BelgiumbInnogenetics NV ,Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7,B-9052Ghent,BelgiumcFlanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB),Technologiepark 927,B-9052Ghent,BelgiumReceived 21November 2005;received in revised form 10January 2006;accepted 26January 2006Available online 6March 2006AbstractMurine lymph nodes are intensively studied but often assigned incorrectly in scientific papers.In BALB/cAnNCrl mice,we characterized a total of 22different lymph nodes.Peripheral nodes were situated in the head and neck region (mandibular,accessory mandibular,superficial parotid,cranial deep cervical nodes),and at the forelimb (proper axillary,accessory axillary nodes)and hindlimb (subiliac,sciatic,popliteal nodes).Intrathoracic lymph nodes included the cranial mediastinal,tracheobronchal and caudal mediastinal nodes.Abdominal lymph nodes were associated with the gastrointestinal tract (gastric,pancreaticoduodenal,jejunal,colic,caudal mesenteric nodes)or were located along the major intra-abdominal blood vessels (renal,lumbar aortic,lateral iliac,medial iliac and external iliac nodes).Comparative and nomenclative aspects of murine lymph nodes are discussed.The position of the lymph nodes of BALB/cAnNCrl mice is summarized and illustrated in an anatomical chart containing proposals for both an official nomenclature according to the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria and English terms.©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Mouse;Lymph node;Nomenclature1.IntroductionRodents,and mice in particular,have long been used as laboratory animals in various scientific experiments.The possibility to produce different murine strains and a variety of knock-out mice,the high reproductive rate of these animals,and the ease of their handling have made them the preferential laboratory animal.In immunolog-ical sciences,murine lymph nodes (lnn.)are often used to isolate lymphocytes in order to study fundamentalaspects of immunology and immunopathology.The methodology to recognize and dissect these lymph nodes requires at least a basic anatomical knowledge.In numerous studies,however,inaccurate,misleading or even enigmatic terms such as genital nodes (Cain and Rank,1995)or tonsillar nodes (Deaglio et al.,1996)have sometimes been assigned to murine lymph nodes.The ambiguity of murine lymph node (ln.)nomenclature is illustrated by the lymph node at the ear base of mice which has been variably designated by various terms such as parotid ln.(Cuq,1966;Grassé,1972;Popesko et al.,1992),lateral mandibular ln.(Cuq,1966),and facial ln.(Wolvers et al.,1999),while numerous recent studies refer to an allegedly auricular ln.(Anjuère et al.,1999;Dearman et al.,1996;Sailstad et al.,1995)or pre-Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19/locate/jim⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+3292747716;fax:+3292647790.E-mail address:wim.vandenbroeck@UGent.be (W.Van den Broeck).0022-1759/$-see front matter ©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jim.2006.01.022auricular ln.(Hendrickx et al.,1992)in this region.Given this confusion,it becomes very difficult to reproduce the experimental reports or compare different scientific results.Nevertheless,the localization of the different lymph nodes with their respective names in mice has been thoroughly described in a number of anatomical publications (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966;Kawashima et al.,1964),but these papers are seldom referred to.A sample bibliographic (Medline)search from 1989to 1999demonstrated that of 293randomly chosen papers in which the words “mouse lymph node(s)”are used,89citations (i.e.30%)used only vague terms such as “lymph node ”,“peripheral lymph node ”,“draining lymph node ”,“local lymph node ”,or “regional lymph node ”instead of the precise anatomical names.In the remaining 204publications,at least 42different specific names were given to the lymph nodes that were studied.Only 1article,however,contained some figures illustrating the anatomical position and identification of the lymph nodes in question (Wolvers et al.,1999).In contrast,in the remaining 203studies the exact scientific identification of the node was lacking:59of these investigations referred to previous publica-tions in which the nomenclature used was not based on asufficiently scientific anatomical support,while in the remaining 144articles no anatomical reference was given at all.In an attempt to rectify this situation,we first characterized the lymph nodes in BALB/cAnNCrl mice and then summarized our findings in an anatomical chart.2.Materials and methods 2.1.AnimalsSeventy female BALB/cAnNCrl mice (Iffa Credo N.V .,Brussels,Belgium)aged 8to 32weeks were housed in groups of 3to 6animals in conventional type II cages containing nesting material as environmental enrich-ment (Brain et al.,1994)along with water and food supply ad libitum.At the end of the experiments,all animals were euthanized by intraperitoneal (IP)injec-tion of 30μl T61(Hoechst Roussel Vet,Brussels,Belgium).All experimental studies described in this paper were approved by the Institutional Animal Welfare Committee of Innogenetics (September 15,1999).Table 1Protocols used for demonstrating murine lymph nodes Protocol Route of administrationSedation/anaesthesia Product Quantity (μl)Incubation (days)Number of animals I Intravenous (lateral caudal vein)–Ink+RAS a 200b 103II Subcutaneous,mental region –Ink+CFA c 60b 286III Subcutaneous,mental region –Ink+RAS 10b 214IV Subcutaneous,frontal region –Ink+CFA 60b 286V Subcutaneous,auricular base–Ink+RAS 10b 216VI Subcutaneous,palmar metacarpal region –Ink+CFA 40b 183426VII Subcutaneous,plantar metatarsal region –Ink+CFA 40b 183426VIII Intranasal instillation Sedation Ink+RAS 2×30b,d 10e 317e 3IX Intraperitoneal –Ink+tR f2000g 143X PeroralSedation Ink+RAS or CFA 500b 216XI Intrahepatic h Anaesthesia Ink+RAS 30b 216XIIIntralienal iAnaesthesiaInk+RAS50b216a RAS:Ribi Adjuvant System®,RIBI Immuno Chem Research,Inc.,Hamilton,USA.bEqual quantities ink/RAS or CFA.cCFA:Complete Freunds Adjuvant®,Difco Laboratories,Detroit,Michigan,USA.dTwo administrations of 30μl with 21-day interval.eDays after the last administration.ftR:Thioglycollate+Resazurin®,Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur,Marnes-la-Coquette,France.g50μl ink+1950μl Thioglycollate +Resazurin®.hAfter anaesthesia,the abdominal wall was incised 5mm caudal to the xiphoid process under surgical conditions;after the