Lecture 5 Washington Irving
Washington Irving 课件
In
1815,driven by his sorrow ,
Irving sailed again for
England,thus began remain
abroad for 17 years.
---- Made By Wang Tao
content
Character analyse
Theme
The significance
★ Content ★来自The story is set in 1790 ,happened in a valley called Sleepy Hollow. The valley known as Sleepy Hollow hides from the world in the high hills of New York State. A legend believed dy many people here is about a man who rides a horse at night. The man in this story died many years ago during the American revolutionary war. His head was shot off. Every night he rises from his burial place, jumps on his horse and rides through the valley looking for his missing head. The novel tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a sycophantic, lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel.
WASHINGTON-IRVINGPPT课件
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❖ 欧文的短篇小说，因为它们充满了奇幻色彩， 大部分都取材于欧洲地区的古老传说，显得 及其神秘离奇。他的《鬼门关》，那是一个 关于鬼魂、冒险、寻宝的故事，虽然情节没 有那么的错综复杂，却也扣人心弦，引人入 胜。欧文叙述事情的口吻就像是一位慈祥的 老者坐在篝火旁略带睡意地讲故事一样，有 一种非同一般的魔力。
WASHINGTON IRVING
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王玉萍
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苏添凤
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卢雅欣
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❖ 生平简介 ❖ 睡谷传奇 ❖ 成就影响
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一 .生平简介
❖ 华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783 年4 月3 日– 1859年11月28日)幼年体弱多病， 16岁辍学，先后 在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣， 喜爱文学，喜爱漫游。1804年因病赴欧洲休养，到 过法国、意大利和英国，一度想成为画家。1806年 回国后在弗吉尼亚州任律师，后帮助他的两个哥哥 经营进口生意。这时他与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔 达订婚，妻子早逝于1809年，后来他虽有过几次恋 爱，却一直过着独身生活。
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❖ 欧文曾任美国驻英公使馆秘书。牛津大学曾 授予其名誉法学博士学位，英国皇家学会也 向他颁发了勋章。1832年欧文回到美国，在 纽约受到热烈欢迎。由于读者迫切需要他描 写本国的生活，他曾到新开发的美国西部进 行考察，写了《草原游记》。
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❖ 他还根据大皮货商约翰·雅各·阿斯托提供的材料。 为这个大财阀写了一部发家史：《阿斯托里亚》 (1838年)。1842年再度赴马德里，出任美国驻西班 牙公使。1846年回国，晚年是在他曾经描写过的睡 谷附近度过。这一时期他的主要作品是3部传记： 《哥尔德斯密斯传》(The Life of Oliver Goldsmith,1840年)、《穆罕默德及其继承者》 (Mahomet and His Successors,1849-1850年)和5
Washington Irving
life
Irving’s grave in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, New York
Irving’s Sunnyside at his old age
Literary Works
---- Rip Van Winkle《厄普· 温克尔》 凡· ----Diedrich Knicherbocker《纽约外史》 ----The Skt《见闻札记》 ----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》 ---- The Life of Oliver Goldsmith《哥尔德斯密斯》 ---- Life of Washington 《华盛顿传》
1. Background The tale of Peter Klaus, which appeared in almost every collection of German folk stories, including the Brothers Grimm tales published in 1812, has the goat entering the cave to find a group of knightly bowlers, for whom he plays pinsetter. Peter Klaus then drinks wine and falls asleep, and when he wakes up twenty years later, he has no goats and no dog, but he does have a foot-long beard.
2. Features
---- picturesque description of the USA (British colony)
华盛顿欧文WashingtonIrving解析
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a
short story by Washington Irving
contained in his collection The Sketch
Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.,
written while he was living in Birmingham,
(1783—1856)
--made by xxx
• The STRUCTURE of The PPT
• 1·His life • 2·His career and works • 3·His style • 4·His Contribution to American literature
Washington Irving was born on April 3,1783 into a wealthy New York merchant family,the youngest son of the family with 11 children.
Plot Summary of “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
• The story is set in 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town，New York，in a secluded（与世隔绝的） glen（峡 谷） called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky（过分瘦长的）, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut（康涅狄格州 Bones" Van Brunt, the rowdy town, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer.
Irving L-5
☆Died in 1859. For the half century before his death, Washington Irving was
the central American literary figure, beloved by ordinary readers and by most of his fellow writers. Even the influence of Emerson could not rival Irving’s.
Contents of the lecture
◇The life of Irving
◇His best-known literary productions ◇In-class reading of “Rip Van Winkle”
The life of Washington Irving
☆Born into a wealthy New York family at the end of the Revolutionary War
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In-class reading of “Rip Van Winkle”— additional excerpts (continued)
• ……the women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them. In a word Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, he found it impossible. In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; every thing about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray, or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always made a point of setting in just as he had some out-door work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst conditioned farm in the neighborhood. His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.
最新Washington-Irving--欧文ppt课件
❖ He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.
❖ The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar’s lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble.
