北京协和医学院内科学(呼吸)2014年考博真题试卷
北京协和医学院历年复试真题
医考帮整合了近几年各医学院校各专业的考研复试真题，来源于在读研究生投稿及网络整理，供考研复试的同学们参考使用。
部分院校的一些专业或题型不全，会逐渐更新完善。
一、内科学2014年北京协和医学院内科学复试真题（一）简答题1.急性心梗的治疗2.上下消化道出血的鉴别3.糖尿病的慢性并发症4.COPD和哮喘的鉴别要点二、心血管内科2015年北京协和医学院阜外心血管内科复试真题（一）简答题1.非气管插管患者的痰标本留取方式2.典型的急性肺水肿患者的表现3.不同类型黄疸的鉴别诊断4.DIC的诊断标准5.口服降糖药的有哪几种？作用机制是什么？分别举出一个例子（二）翻译1.中译英：儿时与成年之后的运动频率与看电视时间的关系2.英译中：关于睡眠质量的研究以及睡眠质量与抑郁症的关系2013年北京协和医学院阜外心血管内科复试真题（一）简答题1.肾病综合征的治疗2.肝硬化的常见病因和诊断3.原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断4.2010年ESC指南房颤的分类5.如何鉴别渗出性和漏出性胸腔积液（二）翻译1.英译中：关于微蛋白尿和心衰的关系2.中译英：关于BNP评价分期（涉及专业词汇：舒张末期、心室壁压）三、外科学2015年北京协和医学院外科学复试真题（一）选择题1.下列血管在颈部没有分支的是：颈内动脉2.甲状腺癌预后最好类型：乳头状癌3.有关喉癌正确的是：鳞癌最多见4.男性51岁便血，发现距离肛门11cm直肠肿物，其手术方式是：5.肾癌最多见病理类型：透明细胞癌6.乳腺癌pTNM分期，T2是：7.下列不是胃癌致病因素为：HPV16（二）填空题1.全甲状腺切除术并发症：伤口感染，术后出血，声音嘶哑，低Ca血症2.进展期食管癌典型临床表现：进行性吞咽困难3.TNM分别代表：4.肺癌是起源于什么的肿瘤5.胰腺癌标记物CA19_96.肝癌用于检测复发的标记物：AFP7.结直肠癌影像学检查：CT,MRI,B超（三）名词解释1.GIST2.VATS3.肿瘤标记物（四）简答题1.肺癌临床诊断方法2.简述肿瘤三级预防3.前列腺癌骨转移特点4.肾癌手术方式5.食管癌临床诊断方法6.头颈外科治疗范围7.胃动脉血供及其来源动脉8.早期乳腺癌常见手术治疗方案9.周围型肺癌和中央型肺癌概念（五）翻译（英译中）1.甲状腺切除术后出血相关的2.胃癌D2，扩大D2切除淋巴结相关的2014年北京协和医学院外科学复试真题（一）简答题1.高钾血症的表现和处理2.冠心病的治疗方法3.暖休克和冷休克的鉴别和处理4.法洛氏四联症的手术并发症及防治5.免疫抑制剂的分类及代表药物，免疫反应的类型2012年北京协和医学院外科学复试真题（一）简答题1.最新版的UICC指南是第几版？TNM分期有何意义？同属I期的乳腺癌和非小细胞肺癌治疗上有什么区别？2.引起吞咽困难的肿瘤有哪些，最常用检查有什么3.我国死亡率前十的十种恶性肿瘤4.简述外科治疗在肿瘤治疗中的地位2011年北京协和医学院外科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.副肿瘤综合征2.新辅助化疗3.CIN4.whipple综合征（二）简答题1.简述肿瘤的命名原则2.简述肿瘤分型中的TNM的含义及意义3.简述肺癌的辅助检查手段，对肺癌发生转移用什么辅助检查4.固定子宫和其附件的韧带，及其相应作用5.简述食管癌的检查方法和优缺点6.颈部肿瘤的鉴别诊断7.简述Krukenburg瘤四、肿瘤学2018年北京协和医学院肿瘤学复试真题（一）名词解释1.apoptosis2.rt-PCR3.precision medicine4.next-generation sequencing5.Adaptive/Acquired immune（二）简答题1.什么是平均数，中位数，标准差？2.外周血细胞的主要类型有哪些？3.染色体变异有哪几种？每种举出一例4.什么是多基因病?单基因病和多基因病各举一例5.什么是细胞增殖周期，M期是什么？（三）论述题1.谈谈你对肿瘤学研究的认识以及最新进展（四）翻译1.关于神经系统肿瘤机器学习诊断的英文摘要2014年北京协和医学院肿瘤学复试真题（一）简答题1.肿瘤的三级预防2.肿瘤综合治疗的概念以及举例说明3.放疗在综合治疗中的作用地位以及举例说明4.谈谈你对循证医学和个体化治疗关系的理解5.放射治疗学包括哪几部分6.胃癌的四大转移途径7.写出两种不用手术，只通过放疗能治愈的肿瘤2012年北京协和医学院肿瘤学复试真题（一）简答题1.Horner综合征的四个表现2.我国死亡率前十的十种恶性肿瘤3.简述外科治疗在肿瘤治疗中的地位4.肿瘤的综合治疗5.引起吞咽困难的肿瘤有哪些，最常用检查有什么5.最新版的UICC指南是第几版？TNM分期有何意义？同属I期的乳腺癌和非小细胞肺癌治疗上有什么区别2011年协和医学院肿瘤学复试真题（一）名词解释1.CIN2.副肿瘤综合征3.Whipple综合征4.新辅助化疗（二）多选题1.进出肝门的结构包括2.不属于癌前筛查的检查项目是3.乳腺癌的危险因素4.食管癌中晚期最具特征性的症状是（三）填空题1.与疼痛有关的细胞因子有______、______2.临床上肾癌三联征是______、______、______3.胸段食管上端和中下端的分界的标志______4.发生于_____.叫做壶腹周围癌5.肺癌X线的间接征象有______、______、______6.化疗易引起其他部位的原发肿瘤，其中最常见的是______7.一个胃癌转移的题，实际上是考解剖肠系膜上静脉、脾静脉、肝门静脉、肝脏8.纵隔肿瘤好发于前纵膈的有______、______、______，中纵膈的有______、后纵膈的有______（四）简答题1.简述肿瘤分型中的TNM的含义及意义2.简述肿瘤的命名原则3.固定子宫和其附件的韧带，及其相应作用4.简述肺癌的辅助检查手段，对肺癌发生转移用什么辅助检查（五）论述题1.简述Krukenburg瘤2.简述食管癌的检查方法和优缺点3.颈部肿瘤的鉴别诊断（六）翻译关于The rising of breast cancer in Asia科普文的翻译2009年协和医学院肿瘤学复试真题（一）名词解释1.Krukenberg瘤2.MRU3.KUB片4.梨状窝5.腹膜假黏液瘤6.SLN和SLNB的方法7.霍纳氏综合征8.ASCUS9.二次探查（二）填空题1.胰十二指肠切除术Child法吻合顺序2.宫颈癌的TNM分期（有侵犯到哪算几期之类的）3.肺癌无创且首选的检查方法4.乳腺癌______和______被称为影像诊断的黄金组合5.食管癌的大体分型有6.手术切缘阳性与否分为三类7.淋巴结清扫不但要达到一定的范围，还要达到一定的数量，下面各肿瘤淋巴结清扫的数量：胰头癌______、大肠癌______、胃癌______、宫颈癌______8.脓胸最佳治疗是______和______。
首都医科大学内科学(呼吸系病)2014年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真Байду номын сангаас试卷
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首都医科大学
2014 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸系病） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1 科赫现象 2 医院获得性肺炎 3 完全性气流受限 4 特发性肺纤维花 二、问答题（每题 7 分） 1 侵袭性真菌病的诊断有哪些方面，它的治疗分哪几个阶段 2 急性肺栓塞的分型 3 非小细胞分化癌的靶向治疗 4 咳嗽变异性哮喘的定义和诊断 5ARDS 诊断及定义 三、论述题（每题 15 分） 1 结节病的定义，X 线分期，鉴别诊断 2 关于肺栓塞的病例题 3 呼吸科研究的热点，主要谈谈你的研究方向
解放军医学院(301医院)呼吸内科学2016年考博真题考博试卷
2016 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：呼吸内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 题型：选择，填空，名解，论述 一、 选择题 1. HAP 感染细菌 2. 肺癌靶向治疗药 二、 填空题 1. 特发性间质性肺疾病分类 2. 肺癌病理分型 3. 支气管扩张影像表现分型 4. HAP 常见感染菌 三、 名词解释 1. 气胸 2. 支气管哮喘 3. 靶向基因 4. 保护性支持通气 5. 广谱β -内酰胺酶（英文） 四、 论述题 1. 阻塞性肺疾病的扩容治疗 2. 哮喘阶梯治疗 3. COPD 的 GOLD 分级 4. ARDS 柏林定义和诊断
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《内科学》试题库(含参考答案)
《内科学》试题库（含参考答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、支气管哮喘( )A、肺部局限性哮鸣音,对β2受体激动剂疗效不佳B、两肺哮鸣音伴湿啰音,忌用肾上腺素类药物C、两肺布满哮鸣音,对β2受体激动剂疗效较好D、哮鸣音与湿啰音并存,对抗生素反应较好E、两肺散在干啰音,伴呼吸音减弱正确答案：C2、男,71岁。
咳嗽、咳痰20年,气短2天,高血压病史20年。
查体:T37.5℃、BP150/90mmHg,半坐位、口唇发绀,呼吸相延长,双肺可闻及干、湿啰音,心界向左下扩大,心率120次/分,律齐。
为改善患者的临床症状,下列药物应首选的是( )A、肾上腺素B、吗啡C、毛花苷丙D、呋塞米E、氨茶碱正确答案：E3、SLE病人哪个器官的受累与dsDNA的升高相关:()A、血液B、心脏C、肾脏D、脑E、皮肤正确答案：C4、男,24岁,发作性呼吸困难2年。
经肺功能检查诊断为“支气管哮喘",规律使用吸入糖皮质激素+长效β2受体激动剂。
1天来症状加重,连续吸入短效β2受体激动剂效果欠佳。
此时患者应首先采取的措施是( )A、再次吸入糖皮质激素+长效β2受体激动剂B、口服氨茶碱C、口服抗生素D、继续吸入短效β2受体激动剂E、口服糖皮质激素正确答案：E5、染色体检查结果为t(15;17)的白血病类型是( )A、AML-M5B、CMLC、ALLD、AML-M2E、AML-M3正确答案：E6、治疗社区获得性肺炎时,可覆盖非典型病原体的抗生素是( )A、氨基糖苷类B、糖肽类C、青霉素类D、大环内酯类E、头孢菌素类正确答案：D7、男,66岁。