injection of the solution into the left and right hepatic lobes,the abdominal incision was closed.iAfter anaesthesia,the left abdominal wall was incised under surgical conditions;after the injection of the solution into the spleen,the abdominal incision was closed.13W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19Table 2List of lymph nodes observed in the present study of BALB/cAnNCrl mice #English name Official name Protocol Occurrencea Topography2Accessory mandibular ln.Ln.mandibularis accessorius I,II,IV ,V Constant (21/21)Dorsolateral to the mandibular lymph nodeSuperficial parotid ln.Ln.parotideus superficialisI,II,IV ,VConstant (21/21)Ventral to the external acoustic pore,caudal to the extraorbital lacrimal gland,cranioventral to the parotid salivary gland,dorsal to the junction between the superficial temporal vein (v.)and the maxillary v.4Cranial deep cervical ln.Ln.cervicalisprofundus cranialis I,II,IV ,VIConstant (24/24)Medial to the external jugular vein and sternocephalic muscle (m.),lateral to sternohyoid m.,caudal to digastric m.,dorsal to the trachea5Proper axillary ln.Ln.axillaris propriusI,VIConstant (12/12)Medial to the shoulder,dorsolateral to ascending pectoral m.,at the junction between the lateral thoracic vein and the axillary vein6Accessory axillary ln.Ln.axillaris accessorius I,VI Constant (12/12)Caudal to triceps brachii m.,lateral to cutaneous trunci m.,in subcutaneous adipose tissue7Subiliac ln.Ln.subiliacusI,VIIConstant (12/12)In the fold of the flank (plica lateralis)cranial to thigh musculature,near the deep circumflex iliac artery (a.)and v.8Sciatic ln.Ln.ischiadicus I,VIIConstant (12/12)Medial to gluteus superficialis m.,caudal to gluteus medius m.and sciatic nerve9Popliteal ln.Ln.popliteus I,VII Constant(12/12)In the popliteal fossa between biceps femoris m.and semitendinosus m.10Cranial mediastinal lnn.Lnn.mediastinales craniales I Constant(3/3)Bilaterally 2lymph nodes located lateral to the thoracic thymus and along the internal thoracic a.and v.11Tracheobronchal ln.Ln.tracheobronchalis VIII Constant(6/6)Single (unpaired)lymph node at the tracheal bifurcation 12Caudal mediastinal ln.Ln.mediastinalis caudalis I Constant(3/3)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the caudal mediastinum,ventral to the esophagus,along the ventral vagal trunk 13Gastric ln.Ln.gastricus I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the lesser omentum at the minor curvature of the stomach14Pancreaticoduodenal ln.Ln.pancreaticoduodenalis I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the mesoduodenum,dorsal to the portal vein,surrounded by pancreatic tissue 15Jejunal lnn.Lnn.jejunales I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Large cluster of lymph nodes in the mesojejunum along the cranial mesenteric a.16Colic ln.Ln.colicus I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)In the mesocolon at the transition between ascending colon and transverse colon17Caudal mesenteric ln.Ln.mesentericus caudalis I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the caudal mesentery at the origin of the caudal mesenteric a.18Renal ln.Ln.renalis I,VII,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(33/33)Dorsal to the ipsilateral kidney nearby the renal blood vessels,caudal to the adrenal gland19Lumbar aortic ln.Ln.lumbalis aorticus VII bInconstant(4/6bilateral,2/6only left)Lateral to (and adjacent with)the abdominal aorta,halfway between the origin of the renal and common iliac arteries20Lateral iliac ln.Ln.iliacus lateralis I Inconstant(2/3only right,1/3absent)In adipose tissue caudolateral to the kidney along the deep circumflex iliac a.21Medial iliac ln.Ln.iliacus medialis I,VII,IX,X Constant(21/21)Major bilateral lymph node at the terminal segment of the abdominal aorta and the origin of the common iliac a.22External iliac ln.Ln.iliacus externus I Constant(3/3)Small lymph node along the initial (intra-abdominal)segment of the external iliac a.,before the latter enters the femoral canalEnglish and official Latin names of each node are given together with their frequency and a short description of their topography.aF :number of animals in which lymph nodes were found,E :number of animals in which these particular lymph nodes were examined.bProtocol VII with 42incubation days.14W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–192.2.Stimulation of lymph nodesAs murine lymph nodes are hardly distinguishable from the surrounding fat and connective tissue(Cuq, 1966),they were stimulated and colored in vivo by an injection of Indian ink in combination with an adjuvant prior to euthanasia and subsequent dissection of the animals.Intravenous injections were performed in three mice to obtain a general overview(protocol I),whereas different additional stimulation protocols were used to demonstrate the presence of particular nodes in various body regions(protocols II–XII).In some protocols,a previous sedation of the mice by intramuscular injection of1μl/g body weight of a solution of200μl ketamine (Ketalar,Parke Davis,Dublin,Ireland)and30μl xylazine(Rompun2%,Bayer,Brussels,Belgium)was required.In a few cases,anaesthesia was induced by injecting the mice intraperitoneally with220μl of a solution containing200μl ketamine,100μl xylazine and 700μl physiological salt solution.The different protocol details are listed in Table1.The specific protocols that have been used to identify the particular nodes are listed in Table2.2.3.Histological examinationThe lymphoid architecture of the in vivo colored structures was verified by histological examination. Dissected lymph nodes were fixed in3.5%phosphate-buffered formaldehyde immediately after necropsy. Paraffin sections were made and stained with eosin–haematoxylin.3.ResultsBased on their topography,the murine lymph nodes were divided into peripheral(head and neck region, forelimb,hindlimb),intrathoracic,and intra-abdominal lymph nodes.A precise nomenclature based on the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria(2005),equivalent English terms,and the topography of the lymph nodes are described in Table2.The anatomical position ofthe Fig.1.Peripheral lymph nodes in the mouse.