Kimberley Brown
“英国阿姆”超好听冠军单曲：ReadAllAboutIt歌词
“英国阿姆”超好听冠军单曲：Read All About It歌词歌手介绍：(格林教授)出生于1983年11月27日,英国伦敦东部。
他是一个英文专业说唱歌手,与Mike Skinner and Ted Mayhem的唱片公司The Beats签约,直到2008年2月12日。
他赢了首届JumpOff MySpace £50，000(获得的奖金)说唱锦标赛于2008年7月。
Professor Green - Read All About It (feat. Emeli Sandé)Lyrics：I wanna sing, I wanna shoutI wanna scream till the words dry outSo put it in all of the papers, I'm not afraidThey can read all about it, read all about itOhNothing to hideStifle and smotherStrife made me tougherNever mumbled or shy to troubleI rise above allExpectations to get repAin't never begged yetWhen I wanted to get pence, hustle,To be, I'm exactly what my neck saysSaying I tried to cash in on my Dad's death,I wanted to vent 'stead I said nothing at allAfter all you were never kin to me,Family is something that you never been to me,In fact making it harder for me to see my father was the only thing thatYou ever did for meI wanna sing, I wanna shoutI wanna scream till the words dry outSo put it in all of the papers, I'm not afraidThey can read all about it, read all about it, ohAs a kid I looked up to you,Only thing was I never saw enough of youLast thing I said to you was I hated you,I loved you but now it's too late to say to youJust didn't know what to do and how to deal with it,Even now deep down I still live itTo think, I used to blame me,I wonder what I did to you to make you hate meI wasn't even 5, life's a journey and mine wasn't an easy ride You never even got to see me rap,I just wish you woulda reached out,I wish you woulda been round when I been downI wish that you could see me now,Wherever you are I really hope you find peaceBut know that if I ever have kids,Unlike you I'll never let them be without meI wanna sing, I wanna shoutI wanna scream till the words dry outSo put it in all of the papers, I'm not afraidThey can read all about it, read all about it, oh Everything I have, I give to youIn every one of these lines I sing to youMy job's more like public serviceMy life just became yours to read and interpretIf you heard it it'd come across a lot different at timesI throw fits when I read how they word thingsYou see me smileNow you're gonna have to see me hurtin'Coz pretending everything is alright when it ain't, really isn't workingI wanna sing, I wanna shoutI wanna scream till the words dry outSo put it in all of the papers, I'm not afraidThey can read all about it, read all about it, ohI ain't censoring myself for nobodyI'm the only thing I can be,All that is good, all that is bad, all that is, meI wanna sing, I wanna shoutI wanna scream till the words dry outSo put it in all of the papers, I'm not afraid。
巴西组合KLB--um anjo
KLB是Kiko Leandro e Bruno,来自巴西圣保罗最近相当著名的年轻流行摇滚组合,Kiko Leandro Br uno是三兄弟,演唱生涯开始于1996年,最初的名字是the fenders, 开始所有的作曲多是由他们三兄弟和他们朋友来完成,KLB这名字只是从2000年才开始Um Anjo一位天使hoje eu sonheicom um anjo今天我梦到了一位天使feito sópra mim我很孤独quem vai dizer它将会对我说：“pra onde a gente vai咱们去哪儿啊quando acaba o am or...当这段爱情结束时... ？”Se tudo terminou如果一切都结束了Suas asasVão me proteger它的翅膀将会保护我E quando a noite chega aqui当夜晚到来的时候Eu deito prá pensar我躺下思考Na luz que se perdeu在消失的光亮中Um anjo vem me beijar...一位天使将会来亲吻我...E o seu amorSuave como o vento温柔的就像一阵风Prazer sem julgamento很高兴（我们的爱）还没有最终判决Que me faz voar...这使我飞了起来...E quando a dorMe torna mais covarde当最令人胆怯的痛苦回到我身上时Eu sinto a coragem我感觉到了勇气Pra ser o que souPor que prásempre 为了能使我成为那个永恒的我Um anjo vem me beijar...一位天使将会来亲吻我...Quando eu fico mal当我处境糟糕的时候E a dor pareceNão ter final一种没有尽头的痛苦出现了Olho pro céu我看着天空E eu sei我知道Que as estrelasSempre vão brilhar...星星总会发光的E quando a noite vem当夜晚来临时Estou sozinho我在甜蜜的梦乡之中Sem ninguém没有其他人O céu se apagou天空已经变黑Um anjo vem me beijar...一位天使将会来亲吻我...E o seu amorSuave como o vento温柔的就像一阵风Prazer sem julgamento很高兴（我们的爱）还没有最终判决Que me faz voar...这使我飞了起来...E quando a dorMe torna mais covarde当最令人胆怯的痛苦回到我身上时Eu sinto a coragem我感觉到了勇气Pra ser o que souPor que prásempre为了能使我成为那个永恒的我Um anjo vem me beijar...一位天使将会来亲吻我...E o seu amor你的那份爱Suave como o vento温柔的就像一阵风Prazer sem julgamento很高兴（我们的爱）还没有最终判决Que me faz voar...这使我飞了起来...E quando a dorMe torna mais covarde当最令人胆怯的痛苦回到我身上时Eu sinto a coragem我感觉到了勇气Pra ser o que souPor que prásempre为了能使我成为那个永恒的我Um anjo vem me beijar...一位天使将会来亲吻我...A banda KLB teve início no ano de 2000 quando, pela primeira vez, oficialmente, os irm ãos Kiko, Leandro e Bruno subiram ao palco do Anhembi, em São Paulo, num evento qu e homenageou o pai > Franco Scornavacca, que recebia, na ocasião, o prêmio de empresário da década.No entanto, a vida e a história da família Scornavacca m ostra que, desde 1984, Kiko co m apenas cinco anos, jádedilhava as primeiras notas musicais no violão do pai, que faz ia parte da banda “Os Brasas”, da J ovem Guarda. Neste ano, Leandro já estava com três anos e Bruno acabava de chegar para completar o trio, que na adolescência viraria fenômeno no país.Aos poucos, os meninos foram crescendo e se interessando cada vez mais por músicas e pelos sucessos de grandes nom es do Rock and Roll, como Beatles, Bee Gess, Eagles, entre outros. Quando Kiko completou oito anos, ganhou sua primeira guitarra; Bruno he rdou o baixo que o pai tocava e Leandro pegava as latas de sorvete e organizava sua bateria para ensaiar junto com os irmãos.Não demorou para que o pai, empresário de nomes consagrados da música brasileira, p ensasse que o caminho dos filhos era a música e começou a traçar um projeto para o t rio. Em 1998, já na adolescência, os m eninos ganharam a música “Uma noite de Amor”, dos amigos Juno e Antonio Luis, e gravam seu primeiro CD dem o, junto com as regrav ações do grupo Bee Gess “Words” e “I can’t see Nobody”. Este trabalho foi apresentado por Franco para a diretoria da gravadora Sony Music, que não sabia de quem se tratav a, apenas que era um novo grupo. Após horas de reunião e insistência por parte da gra vadora, que queria conhecer os artista para assinar contrato, Franco revelou que eram seus filhos.Em 99, o sonho começava a se tornar realidade com a assinatura do contrato com a gr avadora Sony Music e Kiko, Leandro e Bruno passaram a ser conhecidos como o fenômeno KLB.Foram mais de 4 milhões de cópias vendidas, sendo mais de 1 milhão apenas do primeiro trabalho.Em quase sete anos de carreira, Kiko, Leandro e Bruno somam 9 CDs, sendo 6 deles e m estúdio, 2 ao vivo, 1 projeto de regravações e um DVD gravado no Olympia em SãoPaulo.Esteve junto com a gravadora Universal Music de 2005 ao ano atual. Atualmente, o KLB mostra ao Brasil seu novo trabalho, Vocêvai lembrar de mim.。
2023-2024学年重庆市巴蜀中学高二下学期第一次月考英语试题
2023-2024学年重庆市巴蜀中学高二下学期第一次月考英语试题Enveloped by history, style and culture, the City of Light has more than enough to draw visitors all year around. But there are certain times of year when a trip to Paris can be extra-special.Paris Fashion WeekWhen: Men June/July; women March and September/OctoberIn 1943 the world’s first “fashion week” took place in New York. The idea? To offer the Big Apple’s fashion buyers alternatives to the French dresses they were missing out on during the war. Today Paris can claim to be the world’s style capital, with people pouring to its annual fashion weeks. Wear your best dress around the Tuileries Garden and a street-style photographer may even stop you for a shot.Music FestivalWhen: JuneThe streets of Paris come alive with the sound of music every June as free parties and concerts ring throughout the city. The Arab World Institute, the Louvre and Place Denfert-Rochereau are among the best party spots-though we recommend simply wandering. Expect surprises around every corner. Bastille DayWhen: JulyOn July 14 France marks the storming of the Bastille prison — a turning point in the French Revolution. In the morning crowds gather to watch a military parade along the Champs Elysees. Come evening, up to a million people gather as fireworks are set off from the base of the Eiffel Tower. Advantageous position? The top of the Belville Park. Get down early and bring a picnic chair.Grape Harvest FestivalWhen: OctoberYou may have dropped by the Montmartre Museum. But what about the private grape plantation aro und the back of Paris’s hilliest neighborhood? Every year locals come together to celebrate the distinctive grape wine produced here. There’s a charity wine sale, dance parties and, of course, plenty of tasting.1. What was the purpose of the world’s first“fashion week” in New York?A．