发现高血压3年,术治疗。
查体:血压150/85mmHg该患者的血压属于( )A、正常血压B、理想血压C、单纯收缩期高血压D、恶性高血压E、正常高值正确答案：C8、治疗呼吸衰竭时,为建立通畅的气道应采取以下措施,除了( )A、必要时做气管插管吸痰B、给予可待因止咳C、给予支气管解痉药D、必要时做气管切开吸痰E、给予祛痰药促进排痰正确答案：B9、下列哪种检查对诊断急性胰腺炎最有意义()A、腹部体检B、腹部血管造影C、腹部CTD、腹部平片E、腹部超声正确答案：C10、男性、20岁。
北京协和医学院内科学(呼吸)2014年考博真题试卷
攻
读
博
士
学
位
研
究
生
入
学
考
试
试
卷
北京协和医学院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
50个单选题，每题2分，涉及内外儿科感染科
呼吸内科题目约占1/2左右，题目不难，但涉及面广。
简述题4ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ，每题5分
1.低氧血症
2.支气管哮喘
3.气道高反应性
4.允许性高碳酸血症
综述题2题，每题15分
1.临床上如何鉴别哮喘与COPD？
2.病例分析：男性，20岁，左股骨干外伤入院，12小时后突发呼吸困难，昏迷。双肺呼吸音清，前胸见弥漫性皮肤瘀斑，动脉血氧分压40mmHg，动脉血二氧化碳分压25mmHg，PH=7.51。问进一步做哪些检查，主要诊断及诊断依据，鉴别诊断。（具体数值不知道是否正确，有战友记得清楚的欢迎更正，另外期待有大神来分析一下最后病例分析的诊断应该是什么？）
协和考博内科2012年真题
内科共计150分，内科综合部分占50%，专业部分占50%。
一、单项选择题（共40题，每题1分）大部分为病例分析题，显而易见，相对简单。
药学的也考了好几道，有喹诺酮的杀菌机制，几个头孢霉素，哪个的半衰期更长。
二、填空题（每空2分，共10分）
1、抗结核药中最强的杀菌药物有----------、---------------。
2、HIV的传播途径有------------、--------------、-----------------。
三、问答题（共4题，每题5分，共20分）
1、胸腔积液渗出液和漏出液的LIGHT诊断标准。
2、心房颤动的心电图特点
3、慢性心衰的NYHA分级
4、肝硬化的并发症有哪些
专业部分
选择题（20题，每题1分）有病历分析也有特征性的知识点
名词解释（共3题，每题4分，共12分）MGUS/ MPN / PNH
填空（每空1分，共9分）
1、DIC发病中的两个关键酶---------和-----------。
2、MM的ISS分期依据指标是---------和--------。
3、TTP的五联征--------、----------、-----------、---------、----------。
简答（每题10分，共20分）
1WHO的MDS诊断标准的特点及低增生MDS与AA如何鉴别；
2症状性多发性骨髓瘤的诊断标准及鉴别诊断；
论述（共1题，14分）
可以发生DIC的基础性疾病有哪些？DIC的发病机制及病理生理过程。
2014呼吸内科试题及答案
2014呼吸内科试题及答案2014年北京市医师定期考核业务水平测评（呼吸专业试卷）单位：___________________________________________姓名：________________ 性别：_________身份证号：___________________________________________ 分数：一、名词解释（5道共10分）1. 医院获得性肺炎——2.0分2. I型呼吸衰竭—— 2.0分3. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征—— 2.0分4. 机械通气—— 2.0分5. 支气管哮喘—— 2.0分二、填空题（10道共10分）C. 自发性气胸D. 单侧胸腔积液E. 支气管异物2. 下述有关肺心病的X线胸片表现中哪一项有误 ( ) 1.0分A. 双侧横膈低平，肺纹理稀少B. 右下肺动脉干扩张，横径≥15mmC. 右下肺动脉横径/气管横径≥1.07D. 肺动脉段突出的高度≥3mmE. 心脏左下扩大3. 一肺结核患者服用抗痨药后尿呈红色，怀疑为血尿，此种异常现象可能与下列哪种药物有关 ( ) 1.0分A. 异烟肼B. 吡嗪酰胺C. 乙胺丁醇D. 利福平E. 左氧氟沙星4. 下列药物中哪一种可能引起哮喘发作 ( ) 1.0分A. 心痛定B. 氨苯喋啶C. 哌唑嗪D. 阿司匹林E. 复方降压片5. 下列关于左侧大量胸腔积液患者体征的描述中，哪项有误 ( ) 1.0分A. 气管向右偏移B. 左侧胸廓饱满C. 左侧锁骨中线第2肋间以下叩诊浊音D. 左侧锁骨中线第2肋间以下呼吸音减弱或消失E. 心脏向左扩大6. 下列细菌中哪一种可产生ESBL ( ) 1.0分A. 肺炎克雷伯杆菌B. 金黄色葡萄球菌C.卡他莫拉菌D. 嗜肺军团菌E. 肺炎链球菌7. 下列检验项目哪一项有助于鉴别结核性渗出性胸腔积液和恶性胸腔积液( ) 1.0分A. 胸腔积液比重B. 胸腔积液中蛋白含量C. 胸腔积液中白细胞计数D. 胸腔积液腺苷脱氨酶水平E. 胸腔积液乳酸脱氢酶水平8. 下列哪项检查对支气管扩张最具有诊断价值 ( ) 1.0分A. 胸部听诊B. X线胸片C. 胸部HRCTD. 支气管动脉造影E. 胸部B超9. 呼吸性酸中毒（失代偿）时，血气分析的改变是 ( ) 1.0分A. 二氧化碳分压升高，血pH升高B. 二氧化碳分压升高，血pH降低C. 二氧化碳分压降低，血pH降低D. 二氧化碳分压升高，氧分压升高E. 以上都不是10. 支气管哮喘急性发作时的典型肺部体征为( ) 1.0分A. 局限性吸气相哮鸣音B. 固定吸气相湿罗音C. 双肺弥漫性呼气相哮鸣音D. 吸气相延长E. 双肺弥漫性湿罗音11. 下述哪些药物可引起肺间质纤维化 ( ) 1.0分A. 环丙沙星B. 博莱霉素C. 心痛定D. 阿司匹林E. 强的松12. 支气管哮喘时不会出现下列哪种病理改变( ) 1.0分A. 支气管平滑肌肥厚B. 粘膜水肿，粘膜及粘膜下血管增生C. 上皮脱落及基底膜增厚D. 管壁炎症细胞浸润E. 肺泡壁破坏融合13. 干性支气管扩张是指 ( ) 1.0分A. 以干咳为主要症状B. 仅有晨间咳嗽和咳痰C. 纤支镜检查见支气管粘膜萎缩D. 仅有反复咯血,通常无咳痰E. 病变最常见于左下叶14. 肺间质纤维化的特点之一是限制性通气功能障碍，表现为 ( ) 1.0分A. DLCO增加B. RV增加或正常C. FEV1/FVC正常或增加，而TLC减少D. RV/TLC明显增加E. II型呼吸衰竭15. 关于胸膜腔穿刺抽液的叙述哪一项正确( ) 1.0分A. 胸穿时应沿肋骨下缘进针B. 胸穿抽液越快越好C. 出血性疾患时仍可进行胸穿抽液D. 有助于胸膜疾患原因诊断E. 并非治疗方法16. Horner综合征不会出现下述哪一项临床征象 ( ) 1.0分A. 病侧眼睑下垂B. 病侧瞳孔放大C. 病侧眼球内陷D. 同侧额部无汗或少汗E. 同侧胸部无汗17. 治疗军团菌肺炎首选哪种抗菌药物 ( ) 1.0分A. 青霉素B. 丁胺卡那霉素C. 红霉素D. 头孢他啶E. 美罗培南18. 肺性脑病狂躁不安的处理是 ( ) 1.0分A. 必要时可用吗啡、杜冷丁B. 可给大量安定C. 高浓度吸氧D. 可用大量的奋乃静肌注E. 重点改善通气功能19.下列检查项目哪一种对于肺气肿诊断最敏感 ( ) 1.0分A. 体格检查B. 肺功能测定FEV1/FVC%,RV/TLCC. X线胸片D. 胸部HRCTE. 动脉血气分析20. 下列哪项检查结果不符合典型肺栓塞患者的表现 ( ) 1.0分A. PaO2降低B. PaCO2升高C. D-dimer>500IU/mlD. 心电图上出现SIQIIITIIE. 核素扫描时通气/灌注不匹配21. 关于支气管哮喘的发病机制，包括 ( ) 1.0分A. 免疫学机制B. 气道炎症C. 气道高反应性D. 神经机制E. 以上机制均有关22. 治疗肺孢子菌肺炎 ( ) 1.0分A. 首选亚胺培南/西司他丁B. 首选四环素C. 首选氯霉素D. 首选喹喏酮类药物E. 首选SMZ/TMP23.下列哪项机制可导致二氧化碳潴留 ( ) 1.0分A. V/Q失衡B. 肺动-静脉样分流C. 肺泡通气不足D. 弥散障碍E. 氧耗量增加24. 肺结核最常见的是哪种类型：( ) 1.0分A. 原发型肺结核B. 血行播散型肺结核C. 继发型肺结核D. 结核球E. 干酪性肺炎25. 上呼吸道感染的主要治疗方法是 ( ) 1.0分A. 抗病毒治疗B. 抗炎治疗C. 免疫疗法D. 注射疫苗E. 对症疗法26. 肺结核咯血最危险的并发症是 ( ) 1.0分A. 窒息B. 出血性休克C. 失血性贫血D. 继发感染E. 结核播散27. 为了选择敏感的抗菌药物治疗呼吸道感染，临床上经常进行痰菌培养。
内科考博试题及答案
内科考博试题及答案一、选择题1. 下列哪一项不是碳水化合物的主要分类？A. 单糖B. 双糖C. 寡糖D. 多糖答案：C2. 下列哪一项不是高血压的常见危险因素？A. 吸烟B. 高盐饮食C. 缺乏运动D. 膳食中富含蔬果答案：D3. 世界上最常见的遗传性疾病是？A. 卡汀森病B. 鲁布拉肺氏病D. 肌营养不良答案：A4. 下列哪一种食物是富含钙的？A. 红肉B. 橙子C. 鸡蛋D. 白薯答案：C5. 食道癌的最常见症状是？A. 咳嗽B. 胸痛C. 呕血D. 胃疼答案：C二、判断题1. 高血压是一种非常常见的心血管疾病。
2. 风湿热属于感染性疾病。
答案：对3. 肺结核是由病毒引起的。
答案：错4. 哮喘是一种永久性疾病，无法治愈。
答案：错5. 高血脂属于一种代谢性疾病。
答案：对三、简答题1. 请简要介绍一下高血压的定义、病因和治疗方法。
答案：高血压是指动脉血压长期处于升高状态的一种疾病。
其病因主要包括遗传、生活方式不健康以及其他慢性病等因素。
高血压的治疗方法主要包括药物治疗、改变生活方式、饮食调控和减轻压力等方面。
2. 请简要介绍一下糖尿病的类型、症状和预防措施。
答案：糖尿病分为1型和2型两种类型。
1型糖尿病是由胰岛素分泌不足造成的，2型糖尿病则是由胰岛素抵抗或胰岛素分泌不足引起的。
糖尿病的典型症状包括多饮、多尿、多食和体重减轻。