(1a)Ventro-lateral view of the head and throat region with sublingual(a),mandibular(b)and parotid (c)salivary gland and the extraorbital lacrimal gland(d),(1b)ventral view of the axillary region,(1c)lateral view of the thorax and forelimb,(1d) dorsal view of the sacral region with the sciatic nerve(a),and(1e)ventral view of the spread hindlimbs;numbers(1–9)according to the description in Table2.15 W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods312(2006)12–19exposed lymph nodes is illustrated in 14photographs (Figs.1–3)and 2drawings (Fig.4).Nine peripheral lymph nodes are constant and bilaterally present,namely the mandibular,accessory mandibular,superficial parotid,and cranial deep cervical ln.in the head and neck regions,the axillary and accessory axillary ln.in the forelimb,and the subiliac,sciatic and popliteal ln.in the hindlimb region.Intrathoracic nodes are few in number and consist of the cranial mediastinal lnn.,tracheobronchal ln.and the caudal mediastinal ln.Intra-abdominal lymph nodes are either associated with the gastroin-testinal tract or lie along the major abdominal arteries.The former group consists of the gastric and pancrea-ticoduodenal ln.,the jejunal lnn.and colic ln.which together represent the cranial mesenteric lnn.,and the caudal mesenteric ln.The other intra-abdominal lymph nodes include the bilateral renal,medial iliac and external iliac ln.,as well as the inconstant lumbar aortic and lateral iliac ln.The latter lymph node was observed in 2out of 3mice that were stimulated by intravenous injection.Other lymph nodes such as the facial (Wolvers et al.,1999),auricular or pre-auricular (Anjuère et al.,1999;Dearman et al.,1996;Hendrickx et al.,1992;Sailstad et al.,1995),superficial cervical (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),caudal deep cervical (Barone et al.,1950),pulmonary (Teitelbaum et al.,1999),hepatic and lienal (Barone et al.,1950),(ileo)cecal (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),sacral (Popesko et al.,1992),and femoral (Björkdahl et al.,1999;Mishell et al.,1980)lymph nodes were not observed in any of the BALB/cAnNCrl mice that were examined in the present study.Furthermore,there was no evidence of the presence of a submental lymph node (Cook,1983;Jacoby and Fox,1984),but a number of subcutaneous submental lymph nodules were demonstrated just caudal to the inter-mandibular synchondrosis by histological examination.4.DiscussionWe sought to definitely localize lymph nodes in mice and to provide an up-to-date anatomical determination chart to identify the different nodes.Most oftheseFig.2.Intrathoracic and intra-abdominal lymph nodes in the mouse.(2a)Ventral view of the thoracic cavity with the right lung (a)and thymus (b),both turned over to the left side,(2b)ventral view of the thoracic cavity with oesophagus (a),heart (b)and thymus (c),(2c)ventral view of the abdominal cavity with stomach (a),liver (b)and spleen (c),(2d)exposed mesentery,and (2e)ventral view of the abdominal cavity with the left uterine horn (a)and the caudal mesenteric artery (b);numbers (10–17)according to the description in Table 2.16W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19lymph nodes have already been described in anatomical papers (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966;Kawashima et al.,1964),but bibliometric analysis indicates that contemporary investigators are often not familiar with these publications.As a consequence,the nomenclature of murine lymph nodes used in recent literature lacks uniformity and is sometimes inadequate or even incorrect.By using different conventional in vivo staining techniques,22lymph nodes could be demonstrated in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.They were named by analogy to the terms listed in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (2005).This terminology is based on precise nomen-clatory principles leading to short and simple terms with instructive and descriptive value.Several lymph nodes that were observed in BALB/cAnNCrl mice could be identified because of their comparative and topographic similarities with analogous lymph nodes in domestic carnivores,pigs,and herbivores,and they were named accordingly.However mice lack several lymph nodes that are present in other mammals,such as the deep parotid or proper lumbar lymph nodes.Despite the absence of these complementary structures in mice,the terms superficial parotid and lumbar aortic lymph nodes were retained because the pertaining adjectives have useful descriptive value.This was also the case for the term cranial deep cervical lymph node,although the superficial cervical and caudal deep cervical lymph nodes were not observed in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.No additional topographic adjective was used for the single tracheobronchal lymph node because a precise homol-ogy with either the right,left,or middle tracheobronchal lymph node of domestic animals could not be ascertained in the present study or by data from the literature (Cuq,1966;Kawashima et al.,1964).A number of lymph nodes that has been described in murine species by other authors were not found in the present study.The facial lymph node as mentioned by Wolvers et al.(1999),and the auricular (Anjuère et al.,1999;Dearman et al.,1996;Sailstad et al.,1995)and pre-auricular lymph node (Hendrickx et al.,1992)probably correspond with the superficial parotid ln.described in our study.The submental ln.,illustrated as bilateral lymph nodes in two papers (Cook,1983;Jacoby and Fox,1984),were not observed as nodes as such,but subcutaneous median lymph noduleswereFig.3.Intra-abdominal lymph nodes in the mouse (ventral view).(3a,3b,3c,3d)Ventral views of the abdominal cavity with the right kidney (a)(turned over to the left side in 3a),the right adrenal gland (b),the descending colon (c)(displaced in 3c)and the deep circumflex iliac artery (d);numbers (7,17–22)according to the description in Table 2.17W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19present just caudal to the intermandibular synchondro-sis.Furthermore,there was no evidence of the caudal deep cervical ln.which has been described ventral to the trachea and dorsal to the sternum at the level of the first two ribs (Barone et al.,1950).Similarly,the existence of the superficial cervical ln.which has inconstantly be seen medial to the cervical part of the trapezius muscle and cranial to the supraspinatus muscle (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),and the presence of the femoral ln.which has been described in the inguinal region (Björkdahl et al.,1999;Mishell et al.,1980)could not be demonstrated.An intrathoracic pulmonary lymph node (Teitelbaum et al.,1999)was also absent in all mice examined in the present study.The (ileo)cecal lnn.,described in the ileocecal mesentery as accessory nodes (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),were not observed inour study,whereas the sacral ln.which has been illustrated by Popesko et al.