❖ At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists…
Washington Irving
Washington Irving (1783-1859)He is an American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving has been called the father of the American short story. He is best known for 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'，in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and 'Rip Van Winkle,' about a man who falls asleep for 20 years."I am always at a loss to know how much to believe of my own stories." (from Tales of a Traveler, 1824)Washington Irving was born in New York City as the youngest of 11 children. His father was a wealthy merchant, and his mother, an English woman, was the granddaughter of a clergyman. According to a story, George Washington met Irving, named after him, and gave his blessing. In the years to come Irving would write one of his greatest works, The Life of George Washington (1855-59).Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He read Robinson Crusoe, Sinbad the Sailor, and The World Displayed (stories about voyages and travels). He studied law privately in the offices of Henry Masterton (1798), Brockholst Livingston (1801), and John Ogde Hoffman (1802), but practiced only briefly. From 1804 to 1806 he traveled widely Europe. He visited Marseilles, Genoa, Sicily, where he saw the famous English naval officer, Nelson, and met Washington Allston, the painter, in Rome. After return to the United States, Irving was admitted to New York bar in 1806. He was a partner with his brothers in the family hardware business, New York and Liverpool, England, and representative of the business in England until it collapsed in 1818. During the war of 1812 Irving was a military aide to New York Governor Tompkins in the U.S. Army.Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers. He contributed to Morning Chronicle(1802-03), which was edited by his brother Peter, and published Salmagundi(1807-08), writing in collaboration with his brother William and James Kirke Paulding. From 1812 to 1814 he was an editor of Analetic magazine in Philadelphia and New York.Irving's success in social life and literature was shadowed by a personal tragedy. He was engaged to be married to Matilda Hoffmanm who died at the age of seventeen, in 1809. Later he wrote in a private letter, addressed to Mrs. Forster, as an answer to her inquiry why he had not been married: "For years I could not talk on the subject of this hopeless regret; I could not even mention her name; but her image was continually before me, and I dreamt of her incessantly."In 1809 appeared Irving's comic history of the Dutch regime in New York, AHISTORY OF NEW YORK, by the imaginary 'Dietrich Knickerbocker', who was supposed to be an eccentric Dutch-American scholar. It was one of the earliest fantasies of history. The name Knickerbocker was later used to identify the first American school of writers, the Knickerbocker Group, of which Irving was a leading figure. The book became part of New York folklore, and eventually the word Knickerbocker was also used to describe any New Yorker who could trace one's family to the original Dutch settlers. Irving's success continued with The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(1819-20), a collection of stories, which allowed him to become a full-time writer. The stories were heavily influenced by the German folktales. In 1822 appeared a sequel of The Sketch Book, Bracebridge Hall. Irving invites the reader to ramble gently with him at the Hall, stating that "I am not writing a novel, and have nothing of intricate plot, or marvelous adventure, to promise the reader." After the death of his mother, Irving decided to stay in Europe, where he remained for seventeen years from 1815 to 1832. He lived in Dresden (1822-23), London (1824) and Paris (1925). After a romantic liaison with Mary Shelley he settled in Spain, where he worked for financial reasons for the U.S. Embassy in Madrid (1826-29). In 1829-32 he was a secretary to the American Legation under Martin Van Buren. During his stay in Spain, he wrote Columbus (1828), Conquest of Granada (1829), and The Companions of Columbus (1831), all based on careful historical research. In 1829 he moved to London and published Alhambra (1832), concerning the history and the legends of Moorish Spain. Among his literary friends were Mary Shelley and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achieved international fame. He toured the southern and western United States and wrote The Crayon Miscellany (1835) and A Tour of the Prairies(1835), an account of a journey, which extended from Fort Gibson, at that time a frontier post of the Far West, to the Cross Timbers in what is now Oklahoma. His fellow-travelers included Henry Leavitt Ellsworth (1791-1858), who also wrote an interesting narrative of the tour, and Charles Joseph Latrobe (1801-1875), whom Irving described as a "man of a thousand occupations; a botanist, a geologist, a hunter of beetles and butterflies, a musical amateur, a sketcher of no mean pretensions, in short, a complete virtuoso".From 1836 to 1842 Irving lived at Sunnyside manor house, Tarrytown-on-Hudson. After working for three months on the History of the Conquest of Mexico, Irving found out that the famous historian WilliamPrescott had decided to write a book on the same subject and abandoned his theme, "to be treated by one who will built up from it an enduring monument in the literature of our country." Between the years 1842-45 Irving was U.S. Ambassador in Spain. The appointment was sponsored by Daniel Webster, who was the Secretary of State. At the age of sixty-two Irving wrote to his friends in America: "My hear yearns for home; and I have now probably turned the last corner in life, and my remaining years are growing scanty in number, I begrudge every one that I am obliged to pass separated from my cottage and my kindred...."Irving spent the last years of his life in Tarrytown. From 1848 to 1859 he was President of Astor Library, later New York Public Library. Irving's later publications include Mahomet and His Successors(1850), a careful presentation of the life, beliefs, and character of Mohammed, Wolfert's Roost (1855), and his five-volume The Life of George Washington. Irving died in Tarrytown on November 28, 1859. Just before retiring for the night, the author had said: "Well, I must arrange my pillows for another weary night! If this could only end!" Irving's major works were published in 1860-61 in 21 volumes.As an essayist Irving was not interested in the meaning of nature like Emerson or self-inspection like Montaigne. He observed the vanishing pasts of old Europe, the riverside Creole villages of Louisiana, the old Pawnee hunting grounds of Oklahoma, and how ladies fashion moves from one extreme to the other. 