预防措施包括健康饮食、适量锻炼、保持健康体重和定期体检等。
3. 请简要介绍一下心脏病的常见类型、发病原因和治疗方法。
答案：心脏病的常见类型包括冠心病、心肌梗死、心律失常等。
其发病原因主要包括高血压、高血脂、吸烟等不健康生活方式，以及遗传和心脏病毒感染等。
心脏病的治疗方法主要包括药物治疗、介入手术和心脏搭桥手术等。
四、问答题1. 酗酒会对人体健康造成哪些危害？答案：酗酒会对人体健康造成多种危害。
长期酗酒会损伤肝脏，导致脂肪肝、肝硬化等疾病；酒精还会对中枢神经系统造成损害，引发记忆力减退、智力下降等问题；此外，酗酒还可能导致心血管疾病、肺部疾病以及各种器官的损伤。
北京协和医学院
北京协和医学院关于2018年度院校优秀博士学位论文评选结果公示的通知为提高博士生教育质量、鼓励创新、促进高层次创造性人才脱颖而出，我校于近日开展了院校优秀博士学位论文评选工作（评选对象主要为2015年9月1日至2017年8月31日期间在我校获得博士学位者的学位论文）。
经各所院推荐，院校于11月29日邀请了各学科相关专家10人组成评委会，对51位申报者的申请材料（包括学位论文、推荐表、论文摘要、成果等）进行了评审，并依据评选标准，对参评论文进行投票，共评出20篇论文为2018年度院校优秀博士学位论文，19篇论文为2018年度院校优秀博士学位论文提名论文。
现根据评选结果将2018年度北京协和医学院优秀博士学位论文及提名论文的作者姓名、论文题目、指导教师等信息予以公示（见附件），论文原件及有关证明材料均存放在研究生院培养办公室（研究生院201办公室），可供查阅。
公示时间为2018年12月3日至12月12日，公示期间任何单位或个人如发现入选论文存在剽窃、作假或论文的主要研究结论不能成立等严重问题，可以书面方式向研究生院培养办公室提出异议。
提出异议的书面材料应包括异议论文的题目、作者姓名、学位授予单位名称、异议内容、支持异议的具体证据或科学依据，以及提起异议者的真实姓名、工作单位、联系地址、联系电话等。
不符合上述规定的异议不予受理。
院校研究生院培养办公室负责处理异议，并对提出异议者予以保密。
（联系电话：65105824）北京协和医学院研究生院二○一八年十二月三日附：2018年度院校优秀博士学位论文及提名论文名单（排名不分先后）姓名论文题目二级学科指导教师所院获学位时间奖项范欣中国多中心连续五年侵袭性感染热带念珠菌流行病学及唑类耐药机制研究临床检验诊断学徐英春协和医院2017.7 优博论文杜永星NOP14对胰腺癌侵袭转移的调控作用及相关分子机制和预后价值研究外科学赵玉沛协和医院2017.7 优博论文王安强混合型肝细胞癌－胆管细胞癌的克隆进化与起源外科学桑新亭协和医院2017.7 优博论文黄辰中国城市地区控制空气污染的心血管健康获益及中国成年人腹型肥胖与高血压发病风险的前瞻性研究流行病与卫生统计学顾东风阜外医院2016.7 优博论文张而立糖代谢紊乱和血管紧张素 II 刺激引发血管细胞损伤的表观遗传学研究内科学吴永健阜外医院2016.7 优博论文黄旭东全基因组关联研究发现的胰腺癌易感基位点及易感基因的功能研究肿瘤学林东昕肿瘤医院2017.7 优博论文程欣欣SLC39A6在食管鳞状细胞癌发展中的作用机制研究肿瘤学林东昕肿瘤医院2016.7 优博论文赵艳洁BRCA1结合蛋白BRAP促进食管癌的侵袭转移肿瘤学林东昕肿瘤医院2017.7 优博论文杨勇结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴癌Nomogram预后模型及基于风险分层治疗决策肿瘤学李晔雄肿瘤医院2016.7 优博论文唐小强蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT2抑制病理性心肌肥厚生物化学与分子生物学刘德培基础学院2017.7 优博论文王婷婷组蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT6通过影响平滑肌细胞衰老相关分泌表型调控胸主动脉瘤发生生物化学与分子生物学刘德培基础学院2017.7 优博论文钟颖甲型H1N1流感病毒诱导急性肺损伤及埃博拉病毒感染的防止研究生物化学与分子生物学蒋澄宇基础学院2016.7 优博论文许本洪MZH29治疗FLT3-ITD突变型急性髓性白血病的作用机制研究免疫学葛微基础学院2017.7 优博论文李炳娟10-去乙酰巴卡亭III-10-β-O-乙酰转移酶蛋白质工程及酶法合成紫杉醇的研究微生物与生化药学朱平药物所2016.7 优博论文陈大伟芒果C-糖基转移酶的研究生药学戴均贵药物所2016.7 优博论文郑亚伟Dmnt3b在MLL-AF9诱导的急性髓系白血病中的作用及机制研究内科学程涛血液病医院2016.7 优博论文冯晓燕抗人 CD38 单克隆抗体 SAR650984 抑制多发性，骨髓瘤调节性 T 细胞的诱导及功能研究内科学邱录贵血液病医院2016.7 优博论文李毅中缝背核不同类型神经元在奖赏相关行为中活性的研究生物化学与分子生物学罗敏敏生命科学研究所2016.7 优博论文关洪鑫+RNA病毒入侵与复制关键蛋白的结构生物学研究病原生物学崔胜病原生物学研究所2017.7 优博论文钱君岩系统性红斑狼疮相关肺动脉高压的临床队列及生物标志物研究曾小峰八年制2016.7 优博论文郑佳早期发育环境在生命不同阶段糖脂代谢的机制及干预研究内科学肖新华协和医院2017.7 优博论文提名张冬冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗中分支血管闭塞危险因素和风险评估的研究内科学窦克非阜外医院2016.7 优博论文提名丁洁醛类毒性和Alda-1对肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响及机制研究麻醉学晏馥霞阜外医院2017.7 优博论文提名李莎PCSK9与冠心病发生发展关系的临床评价内科学李建军阜外医院2017.7 优博论文提名于露露HPV16/18 E6癌蛋白、p16/Ki-67表达与高危型HPV持续感染的关系及其在宫颈癌筛查中的应用评估流行病及卫生统计学乔友林肿瘤医院2016.7 优博论文提名舒桐第一部分：HECTD3 预测及调控晚期卵巢浆液性腺癌铂类化疗敏感性的机制研究第二部分:保留盆腔自主神经的宫颈癌根治术应用于局部晚期宫颈癌的临床研究肿瘤学李斌肿瘤医院2017.7 优博论文提名刘光胚胎干细胞自我更新与分化研究遗传学黄粤基础学院2016.7 优博论文提名张岩组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基化酶KDM3A特异性磷酸化在热激中对HSP90AA1基因表达的调控生物化学与分子生物学张业基础学院2016.7 优博论文提名范博pH 敏感性纳米载体的构建及递送功能性 siRNA治疗恶性肿瘤的研究药剂学高钟镐药物所2016.7 优博论文提名绪扩茅苍术化学成分及药理活性研究药物化学张培成药物所2017.7 优博论文提名豆小文高通量农残分析与功能化纳米金生物检测方法的建立及在陈皮中的应用生药学杨美华药植所2016.7 优博论文提名徐志超基于联合测序技术的丹参活性成分生物合成及调控机制研究生药学宋经元药植所2016.7 优博论文提名罗云两种中药活性成分对OX-LDL诱导动脉粥样硬化的保护作用及分子机制研究生药学孙晓波药植所2016.7 优博论文提名马琳琳一枝蒿酮酸衍生物 YZH-106 通过上调 HO-1 抑制流感病毒复制微生物与生化药学蒋建东医药生物技术研究所2016.7 优博论文提名朱宁屿新型抗结核先导物的筛选发现与分子药理学研究微生物与生化药学司书毅医药生物技术研究所2016.7 优博论文提名王娅婕重编程因子对白血病细胞的选择性去除效应及其机制研究内科学程涛血液病医院2016.7 优博论文提名朱海燕蛋白酶 3 调控中性粒细胞凋亡和造血干祖细胞衰老及其机制研究细胞生物学周家喜血液病医院2016.7 优博论文提名姜红岩自组装RNA适配体纳米传感器张其清生物医学工程研究所2016.7 优博论文提名李雅彤胚胎干细胞抑制肿瘤生长及转移的分子机制研究戴梦华八年制2016.7 优博论文提名。
北京协和医学院神经解剖学2013,2014,2016年考博真题
小脑小球，乳头丘脑束，隔区，白质前连合
填空：1*40
神经胶质细胞分类，丘脑束包括，纹状体，下丘脑纤维联系，网状核成分，海马CA3相关的，多巴胺能和NE能神经之类，有细节题
选择：
1*20细节居多，周围神经和自主神经相关的，脑干核的，等等
填图：
边缘系统，还是图让人抓狂，不太清
问答：
8*4红核纤维联系，半切表现，垂体和下丘脑联系，以及我忽略了的泪腺副神经支配
论述：
小脑核的纤维联系，锁骨下动脉盗血的病例顺带问脑血管供应
北京协和医学院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.中间外侧核
2.斜方体
3.三叉神经中脑核
3.脑桥小脑三角
4.髓纹
二、填空题
涉及内容很多，脊髓板层考了几个，基本各个知识点均有涉及，非常细。
三、选择题，20个
知识点也很多。
四、简答题
1.大脑前中后动脉中央支血供。
2.从解剖结构及递质分析帕金森及半侧舞蹈症。
3.小脑二次交叉。
3.本尼迪克特综合征。
五、论述题
1.脑脊液循环及说出至少十个脑池。
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
北京协和医学院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
逆行溃变，顶盖前区，攀缘纤维，边缘系统，Wernicke区，medial lemniscus,斜方体（英文），丘脑中央辐射。