To promote American fashion designers. B．To display the upcoming fashioncollections.C．To satisfy the fashion needs of New Yorkers. D．To show the development of fashion industry.2. What can you do at Montmartre Grape Harvest Festival?A．Raise funds for charity. B．Join mask dancing parties.C．Appreciate local artwork. D．Try different kinds of wine.3. At which place can you expect to find free parties in Paris in June?A．The Tuileries Garden. B．Place Denfert-Rochereau.C．The Champs Elysees. D．The Belville Park.In the late 1930s, people could donate blood, but very few hospitals could store it for later use. Whole blood breaks down quickly, and there were no methods at the time for safely preserving it. As a result, hospitals often did not have the appropriate blood type when patients needed it. Charles Drew, a Black surgeon and researcher, helped solve this monumental problem for medicine, earning him the title “Father of the Blood Bank.”In 1938, while obtaining hi s doctorate in medicine, Drew became a fellow at Columbia University’s Presbyterian Hospital in New York. He studied the storage and distribution of blood, including the separation of its components, and applied his findings to an experimental blood bank at the hospital.As Drew was finishing his degree at Columbia, World War II was erupting in Europe. Great Britain was asking the United States for desperately needed plasma (血浆) to help victims. Given his expertise, Drew was selected to be the medical director for the Blood for Britain campaign. Using Presbyterian Hospital’s blood bank as a model, Drew established uniform procedures and standards for collecting blood and processing blood plasma from nine New York hospitals. The five-month campaign collected donations from 15,000 Americans and was considered a success. His discoveries and his leadership saved countless lives.With the increasing likelihood that the nation would be drawn into war, the United States wanted to capitalize on what Drew had learned from the campaign. He was appointed as the assistant director of a three-month pilot program to mass-produce dried plasma in New York, which became the model for the first Red Cross blood bank. His innovations for this program included mobile blood donation stations, later called bloodmobiles.4. What problem did hospitals face in the late 1930s regarding blood donations?A．The shortage of blood donors. B．The inability to preserve blood.C．The challenge of blood infection. D．The failure to identify blood types.5. How did Drew contribute to the Blood for Britain campaign?A．He gathered different standards for the blood collection.B．He worked on the bloodmobiles for easy access to donors.C．He helped send life-saving drugs overseas to aid in the war.D．He organized the collection and processing of blood plasma.6. Which of the following best describes the three-month pilot program?A．Groundbreaking. B．Unpredictable. C．Economical. D．Controversial.7. What can be a suitable title for the text?A．The life of Dr. Charles Drew. B．The inventor of the Blood Bank.C．A Savior of Lives during Wartime. D．A Pioneer in Blood Transportation.Her face is framed by wavy brown hair extensions, her filled lips pursed towards the viewer. It could be a description of an Instagram post, but the touched-up (修改过的) beauty is Diana Cecil, an English noblewoman who belongs to a powerful family at the Jacobean court. Experts at English Heritage have discovered that her portrait had been altered by restorers to enhance certain features, suggesting that our modern beauty standards might not be so modern after all.The great-grand-daughter of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, one of Elizabeth I’s closest advisers, Diana was considered one of the great beauties of her age. Yet it seems a later artist had other ideas.A restorer, probably in the 19th century, worked on the painting after it was damaged from being rolled sideways. It seems they also took the opportunity to alter the noblewoman’s face, enlarging her lips and lowering her hairline to reduce the size of her forehead.Now, following careful conservation work, Cecil’s original appearance has been restored, with the full-length portrait-painted by Cornelius Johnson when Cecil was about 31. The conservation team discovered the changes made to the Johnson painting after removing a yellowing layer of oily liquid that had covered its original, more vivid colors. They also surprisedly found the artist’s signature, and a date that had been signed in the portrait’s curtain suggesti ng it was finished in1634 and not 1638 as previously thought.According to Alice Tate-Harte, a conservator at English Heritage, it was not uncommon for people to ‘sweeten’ old paintings in the 19th and early 20th centuries. ”Conservation wasn’t a professi on, they weren’t working in institutions with salaries,” she said. “They were artist restorers and they had a bit more flexibility to prettify and beautify, whereas we have a lot more ethics today. we must keep our retouching to a minimum. I hope I’ve done Diana justice by removing those additions and presenting her natural face to the world.”8. What does the discovery of experts at English Heritage suggest?A．Prettiness is in the eyes of the viewer. B．Every great artist was once an amateur.C．Past norms may repeat themselves at present. D．Beauty souls shine brighter than appearances.9. What do we know about the original portrait of Diana Cecil?A．The original beauty failed to entertain the restorer B．The portrait was in fact painted for William Cecil.C．The painter intended to hide the beauty of Diana. D．The age of Diana was exposed by her hairline.10. Which of the following is an unexpected finding from the conservation work?A．The addition of the bright color. B．The portrait’s date of completion.C．The removal of the artist’s signature.D．The extent of damage to the painting.11. What does Alice think is the duty of art conservation?A．It means an artistic way of living. B．It depends on artists’ preference.C．It requires ethical considerations. D．It represents the fashion of time.When middle school math teachers completed an online professional development (PD) program that uses artificial intelligence to improve their math knowledge and teaching skills, their students’ math performance improved.This online professional development program relies on a virtual facilitator to present problems and provide feedback, aiming to enhance teachers’ mastery of knowledge and skills required. It covers why mathematical rules and procedures work and focuses on helping students employ instructional tools and strategies to overcome common struggles.An experiment was conducted in which 53 middle school math teachers were randomly assigned to either this Al-based professional development or no additional training. On average, teachers spent 11 hours to complete the program. We then gave 1,727 of their students a math test. While students of these two groups of teachers started off with no difference in their math performance, the students taught by teachers who completed the program increased their mathematics performance by 0.18 points on average. This is a statistically significant gain that is equal to the average math performance difference between sixth and seventh graders in the study.Teachers often have limited access to high-quality PD programs to improve their knowledge and teaching skills. Time conflicts or living in rural areas that are far from in-person professional development programs can prevent teachers from receiving the support they need. Additionally, many existing in-person professional development programs for teachers have little impact on student achievement. AI-based PD programs include opportunities for teachers to observe teaching practices. Teachers also receive real-time support from the program facilitators. The Al-supported virtual facilitator acting as a human instructor gives teachers authentic teaching activities to work on, asks questions and provides real-time feedback and guidance.Advancements in AI technologies will allow researchers to develop more interactive, personalized learning environments for teachers. More importantly, AI-based PD programs can collect rich, real-time interaction data, which help make programs more effective. Despite billions of dollars being spent each year on professional development for teachers, research suggests that how teachers learn through professional development is not yet well understood.12. What was the goal of the online professional development program?A．