(1992)most likely refers to the caudal mesenteric ln.as defined by Kawashima et al.(1964).Despite the minute dissections and the use of specific intrahepatic and intralienal stimulation techni-ques,our study failed to demonstrate the existence of hepatic and lienal lymph nodes in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.The presence of these nodes in mice has been discussed by Barone et al.(1950).According to these authors,murine lienal nodes are absent,which corre-sponds with the present findings in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.On the other hand,they observed a (retro)hepatic or portal lymph node which could hardly be discerned from the lymph nodes adjacent to the stomach and the pancreas.This lymph node corresponds most likely with the pancreaticoduodenal lymph node described in the present study.A novel finding in our study was the presence of a small and inconstant lateral iliac lymph node in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.The presence and lymphoid nature of the latter lymph node were verified by histological examination.It is not unlikely that this structure,along with other lymph nodes,might also be demonstrated in other murine species and breeds.To date,no precise nor conclusive data are available concerning the presence of hemal lymph nodes in mice.The exact function of these nodes,which are very obvious in some domestic animal species such as oxen and sheep,has still to be elucidated,but probably they perform a spleen-like function,as suggested by their morphology (Bassan et al.,1999).In the present study,the presence of hemal lymph nodes could not be demonstrated neither by macroscopic nor by micro-scopic examination in any of the stimulated or unstimulated regions in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.In summary,we recommend that scientific papers on laboratory animals,and on mice in particular,should carefully observe universally accepted rules of nomen-clature for the identification of all lymphatic organs that are described and investigated.ReferencesAnjuère,F.,Martin,P.,Ferrero,I.,López Fraga,M.,Martinez delHoyo,G.,Wright,N.,Ardavin,C.,1999.Definition of dendritic cell subpopulations present in the spleen,Peyer's patches,lymph nodes and skin of the mouse.Blood 93,590.Barone,R.,Bertrand,M.,Desenclos,R.,1950.Recherches anatomi-ques sur les ganglions lymphatiques des petits rongeurs de laboratoire.Rev.Méd.Vét.101,423.Bassan,N.,Vasquez,F.,Vinuesa,M.,Cerrutti,P.,Bernardi,S.,1999.Morphological alterations in hemal nodes in splenectomized cattle.Arq.Bras.Med.Vet.Zootec.51,445.Björkdahl,O.,Akerblad,P.,Gjörloff-Wingren,A.,Leanderson,T.,Dohlsten,M.,1999.Lymphoid hyperplasia in transgenicmiceFig.4.Schematic drawing of the localization of the lymph nodes in the mouse.(4a)Ventral and (4b)lateral view;numbers (1–22)according to the description in Table 2;superficial or exposed lymph nodes are in black,the deeply located lymph nodes are dotted.18W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19over-expressing a secreted form of the human interleukin-1βgene product.Immunology96,128.Brain,P.F.,Büttner, D.,Costa,P.,Gregory,J.A.,Heine,W.O.P., Koolhaas,J.,Militzer,K.,Ödberg, F.O.,Scharmann,W., Stauffacher,M.,1994.Rodents.In:O'Donoghue,P.N.(Ed.),The Accommodation of Laboratory Animals in Accordance with Animal Welfare Requirements.Proceedings of an International Workshop held at the Bundesgesundheitsamt.Bonn,Germany, p.1.Cain,T.K.,Rank,R.G.,1995.Local Th1-like responses are induced by intravaginal infection of mice with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamidia trachomatis.Infect.Immun.63,1784.Cook,M.J.,1983.Anatomy.In:Foster,H.L.,Small,J.D.,Fox,J.G.(Eds.),The Mouse in Biomedical Research:V olume III.Normative Biology,Immunology,and Husbandry.Academic Press Inc.,New York,p.111.Cuq,P.,1966.Le système lymphatique de la Souris.Recl.Méd.Vét.142,1211.Deaglio,S.,Dianzani,U.,Horenstein,A.L.,Fernandez,J.E.,Van Kooten,C.,Bragardo,M.,Funaro,A.,Garbarino,G.,Di Virgilio,F.,Banchereau,J.,Malavasi,F.,1996.Human CD38ligand.A120kDa protein predominantly expressed on endothelial cells.J.Immunol.156,727.Dearman,R.J.,Basketter,D.A.,Kimber,I.,1996.Characterization of chemical allergens as a function of divergent cytokine secretion profiles induced in mice.Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.138,308. Grassé,P.P.,1972.In:Grassé,P.P.(Ed.),Traitéde Zoölogie.Tome XVI,Fascicule IV.Masson,Paris,p.848.Hendrickx,R.L.,Tumpey,T.M.,Finnegan,A.,1992.IFN-γand IL-2 are protective in the skin but pathologic in the corneas of HSV-1-infected mice.J.Immunol.149,3023.Jacoby,R.O.,Fox,J.G.,1984.Biology and diseases of mice.In:Fox,J.G.,Cohen,B.J.,Loew,F.M.(Eds.),Laboratory Animal Medicine.Academic Press Inc,New York,p.140.Kawashima,Y.,Sugimura,M.,Hwang,Y.,Kudo,N.,1964.The lymph system in mice.Jpn.J.Vet.Res.12,69.Mishell,B.B.,Shiigi,S.M.,Henry,C.,Chan,E.L.,North,J.,Gallily, R.,Slomich,M.,Miller,K.,Marbrook,J.,Parks,D.,Good,A.H., 1980.Preparation of mouse cell suspensions.In:Meshell,B.B., Shiig,S.M.(Eds.),Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology.W.F.Freeman and Company,San Francisco,p.13.Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria(NA V),2005.In:Waibl,H.,Gasse,H.,Constantinescu,G.,Hashimoto,Y.,Simoens,P.(Eds.),World Association of Veterinary Anatomists,5th edition, pp.120–122(Hannover,Columbia,Sapporo,Ghent),http://www./.Popesko,P.,Rajtová,V.,Horák,J.,1992.In:Popesko,P.(Ed.),A Colour Atlas of the Anatomy of Small Laboratory Animals.Rat, Mouse,Golden Hamster,vol.2.Wolfe Publishing Ltd,London, p.105.Sailstad,D.M.,Krishnan,S.D.,Tepper,J.S.,Doerfler,D.L.,Selgrade, M.K.,1995.Dietary vitamin A enhances sensitivity of the local lymph node assay.Toxicology96,157.Teitelbaum,R.,Schubert,W.,Gunther,L.,Kress,Y.,Macaluso,F., Pollard,J.W.,McMurray,D.N.,Bloom,B.R.,1999.The M cell asa portal of entry to the lung for the bacterial pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis.Immunity10,641.Wolvers,D.A.W.,Coenen-de Roo,C.J.J.,Mebius,R.E.,Van der Cammen,M.J.F.,Tirion,F.,Miltenburg,A.M.M.,Kraal,G.,1999.Intranasally induced immunological tolerance is determined by characteristics of the draining lymph nodes:studies with OV A and human cartilage gp-39.J.Immunol.162,1994.19W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods312(2006)12–19。