2014年全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸与试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按“考场指令”要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案与试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 :Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D、Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET、Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint、Man: No wonder、You haven’t had a bite all day、Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A、She is sick、B、She was bitten by an ant、C、She is hungry、D、She spilled her paint、Here C is the right answer、Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1、1.A、About 12 pints B、About 3 pintsC、About 4 pintsD、About 7 pints2.A、Take a holiday from work、B、Worry less about work、C、Take some sleeping pills、D、Work harder to forget all her troubles、3.A、He has no complaints about the doctor、B、He won’t complain anything、C、He is in good condition、D、He couldn’t be worse、4.A、She is kidding、B、She will get a raise、C、The man will get a raise、D、The man will get a promotion、5.A、Her daughter likes ball games、B、Her daughter is an exciting child、C、She and her daughter are good friends、D、She and her daughter don’t always understand each other、6.A、She hurt her uncle、B、She hurt her ankle、C、She has a swollen toe、D、She needs a minor surgery、7.A、John likes gambling、B、John is very fond of his new boss、C、John has ups and downs in the new company、D、John has a promising future in the new company、8.A、She will get some advice from the front desk、B、She will undergo some lab tests、C、She will arrange an appointment、D、She will get the test results、9.A、She’s an odd character、B、She is very picky、C、She is easy-going、D、She likes fashions、10.A、At a street corner、B、In a local shop、C、In a ward、D、In a clinic、11.A、Sea food、B、Dairy products、C、Vegetables and fruits、D、Heavy foods、12.A、He is having a good time、B、He very much likes his old bicycle、C、He will buy a new bicycle right away、D、He would rather buy a new bicycle later、13.A、It is only a cough、B、It’s a minor illness、C、It started two weeks ago、D、It’s extremely serious、14.A、The woman is too optimistic about the stock market、B、The woman will even lose more money at the stock market、C、The stock market bubble will continue to grow、D、The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise、15.A、The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep、B、The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper、C、The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast、D、The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals、Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions、After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET、Dialogue16.A、Because he had difficulty swallowing it、B、Because it was upsetting his stomach、C、Because he was allergic to it、D、Because it was too expensive、17.A、He can’t play soccer any more、B、He has a serious foot problem、C、He needs an operation、D、He has cancer、18.A、A blood transfusion、B、An allergy test、C、A urine test、D、A biopsy、19.A、To see if he has cancer、B、To see if he hasdepression、C、To see if he requires surgery、D、To see if he has afood allergy problem、20.A、Relieved、B、Anxious、C、Angry、D、Depressed、Passage One21.A、The cause of COPD、B、Harmful effects of smoking、C、Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking、D、Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking、22.A、954、B、955、C、1909、D、1955、23.A、On May 18 in San Diego、B、On May 25 in San Diego、C、On May 18 in San Francisco、D、On May 25 in SanFrancisco、24.A、When smoking exposure is high、B、When smoking exposure is low、C、When the subjects received medication、D、When the subjects stopped smoking、25.A、Hormone differences in men and women、B、Genetic differences between men and women、C、Women’s active metabolic rate、D、Women’s smaller airways、Passage Two26.A、About 90,000、B、About 100,000、C、Several hundreds、D、About 5,000、27.A、Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center、B、Warning from the Kenyan health ministry、C、Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak、D、Proper and prompt Aid from NASA、28.A、Distributing mosquito nets、B、Persuading people not to slaughter animals、C、Urging people not to eat animals、D、Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area、29.A、The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean、B、The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses、C、The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa、D、The heavy but intermittent rains、30.A、Warning from NASA、B、How to treat Rift Valley fever、C、The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever、D、Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis、Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete、Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D 、are given beneath each of them、Youare