To create widely accessible methods B．To improve teachers’ teaching skills.C．To solve students’ common problems.D．To analyze students’ math performance. 13. How did the students taught by the teachers of the AI-based PD program perform?A．They exhibited statistically significant improvement.B．They performed even better than the seventh graders.C．They solved the math problem faster than the average.D．They started with lower performance but ended higher.14. How does the author highlight AI-based PD programs in paragraph 4?A．By listing current shortcomings. B．By clarifying essential concepts.C．By providing theoretical models. D．By comparing different trainings.15. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．There is a demand for larger investments in professional development.B．AI technologies have helped us figure out how teachers learn in trainings.C．The expected benefits of teacher training programs have yet to be realized.D．It is a must for teachers to complete the professional development programs.JOMO refers to the “joy of missing out” — in short, unplugging from all media, practicing self-care, reconnecting to the present moment, and learning to appreciate the inner peace of being alone. JOMO is especially important for digital natives. 16 They have grown up in a world where social media is an essential part of their lives. Unplugging (拔掉电源插头) from the devices can help by giving us a break from the cruel social comparison that may be at the root of a lot of the anxiety. The following strategies can help you find joy in missing out.Make a list of activities you really enjoy doing.Post it in an accessible place so that at a moment’s notice, you’ve got a reminder of activities that bring you joy. 17Take regular tech breaks.A lot of FOMO (fear of missing out) is generated by scrolling through social media and the resulting social comparisons that inevitably happen. 18 Ground yourself in the present moment.Invest in offline connections with others.This can include family, partners, friends, and neighbors. 19 A brief on-site activity is a better way to build meaningful relationships than investing untold nights in connecting with relative strangers online.20This is often the most difficult thing to do for those with demanding fast-pa ced lives, but it’s essential to stay well and to take care of ourselves. It might be a solo nature walk, a warm bath, meditation, or soothing music — whatever makes you feel more comfortable in your own skin.Mike Huddleston had flown from Maryland to San Francisco and needed to get to a rental car agency. But because of a neuromuscular (神经肌肉的) disease that weakens his muscles, he wouldn’t be able to _______ the stairs of the shuttle bus. As he was walking outside to meet his ride, he fell and couldn’t _______.Due to his _______, Huddleston needed something to push up on, like a bench or a chair. But there was nothing around that fit that _______.“Out of nowhere, I hear in my left ear, ‘What can I do to help?’” Huddleston _______ his head to see a man in his late thirties standing behind him. Huddleston described what the man could do to help him get off the _______. Once he got him up, the man _______ Huddleston’s baggage, which had rolled a few feet away when he fell.This encounter _______ Huddleston because of the way the man offered that kindness. He took a(n) _______ to ask Huddleston how he could help. “Different people may need __________ in different ways,” Huddleston __________. “So askin g them how you can help them is amazingly __________. It allows the individual who’s in need of assistance to maintain a sense of __________, to maybe feel a little less helpless, and maybe even a little less weak.”It’s been more than 20 years, but Huddleston __________ to think about it to this day. “His willingness to help me — and the love and sympathy he showed in a very __________ situation — for me is something I will never forget.”21.A．climb B．notice C．remember D．blame22.A．show off B．move in C．get up D．hold back23.A．insight B．position C．movement D．condition24.A．description B．comment C．instruction D．adaptation25.A．raised B．turned C．held D．bowed26.A．bus B．ride C．ground D．track27.A．touched B．fetched C．delivered D．gained28.A．excited B．motivated C．puzzled D．struck29.A．moment B．chance C．risk D．effort30.A．guidance B．comfort C．protection D．assistance31.A．defended B．explained C．replied D．sighed32.A．difficult B．unusual C．helpful D．convincing33.A．independence B．self C．trust D．relief34.A．fails B．refuses C．intends D．continues35.A．disappointing B．supportive C．challenging D．inspiring阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式 (1-3 词)。
大卫 科波菲尔(英国1999年西蒙 寇提斯执导电影)
贝西小姐生性怪僻，但心地善良。她收留了大卫，让他上学深造。大卫求学期间，寄宿在姨婆的律师威克菲 尔家里，与他的女儿安妮斯结下情谊。但大卫对威克菲尔雇用的一个名叫希普的书记极为反感，讨厌他那种阳奉 阴违、曲意逢迎的丑态。
大卫中学毕业后外出旅行，邂逅童年时代的同学斯提福兹。两人一起来到雅茅斯，访问辟果提一家。已经和 海穆订婚的爱弥丽经受不住阔少爷斯提福兹的引诱，竟在结婚前夕与斯提福兹私奔国外。辟果提痛苦万分，发誓 要找回爱弥丽。
演职员表
参考资料
获奖记录
奥斯卡（美国电影学院奖） 1998 技术成就奖 （提名） [deleted] 英国电影学院奖（BAFTA Film Award） 2000 最佳女主角 （提名）玛吉·史密斯 Best Photography and Lighting （Fiction/Entertainment） （提名） Andy Collins 英国电影学院奖（BAFTA TV Award） 2000 Best Editing （Fiction/Entertainment） （提名） Philip Kloss 艾美奖 2000 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie （提名）玛吉·史密斯 Royal Television Society, UK（RTS Television Award） 2000 Best Tape Film Editing - Drama Philip Kloss
大卫 科波菲尔（英国1999年 西蒙 寇提斯执导电影）
老友记 配角名单
Sasha Alexander...............The Interviewer [8.19]
Kristian Alfonso..............Hope Brady [6.15]
Charles Thomas Allen & John Christopher Allen.....Ben [2.20][2.24][3.04][3.08][4.05][4.18][5.11][5.18]
Richard Branson...............The Vendor [4.23]
Steffani Brass................Melinda [8.01]
Andy Brewster.................The Guy In The Library [7.07]
Mongo Brownlee................The Instructor [6.17]
Leesa Bryte...................Leslie [1.04]
Dan Bucatinsky................The Waiter [9.05]
Brian Buckner.................Office Worker #2 (Gerston) [1.22]
Alexis Arquette...............The Waiter In Drag [7.22]
David Arquette................Malcolm [3.03]
Lex Arquette..................The Customer [6.13]
LesBrown美国励志师莱恩·布朗英文名言
LesBrown美国励志师莱恩·布朗英文名言1. “Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears.”— Les Brown, Motivational Speaker「太多人没有去实践他们的梦想，因为他们去实践恐惧。
」2. “What is it that you’re going to do differently? In order to do something you’ve never done, you have to become someone you’ve never been.”「你打算做什么改变？为了做你从没做过的事，你必须成为另外一个人。
」3. You don't get in life what you want ,You get in life what you are你不能得到你想要的生活，你只能得到你应该得到的生活。
4. Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you’ll land among the stars.如果你瞄准月亮,即使迷失也是落在星辰之间。
5. If you fall down, try to fall on your back, because if you can look up, you can get up如果你倒下了，一定要脸朝上，因为这样你能向上看，也就可以重新站起来6. You must remain focused on your journey to greatness.– Les Brown你必须时刻保持行走在通往卓越的旅程上——莱斯·布朗7. It’s better to be prepared for anopportunity and not have one, than to have anopportunity and not be prepared.做好了准备却没有机会要比机会来临而没有准备更好8. You are the only real obstacle in your path to a fulfilling life在通往美好生活的道路上，唯一的障碍就是你自己。
宝石汇总
长石、碧玺、方柱石、橄榄石、锆石、海蓝宝、红柱石、红宝石、金绿宝石、辉石、尖晶石、堇青石、蓝宝石、磷灰石、绿帘石、绿柱石、石榴石、水晶、托帕石、托帕石、祖母绿、黝帘石