创伤性脑损伤大鼠乙酰胆碱、脑源性神经生长因子表达变化的研究

创伤性脑损伤大鼠乙酰胆碱、脑源性神经生长因子表达变化的研究目的建立創伤性脑损伤（TBI）模型，探讨创伤性脑损伤大鼠乙酰胆碱（ACh）和脑源性神经生长因子（BDNF）变化及其意义。

方法健康雄性SD 大鼠192只，随机分为对照组（n = 48）和TBI组（n = 144）。

TBI组随机分为：轻度、中度、重度三组，每组48只。

3种TBI组及对照组分别再随机分为15 min、0.5、1、3、6、12、24、48 h各8个亚组，每亚组6只。

参照FEENEY′S法制成轻、中、重型颅脑损伤模型。

分别于致伤后相应观察时间点取TBI组及对照组海马及皮质等脑组织，用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测ACh、BDNF在不同脑组织中的含量。

结果TBI中ACh与BDNF海马含量变化呈明显正相关（r = 0.340，P < 0.01），ACh与BDNF皮质含量变化也呈明显正相关（r = 0.311，P < 0.01），ACh变化规律是损伤后立即升高，随之迅速下降，降至正常水平以下；BDNF 变化规律是损伤后缓慢升高，随之缓慢下降。

不同程度TBI组及对照组之间ACh、BDNF脑组织总含量不同，差异有高度统计学意义（P < 0.01）。

TBI中相同程度不同时间点之间ACh、BDNF脑组织总含量不同，差异有高度统计学意义（P < 0.01）。

结论TBI中ACH与BDNF在脑组织含量变化呈正相关，且与损伤程度有关，通过ACH与BDNF脑组织含量可以间接反映TBI病变及损伤程度，有可能为临床脑损伤的治疗、损伤程度及预后的判断提供新的方法。

[Abstract] Objective To explore the profiles of acetylcholine (ACh) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods 192 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group (n = 48) and TBI group (n = 144). The TBI group was further divided randomly into three secondary groups based on severity of injury (mild, moderate and severe group, each group had 48 cases). These injury graded groups and control group were again stratified into 8 sub-groups according to time from TBI (15 min, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h), such that every sub-group had 6 rats. To create TBI models, the rats assigned to injury group were received different powers delivered with reference to FEENEY’S method immediately after the injury and at specific time spots. Hippocampus and cortex samples were collected from each rat. The brain tissue levels of ACh and BDNF were measured with ELISA. Results There was a positive correlation between post-TBI brain tissue levels of ACh and BDNF (r = 0.340, P < 0.01; cortex samples of r = 0.311, P < 0.01). The changes in brain tissue ACh featured by a sudden rise after trauma, a quick decline that ensued and bellowed the normal level. The changes in brain tissue BDNF featured by a gradual rise after trauma, a gradual decline that ensued. The brain tissue levels of Ach and BDNF varied significantly across all groups with different severity of TBI(P < 0.01) and time from injury (P < 0.01). Conclusion In traumatic brain injury, both brain tissue levels of Ach and BDNF change regularly to the degree of injury. Detection of brain tissue ACh and BDNF will be helpful to estimate the degree of injury and pathological changes of the traumatic brain injury.[Key words] Brain injuries; Acetylcholine; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor深入探讨创伤性脑损伤（traumatic brain injury，TBI）迟发性神经元损伤发生机制，研究如何控制其发病过程，寻找新的更有效的治疗方法一直为人们所研究。