to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence、Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET、31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism、A、regulateB、activateC、retainD、consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep、A、catastropheB、boycottC、turmoilD、mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain、A、sympatheticB、ascribedC、preferableD、subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults、A、conveyedB、transmittedC、attributedD、relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year、A、fluctuatedB、languishedC、retardedD、vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s、A、trialsB、applicationsC、implicationsD、endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer、A、haltB、postponeC、retardD、accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election、A、predisposedB、presumedC、presidedD、pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people、A、flavorB、thrillC、appealD、implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late、A、infinitelyB、temporarilyC、comfortablyD、favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined、There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET、41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable、A、irresistibleB、cherishedC、inseparableD、requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London、A、bestowedB、exhibitedC、imposedD、emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation、A、intensifiedB、apparentC、representativeD、insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance、A、yieldB、amplifyC、adaptD、cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union、A、eradicatedB、deterioratedC、vanquishedD、averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases、A、duplicateB、eliminateC、substituteD、compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station、A、disapprovedB、despisedC、demolishedD、decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity、A、loyaltyB、moralityC、qualityD、stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination、A、prudentB、ardentC、carelessD、brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning、A、furyB、chaosC、despairD、agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks、For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side、Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET、For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up、However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects、It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health、It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain、And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life、But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain、__54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect、According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s、Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged、These are a marker of Alzheimer’s、all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months、” The lucky things、__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness、Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way、Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect、But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result ina non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease、Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation、However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored、And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive、51、A、devicesB、risksC、phenomenaD、claims52、A、at leastB、at mostC、as ifD、as well53、A、blockingB、cookingC、exhaustingD、cooling54、A、ExceptB、EvenC、DespiteD、Besides55、A、untilB、whenC、asD、unless56、A、rangeB、continuumC、spectrumD、field57、A、ReasonablyB、ConsequentlyC、AmazinglyD、Undoubtedly58、A、identicalB、beneficialC、preferableD、susceptible59、A、effortB、methodC、huntD、account60、A、do affectB、did affectC、is affectingD、could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions、For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B, C, and D、Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET、Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks、Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production、Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand、They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision、Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from、That needs to change、A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights、This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale、Take lab coats、Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay、One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan、WhenI visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals、Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry、To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can、We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter、Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm、What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones、What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices、It can be done、Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas、That model should be extended to laboratory goods、There are signs that things are moving、Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden、Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices、If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit、61、From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________、A、the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB、the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease、C、the cheapest labor in the developing countries、D、the human misery behind them、62、The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to thepassage, ________、A、is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history、B、could have been even exaggerated、C、is unfamiliar to the wealthy west、D、is prevailing across the world、63、The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________、A、have the same concern with the developing countries、B、be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC、pursue good bargains in the international market、D、spare a thought for how they were made、64、A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________、A、to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world、B、to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work、C、to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues、D、to improve the transparency of international contracts、65、By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________、A、the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB、the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth、C、laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced、D、because of science, there is hope for humanity、Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing、A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so、This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way、Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’eco-credentials, some of dubious quality、Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify、The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality、It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact、Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy、At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims、Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example、There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled、Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue、In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert、Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products、Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward、Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader、Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work、Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data、Some will want to keep it that way、This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay、Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts、Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge、Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count、66、“The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________、A、where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB、an array of consumer products to chooseC、a fog of unreliable green informationD、little information on eco-credibility67、From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________、A、eco-credibility is abusedB、 a green economy is crucialC、an environmental impact is lessenedD、green credentials promote green economy68、From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________、A、eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB、neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC、it is vital to build a green economyD、better information is critical69、To address the issue, the author is crying for ________、A、transparent corporate managementB、establishing sustainability indexesC、tough academic-led surveillanceD、strict legal weapons70、Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A、The