有机宝石（共8个）
贝壳
玳瑁
硅化木
琥珀
煤精
珊瑚
象牙
珍珠
贵金属（共4个）
金
银
铂
钯
稀少宝石（共19个）
矽线石、蓝晶石、鱼眼石、天蓝石、符山石、硼铝镁石、塔菲石、蓝锥石、重晶石、
48-51莱索托(Lesotho)
“莱索托一”（Lesotho-1）
“莱索托二”(Lesotho-2）
“莱索托三”(Lesotho-3）
“莱索托四”（Lesotho-4）
52.自由战士(Liberator1)
53.小型圣西(Litter Sancy)
54.保斯（Major Bowes）
55.马克西米连（Maximilian）
82.塞拉纳窝第一（Sierra Leone1）
83.阿肯色之星（Star of Arkansas）
84.艾而斯之星(Star of Este)
85.南非之星(Starof South Africa)
86.东方之星（Star of The EAST)
87.南方之星The Star of the South
再造宝石：再造琥珀、再造绿松石、再造青金石等
塑料
玻璃
陶瓷
钻石
百颗名钻：
1.阿姆斯特丹The Amsterdam
2.黑色欧罗夫(The Black Orlov)
3六月比奥利(briolette of june)
4.兰色宾士域（Brunswick Blue）
《财务会计理论》scott英文参考文献
【英文教学参考书】⑴AICPA,1994,"Improving Business Reporting:A Customs Focus".⑵FASB,2001,"Improving Business Reporting:Insights into Enhancing Voluntary Disclosures".⑶Storey and Teague,1995,"Foundation of Accounting Theory and Policy",The Dryden Press.⑷Previts and Merino,1979,"A History of Accounting in American",John Wilet&Son Press.⑸Scott,1997,"Financial Accounting Theory",Prentice-Hall Publishing Company..⑺Upton,2001,"Business and Financial Reporting,Challenges from The New Economy",FASB.⑻Zeff and Dharan,1994,"Readings and Notes on Financial Accounting:Issues and Controversies", McGraw-Hill Company.外文经典文献：Watts , Ross , and Jerold L. Zimmerman. Toward a Positive Theory of Determination of Accounting standards .The Accounting review (Jan 1978)Watts , Ross , and Jerold L. Zimmerman. Positive Accounting Theory: A Ten Year Perspective. The Accounting review (Jan 1990)Sorter , George H. An Event Approach to Basic Accounting Theory . The Accounting review (Jan 1969)Wallman,1995.9,1996.6,1996.12,1997.6,"The Future of Accounting and Financial Reporting " (I ,II,III,IV),Accounting Horizon.Jenson ,M.C. , and W.H. Meckling . Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure . Journal of financial economics (Oct .1976)Robert sprouse “developing a concept framework for financial reporting” Accounting Review, 1988(12) Schuetze ,,Walter P.”what is an Asset ?” Accountinghorizons,1993(9)Samuelson ,Richard A. ,”The concept of Assets in Accounting Theory” Accounting horizons,1996(9)AAA ,”American Accounting Association on Accounting and Auditing Measurement:1989-1990” Accounting Horizons 1991(9)L.Todd Johnson and Kimberley R.Petrone “Is Goodwill an Asset?” Accounting Horizons1998(9)Linsmeier, Thomas J. and Boatsman ,Ja mes R. ,”AAA’s financial accounting standard response to IASC ED60 intangible assets” Accounting Horizons 1998(9)Linsmeier, Thomas J. and Boatsman,JamesR.”Response to IASC ExposureDraft ,’Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’ ” Accoun ting Horizons1998(6)L.Todd Johnson and Robert. Swieringa “derivatives, hedging and comprehensive income” Accounting Horizons 1996(11)Stephen A. .Zeff ,”The Rise of Economics Concequences”, The Journal of Accountancy 1978(12)David Solomons “the FASB’s Conceptual Framework:An Evaluation ” The Journal of Accountancy 1986(6)Paul Miller , “Conceptual Framework:Myths or Realities” The Journal of Accountancy 1985(3)Part I Financial Accounting TheorySuggested Bedtime Readings:1. C.J. Lee, Lecture Note on Accounting and Capital Market2. R. Watts and J. Zimmerman: Positive Accounting Theory3. W. Beaver: Revolution of Financial ReportingAlthough these three books are relatively "low-tech" in comparison with the reading assignments, but they provide much useful institutional background to the course. Moreover, these books give a good survey of accounting literature, especially in the empirical area.1. Financial Information and Asset Market Equilibrium*Grossman, S. and J. Stiglitz, "On the Impossibility of Informationally EfficientMarkets," American Economic Review (1980), 393-408.*Diamond, D. and R. Verrecchia, "Information Aggregation in a Noisy Rational Expectations Economy," Journal of Financial Economics, (1981), 221-35.*Milgrom, P. "Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications," Bell Journal of Economics, (1981): 380-91.Grinblatt, M. and S. Ross, "Market Power in a Securities Market with Endogenous Information," Quarterly Journal of Economics, (1985), 1143-67.2. Financial Disclosure* Verrecchia, R. "Discretionary Disclosure," Journal of Accounting and Economics (1983),179-94.2Dye, R., "Proprietary and Nonproprietary Disclosure," Journal of Business, 59 (1986), 331-66.Dye, R., "Mandatory Versus Voluntary Disclosures: The Cases of Financial and Real Externalities," Accounting Review, (1990), 1-24.Bhushan, R., "Collection of Information About Public Traded Firms: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Economics and Accounting, (1989), 183-206.Diamond, D. "Optimal Release of Information by Firms," Journal of Economic Theory (1985), 1071-94.Verrecchia, R. "Information Quality and Discretionary Disclosure," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1990.Trueman, B. "Theories of Earnings-announcement Timing," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 13 (1990), 1-17.Joh, G. and C. J. Lee "Timing of Financial Disclosure in Oligopolies," mimeo.* Joh, G. and C. J. Lee "Stock Market Reactions to Accounting Information in Oligopoly," Journal of Business, 1992.Darrough, M.N. and N.M. Stoughton, "Financial Disclosure Policy in an Entry Game," Journal of Accounting and Economics, (1990), 219-243.Wagenhofer, A. "Voluntary Disclosure with a Strategic Opponent," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 12 (1990), 341-363.Chang, C. and C.J. Lee, "Information Acquisition as a Business Strategy," Southern Economic Journal, 1992.Chang, C. and C.J. Lee, "Optimal Pricing Strategy in Marketing Research Consulting," International Economic Review, May 1994.Chang, C. and C.J. Lee, "Selling Proprietary Information to Rivaling Clients," mimeo.3. Earnings Manipulation and Accounting Choice* Watts, R. and J. Zimmerman,"Toward a Positive Theory of the Determination ofAccounting Standards," Accounting Review, January 1978, pp.112-34.*Healy, P.M. "The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions" Journal of Accounting and Economics, April 1985, 85-108.*Chen, K. and C.J. Lee, "Executive Bonus Plans and Accounting Trade-off: The Case of the 3Oil and Gas Industry, 1985-86," Accounting Review, January, 1995.*Lee, C.J. and D. Hsieh, "Choice of Inventory Accounting Methods: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses," Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn 1985.*Lee, C.J. and C.R. Petruzzi, "Inventory Accounting Switch and Uncertainty", Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn 1989.*Chau, D. and C.J. Lee, “Big Bath and Dress Up in the Process of Chapter 11 Restructuring,” working paper.*Aharony, J., C.J. Lee, and T.J. Wong, “Financial Packaging of IPO Firms in China” Journal of Accounting Research, Spring 2000.Gu, Z. and C.J. Lee, “How Widespread is Earnings Management? A Measurement Based on Seasonal Heteroscedasticity.” working paperGu, Z. and C.J. Lee, “Cross-sectional Heteroscedasticity of Accounting Accruals,” working paper.Holthausen, R.W. and R.W. Leftwich, "The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring," Journal of Accounting and Economics, August 1983, PP. 77-118.Moyer, S.E. "Capital Adequacy Ratio Regulations and Accounting Choices in Commercial banks," Journal of Accounting and Economics, (1990), 123-154.Blacconiere, W.G., R.M. Bowen, S.E. Sefcik, and C.H. Stinson, "Determinants of the Use of Regulatory Accounting Principles by Savings and Loans," Journal of Accounting and Economics, (1991) 167-202.Hand, J.R.M. and P.J. Hughes, and S.E. Sefcik, "Insubstance Defeasances," Journal of Accounting and Economics, (1990), 47-89.Duke, J.C. and H.G. Hunt III, "An Empirical Examination of Debt Covenant Restrictions and Accounting-Related Debt Proxies," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 12 (1990), 45-64.Malmquist, D.H., "Efficient Contracting and the Choice of Accounting Method in the Oil and Gas Industry," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 12 (1990), 173-207.Holthausen, R.W., "Accounting Method Choice: Opportunistic Behavior, Efficient Contracting, and Information Perspectives," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 12 (1990), 207-218.Watts, R. L. and J. L. Zimmerman, Positive Accounting Theory, Prentice Hall, 1985, Chapters 7-15.44. Measurement and Valuation Role of Accounting*Ball, R. and P. Brown, “Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers,” Journal of Accounting Research, 1968.