'Geoffrey Crayon' was his most prolific fictional mask. Irving once wrote: "There rise authors now and then, who seem proof against the mutability of language, because they have rooted themselves in the unchanging principles of human nature." He was the earliest literary figure of the American abroad, who appeared in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., in which also Irving's best-known story 'Rip Van Winkle' was included. It was based on a German folktale, set in the Dutch culture of Pre-Revolutionary War in New York State. Rip Van Winkle is a farmer who wanders into the Catskill Mountains. He meets there a group of dwarfs playing ninepipes. Rip helps a dwarf and is rewarded with a draught of liquor. He falls into an enchanted sleep. When he awakens, 20 years later, the world has changed. He is an old man with a long, white beard. Rip goes into town and finds everything changed. His wife is dead, his children are grown. The old man entertains the people with tales of the old days and his encounter with the dwarfs. - The theme of Irving's story derives from Diogenes Laertius, Epimenides (c. 200), in which Epimenides is sent by his father into the field to look for a sheep; he lays down in a cave and sleeps fifty-seven years.When awake, he goes on looking for the sheep, thinking that he had been taking a short snap.Irving also used other German folktales in his short stories, among them The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. "The headless horseman was often seen here. An old man who did not believe in ghosts told of meeting the headless horseman coming from his trip into the Hollow. The horseman made him climb up behind. They rode over bushes, hills, and swamps. When they reached the bridge, the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton. He threw the old man into the brook and sprang away over the treetops with a clap of thunder." The story was probably based on a story by Karl Musäus (1735-1787), a German academic writer, who was among the first to collect local folktales. This story popularized the image of the headless horseman, and formed the basis for an operetta by Douglas Moore, The Headless Horseman,with libretto by Stephen Vincent Benét. The tale was filmed as the second half of Disney's animated movie The Adventures of Ichabold and Mr Toad(1949). Tim Burton's film version from 1999 has darkened and partly changed the story. The protagonist, Ichabold Crane, is a constable from New York, not a schoolteacher. He believes in rational methods of detection, and is sent in the farming community of Sleepy Hollow in upstate New York to investigate three recent murders. The townspeople know who the culprit is: a long-dead Hessian mercenary nicknamed the Headless Horseman who was killed during the Revolutionary War and buried in the Western Woods.The Legend of Sleepy HollowSleepy Hollow: Remnants of Times Not So Far Pastby AnonymousMay 04, 2004In Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the theme of haunting is dominant; the haunting itself is purely a human creation and is created solely to meet human needs. Though at times it can seem quite realistic due to emotions evoked through Irving's masterful use of imagery, it is at all times quite fictional, even to the narrator. Haunting is continuously associated with stretches of the imagination, and also mostly with live or animate things: trees, animals, sounds escaping from the wilderness. The idea of haunting, which leads to stories told by the Sleepy Hollow community, begins when there are no answers to curious happenings, or when the given answers are not satisfactory, or even mundane. The idea is then perpetuated when citizens begin to elaborate and incite new notions of ghosts and goblins from the original stories. The 'haunting' begins, however, with supernatural explanations for simple events in the past, such asAndre's capture during the war; though this is a simple and not uncommon event in wartime, Sleepy Hollow is clutching to the past through vivid story telling. The fact that it is storytelling is subtly clear.One of the key ways that the reader can tell that the haunting is fictitious--or at the very least extremely questionable--is through the narrator's word choice. Though the story is supposed to be an historical account of events that actually occurred in Sleepy Hollow, he often questions the veracity of the haunting. Even at the climactic point in which Ichabod faces the Headless Horseman, the narrator writes that Ichabod "beheld" (1082) the horseman's disfigured shape, and that it "appeared" (1083) massive in the darkness. He never uses concrete verbs, such as 'was,' because it is not certain that what Ichabod ascertains is truly what is present. He carefully chooses his diction to simultaneously show what Ichabod is seeing as well as the fact that only he is seeing it--it is well possible that it does not exist. He does this strikingly well in the sentence, "Ichabod was horror struck, on perceiving that he was headless" (1083). There is no doubt that the protagonist believes completely in what he is seeing, but the use of the word 'perception' is key; it throws doubt upon the believability of Ichabod's sense of reality.This false sense of haunting that is seen so clearly through Ichabod's eyes manifests itself in particular places within the text. There are various moments in which nature gives him the feeling of being haunted, though it is harmless. Then, as he wended his way, by swamp and stream and awful woodland, . . .every sound of nature, at that witching hour, fluttered his excited imagination: the moan of the whip-or-will from the hill side; the boading cry of the tree toad; . . .the dreary hooting of the screech owl. . . (1064)The wilderness scares him, haunts him in a sense. Through the present nature--the shadows cast by trees, the sounds of forest animals--Ichabod, like all the other Sleepy Hollow residents, fears the past. It is the 'witching hour' merely because it is dark outside, and the sounds frighten him merely because he has an 'excited imagination,' and for no real substantial reason. Like the tree and stream that Andre is said to haunt, there is nothing that is really to be feared--merely shadows and cricket chirps, wind rustling leaves. The fear, however, is a result of the stories that are told, not necessarily of the actual surroundings. That Andre was captured is not a scary story, but that his spirit remains to haunt can be construed as frightening; it is purely imagination, though, that causes these stories to be told in the first place.The unfaithfulness of such stories is revealed toward the end of the tale. The reader is told that Ichabod is indeed alive and well following his supposedabduction from Sleepy Hollow by the Headless Horseman. The residents of the town also come into this knowledge by a farmer that has seen him firsthand. However, "the old country wives... maintain to this day, that Ichabod was spirited away by supernatural means... the schoolhouse... was reported to be haunted by the ghost of the unfortunate pedagogue" (1086). The Dutch wives, who are the perpetuators of the haunting stories throughout the text, persist in creating stories that they know to be false. They continually take what little past they have, and turn it into stories so that it is not lost, so that there is a history upon which they can build their present. But because they have so little past, they need to use the present to create a past--they use what happens to make a new history, a new past, building upon what they have already created. Ichabod is a prime example of this practice. He is clearly still alive, but he is in the history of Sleepy Hollow because he is no longer bodily present. The true reason for his disappearance is not satisfactory and is not exciting