toughest challenge is the best opportunity、B、It is time for another green revolution、C、Information should be free for all、D、No quantity, no quality、Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating、A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills、The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades、Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit、The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements、The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district、The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district、Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors、Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule、Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking forinnocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district、In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer、This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said、“Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism、”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion、“If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island、“It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience、There’s no evident that it’s anything innate、”71、The findings of the study were in favor of ____________、A、the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB、the relation between intelligence and evolutionC、the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD、the human innate ability to cheat72、The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________、A、spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB、detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC、spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD、detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73、When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________、A、cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB、our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC、there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD、the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74、In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________、A、it was of great possibilityB、it could be misleadingC、it was unbelievableD、it’s acquired75、Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A、Cheating at SchoolB、Cheating as the Human NatureC、Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD、Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad、Manynatural scientists implicitly share this outlook、This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people、That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals、Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell、Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) –an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans、We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts、Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably、It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set、But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand、The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet、It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts、This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers、Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers、While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science、For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions、There errors are not trifling、They are among the report’s headline conclusions、Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it、There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them、76、As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________、A、a misunderstandingB、a confrontationC、a collaborationD、a consensus77、Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________、A、we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB、our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC、a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD、it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78、The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________、A、they made the first classification of Earth systemsB、it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planet。
北京协和医学院神经病学2012,2014,2016年考博初试真题
1.脊髓侧索硬化诊治进展；
2.我国脑血管病二级预防概况。
北京协和医学院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
tia,lambert~eaton syndrom, gerstmann syndrome
1关于肌电图的3个空，F波用于检测2失神发作典型脑电波3 fisher综合征?
六简答
1病例：36岁的怀孕15周的女性，恶心呕吐，纳少1周，头痛1天，既往体健，否认高血压。查体：bp：150/88mmHg，病理征（+/_）其余神经体征无异常。问：诊断，鉴别诊断，处理。