*Lee, C.J. and A. Li, “Risk, Contrarian Strategies, and Analysts’ Over-reaction: A Study of B/M and E/P Anomaly in Cross-sectional Returns.” Working Paper.Lee, C.J. "Inventory Accounting and Earnings/Price Ratios: A Puzzle," Contemporary Accounting Research, Fall, 1988.Chen, K. and C.J. Lee, "Accounting Measurement of Economic Performance and Tobin's q Theory," Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance, Spring, 1995.Gu, Z. and C.J. Lee, "Co-integration and Test of Present Value Model: A Revisit," mimeo.Ghosh, A. and C.J. Lee, "Accounting Information and Market Valuation of Takeover Premium," Financial Management, Forthcoming* Joh, G. and C. J. Lee "Stock Market Reactions to Accounting Information in Oligopoly," Journal of Business, 1992.Part II Managerial Accounting5. Agency Theory*Holmstrom, B. "Moral Hazard and Observability," Bell Journal of Economics, (1979), 74-91Rogerson, "The First Order Approach to Principal-Agent Problems," Econometrica, March 1985.*Jesen, M. and W. Meckling, "Theory of the Firm, Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure," Journal of Financial Economcs, (1976), 305-60.*Grossman, S. and O. Hart, "An Analysis of the Principal-Agent Problem," Econometrica, (1983), 7-46.Holmstrom, B. "Moral Hazard in Teams," Bell Journal of Economics, (1982), 224-40.Milgrom, P. and J. Roberts, "Relying on the Information of Interested Parties," The Rand Journal of Economics, (1986), 18-32.Malcomson, J. "Rank-order Contract for a Principal with Many Agents," Review of Eonomic Studies, (1986), 807-817.Lambert, R. "Long-term Contracts and Moral Hazard," Bell Journal of Economics, (1983),5.441-452.Malcomson, J. and F. Spinnewyn, "The Multiperiod Principal-Agent Problem," Review of Economic Studies, (1988), 391-408.6. Theory of Firm and Organization*Coase, R.H. "The Nature of the Firm," Economica, (1937), 386-405.*Alchian, A.A. "Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory," Journal of Political Economy,(1950), 211-21.*Alchian, A.A. and H. Demsetz, "Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization," American Economic Review, (1972), 777-795.* Sah, R. and J. Stiglitz, "The Architecture of Economic Systems: Hierarchies and Polyarchies," American Economic Review (1986), 716-727Aoki, M. "Horizontal vs. Vertical Information Structure of the Firm," American Economic Review (1986), 971-983.Tirole, J. "Hierarchies and Bureaucracies," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization (1986), 181-214.Christensen, J. "Communication in Agencies," Bell Journal of Economics, (1981), 661-674.Grossman, S. and O. Hart, "The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Horizontal Integration," Journal of Political Economy, (1986), 691-719.Mookherjee, D. "Optimal Incentive Schemes with Many Agents," Review of Economic Studies (1984), 433-46.Demski, J. and D. Sappington, "Optimal Incentives with Multiple Agents," Journal of Economic Theory (1984), 152-71.Holmstrom, B. and J. Tirole, "The Theory of the Firm," in Handbook of Industrial Organization, 1990.Williamson, O. Markets and Hierarchies, 1975Williamson, O. The Economic Institution of Capitalism, 1985, Ch.6, 9, 11.7. Accounting and Internal Control*Demski, J. and D. Sappington, "Hierarchical Structure and Responsibility Accounting," Journal of Accounting Research, 1989.6*Coase, R.H., "Accounting and the Theory of Firm," Journal of Accounting and Economics, (1990), 3-13.Jordan, J., "The Economics of Accounting Information Systems," American Economic Review, 1989.Antle, R. and J. Fellingham, "Resource Rationing and Oganizational Slack in aTwo-Period Model," Journal of Accounting Research, (1990) 1-24.Demski, J., J. Patell, and M. Wolfson, "Decentralized Choice of Monitoring Systems," Accounting Review, (1984), 16-34.Penno, M. "Accounting Systems, Participation in Budgeting, and Performance Evaluation," Accounting Review, (1990), 303-314.Melumed, N.D. and S. Reichelstein, "Centralized vesus Delegation and the Value of Communication," Journal of Accounting Research, (1987 Supplement), 1-21.8. Field Studies of Management Accounting*Baiman, S., D.F. Larcker, and M.V. Rajan, "Organizational Design for Business Units," Journal of Accounting Research, 33 (Autumn 1995): 205-231.Lee, C.J. “Financial Restructuring of State-owned Enterprises in China: The Case of Shanghai Sunve Co.” Accounting, Organization and Society, fo rthcoming.Part 3. Auditing and Accounting Regulation9. Role of Auditing*R.A. Dye, B.V. Balachandran, and R.P. Magee, "Contingent Fees for Audit Firms," Journal of Accounting Research, (1990), 239-266.*L. DeAngelo, "Auditor Independence, 'Low Balling,' and Disclosure Regulation," Journal of Accounting and Economics, (1981), 113-27.*Lee, C.J. and Z. Gu, " Low Balling, Legal Liability and Auditor Independence,” Accounting Review, 1998.Magee, R.P. and M. Tseng, "Audit Pricing and Independence," Accounting Review, (1990), 315-336.Datar, S., G.A. Feltham, and J.S. Hughes, "The Role of Audits and Audit Quality in Valuing New Issues," Journal of Accounting and Economics, (1991), 3-50.7Penno, M. "Auditing for Performance Evaluation," Accounting Review, (1990),520-536.Melumad, N.D. and L. Thoman, "On Auditors and the Courts in an Adverse Selection Setting," Journal of Accounting Research, (1990) 77-120.Baiman, S., J.H. Evans III, and N.J. Nagarajan, "Collusion in Auditing," Journal of Accounting Research, (1991), 1-18.10. Financial Accounting Standards*Dye, R. and R.E. Verrecchia, "Discretion vs. Uniformity: Choices Among GAAP," Accounting Review, July 1995, 389-415.Farrell, J. and G. Saloner, "Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation," Rand Journal of Economics. 16 (Spring 1985): 70-83.*Lev, B. "Toward a Theory of Equitable and Efficient Accounting Policy," Accounting Review, January 1988.11. The Market of CPAs*Dye, R. "Incorporation and the Audit Market," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19 (1995): 75-114.*Lee, C.J., C. Liu, and T. Wang, “The 150 Hours Rule,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1999.Liu, C., C.J. Lee, and T. Wang, “Human Capital, Auditor Independence, and Legal Liability,” working paper.Riodan, M. and D. Sappington, "Information, Incentives, and Organizational Mode,"Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102 (1987): 243-264.*Gigler, F. and M. Penno, "Imperfect Competition in Audit Markets and its Effects on the Demand for Audit-Related Services," Accounting Review, 70 (April 1995):317-336.。
马修·帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变