enough material with which to make a history, so the Dutch wives concoct their own history, and it becomes truth. Everyone who enters Sleepy Hollow becomes subject to their whimsical tales, and falls into their belief system, no matter "however wide awake they may have been before they entered the sleepy region" (1060). They cannot be held at fault, however. There is simply so little past that they need to preserve what they have through what is now present, what is now alive. This is shown through the abundance of live and animated haunting imagery. The haunting comes solely from within them, and only manifests itself in these external things. For these people that lack a past, fictitious events become legend, and then those legends become history. Literary analysis: Romanticism in The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, by Washington IrvingThis essay is about the selection of five characteristics of American Romanticism present in Washington Irving's The Sketch Book. I will try to show how man and nature are the chief subjects in "Rip Van Winkle," "Westminster Abbey" shows Irving's interest in the medieval past, that expressive theory of literature is shown in "The Mutability of Literature," and in the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow", shows how Irving's subjective point of view got in the way of the story, and how the story appeals to the reader's imagination.In the story, "Rip Van Winkle," the character Rip Van Winkle is the chief subject and the Kaatskill Mountains in the Hudson River Valley is the chief nature subject. The Kaatskill Mountains are part of the Appalachian chain and west of the Hudson River. Irving says of them, "When the weather is fair andsettled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but, sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory (pg 38)." Later on in the story, before Rip sleeps for 20 years, Irving describes what Rip saw as he was sitting down on the ground, "He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, with the reflection of a purple cloud or the sail of a lagging bark here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at long last losing itself in the blue highlands. On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. (43)"Rip Van Winkle is the main character of the story, described as a "simple and good natured man . . . . a kind neighbor, and an obedient, henpecked husband. (pg 39)" Rip was a favorite amongst the townsfolk because he helped everyone with their activities, but had, "an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor. (39)" He refused to work on his own house and property because everything would fall apart no matter what he did. He felt like all his wife did was nag him and felt like his dog, Wolf, was the only one on his side. Once Rip awoke after 20 years and found out everything had completely changed, he only cared about not being yelled at his by his wife, and the story says, "-the change of states and empires made but little impression on him; but there was one species of despotism under which he had long groaned, and that was petticoat government. Happily that was at an end; he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony, and could go in and out whenever he pleased, without dreading the tyranny of Dame Van Winkle. (pg 53)"The story "Westminster Abbey" shows Irving's interest in the medieval past, since the Abbey was built in 1065 A.D. As Irving says at the beginning, "There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile, and, as I passed its threshold, seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity and losing myself among the shades of former ages. (pg 169)" Irving takes a tour through the Abbey and sees a mixture of glory and decay among the tombstones, sees statues of Shakespeare and others erected to their memories in Poet's Corner, and the architecture of the old building. He sees the tombs of Queens Elizabeth and Mary, then says, "Two small aisles on each side of this chapel present a touching instance of the equality of the grave, which brings down the oppressor to a level with the oppressed, and mingles the dust of the bitterest enemies together. In one is the sepulcher of the haughty Elizabeth;in the other is that of her victim, the lovely and unfortunate Mary. (175)" Irving soon wonders what will become of the Abbey, if it will eventually fall to pieces, and says at the end, "Thus man passes away: his name perishes from record and recollection; his history is as a tale that is told, and his very monument becomes a ruin. (pg 179)"In "The Mutability of Literature," Irving tries to show how literature can be expressive. As Irving wanders around Westminster Abbey, he comes upon the library, where there are quite a few old, dusty, and moldy books. Irving writes, "I could not but consider the library a kind of literary catacomb, where authors, like mummies, are piously entombed and left to blacken and molder in dusty oblivion. (pg 128)" He accidentally opens a book and finds the book trying to talk to him in an old form of English. The book complains about languishing in obscurity, since books are supposed to be in circulation and read. It complains about being "clasped up for more than two centuries and might have fallen a prey to these worms that are playing the very vengeance with my intestines. (pg 130)" Irving tries to tell the book about other works written throughout the ages that have been lost, but the books says that these books deserved to be forgotten because they were written before its time, and were in Latin or French. Eventually, they get to talking about Shakespeare, and the book gives its opinion, "I presume he soon sank into oblivion. (135)" Irving tells the book that the written works of Shakespeare are still read over 300 years later and are as strong in the modern world as ever. The book starts laughing, and says, "Mighty well! And so you would persuade me that the literature of an age is to be perpetuated by a vagabond deer stealer! By a man without learning; by a poet, forsooth a poet!" (135)" Irving tells the book that poets have the best bet for immortality and tries to convince the book. Unfortunately, Irving is interrupted by one of the Abbey's staff and finds the book with its clasps closed, and could never figure out later if it was just a daydream.The story, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," has a bit of the author's point of view getting in the way of the story and is also a story that appeals to the imagination of the reader. In the first couple paragraphs, Irving wanders into the town of Sleepy Hollow, New York, and is told of the story of the Headless Horseman, also known as the Galloping Hessian. Irving interrupts the story when introducing Ichabod Crane, saying, "I would not have it imagined, however, that he was one of those cruel potentates of the school who joy in the smart of their subjects; on the contrary, he administered justice with discrimination rather than severity, taking the burthen off the backs of the weak, and laying it on those of the strong. (pg 333)" As Crane is trying to woo KatrinaVan Tassel, Irving again interrupts the flow of the story with his thoughts, "I profess not to know how women's hearts are wooed and won. To me they have always been a matter