铁调素在创伤性脑损伤大鼠皮质中的表达特性

Expression characteristics of hepcidin in rat cortex after traumatic brain injury WU Yu-xin, BAO Ying-hui (Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China) Corresponding author: BAO Ying-hui, E-mail: bombbao@ 【Abstract】Objective To investigate the expression characteristics of hepcidin in rat cortex after traumatic brain injury. Method The rat model of controlled cortical impact (CCI) was established to study the changes of hepcidin in the cortex of rats in the early stage of traumatic brain injury (within 72 h), the relationship between iron concentration and hepcidin level, and the expression of hepcidin in neuron in rats' brain within 72 h after traumatic brain injury were analyzed. Hepcidin mRNA was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR (qRT-PCR); the concentration of hepcidin was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the concentration of the total non-heme iron was evaluated by Iron Assay Kit; the activation of the BMPs/Smad1/5/8 signal pathway was evaluated by Western blotting; the signal strength of hepcidin in the brain tissue cells was evaluated by immunoﬂuorescence, and the colocalization relationship of hepcidin with neurons (NeuN) or astrocytes (GFAP) was analyzed. Result Compared with Sham group, the concentration of iron, the relative expression of hepcidin mRNA, the concentration of hepcidin and the ratio of pSmad1/5/8/Smad1/5/8 in CCI 6 h group had no signiﬁcant changes (all P ＞ 0.05). The concentration of iron, the relative expression of mRNA, the concentration of hepcidin and the ratio of pSmad1/5/8/Smad1/5/8 in CCI 24 h group and CCI 72 h group were signiﬁcantly higher than those in Sham group (all P ＜ 0.01). The concentration of iron, the relative expression of mRNA, the concentration of hepcidin and the ratio of pSmad1/5/8/Smad1/5/8 in CCI 72 h ＋ deferoxamine group were signiﬁcantly lower than those in CCI 72 h group (all P ＜ 0.05). Compared with Sham group, the number of DAPI positive cells in CCI 72 h group decreased and the intracellular ﬂuorescence intensity of hepcidin in CCI 72 h group was signiﬁcantly higher than that in Sham group (P ＜ 0.0001). Co-localization analysis showed that the co-labeling of neurons and hepcidin signals increased, but there was no obvious co-labeling of astrocytes and hepcidin. Conclusion After traumatic brain injury, iron level in brain tissue is signiﬁcantly increased, and it may induce the expression of hepcidin by activating BMPs/Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. The concentration of hepcidin in neurons is upregulated, while the concentration of hepcidin in astrocytes is not changed, indicating that the location of hepcidin in brain tissue cells after traumatic brain injury has selectivity. 【Key words】Controlled cortical impact; Traumatic brain injury; Hepcidin; Co-localization analysis

语言学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）

语⾔学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）语⾔学导论期末考试试题（滨州学院外语系）Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A，B，C or D. （20%）1. _______ is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. The most influential scholar in this aspect is Trubetzkoy who published Principles of Phonology in 1939.A. The London SchoolB. Traditional grammarC. American StructuralismD. The Prague School2. Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea，which Saussure called _______.A. langue and paroleB. signifier and signifiedC. speech and writingD. system and function3. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive4. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is_______.A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. cultural5. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound_______.A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]6. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Morphemes that represent “tense”，“number”，“gender”，“case” and so forth are called_______morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational8. The English word “modernizers” is composed of_______morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five9. “Unless I hear from her，I won’t leave this town” is a_______sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. complexD. compound10. In the phrase structure rule “S NP VP”，the arrow can be read as_______.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates11. In the following pairs of words，_______are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell12. The stimulus-response theory was proposed by_______.A. FirthB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD. Chomsky13._______found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned，linguists of pragmatics are more interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. contextualD. grammatical15._______is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A nation16. A speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules，conventions，etc.，governing the skilled use of language in a society is termed ______.A. competenceB. performanceC. communicative competenceD. communicative strategy17. The phonemes /k/，/a:/ and /p/ are in ______ relations in the words /ka:p/ （carp）and /pa:k/ （park）.A. synchronicB. syntagmaticC. diachronicD. paradigmatic18. The Prague School claims that a sentence may be analyzed from the functional side in terms of ______as well as from the grammatical side.A. theme and rhemeB. argument and predicateC. subject and predicateD. performative and constative19. In the proposition “Professor Green is a linguist”，the predicate linguist is a ______.A. no-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place predicateD. three-place predicate20. The following conversation exchange clearly violates ______.A: Let’s get the kids something.B: Okey，but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S.A. maxim of QuantityB. maxim of QualityC. maxim of RelationD. maxim of MannerⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. （20%）1. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship to their meaning.（）2. Human language is，unlike animal communication systems，stimulus free.（）3. Language marks our identity，physically in terms of age，sex，and voiceprints；geographically in terms of accents，dialects.（）4. The sentencing of criminals is an example of emotive function of language.（）5. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.（）6. Pre-school children know virtually all the rules of language except for some subtleties. This means they have the underlying knowledge about the system of rules.（）7. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.（）8. The free variants of a phoneme shown in the different pronunciation of the same word，such as “tap” may be caused by habit，or individual preference，rather than by any distribution rule.（）9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.（）10. A syllable that has no coda is called a closed syllable.（）11. In English，inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.（）12. In the word “illegal”，“il” is an allomorph of the negativ e morpheme.（）13. The word “girl” used to mean “young person of either sex”. Today it means “young woman”. This is an example of broadening of meaning.（）14. The value of a linguistic sign is determined by the signs with which it can combine to form a syntagmatic relation，and the signs with which it can form a paradigmatic relation.（）15. The phrase “five children” is an endocentric construction. （）16. Componential analysis can not help explain the sense relations of words.（）17. The sentence I pour some liquid into the tube is a performative one.（）18. The sentence like War is war is an example in which the Quality maxim is violated.（）19. The weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that language is the shaper of our thinking patterns.（）20. Malinowsky believed that the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.（）Ⅲ. Explain the following linguistic terms or notions in English. （40%）1. Trace2. Displacement3. Stem4. Dissimilation5. Diacritics6. Theme7. Relational opposites8. Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses9. Predicate logic10. Conversational implicatureⅣ. Give brief answers to the following questions. （12+8=20）1. What are the main concerns of general linguistics？2. Explain the speech act theory with examples.试题标准答案及评分标准⽤纸课程名称语⾔学导论（B卷）Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A，B，C or D. （120=20）1. A2. D3.A4. C5. B6. C7. D8. D9. D10. B11.A12. A13. C14. D15. C16. B17.C18. C19. B20.DⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. （120=20）1. T2. F3. T4. F5. T6. T7. F8. T9. F10. T11. F12. T13. F14. F15. T16. T17. F18. F19. T20. TⅢ. Explain the following linguistic terms and notions in English. （210=20）1. Trace—（By Chomsky）A phonetically null element to occupy the position from whicha syntactic element has been moved. That is，after the movement of an element，there will be a trace left in the original position.2. Displacement--It means that human lges enable their users to symbolize （refer to）objects，events and concepts which are not present （in time and space）at the moment of communication.3. Stem—Any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflection affix can be added. A stem can be equivalent to a root or may contain a root and a derivational affix.4. Dissimilation-- It refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment on the production of another，so that the two sounds in a sequence become less alike or different.5. Diacritics--A set of symbols added to the letter symbols to make minute （slight）difference between variations of the same sound than the letters alone make possible.6. Theme--It refers to “that which is known or at least obvious in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds”7. Relational opposites--Converse antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles，kinship relations，temporal and spatial relations，there are always 2 entities involved，one presupposes the other.8. Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses--Our lge helps mould our way of thinking，and therefore，different lges may probably express our unique way of understanding the world. On the one hand，lge may determine our thinking patterns；on the other hand，similarity between lges is relative，the greater their structural differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.9. Predicate logic--It studies the internal structure of simple propositions. （Or，it deals with expressions containing predicates，arguments and quantifiers）.10. Conversational implicature--It is a type of implied meaning，which can be deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context，under theguidance of the CP and its maxims. It is comparable to illocutionary force in that they are both concerned with the contextual meaning.IV. Give brief answers to the following questions. （12+8=20）1. What are the main concerns of general linguistics？General linguistics includes at least five parameters，namely，phonology，morphology，syntax，semantics and pragmatics. The following are the main branches of linguistics. （2）Phonetics studies the speech sounds，including the production of the speech.Phonology studies the rules governing the structure，distribution，and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.（2 points）Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words.It studies the minimal units of meaning ---morphemes and word-formation. （2）Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. （2）Semantics studies how meaning is encoded in a language.（2）Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. （2）2. Explain the speech act theory with examples.Speech act theory was put forward by J Austin in 1950s. His first shot at the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performative and constatives. （2）The uttering of these sentences is the doing of an action.They are called performatives. （1） E.g. a. I name this ship the queen Elizabeth. b. I promise to finish the work in time. c. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. （2）While a sentence like this "I pour some liquid into the tube." is called constative. It is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.（3）。