㊀2024年第1期No.1㊀2024四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)Journal of Sichuan University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition )总第250期Sum No.250ɦ历史学研究ɦ马修·帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变陈志坚摘㊀要:13世纪中后期,英格兰本笃修士马修㊃帕里斯及其后继者在圣奥尔本斯修道院创作了一系列行程地图㊂这些地图原是编年史抄本序章中的一部分,不仅包括自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的分段路线图,还包含作为此行程出发地与目的地 不列颠与巴勒斯坦的区域地图㊂长期以来,研究者多以传统的宗教进路来解读这些行程地图,视其为一种精神的朝圣之旅,认为作者旨在为那些不能亲临圣地的修士开启一次通往天上耶路撒冷的富有想象力的旅程㊂然而,以抄本古文字学与古抄本学方法考察这些行程地图可发现,它们不仅在外观上呈现出与传统基督教地图迥然不同的特征,还在很大程度上呼应了金雀花王朝统治者扩张领土以建立帝国的野心与欲求㊂不仅如此,基于新近复兴的古典地理学知识,这些行程地图的实用性㊁精确性与科学性也在一定程度上得到增强㊂关键词:马修㊃帕里斯;世界之布;行程地图;中世纪;世界观中图分类号:K561.32㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1006-0766(2024)01-0129-14作者简介:陈志坚,首都师范大学历史学院教授(北京㊀100089)①㊀Simon Lloyd and Rebecca Reader, Paris,Matthew (c.1200-1259),Historian,Benedictine Monk,and Polymath, in H.C.G.Matthew and Brian Harrison,eds.,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography :From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000,vol.42,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004,p.622.②㊀Richard Vaughan, The Handwriting of Matthew Pairs, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society ,vol.1,no.5(1953),p.389;Richard Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1958,pp.236-243;Suzanne Lewis,The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora ,Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.321-323;Evelyn Edson,Mapping Time and Space :How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World ,London:The BritishLibrary,1997,pp.118-120.13世纪的英格兰本笃修士马修㊃帕里斯(Matthew Paris)是一位历史学家,其本职工作是为其所属的圣奥尔本斯修道院(St Albans Abbey)创作一部编年史,即为后人所熟知的‘大编年史“(Chronica Maiora )㊂除此之外,马修还是一名地图制作者,他先后绘制了4种包含伦敦至阿普利亚(Apulia)的路线图(以下简称 路线图 )以及巴勒斯坦区域地图㊁不列颠区域地图在内的行程地图(以下简称 行程地图 )㊂马修的这些地图 具有重要意义,这并不是因为它们所具有的时代影响力,而是因为它们的独创性,马修正在尝试他那个时代不为人知的制图理念,而且这些制图理念在当时还没有被普遍理解 ㊂①在马修生活的年代,体现基督教宗教理念的T -O 地图居于主导地位,势头正盛㊂与之相比,马修的地图在基本方向㊁实用性与精确性方面呈现出极大的创新性㊂从某种意义上来说,马修是一名早熟的制图者,其地图所呈现的先进制图理念一直处于领先地位,直到中世纪末期波特兰海图(portolan chart)的诞生㊂自吉尔森于1928年将马修绘制的4种不列颠地图制版刊行以来,学者对于这些不列颠地图以及与之密切相关的行程地图给予了广泛关注㊂研究者首先对于行程地图的创作者及创作时间进行初步探讨并普遍认可抄本古文字学家理查德㊃沃恩通过分析马修的字体得出的结论,即认为 这些行程地图均是圣奥尔本斯修道院修士马修及其后继者创作的 ㊂②马修不仅是一位出色的编年史家,还是一921四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期位杰出的抄本缩微图画家,他在绘制抄本缩微图㊁地图㊁人物画像时擅长用稀释颜料对深色墨水勾勒的草图进行着色以制造一种水洗的效果,从而开创了一种 着色绘画 (tinted drawings)的风格㊂正因如此,在后来的艺术史中,这一类型的彩色绘画往往被称为 圣奥尔本斯流派 (School of St Albans)或 马修㊃帕里斯流派 (School of Matthew Paris)㊂有学者以绘画风格为标准对行程地图进行研究,也印证了沃恩的上述结论㊂①另外,行程地图的来源也从一个侧面佐证了上述观点 它们大都来自马修及其后继者所编纂的编年史抄本之中,部分来自圣奥尔本斯修道院官方文献汇编或者马修最好的合作伙伴兼衣钵继承人沃灵福德的约翰(John of Wallingford)的札记簿㊂②然而,在上述一致的观点之外,学者在很多问题上仍存疑问㊂例如,行程地图中包含的小单元,如路线图㊁不列颠区域地图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图,是独立的存在,抑或是一个有机的整体?马修及其后继者绘制这些行程地图的意义何在?它们又反映了制图者的何种观念?早期研究者倾向于否认路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图与不列颠地图之间的联系,认为它们只是因为抄本装帧而被偶然并置,彼此之间并无必然联系㊂例如,沃恩以及更早的研究者比兹利就持这种观点㊂③不仅如此,早期研究者还倾向于认为,行程地图与编年史插图具有同样的功能,是作者为了阐释㊁说明编年史文本而制作,目的是将编年史中提到的城市㊁城镇㊁河流㊁山脉等等风物具象化㊁空间化,从而帮助阅读者更好地理解编年史㊂持这一观点的主要有苏珊娜㊃刘易斯与伊芙琳㊃埃德森㊂④进入21世纪以来,研究者有了两类新发现㊂其一,学者逐渐认识到,路线图与区域地图并非编年史的附属物,编年史中所提及的很多地名如耶路撒冷㊁阿卡与开罗等,与地图上的地名并无一一对应关系㊂换言之,绘制地图并非为了向读者展示上述地名所在的位置,在很大程度上,路线图㊁区域地图与编年史是一种平行关系㊂⑤其二,学者通过进一步研究发现了路线图与区域地图之间的联系㊂例如,在阿普利亚地图的左上角,马修标记了如下文字: 此为通过阿普利亚去往阿克的路线㊂ 再如,在不列颠地图中也隐藏着伦敦与多佛之间的路线图,这在很大程度上可被视为路线图中的英格兰部分㊂再如,在西西里岛的最末端一个叫特拉帕尼(Trapes)的地方,马修标注道: 理查德伯爵从圣地返回时曾经过这里㊂ ⑥这些发现让绝大多数学者相信,路线图与区域地图之间存在联系,并构成一个有机的整体㊂以此为基础,学者开始构建这些路线图与区域地图的整体性意义㊂丹尼尔㊃康诺利提出了 想象的朝圣 的概念,认为路线图㊁巴勒斯坦地图与不列颠地图构成了一套完整的行程地图,从而为那些不能离开圣奥尔本斯修道院远行的修士打造了一次精神的朝圣之旅㊂康诺利还指出,这种行程地图与修道院回廊中所绘制的朝圣图有异曲同工之妙,但前者效果更佳,因为修士在阅读中自然会用手去翻动书叶,然后目光跟着路线图上下移动,口中默念着地图中的说明文字㊂到达阿普利亚所在叶面时,修士还可通过操作可折叠的侧翼,想象着后续的海上路线㊂如此一来,修士的手㊁眼㊁心㊁口等身体部位将会深度参与这一想象的朝圣之旅,从而在更大程度上营造出身临其境的031①②③④⑤⑥M.R.James, The Drawings of Matthew Paris, The Walpole Society ,vol.14(1925-1926),pp.1-26.有证据表明,沃灵福德的约翰曾对一幅从马修那里获得的不列颠地图增补了系列内容,参见Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.243;也有学者指出,Royal 抄本中的不列颠地图D 很有可能是马修的后继者为了呼应爱德华一世对苏格兰的领土主张而制作,参见Daniel K.Connolly, Copying Maps by Matthew Paris:Itinerary Fit for A King, in Palmira Brummett,ed.,The Book of Travels :Genre ,Ethnology ,and Pilgrimage ,1250-1700,Leiden:Brill,2009,pp.196-199.Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.247;C.R.Beazley,The Dawn of Modern Geography :A History of Exploration and Geographical Science from the Close of the Ninth to the Middle of the Thirteenth Century c .900-1260,vol.2,London:Henry Frowde,Amen Corner,1901,p.588.Lewis,The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora ,pp.324-325;Edson,Mapping Time and Space ,pp.123-124.P.D.A.Harvey,Medieval Maps of the Holy Land ,London:The British Library,2012,pp.74-75.Katharine Breen, Returning Home from Jerusalem:Matthew Paris ̓s First Map of Britain in Its Manuscript Context, Representations ,vol.89,no.1(Winter 2005),pp.73,77.陈志坚:马修㊃帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变2024年第1期氛围㊂①凯瑟琳㊃布林则更进一步,将往往被置于最后的不列颠区域地图理解为朝圣行程的返程部分,从而构建了一个更加完整的朝圣行程㊂②尽管在中世纪基督教制图观念占主导地位的大背景下,以精神朝圣的思路理解行程地图颇有阐释力,但仍无法完整地解释其中的一些元素,特别是相对于主流的基督教制图观念而言颇具创新性的部分,诸如:路线图以南为上,不列颠地图以北为上的朝向;路线图中精确标注里程的条状直线;对南意大利的关注程度远远胜过罗马;在巴勒斯坦地图中,对阿克城墙㊁城堡等军事防御设施描述的详细程度远远胜过耶路撒冷;4种不列颠区域地图自身存在的差异及流变等㊂近年来,有学者已意识到这些问题,并开始尝试在宗教观念之外的政治㊁历史语境中解读行程地图㊂如维多利亚㊃莫尔斯注意到地图的政治用途在13世纪的英国得到长足发展,并认为马修的路线图与区域地图在一定程度上展示了地图作为统治和知识象征的力量,或许正是在此意义上,西西里和阿克分别在南意大利与巴勒斯坦区域地图中被重点强调㊂③丹尼尔㊃伯克霍尔茨追溯了亨利三世与爱德华一世对地图的兴趣,并认为他们很有可能利用地图体现其对领土与权力的野心㊂④康诺利的最新研究表明,Royal 抄本中的不列颠地图D 实际上呼应了爱德华一世对苏格兰领土的主张㊂⑤由此可见,近年来学者的研究虽然开启了一个全新的研究路径,但相关研究成果或失之于简,仅是一个初步的判断;或无意做整体性探讨,仅涉及问题的一个方面㊂笔者拟以抄本古文字学(paleography)与古抄本学(codicology)方法考察马修绘制的行程地图,以期在梳理传统基督教制图观念的基础上揭示其全新的制图理念,并尝试评估金雀花王朝的政治诉求于此过程中所扮演的角色㊂一㊁马修㊃帕里斯其人及其行程地图马修㊃帕里斯,亦称巴黎人马修(Matthew the Parisian),出生于1200年左右,并于1217年进入圣奥尔本斯修道院成为一名本笃会修士㊂圣奥尔本斯修道院于公元793年由麦西亚国王奥法(Offa)捐资修建,到马修生活的年代,也已存在400余年㊂该修道院不仅具有悠久的历史,更以其撰史传统而闻名,这在很大程度上得益于其与王室的密切关系㊂1236年,马修继承了该修道院编年史家温多弗的罗杰(Roger of Wendover)的衣钵,就此开始了其撰史生涯㊂在马修领衔撰史期间,修道院与王室的关系变得更为密切㊂不仅国王亨利三世经常到访修道院,马修也经常被邀请参加宫廷重要活动㊂据记载,亨利三世曾于1244至1257年间先后8次到访修道院,每次都捐赠大量布帛㊁财物㊂1251年,亨利三世到访时送给修道院3块丝绸布料,并且还特意询问马修他已向修道院捐赠了多少块丝绸布料,以及修道院是否已遵照他的命令,在这些丝绸布料上都写上 英王亨利三世捐 字样㊂国王得到的答案是31块,而且没有其他国王捐过如此之多㊂不仅如此,马修还与亨利三世保持着良好的个人关系,常常出入宫廷,有资格与国王共桌就餐㊁亲密交谈,甚至可以当面向国王抱怨其遭遇的不公㊂另外,国王还是马修的赞助人,曾亲自委托他撰写‘忏悔者爱德华生平“一书㊂1247年,在威斯敏斯特大厅举行的一场盛大仪式上,亨利三世发现了马修,特地让他坐在自己身边,并要求他记录当日发生之事㊂随后,国王还邀请马修共进晚餐㊂1257年,马修在国王的宫廷里逗留了一周,在此131①②③④⑤Daniel K.Connolly, Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris, The Art Bulletin ,vol.81,no.4(1999),pp.598-599;Daniel K.Connolly,The Maps of Matthew Paris :Medieval Journeys through Space ,Time and Liturgy ,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2009,pp.1-2.Breen, Returning Home from Jerusalem, pp.63,87.Victoria Morse, The Role of Maps in Later Medieval Society:Twelfth to Fourteenth Century, in David Woodward,ed.,The History of Cartography ,vol .3,Cartography in the European Renaissance ,Part 1,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2007,pp.35,39,41-42.Daniel Birkholz,The King ̓s Two Maps :Cartography and Culture in Thirteenth-Century England ,New York &London:Routledge,2004,pp.12-13.Connolly, Copying Maps by Matthew Paris, pp.196-199.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期期间与国王形影不离,无论国王 在餐桌边,在宫殿里,还是在房间里 ,由此,他从国王那里获得了大量信息㊂①遵循着圣奥尔本斯修道院的撰史传统,并基于不断从宫廷中获得的第一手资料,马修写出了大量历史著作㊂在马修撰写的史著中,‘大编年史“与‘英吉利人史“(Historia Anglorum )最负盛名㊂从著述体例上讲,前者属于普遍史,涵盖自创世至1259年的世界历史,是马修在温多弗的罗杰所著编年史‘历史之花“(Flores Historiarum )的基础之上编纂而成的㊂后者则属于专门史,侧重讲述英吉利人的历史,其绝大部分史料来源于‘大编年史“,实际上是‘大编年史“中与英吉利人相关史料的汇编本㊂除此之外,马修后来还在‘英吉利人史“的基础上推出一个更加简略的版本,名为‘英吉利人史简编“(Abbreuiatio Compendiosa Chronicorum Anglie )㊂本文所涉及的行程地图便主要来自这几部著作的序章部分㊂但不幸的是,这些著作均未能以其原始的形制完整地流传下来,而是在不断被拆分㊁重组㊁装帧的过程中形成了新的抄本,并由不同的图书馆收藏㊂同样地,行程地图在此过程中亦难免被拆分㊁重组的命运,并最终以零散的状态分处于几个新抄本中㊂马修的‘大编年史“是一部三卷本史书,现分处于三个不同的抄本中㊂其第一卷涵盖自创世至1188年的历史,可见于剑桥大学基督圣体学院所藏引证号为Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 026的抄本之中(以下简称MS 026抄本)㊂该抄本的序章部分涵盖一套相对完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图1),包括自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图以及巴勒斯坦区域地图,但缺少不列颠区域地图㊂②其第二卷涵盖自1189至1253年的历史,可见于剑桥大学基督圣体学院所藏引证号为Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 016的抄本之中(以下简称MS 016抄本)㊂该抄本中的行程地图(以下简称行程地图2)包含不完整的自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图以及一幅不列颠区域地图(以下简称地图B)㊂③其中,路线图仅残留自蓬特雷莫利(Pontremoli)至南意大利阿普利亚的部分㊂不仅如此,所有这些地图在MS 016抄本中均以半叶的形式存在㊂④其第三卷涵盖1254至1259年的历史,可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Royal MS 14C.VII 的抄本中(以下简称Royal 抄本)㊂该抄本序章部分包含一套完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图3),包括伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图以及不列颠区域地图(以下简称地图D)㊂除了‘大编年史“第三卷,Royal 抄本中还包含马修的‘英吉利人史“㊂⑤二者在很大程度上共享抄本前面的序章部分㊂除此之外,在一部名为‘增补册“(Liber Additamentorum )的圣奥尔本斯修道院自用文献中,还存有一套不完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图4),它仅包含自伦敦至那不勒斯的路线图,可见于大英图书馆藏引证号为Cotton MS Nero D.I 的抄本(以下简称Nero 抄本)㊂⑥行程地图4虽然在风格上与行程地图1㊁2㊁3类似,但在形式和内容方面均相对简略,没有采用常规的一叶两栏形制,而是一叶三栏且忽略所有支线行程,仅绘制主线行程,很有可能是马修在正式绘制行程地图1㊁2㊁3之前的构思草图,后来作为备用资料被收录进修道院自用文献‘增补册“中,与修道院创始人‘奥法生平“(Vitae duorum Offarum )㊁‘历任修道院长生平“(Gesta Abbatum )等文献并列㊂不仅如此,马231①②③④⑤⑥David Carpenter,Henry III :The Rise to Power and Personal Rule ,1207-1258,New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2020,pp.171,454,521,541,551,615,715,521,399,403.Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 026,fols.ir -ivv.1928年,吉尔森(J.P.Gilson)汇集了马修绘制的与其行程地图相关的4张不列颠地图,并将其制成彩色图版出版㊂在该书中,吉尔森将4张地图简称为:地图A㊁地图B㊁地图C㊁地图D,笔者在本文中沿用这一约定俗成的简称㊂参见J.P.Gilson,ed.,Four Maps of Great Britain Designed by Matthew Paris about A.D.1250,Produced from Three Manuscripts in the British Museum and One at Corpus Christi College ,Cambridge ,London:Printed by Order of the Trustees,Sold at the British Museum and by Bernard Quaritch,Ltd,1928,p.3.2003年,基督圣体学院图书馆又对MS 016号抄本进行了重新装帧㊂此时,该抄本又被分为上下两册,抄本前面的序章部分单独装订成册,并被命名为MS 016I,后面的正文部分单独成册,并被命名为MS 016II㊂正文中所述行程地图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图及不列颠地图部分,参见Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 016I,fols.iiir -ivv.Royal MS 14C.VII,fols.157r -231r,2r -5v,8v -156v,British Library,London.Cotton MS Nero D.I,fols.183v -184r,British Library,London.陈志坚:马修㊃帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变2024年第1期修绘制的另外两种不列颠地图明显也与行程地图密切相关,但由于种种原因已被单独装订在其他抄本中:其一,在马修以其‘英吉利人史“为基础缩编而成的‘英吉利人史简编“的序章部分,存在一幅马修绘制的不列颠地图(以下简称地图A),可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Cotton MS Claudius D.VI 的抄本中(以下简称Claudius 抄本)㊂①该地图与布鲁图斯(Brutus)至亨利三世的系列国王画像,以及自阿尔弗雷德大帝至亨利三世国王世系图等重要文件并列,共同构成抄本的序章部分;其二,在马修后继者沃灵福德的约翰曾拥有的一本札记簿中,亦存在一幅不列颠地图(以下简称地图C),可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Cotton MS Julius D.VII 的抄本中(以下简称Julius 抄本)㊂②该地图明显是由马修绘制,但从其所用色彩及内容看,仍属于较为初级的草图㊂沃灵福德的约翰肯定是从某种途径获得了这张地图并对其进行了一系列改造,包括继续在地图上标注地名,以及在地图背面空白处书写文字㊂最后,他还将该地图两次折叠后与其札记簿装帧在一起㊂该札记簿的核心内容是沃灵福德的约翰摘抄的系列编年史史料,主要摘自马修的‘大编年史“,在一定程度上反映了他向马修学习撰写编年史的实践㊂③二㊁世界之布:中世纪基督教主流制图观念中世纪的地图一般被称作 Mappamundi ㊂其中, mappa 一词在中世纪拉丁语中意为 桌布 或 餐巾 ,可意译为 地图 ;④而 mundi 则是 mundus 一词的拉丁文属格单数形式,意思是 世界的 (of the world)㊂如此一来,具有 世界地图 之意的 Mappamundi 一词其实可直译为 世界之布 ㊂这个词语在古典时代晚期的拉丁语中从来没有被使用过,彼时用来描述地图的词汇一般是 forma (图形)㊁ figura (图像)㊁ orbispictus (区域图)或者 orbisterrarumdescriptio (区域地理描述)㊂尽管在中世纪,世界之布的称谓是最常见的,但在谈及地图时,人们亦有一些其他的表达形式,如 inmaginesmundi (世界的图像)㊁ pictura (图像)㊁ descriptio (描述)㊁ tabula (图表),甚或赫里福德地图中使用的 estoire (历史)㊂⑤但在上述词汇中, 世界之布 词义最为稳定,自8世纪至中世纪末期一直被用来指代以基督教观念描绘世界的图像或文字㊂迄今为止,计有1100余幅这样的地图幸存了下来,其中大部分可见于中世纪的抄本之中,也有独立存在且尺寸相当大的地图,很可能是作为教堂或修道院的挂图使用,例如外形类似房屋山墙的赫里福德地图(Hereford Map),其最长㊁最宽处分别是1.59米和1.34米,是现存最大的 世界之布 ㊂⑥虽名为地图,但 世界之布 并不像今天的地图一样客观地反映空间的比例与尺寸,亦不能为人们出行提供精确的信息,而是一种集合了时间㊁空间㊁事件㊁概念㊁色彩㊁文本㊁意象等元素的复杂集合体,集中反映了基督教有关 神学㊁宇宙学㊁哲学㊁政治学㊁历史学㊁动物学㊁人种学 等知识的理念,是基督教徒眼中的世界形象㊂⑦一般而言,这些地图具有以下特点:它们不仅比例严重失调,以东为上,还呈现出T -O 的特殊形态;整个版面不仅充斥着自创世之日至末日审判的所有重要的圣经事件,还杂以各式各样的奇幻动物和恐怖种族;作为圣地的耶路撒冷一般被安放在地图中心位置,而末日审判的意象则往往被置于地图顶端,这表明 顶部 (新耶路撒冷)而非 中心 (地331①②③④⑤⑥⑦Cotton MS Claudius D.VI,f.12v,British Library,London.Cotton MS Julius D.VII,fols.50v -53r,British Library,London.Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.243.Jerry Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,New York:Viking Penguin,2013,pp.94-95.David Woodward, Medieval Mappaemundi, in J.B.Harley and David Woodward,eds.,The History of Cartography ,vol .1:Cartography in Prehistoric ,Ancient ,and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean ,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987,p.287.The Hereford Mappa Mundi Trustee Company Ltd,Hereford.Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,p.95.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期上耶路撒冷)才是中世纪朝圣者最终的目的地,也是手持 世界之布 的信徒目光最终驻留的地方;①世界之布不仅是空间的展开,还涉及时间,在地图上自东向西(自上而下)包含着一个从创世到救赎的完整叙事;世界之布虽以基督教神学世界观为核心,但也包含一定程度的古典知识,这是早期教父与古典天文㊁自然㊁地理知识成就达成妥协的结果㊂由此,在以下部分笔者将以T -O 形态㊁以东为上㊁中心与朝圣㊁象征主义意象㊁ 历史 叙事㊁奇幻动物与恐怖种族为重点,以赫里福德地图㊁埃布斯托地图(The Ebstorf Map)㊁②诗篇地图(The Psalter Map)㊁③梭利地图(The Sawley Map)④等中世纪地图为主要案例,撮述 世界之布 的典型特征㊂其一,T -O 形态㊂T -O 形态地图是中世纪最为经典的地图样式,其整体外观呈圆形,看起来像一个巨大的字母O,由此标识出地图的边界,其外围环绕着海洋㊂圆形内部的三大水系整体上呈现为一个巨大的大写字母T 形态,从而将圆形大陆分成三大块㊂T 字母横笔画左侧㊁右侧及竖笔画部分分别代表顿河㊁尼罗河和地中海㊂⑤在由字母O 与T 建构的空间之中,上方的半圆是亚洲,下方位于T 字母竖笔画左右两边的区域则是欧洲和非洲,这三大洲又分别代表诺亚(Noah)的三个儿子闪(Shem)㊁雅弗(Japheth)㊁含(Ham)及其后代最初定居的区域㊂⑥实际上,T -O 地图本身亦是古典文化与中世纪基督教观念相互妥协的产物㊂在古典晚期向中世纪过渡的关键期,部分早期教父如德尔图良(Tertullian)㊁圣西普里安(St Cyprian)和圣安布罗斯(St Ambrose)等都极端敌视古代的学术成就,而与此同时也有一部分早期教父如奥古斯丁(St Augustine)㊁圣哲罗姆(St Jerome)以及圣伊西多尔(Isidore of Seville)等则主张吸收与借鉴古典学术成就㊂例如奥古斯丁就认为, 如果缺乏对天㊁地㊁世界等要素的相关知识,我们就无法更好地理解圣经 ,他还声称, 为了更好地理解神的造物,在研习圣经的时间和历史时,也须了解空间与地理 ㊂圣哲罗姆遵从奥古斯丁的建议,在翻译圣经之余还撰写了一部名为‘地点之书“(Liber locorum )的著作,并在书中给出了巴勒斯坦和亚洲的区域地图㊂⑦圣伊西多尔则在借鉴古典历史学家萨卢斯特(Sallustius)关于三大洲的相关记载的基础上,首次提出了T -O 地图的构想,其著作‘论事物的本质“(De natura rerum )与‘关于词源学的二十卷书“(Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX )被认为是最早包含T -O 地图意象的作品㊂⑧因早期的T -O 地图在本质上只是一种简要的示意图,仅标注三大洲名称或诺亚三个儿子的名字,很少有其他地名,所以其在T -O 地图的整体分类法中也常常被称作是概要性三部分T -O 地图(Schematic Tripartite)㊂8至11世纪,T -O 地图继续吸收来自马克罗比乌斯(Macrobius)和奥罗修斯(Orosius)等古典学者作品中的知识,发展出了非概要性三部分T -O 地图(Nonschematic Tripartite)㊂这一新子类虽仍将有人居住的大陆分成三部分,但并不严格按照T -O 模式绘制,而是按照各部分的历史及其起源进一步细化与划分各自的区域㊂它们通常强调地中海,并倾向于将海岸线绘制成参差不齐的效果㊂⑨总之,T -O 地图是古典知识与中世纪基督教世界观不断融合的结果,早期教父吸收了古典时代学者将有人居住的世界分成三部分的描述,并将其与创世纪中的世界起源观念结合起来,奠定了中世431①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨包慧怡:‘感官地图上的灵魂朝圣之旅 中古英语长诗 珍珠⓪的空间结构“,‘外国文学评论“2007年第2期㊂Kloster Ebstorf,Ebstorf,Germandy (destroyed in 1943,20th replica).Additional MS 28681,f.9r,British Library,London.有时亦称 美茵茨的亨利地图 (Henry of Map),参见Cambridge,Corpus Chisti College,MS 66,p.2.Catherine Delano-Smith, The Intelligent Pilgrim:Maps and Medieval Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in Rosamund Allen,ed.,Eastward Bound :Travel and Travellers ,1050-1550,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2004,pp.110-111;Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,p.105.Saint Bede,On Genesis ,trans.Calvin B.Kendall,Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,2008,p.24;Naomi Reed Kline,Maps of Medieval Thought :The Hereford Paradigm ,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2003,p.13.Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,pp.102-103.Burgerbibliothek,cod.417,f.88v,Bern;Kline,Maps of Medieval Thought ,p.13.Woodward, Medieval Mappaemundi, in Harley and Woodward,eds.,The History of Cartography ,vol .1,pp.343,347.。
国际金融_案例集
《国际金融学》案例集案例1 中轴线公司对欧元的套期保值1999年欧盟开始启用欧元的时候，为航天业生产线路元件的小公司──中轴线（Axis）的老板兼首席执行官迈克尔•琼斯认为以欧元标价向欧洲客户销售产品是个不错的主意。
1998年后期（疑是1999年──译者注），中轴线与两家欧洲航天企业达成了长年提供线路元件的销售协议。
当时的价格是按照1美元=1.18欧元（应是1欧元=1.18美元──译者注）的汇率计算的，欧元汇率比1999年1月欧元刚启用时的要略高。
如琼斯后来所说：“我们多么愚蠢！欧元启动的时候，没有人想到欧元兑美元会迅速下跌。
我们认为欧元兑美元只会在小范围内波动，而以欧元定价最符合我们客户的利益。
”然而，欧元兑美元迅速下跌，并且2000年10月探底至差不多1美元=0.82欧元（应是1欧元=0.82美元──译者注）。
这对于中轴线公司来说，简直是一场灾难。
有一个合同要求中轴线于2000年向欧洲客户提供价值500万欧元的金属配线。
中轴线本期望能够从中以1美元=1.18欧元（应是1欧元=1.18美元──译者注）的汇率获得590万美元的收入（500万欧元×1.18=590万美元）。
公司明白，只要欧元的汇率保持在1美元=1.05欧元（应是1欧元=1.05美元──译者注）之上自己就能够通过这项交易获得不错的利润。
然而，到支付期时，欧元汇率跌到了1美元=0.88欧元（疑是1欧元=0.88美元──译者注），500万欧元的交易使中轴线公司只能得到了440万美元的收入。
中轴线当年由于汇率的不利走势而发生了亏损。
公司的前10位高管人员都被削减了20%的薪金，公司也没有支付从利润中提成的奖金分红，也没有一个员工得到加薪。
为了确保类似的状况不再发生，琼斯在2000年开始积极从事对汇率不利走势的套期保值活动。
为此，中轴线公司进入外汇市场购买了远期外汇（也就是今天签订一个合同约定将来某日以一个事先确定的汇率购买某一种货币。
listen to this 2英语中级听力答案(外语教学与研究出版社)
Lesson 1Section ITask 1: This Is Your Life!A.Choose the best answer (a, b or c) to complete each of the following statements.1—6: caacbaB.True or False Questions.1—6: TFFFFTC.Identification.(1)—(b), (2)—(d), (3)—(f), (4)—(g), (5)—(a), (6)—(c), (7)—(e)plete the following résumé for Jason Douglas.Name: Jason DouglasFormer name: Graham SmithProfession: actorDate of birth: July 2, 19471952: started school1958: moved to Lane End Secondary School1966: went to the London School of Drama1969: left the London School of Drama1973: went to Hollywood1974: were in a movie with Maria MontroseTask 2: What Are Your Ambitions?A.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Radio Station QRX.2.For a survey.3.Four.4.Six.5.(1) What’s your name?(2) What do you do for a living?(3) What do you do for fun?(4) What’s the most exciting thing that’s happened to you recently?(5) Who do you admire most in this world?