of riddle and admiration. (pg 342)" A few pages later, as Crane is seeing the Headless Horseman for the first time, the action is again interrupted by the author describing how it was a fine autumn day, with all the birds flying to their respective destinations or just tree to tree and making all the noise birds generally make. The story is interrupted about platters of carious kinds of cakes at the Van Tassel mansion, making a big deal about what there is to eat at the gathering the Van Tassels' are hosting.Finally, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" also appeals to the imagination of the reader. The story describes in detail what Ichabod Crane physically looks like, pretty much stating that his last name suited his looks. He is also described as a bad singer and someone who knows all the gossip in town. The townsfolk pass the time by telling stories, especially about the Headless Horseman, and how all the shadows and shapes at night were frightening for someone if they were walking alone. Irving describes Baltus Van Tassel's farm and how Crane wanted it all, including the food at the gathering, "The pedagogue's mouth watered as he looked upon this sumptuous promise of luxurious winter fare. (pg 338)" Brom Bones was also described in detail, saying he was strong and hardy, and pretty much the complete opposite of Ichabod Crane, yet they competed for the attention of Katrina Van Tassel. After a dance, the townsfolk told ghost and war stories, describing places where the Headless Horseman was haunting, then it turned into a competition of tales among some of the men. In one instance, Brom Bones and the Horseman came to the church bridge, " the Hessian bolted and vanished in a flash of fire. (pg 351)" This affected Crane's imagination and he started seeing things on his way home from the dance, then he encountered the Headless Horseman, who was, "of large dimensions, and mounted on a black horse or powerful frame. (pg 355)" Crane and the Horseman raced through the woods on horseback, and Crane tried his best to get away. The townsfolk could find no trace of Cranes' body after their search, then they just stopped worrying about him because "he was a bachelor, and in nobody's debt. (pg 358)" The story ends with the housewives convinced that Crane was "spirited away by supernatural means. (358)"The stories in this essay are meant to convey how Washington Irving used elements of romanticism in The Sketch Book. Irving used man and nature as the chief subject, his interest in the medieval past, the expressive theory of literature, how one story appeals to the imagination of the reader, and how his subjective point of view got in the way of the flow of the story.Rip Van WinkleSettingThe story begins about five or six years before the American Revolution and ends twenty years later. The action takes place in a village in eastern New York, near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains. The river was named after Englishman Henry Hudson, who explored it in 1609. The Catskill Mountains were named after Kaaterskill, the Dutch word for a local stream, Wildcat Creek. The Catskills contain many other streams, as well as lakes, waterfalls, and gorges.CharactersRip Van Winkle: Meek, easygoing, ne’er-do-well resident of the village who wanders off to the mountains and meets strange men playing ninepins.Dame Van Winkle: Rip’s nagging wife.Type of Work, Source, and Publication Information"Rip Van Winkle" is a short story–one of America's most beloved–based on German folk tales. It was first published in a collection of Irving's works called The Sketch Book (1819-1820).ThemesChange With Continuity and Preservation of TraditionAfter Rip awakens from his long sleep and returns to the village, he does not recognize the people he encounters. But not only their faces are new but also their fashions and the look of the village: It is larger, with rows of houses he had never seen. His own house is in a shambles now with no one living in it, and the inn he frequented is a hotel. His wife and old Vedder are dead. Others left the village and never came back. Everything is different, it seems; nothing is as it was. There has even been a revolutionary war in which America gained its independence from England and became a new country. However, when Rip looks beyond the village, he sees that the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains are exactly the same as they were before his sleep. He also begins to encounter people who knew him long ago: first, the old woman, then the old man, Peter Vanderdonk, who testifies to the truth of Rip’s strange tale about the ninepin bowlers he met in the mountains. At this point in the story, Irving’s main theme begins to emerge: Although wrenching, radical changes are sometimes necessary to move society forward, such changes must not eradicate old ways and traditions entirely. Real, lasting change is an amalgam of the old and new. New builds on the foundations of the old. There must be continuity. So it is that old Vanderdonk, in confirming Rip’s tale, says he himself has heard the thunder of ninepin bowlers, who are the crewmen of The Half-Moon, the。
Lecture 6
Book(见闻札记 见闻札记) The Sketch Book(见闻札记)
A collection--marked the beginning of A Romanticism. ● The first modern A short stories and the first great A juvenile literature. ● including two famous short stories: Rip Van Winkle(瑞普.凡.温克尔) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( (睡谷的传奇) ) • achieving a distinct A tone and theme • reality and imagination converge ● his tales of colonial A remain his most enduring contributions to A literature
Theme
Through the story, Irving tried to convey that man couldn't fall behind the advancing, escape from one's responsibility, otherwise, he would lose his identity. The character of Rip presents a part of A-s at that time. When facing the fiercely changing new life, they felt very confused. On the one hand, they were longing for the peaceful country life.On the other hand, they had to work hard to realize their A dreams. On the one hand, they envied other's successes and desired enjoying the modern civilization. On the other hand, they lack the courage to gain success. They had to make a choice. Or else they would become another "Rip". Rip had slept for 20 years but still could not escape from his responsibility. Worse still, he lost his identity. There is only one choice. That is to keep up with the advancing age and get succuss.
WashingtonIrving
Major Works
2 The Sketches Book 见闻札记
记
The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷的传说》
Rip Van Wink 《瑞普· 凡· 温克尔》
The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow
睡谷的传说
Sleepy Hollow
• the listless repose（平静的） of the place • this sequestered(与世隔绝的) glen • Villagers believe in some sayings about superstition and ghosts. • They think ghosts often haunt this region. • the Headless Horseman
Writing style
• • • • Imitative, but highly skillful His writing with great humor Vivid and true characters Avoid moralizing as much as possible • Never shocking and a bit sentimental at time . “The story is the man .”
Washington Irving（1783-1859 ）
He is best known for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and 'Rip Van Winkle,' about a man who falls asleep for 20 years. 华盛顿· 欧文被萨克雷称为“新世界 文坛送往旧世界的第一使节”。.