26948505_基于CiteSpace的军事医学研究与发展趋势可视化分析

张向阳, 王雪, 刘珺, 等. 基于CiteSpace 的军事医学研究与发展趋势可视化分析[J]. 中华医学图书情报杂志, 2021, 30(12): 63-70. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-3982.2021.12.009·信息组织与信息服务·基于CiteSpace 的军事医学研究与发展趋势可视化分析张向阳1，王雪2，刘珺1，孙玮1，杜思铭1，尤伟杰3[摘要]目的：通过对国内外军事医学文献的特征进行分析，探究该领域研究热点和发展趋势。

方法：检索中国知网（CNKI）和Web of Science 数据库，获得国内外军事医学相关文献，利用CiteSpace 以国家、机构、关键词等为要素绘制知识图谱，并进行可视化分析，了解2011-2020年国内外军事医学相关文献的发表数量。

结果：近10年国外军事医学研究文献数量呈稳步上升态势，美国在该研究领域的发文量处于领先地位。

结论：国内外军事医学的研究热点各有侧重。

关注国内外军事医学研究热点问题有助于推动我国军事医学更快、更好地发展。

[关键词]军事医学；知识图谱；热点；文献计量学[中图分类号]G252.8; R82 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1671-3982(2021)12-0063-08CiteSpace-based visual analysis of studies on military medicine and development trend in military medicine ZHANG Xiang-yang 1, WANG Xue 2, LIU Jun 1, SUN Wei 1, DU Si-ming 1, YOU Wei-jie 3（1.General Demonstration Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China; 2.People ′s University of China Information Resource Management School, Beijing 100872, China; 3.Medical Editorial Department, Armed Police Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 102613, China） Corresponding author: YOU Wei-jie[Abstract ]Objective To study the hotspots in studies on military medicine and the development trend in military medicine by analyzing the characteristics of literature on military medicine. Methods The foreign and domestic papers on military medicine were retrieved from CNKI and Web of Science. Knowledge graphs of countries, institutions and key words were plotted and analyzed by visual analysis for investigating the number of foreign and domestic papers on military medicine published in 2011-2020. Results The foreign studies on military medicine in recent 10 years showed a gradual increasing trend. USA took the leading position in the number of published papers on military medicine. Conclusion Different emphases sre laid on hotspots in foreign studies on military medicine. Attention paid to the hotspots in foreign and domestic studies on military medicine contributes to therapider and better development of domestic military medicine.[Key words ]Military medicine; knowledge graph; Hotspots; Bibliometrics军事科技发展迅猛，新武器、新装备不断改造升级，军事医学研究的内容和方向也随之发生变化。