2MG的诊断和鉴别诊断
3癫痫持续状态的处理原则
北京协和医学院
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一名词解释：
1.一个半综合征2.hunt综合征3眶上裂综合征4? 5异动症6. K-F综合征
二判断5个：
三单选：5个海绵窦相关的，延髓背外侧综合征，
四多选：5个
五填空：
静脉窦血栓形成
帕金森病等
三、单项选择题（2*5分）
肝豆状核变性
还有一个英语题。
四、多项选择题（2*5分）
脑血管相关一个
短暂性全面遗忘一个
视神经脊髓炎药物
显性遗传病等
五、填空题（2*10分）
cjd脑电图
dmd哪个染色体什么缺失，如何治疗，颈静脉孔神经等。
六、简答题（3*10分）
一个病例题，格林巴利综合征.Fisher综合征，鉴别及治疗，抗nmda受体脑炎及临床表现，青年颅内动脉狭窄病因。
协和医科大学考博历年试题集锦
协和医科大学2000年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释一、名词解释1.微灶浸润癌微灶浸润癌2.输卵管卵巢囊肿输卵管卵巢囊肿二、问答题二、问答题1.妊高征对于母儿的影响和预防妊高征对于母儿的影响和预防2.前置胎盘的处理原则前置胎盘的处理原则3.阴道出血的原因和明确诊断阴道出血的原因和明确诊断4.内异症的现代治疗进展内异症的现代治疗进展5.恶性卵巢肿瘤的鉴别诊断和处理原则恶性卵巢肿瘤的鉴别诊断和处理原则6.卵巢早衰的病理机制和病理分型卵巢早衰的病理机制和病理分型7.口服避孕药的改良和效果口服避孕药的改良和效果8.多胎妊娠的临床表现和治疗多胎妊娠的临床表现和治疗协和医科大学2001年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释一、名词解释1.Barr's body2.ART3.CA1254.ICSI5.Bechet's syndrome二、问答题二、问答题1.卵巢癌的鉴别诊断卵巢癌的鉴别诊断2.羊水栓塞的诊断和处理原则羊水栓塞的诊断和处理原则3.双胎妊娠妊娠期并发症双胎妊娠妊娠期并发症4.妊娠期黄疸的鉴别诊断妊娠期黄疸的鉴别诊断5.米非司酮的研究进展米非司酮的研究进展6.PCOS 的病生特点，诊断和治疗原则的病生特点，诊断和治疗原则7.中期妊娠引产常用方法中期妊娠引产常用方法协和医科大学2002年妇产科学（博士）一、名词解释一、名词解释1.有生机儿有生机儿2.Hcg3. PRL4.PIH5.ART6.产后出血产后出血二、问答题二、问答题1.常用避孕措施的优缺点常用避孕措施的优缺点2.妊高征中硫酸镁的剂量用法和注意事项妊高征中硫酸镁的剂量用法和注意事项3.妇科生殖系统的血管分布和淋巴途径妇科生殖系统的血管分布和淋巴途径4.内异症的治疗进展内异症的治疗进展5.宫颈癌的病理生理形成过程宫颈癌的病理生理形成过程6.产后出血的机制产后出血的机制7.卵巢癌的分类卵巢癌的分类8.妊娠期病毒性肝炎的鉴别诊断妊娠期病毒性肝炎的鉴别诊断协和医科大学2004年妇产科学（博士）一、一、 名词解释名词解释1.1. 先期化疗先期化疗2.2. HELLP3.3. syndrome4.4. LEEP5.5. USI6.6. PETAL7.7. DEATH8.8. TTTS二、简答题1、异位妊娠的保守治疗指征2、“吊床”学说3、交界性肿瘤的特点4、？三、论述题1、宫腔镜治疗的并发征及其处理2、宫颈癌的手术方式及其指征3、子宫内膜异位症的治疗新进展及其前景协和医科大学2003年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）分）1.热休克蛋白热休克蛋白2.粘附分子粘附分子3.死腔样通气死腔样通气4.白细胞致热原白细胞致热原5.独特型抗体独特型抗体6.假性神经递质假性神经递质二、名词解释并作比较（二、名词解释并作比较（99分）分）1.chromatid-type aberration andchromosome-type aberration2.endocrine, paracrine, aoutcrine三、单选题（每题2分，共16分）分）1.生物膜的基本结构是①固态②液态③液晶态的脂双层。
北京协和医学院消化内科学2013年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：消化内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、40 个选择题 X2 分 很多心内的知识，包括心律失常之类的，比如 Q 波不出现在哪些疾病。。。。懵 了 合格的痰标本：上皮细胞。。。。白细胞。。。。。 心梗最易发生在什么部位 男性最早出现的性发育特征 服用利福平后尿呈红色 ANCA。。。。。 。。。。。。。。很多不起来了 希望大家补充 二。1 个名词解释 X5 分 功能性消化不良 三。简答 3 个 X15 分 1.SAAG 如何鉴别肝硬化腹水的性质和病因？肝硬化内科治疗原则 2.上消化道大出血内科治疗原则 3.溃疡性结肠炎的。。。分型 四。论述 2 个 X20 分 1.慢性胰腺炎定义、诊断标准、治疗 2.溃结的治疗原则及方案
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协和医学院考博呼吸内科试题整理
2014年协和呼吸内科考题50个单选题，每题2分，涉及内外儿科感染科呼吸内科题目约占1/2左右，题目不难，但涉及面广。
简述题4题，每题5分1. 低氧血症2. 支气管哮喘3. 气道高反应性4. 允许性高碳酸血症综述题2题，每题15分1. 临床上如何鉴别哮喘与COPD？2. 病例分析：男性，20岁，左股骨干外伤入院，12小时后突发呼吸困难，昏迷。
双肺呼吸音清，前胸见弥漫性皮肤瘀斑，动脉血氧分压40mmHg，动脉血二氧化碳分压25mmHg，PH=7.51。
问进一步做哪些检查，主要诊断及诊断依据，鉴别诊断。
（具体数值不知道是否正确，有战友记得清楚的欢迎更正，另外期待有大神来分析一下最后病例分析的诊断应该是什么？）2013协和内科学（呼吸）1、大内科为选择题2、呼吸科名词解释慢性支气管炎PEEPi简答题1、慢性呼吸衰竭的治疗原则2 支气管镜检查的并发症论述题肺动脉高压的症状和体征2、病例分析2012大内科部分75分单选：能够降低充血性心力衰竭死亡率的药物军团菌肺炎首选的抗生素填空：一线抗结核药杀菌作用最强的两个:艾滋病的传播途径问答上面有了。
呼吸内科部分：名解：ABPA-CB、咳嗽的分期、肺动脉高压急性扩张试验，共3个，每个6分。
单选：7个，7分。
DPB的早期影像学特点、小气道的直径是小于多少、等……问答：难治性哮喘的诊断标准。
什么是肺癌的肺外表现及都有哪些系统的表现。
2个，每道10分。
病例分析：1.男性，34岁，慢性咳嗽、咳脓痰3年，活动后气促2年，既往有慢性鼻息肉病史。
查体：双肺底可闻及湿啰音。
胸部CT：双肺弥漫性小叶中心性结节，伴有树芽征。
问诊断，诊断依据，鉴别诊断，下一步的检查及治疗。
15分。
2.曲霉菌病在肺内的病变形式及相应的治疗措施。
15分。
08-11年协和内科考博试题
2008年一名词解释（3×5=15分）1 多能造血干细胞2 变异性心绞痛3 COPD4 肾病综合症5 II型呼吸衰竭二选择题（1×37=37分）三填空题（0.5/空，共9分）1 动脉粥样硬化症的危险因子有———，————，————，————，肥胖等。
2 医院获得性肺炎是指———后产生的肺炎。
3 狭义的急性肾衰是指————，其产生原因是————，——————。
4 肾病综合症由于各种因素产生——————和————————，从而导致蛋白从血浆渗出，产生大量蛋白尿。
5 一女性心衰伴房颤患者，经强心，利尿，扩血管处理后，呼吸症状改善，但出现呕吐，心率40次/分，给患者做心电图检测可能会表现——————————，你考虑为—————。
四简答题（3×3=9分）1 缺铁性贫血与慢性病性贫血的主要鉴别点（用高低表示）2 肾病综合症容易产生感染的原因是什么？3 肝性脑病的诱因主要有哪些？五各专业题为必答题1 为消化内科的病例分析题2 为风湿病学题3 为感染内科的病例分析4 肾内的病例分析5 CRF的高钾血症的处理措施6 心内科的病例分析7 亚临床型甲状腺功能减退的表现，诊断及治疗措施8 代谢综合征的诊断和临床意义9 对抗核抗体的理解10六为报考阜外医院的题目2009年一选择60题60分二填空引起全血减低的疾病：5空淀粉样变形1空染色阳性肝硬化Child分期的因素：5空抗甲状腺药物的副反应：3空三判断四名词解释Coombs test假性肠梗阻胰岛素抵抗原发性胆汁性肝硬化五简答冠心病的二级预防特发性间质性肺炎的病理分型，弥漫性肺实质病变DPLD的病理分型炎性肠病的诊治新进展贫血的病例分析题对代谢综合症的认识(定义、机理等)肾综合症出血热，诊断标准，三红三痛，分期，治疗原则肾病综合症的定义，并发症，诊疗原则ARDS的诊断标准肾病综合症的定义，并发症，诊疗原则ARDS的诊断标准病例1：肺部病变合并肾脏尿潜血及鼻病变，抗结核后出现空洞，可能诊断，下一步检查，治疗原则(应该是韦格纳肉芽肿，肾脏病变和鼻腔病变很隐匿)病例2：明确的乙肝肝硬化，写出完整诊断(需要诊断、分期、并发症等)，还需做的检查，治疗2011年名解：心室重塑，肠易激综合征，造血干细胞，范可尼综合征，anti-synthetase，crypotogenic organizing pneumonia2012年。
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医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
北京协和医学院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
50个单选题，每题2分，涉及内外儿科感染科
呼吸内科题目约占1/2左右，题目不难，但涉及面广。
简述题4题，每题4.允许性高碳酸血症
综述题2题，每题15分
1.临床上如何鉴别哮喘与COPD？
2.病例分析：男性，20岁，左股骨干外伤入院，12小时后突发呼吸困难，昏迷。双肺呼吸音清，前胸见弥漫性皮肤瘀斑，动脉血氧分压40mmHg，动脉血二氧化碳分压25mmHg，PH=7.51。问进一步做哪些检查，主要诊断及诊断依据，鉴别诊断。（具体数值不知道是否正确，有战友记得清楚的欢迎更正，另外期待有大神来分析一下最后病例分析的诊断应该是什么？）