WashingtonIrving
Washington Irving (1783--1859) Washington Irving was an American author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century.Life●Irving was born in a wealthy New York merchantfamily.●He studied law but he loved writing more.●In mid 1815, Irving left for England to attempt tosalvage the family trading company. He remained in Europe for the next seventeen years.With no job prospects, he had to write to support himself.●In the summer of 1817, he visited Walter Scott andbegan a lifelong personal and professional friendship.●In 1819, Irving published a set of short prose piecesnamed The Sketch Book which was later proved to be an enormous success.●The following two years after the publication of TheSketch Books, Irving still lived in Paris and Britain, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature, an upstart American who dared to write English well.●In 1826, as an American diplomatic attache, Irvingwas sent to Spain,➢where he gathered materials for his The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(in the form of romantic history)which was popular in the United States and in Europe. This book was published firstly with Irving’s own name instead of a pseudonym on the title page.➢He also received the unfettered access to a Duke’s library containing many medieval manuscripts.Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada was published a year later.●Before Irving could continue to gather more materialsfrom Spain, in 1829, he was notified of his appointment as Secretary to the American Legation in London. So, he left Spain for England. He kept this mission for three years. In 1832, he resigned his post to concentrate on writing, completing Tales of the Alhambra.●Washington Irving returned to America in 1832 afterseventeen years abroad. Later, he purchased a neglected cottage in Tarrytown, New York and namedit Sunnyside. (But this cottage needed constant repairing over the next twenty years which cost Irvinga lot. With costs of Sunnyside increasing, Irvingreluctantly agreed to become a regular contributor to The Knickerbocker magazine.)●Irving spent the rest of his life living in Sunnyside,except for a period of four years’life in Spain as American minister. (1842-1846)●During his leisure and comfortable life at Sunnyside,Irving completed his biographical series, such as Life of Goldsmith and a five-volume Life of Washington.However, only after 8 months after his completing the final volume of his Washington biography, Washington Irving died of a heart attack. He was unmarried during his lifetime.Career●1809--1832 The first phase spans from his first bookup to 1832 when he returned home.➢The first period was predominantly “English”, in which he was greatly obsessed with the ruins and relics of Europe and writing about subjects either English or European.●The second phase stretches over the remaining yearsof his life. Back in America, Irving found a whole new spirit of nationalism in American feeling and art and letters. The country was eager for an indigenous culture and literature at that time. In the last years of his life, Irving wrote a few books about the American west to awoke to the fact that there was beauty in America, too. But these “American”books are of only secondary importance among his works.Works● A History of New York (his first success under thepseudonym of Diedrich Knickerbocker)➢The anecdotes of his cheating the readers about the crusty Dutch historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker, prior to his publication➢After the success of A History of New York, Irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor ofa magazine.●The Sketch Books➢The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches, and tales, of which the most famous and frequently anthologized are “Rip Van Winkle”and “TheLegend of Sleepy Hollow”. The book touched the American imagination and foreshadowed the coming of Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe, in whose hands the short story attained a degree of perfection as a literary tradition.➢The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of American Romanticism.The Gothic, the supernatural, and the longing for the good old days which are exhibited in it are Romantic enough in subject.●The History of the Life and Voyages of ChristopherColumbus●Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada●Tales of the Alhambra●Life of Goldsmith●Life of WashingtonContributionIrving’s contribution to American literature is unique in more ways than one.●Irving was the first American writer of imaginativeliterature to gain international fame.When he returned home in 1832, he was acclaimed asan American that European people knew about, and this was considered as a sign by Americans that American literature was emerging as an independent entity.●Irving was considered as father of American literature.The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book. a collection of essays, sketches, and tales, of which the most famous and frequently anthologized are “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.Writing Features●Irving’s style is beautiful, imitative and true. Henever shocks the readers but seems a bit sentimental at times. His manner seems more important than his matter.●In his writings, Irving avoids moralizing but tends toamuse and entertain, which is quite different from his Puritan forefathers.●Irving is good at enveloping his stories in anatmosphere. His characters are rich and true so that they tend to linger in the mind of the reader. The tone is usually so humorous that it is difficult not to smile even chuckle for a reader.●Irving’s finished and musical language as well as hispatent workmanship have been the focus of literary critics for a long time. He modeled himself on Goldsmith and was known as “the American Goldsmith” at that time.Rip Van Winkle“Rip Van Winkle”and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” are the most famous stories in The Sketch Book. They are so famous and enduring in the history of American literature that they have become part of the American cultural tradition.●Rip Van Winkle took suggestions from a Germansource. He changed the settings and make it American.●The main plot➢The characters:Rip Van Winkle: He is a simple, good-natured, and hen-pecked man. He is very kindhearted and is always willing to help others except his wife and his own folks. He is welcome everywhere except at home. His would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. Actually, his name has some connotative meaning. Rip may be theabbreviation for “Rest in Peace”.➢The shifting point:Couldn’t bearing his wife’s consistent dinning in his ears about his idleness, carelessness, he finds his refuge in the mountains with his gun and dog as his companions. One afternoon he stays out late near the top of a mountain where he meets a group of odd-looking people playing at nine-pins. Out of curiosity and thirsty, he take several sips of the wine and falls asleep. When he wakes up and returns to his village, he is shocked by the tremendous change in his village.➢The tremendous changes1)Old houses have vanished, and so have some of his oldfriends.2)The former little inn is replaced by a large “UnionHotel”with a flag of stars and stripes fluttering in front of it.3)The dispassionate idle talk about events andoccurences were replaced by a passionate factional squabble.4)His wife died, he son has become a farm hand, and hisdaughter has become a happy mother. He realizedthat what he thinks just one night actually is twenty years. He has slept for twenty years.➢The importance of nature1)Under Irving’s pen, nature has become the refuge toget far away from the world crowd.2)Nature has also become the reflection for the shiftsand changes of life because of its enduring characteristic. It also become the reflection for Rip to recognize himself. Some natural scenes in the story with the symbol of eternity are Castskill mountain region and Hudson river.●Theme➢ReclusionRip goes into the mountain to avoid his wife’s consistent blame. However, with coincidence, he also takes a refuge from the American Revolution which happens during his twenty years’sleep. This reveals the conservative attitude of this author, Irving Washington.➢RevolutionRevolution is another theme in this story. However,Iring didn’t describe that revolution directly but focused more on the impacts that social revolution brought on people’s life and their reaction to this social change.The story might be taken as an illustration of Irving’s argument that change and revolution upset the natural order of things and of the fact that Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.。
washington irving
刘荣跃：再度走进华盛顿欧文的世界2011年06月11日 16:13 来源：中国网编辑：卫永利[字体.大.中.小] [打印]【中国网聚焦山西】综合编辑：华盛顿·欧文是著名的行旅文学作家，以其代表作《见闻札记》蜚声中外，给世人留下了《瑞普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷的传说》和《威斯敏斯特教堂》等不朽的篇章。
但正如笔者在相关文章中所说，对于这样一位文学大家而言仅仅局限于阅读、研究其代表作是不够的，那样无法全面深入地了解欧文。
其实欧文也是一位多产的作家，除《见闻札记》还创作出了大量的优秀作品。
正是由于国内在译介欧文上的局限，笔者才于近几年致力于此项工作。
于是，除了拙译《见闻札记》先后在广西师范大学出版社（2003）、中国书籍出版社（2007）和上海文艺出版社（2008，即《英伦见闻录》）以不同形式出版外，笔者又翻译出版了欧文的《征服格拉纳达》（2010，国内首译本，上海文艺出版社）。
另外，由笔者主编的该作家的《西部还没有牛仔》（即《博纳维尔上尉探险记》）曾于2008年由吉林人民出版社出版，并计划于2011年年底由中国社会科学出版社再版。
另一部笔者翻译的国内首译本《欧美见闻录》也将于年底由上海文艺出版社出版。
能在欧文的译介上多做些工作，笔者感到十分欣慰。
另外我们也高兴地看到，上海文艺出版社由于近几年的努力，在出版这位行旅文学名家的作品方面已经形成自己的品牌，除上述提到的作品外该社还出版了《阿尔罕伯拉》（2008，万紫雨宁译）和《庄园见闻录》（2008，万紫译）。
此外就笔者所知，欧文的巨著《华盛顿传》也已在国内翻译出版。
以上便是欧文的作品目前在我国的基本翻译出版情况，由此可见是取得了一些成果的。
根据笔者掌握的材料，目前仍有一些欧文的优秀之作尚未译介过来，而眼前这本《美国见闻录》中的第二部便是其中之一。
欧文曾先后旅居欧洲数年，并在那里创作出了一部部享誉世界的作品。
他1832年回国，致力于写作反映美国生活的作品，陆续出版了《大草原之旅》（1832）、《阿斯托利亚》（1836）、《崇山峻岭》（1837）和《美国纪事及其他》（1855，原名《沃尔夫特栖息屋及其他杂录》）等。
Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文汇总
❖ However, due to length constraints, these characteristics and devices generally may not be as fully developed or as complex as those developed for a fulllength novel.