我国心血管药物不良反应中英文本体构建与知识发现研究

中文摘要我国心血管药物不良反应中英文本体构建与知识发现研究目的：构建我国心血管药物不良反应中英文本体知识库,系统性表示心血管药物不良反应，为心血管药物不良反应的系统性分析与知识发现提供资源、奠定基础；基于本体分析心血管药物不良反应发生模式；开发数据挖掘算法对药物引起不良反应的类效应进行知识发现。

方法：根据我国《新编药物学》（第17版）在相关网站收集我国目前使用的心血管药物，收集心血管药物说明书，提取药品说明书中的药物和不良反应信息并翻译。

将不良反应信息映射到不良反应本体OAE（the Ontology of Adverse Events），对于OAE中没有的不良反应术语，注释后添加到OAE中，同时将药物信息映射到药物本体NDF-RT（The National Drug File-Reference Terminology）。

通过本体构建工具OntoFox和Ontorat构建心血管药物不良反应中英文本体OCVDAE（The Ontology of Cardiovascular Drug Adverse Events），构建本体时将NDF-RT中的药物成分和作用机制分类集成到OCVDAE中，并建立药物—不良反应之间的联系。

基于本体统计分析心血管药物不良反应发生模式，包括药物类别、不良反应类别、常见不良反应等。

然后，通过数据挖掘算法（即统计学算法），包括药物类别中不良反应比率（drug proportional class level ratio,PCR），药物类水平比例报告比值比法（the drug class level proportional reporting ratio, C-PRR），药物类水平卡方（the drug class-χ2，C-χ2）、每类药物中包含的药物数量阈值及热图等方法，基于OCVDAE的分类、药物成分和作用机制分类，挖掘有统计意义的不良反应类效应。

最后，通过PubMed中的文献对所发现的部分类效应知识进行验证。

猪牙皂皂苷对痰瘀互结型缺血性中风模型大鼠的保护作用及机制研究

猪牙皂皂苷对痰瘀互结型缺血性中风模型大鼠的保护作用及机制研究作者：董娜娜陈晓兰邓铋莉万静谢树才胡娟罗晨月曹国琼来源：《中国药房》2022年第09期中图分类号 R965 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408（2022）09-1068-07DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2022.09.08摘要目的研究猪牙皂皂苷对痰瘀互结型缺血性中风（ISPBS）模型大鼠的保护作用，并探究其作用机制。

方法将119只大鼠随机分为正常组（生理盐水）、假手术组（生理盐水）、模型组（生理盐水）、尼莫地平组（阳性对照组，5 mg/kg）和猪牙皂皂苷低、中、高剂量组（3.21、6.42、12.84 mg/kg），每组17只。

除正常组外，其余各组大鼠均采用高脂饲料饲养+线栓法复制ISPBS模型。

测定或观察大鼠神经功能评分、脑组织含水量、脑组织病理形态学变化和血清中血液流变学指标[全血黏度、红细胞聚集指数、卡松黏度]、血脂四项[三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）]、炎症因子[白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）]及脑组织中氧化应激指标[丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）]变化情况，并测定脑组织中B淋巴细胞瘤2（Bcl-2）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bax）和半胱氨酸蛋白酶3（caspase-3）蛋白表达情况。

结果与正常组比较，模型组大鼠神经功能评分、5项血清指标（TC、TG、LDL-C、TNF-α、IL-1β）、血液流变学指标和脑组织中MDA、NO含量以及Bax、caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P关键词猪牙皂皂苷;痰瘀互结型缺血性中风;氧化损伤;机制Protective effect and mechanism of saponins from Gleditsia sinensis on ischemic stroke with phlegm and blood stasis model ratsDONG Nana，CHEN Xiaolan，DENG Bili，WAN Jing，XIE Shucai，HU Juan，LUO Chenyue，CAO Guoqiong（School of Pharmacy， Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine， Guiyang 550025， China）ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To study the protective effects of saponins from Gleditsia sinensis on ischemic stroke with phlegm and blood stasis（ISPBS） model rats， and to explore its mechanism. METHODS Totally 119 rats were randomly divided into normal group （normal saline）， sham operation group （normal saline）， model group （normal saline）， nimodipine group （positive control group， 5 mg/kg）， G. sinensis saponin low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （3.21， 6.42 and 12.84 mg/kg）， with 17 rats in each group. Except for normal group， other groups were all given high-fat diet+suture-occluded method to induce ISPBS model. The neurological function score， water content of brain tissue， pathological morphology of brain tissue， the changes of hemorheology indexes （whole blood viscosity， erythrocyte aggregation index，Casson-viscosity）， four items of blood lipid [triacylglycerol （TG）， total cholesterol （TC），low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）] and inflammatory factors in serum and oxidative stress indexes [malondialdehyde （MDA）， nitricoxide （NO）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）] in brain tissue were determined or observed in rats. The protein expressions of B lymphocytoma 2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2 associated X protein （Bax） and caspase-3 in cerebral tissue were also detected. RESULTS Compared with normal group， the score of nerve function， 5 kinds of serum indexes （TC， TG， LDL-C， TNF-α， IL-1β），hemorheology indexes， the contents of MDA and NO and protein expressions of Bax and caspase-3 in cerebral tissue were all increased significantly in model group （PKEYWORDS saponins from Gleditsia sinensis; ischemic stroke with phlegm and blood stasis; oxidative injury; mechanism中风是全球致残和致死的主要原因之一，人口老龄化的加剧将导致中风发生率的升高[1]。

生物词汇翻译难点

1
细胞肿胀可能是由于跨膜离子梯度的消失,导致钙、钠离子和水内流入细胞引起的。
2
当“介词+ 名词”充当其前面名词的修饰语
时,介词需要转化为动词处理。across作
2
为介词有“交叉;在⋯另一边”的意思。句中的 across 原义有“交叉”的意思,这
里转换译作“随”; 句中的 across 有“穿越,横跨”的意思，
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