❖ By the time when he was 23 years old (1809),he had roamed England, Holland, France Italy and Hudson Valley.
Life Experience
❖ After collecting sufficient original materials for writing and a good practice of editing a journal ,he formed his particular political idea and writing style.
Short stories/Essays
Title
The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
The Chronicles of the Conquest of
Gபைடு நூலகம்anada
Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus
Genre
Observational Letters
Lecture 4.1 Washington Irving
• That philosophical movement is called the Transcendentalism(超验主义) which helped American literature branch off European culture and heralded the real beginning of American literature which is later called as: American Renaissance.
• 瑞普的 20年长睡更具有戏剧性的意义 ,在这 20年里美国独 立战争胜利 ,脱离英国的殖民统治而成为一个政治、 经济、 文化各方面独立的新国家 ,社会生活发生了天翻地覆的变化。 独立战争前和平、 安宁的生活秩序荡然无存 ,独立战争后共 和党与民主党 ( Federal party and Democratic praty)争权夺 利 ,人们忙忙碌碌、 社会喧闹不堪。在这一背景下 ,欧文却 让主人公瑞普长睡 20年后醒来 ,又走进这样一个发生了巨变 的社会 ,看到的和听到的都是他过去不熟悉的事情。于是 , 瑞普就有了一种置身喧闹的人群却非常孤独的感觉 ,一切都 似乎与他格格不入 ,人们也几乎把他忘却 ,在这里 ,通过对瑞 普醒来后所见所闻的描写 ,欧文不喜欢现在的怀旧情绪强烈 地表现出来。 • 神梦一夜间，人世二十年！！！ • 瑞普回到村子 ,看到发生了巨变的村庄后 ,眼前的一切都使 他感到十分陌生。因为 ,他自以为只不过是昨天才离开村子 的。The very village was altered; it was larger and more populous . There were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors strange faces at the windows - everything was strange⋯
美国文学欣赏Washington_Irving PPT
❖ Irving was born in 1783, the year in which Benjamin Franklin signed at Paris the treaty of peace with England after the Revolutionary War.
❖ Irving's mother was born in England ❖ studied law ❖ amused himself by writing for periodicals ❖ From 1804 to 1806 his older brothers financed
美国文学欣赏Washington_Irving
Washington Irving(1783-1859)
❖ I. Position in American literature ❖ II. Life ❖ III. Works ❖ IV. Literary Achievements ❖ V. Style ❖ VI. Contributions
selling author
❖ 4. the first belletrist in American literature, writing for pleasure at a time when writing was practical and for useful purposes
------------------------------------------------------------------------belletrist n. 纯文学作者
❖ Born: 3 April 1783 ❖ Birthplace: New York, New York ❖ Died: 28 November 1859 ❖ named for George Washington; his parents
Washington Irving
Junsong Chen Ph.D.
Department of English East China Normal University Email: jschen@
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
―The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow‖ Summary
The Sketch Book became wildly popular and widely reviewed both in the United States and in England. It was the first book by an American writer to become popular outside the United States, and helped establish American writing as a serious and respectable literature. In 1864, ‗‗The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'' was published as a separate illustrated volume for the first time, and there have been dozens of editions since. Today, most of Irving's work has been largely forgotten, but the characters of Ichabod Crane and the Headless Horseman have lived on as part of American folklore.
华盛顿欧文PPT课件
Introuduction to Washington Irving Summary of Rap van Winkle Analysis of characters
第1页/共12页
Washington Irving (1783—— 1859）
short story writer • He is best known for his short stories "Rip Van Winkle"
(1819) and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820)
essayist
biographer
• His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad.
idle lazy第7页/共12页
He would never refuse to assist a neighbor even in the roughest toil,and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn,or building stone—fences.
bad temper termagent
第9页/共12页
Attitude to marriage
negative evasive
malcontent indignant
第10页/共12页
第11页/共12页
感谢您的观看！
第12页/共12页
helpful good—natured
Washington-Irving剖析
1. short story
A prose narrative that is brief in nature
It also has many of the same characteristics of a novel including characters, setting and plot.
When he was 19, he published his “Jonathan Oldstyle” satires of New York life.
When he was 23, he was admitted to the New York bar. And his older brothers financed his tour of France and Italy.
However, due to length constraints, these characteristics and devices generally may not be as fully developed or as complex as those developed for a full-length novel. The short story usually deals with a single episode and often a single character.
The Van Tassel stronghold was situated on the banks of the Hudson, in one of those green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so fond of nestling. A great elm tree spread its broad branches over it, at the foot of which bubbled up a spring of the softest and sweetest water. Hard by the farmhouse was a vast barn, every window and crevice of which seemed bursting forth with the treasures of the farm. Rows of pigeons were enjoying the sunshine on the roof. Sleek unwieldy porkers were grunting in the repose and abundance of their pens. A stately squadron of snowy geese were riding in an adjoining pond, convoying whole fleets of ducks; regiments of turkeys were gobbling through the farmyard.
Lecture_6—Washington_Irving
Characteristics of his works
1. Irving avoids moralizing as much as possible; which departs quite from the basic principles of his Puritan forebears 2. He was good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere to compensate for the slimness of plot
Continued
6. The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828), A
Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) and The Alhambra (1832)
7. 1833, returned to America, bought his famous home “Sunnyside” 8. Life of Goldsmith and a five-volume
continued
4. How does Irving describe Ichabod Crane? What’s your comment on such description? 5. How does Irving describe Brom Van Brunt (Brom Bones)? 6. Does Ichabod Crane really love Catrina?
Life of Washington
Sunnyside
Appreciation of The Legend of
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Lecture FiveWashington IrvingContents•Washington Irving•Biographical Introduction•Irving’s writing career, major works and style •Appreciating The Legend of Sleepy Hollow •Irving’s contribution to American Literature Washington Irving (1783-1859)•Short story writer•Essayist•Biographer•HistorianBiographical Introduction (1)•Family and Education Background–Born into a wealthy New York merchant family as the youngest of eleven children–Well-educated•studied law at 16 and led for a time the leisurely life of alaw yer•Reads w idely, w rites essays and poems from a veryearly ageBiographical Introduction (2)•Working Experience–In 1815, went to Europe to take care of his family business, which turned out to be a failure–In 1818, he started to w rite to support himself and his family –Spent seventeen years (1815-1832) in Britain, France,Germany, Italy, and Spain•1826-1829, working as diplomatic attache in Spain•1829-1831, working as secretary of the United States Legation inLondonBiographical Introduction (3)–Explored local traditions, customs, and folklore–Accumulated lots of material for writing•Late years–In 1832, returned to America–Declined a nomination to Congress and to run for the Mayor of New York–Made his home at Sunnyside on the Hudson River at Tarrytown–Spent the rest of his life leisurely and comfortably•except for a period of four years (1842-1846) when he was away from home asMinister to SpainWashington Irving’s writing career•Major phase: 1809-1832 conservative–draw inspirations from the ruins and relics of Europe–w rote about subjects either English or European•The Sketch Book (1819-1820)•Minor phase: 1832-1859–Returned to America and influenced by the new spirit ofnationalism–Wrote about the American West, “American Books”•A Tour on the Prairies 1835Major Works of Washington Irving•The Sketch Book (1819-1820)–Rip Van Winkle–The Legend of Sleepy Hollow•The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828)•A Tour on the Prairies (1835)•Life of Goldsmith (1840)•Life of George Washington (1855-1859)Irving’s Writing Style•Beautiful–“The style is the man”•Gentility, urbanity, pleasantness–Tone•avoid moralizing as much as possible•wrote to amuse and entertain (humor)–Atmosphere•Simple plot enveloped in rich atmosphere–Characters•vivid and true–Language•Polished, musical and humorousAppreciating The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1) •First published in 1820 as the longest tale in The Sketch Book•One of the earliest American short stories still read today•Had been adapted into films for manytimes•The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949) by Walt Disney•Sleepy Hollow (1999) by American Paramount•1999 edition film•Johnny Depp starred Ichabod CraneAppreciating The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2) •Short Story–5 “W” s and an “H”•who, w hen, w here, w hat, w hy & how–Introduction: setting–Development–dramatic situation (conflict)–Development (climax)–EndAppreciating The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (3) •Settings–Time and Place–The story is set around 1790 in the Dutch settlement ofTarry Tow n, New York, in a secluded valley called Sleepy Hollow.•Plot–It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, andextremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut,who competes w ith Brom Bones, the town rowdy, for thehand of 18-year-old Katrina Van T assel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van T assel.Major Characters in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow•Ichabod Crane•Brom Bones•Katrina Van Tessel•Headless HorsemanCharacterization of The Legend of SleepyHollow (1)•Ichabod Crane–Identity• a school teacher in the Sleepy Hollow, coming from Connecticut (a NewEnglander)–Figure•Ridiculous: tall and exceedingly lank, clumsy and ugly–Personality•“cruel potentate” of his school (71)•Greedy: “a huge feeder” (72)•“A mixture of small shrewdness and simple credulity” (74)•Self-assertive, imaginative but coward–An interloper•Stands for the destructive force in village life Characterization of The Legend of SleepyHollow (2)•Brom Van Brunt - Brom Bones–Identity•A native in the Sleepy Hollow•An admirer of beautiful Katrina Van Tessel –Figure•strong and stout•“Burly, roaring, roystering blade” (80)•“T he hero of the country round” (80)•Famous w ith “feats of strength and hardihood” (80) Characterization of The Legend of SleepyHollow (3)•Brom Bones–Personality•Boisterous–“Always ready for either a fight or a frolic” (81)•Mischievous but inwardly good–“More mischief than ill-will in his composition” (81)•Rough but humorous–“over-bearing roughness”–“Strong dash of waggis h good humor at bottom” (81)–Country Bumpkin: a frontier type Characterization of The Legend of SleepyHollow (4)•Katrina Van Tessel–Daughter of a rich farmer–Young, beautiful, charming–desired by almost every eligible young man in Sleepy HollowComedic Ending•Happy ending–union and harmony•Marriage–not necessary but powerful expression of happiness •harmony, peace and happiness –trouble began – trouble solved –harmonyTheme of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow •The power of imagination•The lack of class structure in America•Abundance of Resources in America•The Natural and the Supernatural•Selfishness in human nature•……….Irving’s Contribution to Americanliterature•“Father of the American literature”–The first great prose stylist of American romanticism–The first great belletrist (write for pleasure)–The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame–The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book–His The Sketch Book is believed as the first great American juvenile literature that marked the beginning of American romanticism.。