(6) What do you want to be doing five years from now?B.Fill in the following chart with answers that each interviewee gives to the questions.Section IIA.Choose the best answer (a, b or c) for each of the following questions.1—6: abaccbB.True or False Questions.1—4: FTFFC.Fill in the following chart with information about the journey the Roman army madeaccording to Trevor.Designation: D CompanyNumber of men: one hundred and moreJourney: from France to BritainMeans of transcript: boatWeather conditions: stormyFood: cat foodDrink: rain waterConditions of weapons after landing: uselessFighting: noneEquipment lost or damaged: boat lost, guns full of water, supplies of wine lostSoldiers killed or wounded: about ten survivors, all others drowned or killed by coldD.Point out what is not true in Trevor’s story.The following did not exist in Roman times:petrol, newspaper, matches, trousers, tinned food, taps, guns, wine bottles.50 BC could not appear on a coin. 50-55 BC is counting backwards.E.Fill in the blanks according to what you hear on the tape.1.terrible, stormy, or more of us, shut in, so bad, sick, stuffy.2.pushed up onto the sands, climbed out, jumping into the, struggling to the, up to my shoulder,freezing.3.came and took us away, joined, going into the camp, a hot meal, clean clothes, given our pay.Lesson 2Section ITask1: Film EditingA.True or False Questions.1—4: TFTFB.Fill in the following blanks to give a clear picture of what needs to be done before a film isready for distribution.1. The assistant:a. ―Synching up‖ which means matching sound and pictures according to the numbers stampedalong the edge of the film and sound tape.b. ―Logging‖ which means recording the detail version of the film and the sound in a log book.2. The film editor:a. Make a first selection of the best takes.b. Prepare a ―rough cut‖– an initial version of the film.c. Prepare the ―fine cut‖– the final form of the film.3. Others:a. Approve the fine cut.b. ―Dubbing‖ which means voices, music, background noises and sometimes special effects areput together.c. The ―neg‖cutters cut the original negatives on the film so that these match the edited filmexactly.Task 2: A Vision of the FutureA.Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.1—6: abacccB.True of False Questions.1—4: TFTFC.Fill in the blanks to give a clear picture of the problems New York faces in the movie.1.40 million2.have no apartment, sleep on the steps of the building, crawl over sleeping people to get inside.3.nothing will grow, they never see the sun.4.soylent: soylent red, soylent yellow, and soylent green. 2, soybeans, soylent green, oceanplants.5.90 degree.6.electricity, ride bicycles to make it.Section IITask 1: American IndiansA.Answer the following questions briefly.1.1492.2.He thought that he had arrived in India.3.They were kind to them and wanted to help.4.(1) They wanted bigger farms and more land for themselves; (2) More immigrants came fromEurope.5.It was their mother. Everything came from and went back to their mother. And it was foreverybody.6.They started fighting back.7.By 1875 the Indians had lost the fight and had to live in ―reservations‖.8.The Indians are bad and the White man is good and brave in Hollywood films.B.Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.1—4: acbcTask 2: New AustraliansA.Identification:1.(1)—(d), (2)—(b), (3)—(a), (4)—(c)2.(a) more than 15 million,(b) 160, 000,(c) the year 1851,(d) 700, 000B.True or False questions.1—6: FTFFTTC.Fill in the blanks with events connected with the following time expressions.1.Italiansa.the 1850s and 1860s: Different states in Italy were fighting for independence and someItalians went to Australia for political reasons. Some others went there for gold.b.1891: The first group of 300 Italians went to work in the sugar-cane fields of northernAustralia.c.The end of the 19th century: Some good Italian fishermen went to western Australia.2.Greeksa.1830: The first Greeks went to work in vineyards in south-eastern Australia.b.The 1860s; There were about 500 Greeks in Australia.c.1890; There were Greek Cafes and restaurants all over Sydney and out in the countryside.d.After WWII: Many Greeks arrived in Australia.Lesson 3Section ITask 1: I Don’t See It That WayA.Conversation 1:1.Choose the best answer for each of the following statements.(1) — (2): ba2.Give brief answers to the following questions.(1)About 6 months ago.(2)It is defective and has ruined 4 of the customer’s favorite cassettes.(3) 6 months.(4)10 days ago.3.Blank-filling.(1)bend the rule, make an exception for, make an exception for(2)adding insult to injury, make good on(3)brought it in, hold me to, onB.Conversation 2:1.Multiple choice. (1) — (2): ba2.True or False Questions. (1) — (4): FTTTC.Conversation 3:1.Give brief answers to the following questions.(1)Single.(2) 5 years.(3)He has been loyal to the company and worked quite hard.(4)Asking for a raise.(5)Bob does his job adequately, but he doesn’t do it well enough to deserve a raise.(6)Take more initiative and show more enthusiasm for the job.(7)To quit his job.(8)That’s a decision Bob will have to make for himself.Task 2: marriage CustomsA.Blank-filling.Speaker: Professor Robin StuartTopic: Marriage customs in different parts of the world; romantic business; arranged marriage; on the day of the wedding; arranged marriages; to have a look at one another; call the whole thing off; the wedding goes ahead; several wives.Conclusion: just as much chance of bringing happiness to the husband and wife as the Western systems of choosing marriage partners.B.True or False Questions. 1 — 3: TFTSection IITask 1: At the Dentist’sA.Multiple Choice. 1 — 4: baccB.True of False Questions. 1 — 6: FTFFTTTask 2: HiccupsA.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.He wants her to help him stop his hiccups.2. 3 hours.3.Everything he can think of.4.She’ll give the man 5 pounds if he hiccups again.5.The man has stopped hiccupping and owes Rosemary 5 pounds.B.Identification.(1) —(b), (2) —(d), (3) —(e), (4) —(a), (5) —(c)Lesson 4Section ITask 1: Weather ForecastA.Multiple Choice. 1 — 2: acB.Fill in the following chart.Task 2: The 5 O’clock NewsA.Fill in the following chart.B.Give brief answers to the following questions based on the news report.1.It was closed down by government authorities.2.Testing confirmed that the town had been poisoned be the dumping of toxic chemicals in towndumps.3. 3 weeks ago.4.200.5.Headaches, stomachaches, faintness and dizziness.6.Toxic wastes had leaked into the ground and contaminated the water supply.7.All the residents should leave the area, until the chemical company responsible for the toxicwaste can determine whether the town can be cleaned up and made safe again.C.True of False Questions. 1—6: FTTFFTD.Fill in the following blanks (based on the news report).Teams Playing Result(1) Mexico — France 7 to 6(2) Canada — Argentina 3 to 3(3) Italy — Haiti2 to 1(with 30 minutes left to go)Section IITask 1: What Do You Like for Entertainment?A.Blank-filling.Reporter: Deborah TylerInterviewee: Students of the Brooklyn Academy of Dramatic ArtsMajor: Benny Gross —— pianoKimberley Martins —— modern danceB.Fill in the following chart about how often Benny and Kimberley go to the eight forms ofartistic entertainment.C.Rearrange the forms of artistic entertainment that Benny and Kimberley like, beginning withthe form that each one likes best.Benny: (3)—(1)—(4)—(6)—(2)—(8)Kimberley: (2)—(4)—(1)—(7)—(3)—(8)Task 2: Are You a Heavy Smoker?A.True or False Questions. 1—6: TFTTFTB.Multiple Choice. 1—6: cbcbacC.Blank-filling.Name: Doris BradleySex: femaleAge: 32Amount: 3 packets of 20 a weekFirst experience:Time: at the age of 17Place: at a partyOffered by: boyfriend, not husbandFeeling; awfully grown-upLater: started smoking 2 or 3 a day and gradually increased.Experience of giving up smoking: twice1. Time: 6 months before getting marriedReason: saving upResult: only cut it down from 30 a day, still smoked a little2. Time: when expecting a babyReason: according to doctor’s adviceResult: gave up completely for 7 or 8 months and took it up a couple of weeks after the baby was born, because the baby was being bottle fed.Time when she smokes most:1. watching TV2. reading books3. in company4. with friendsTime when she never smokes:1. doing the housework2. on an empty stomachLesson 5Section ITask 1: An Unpleasant TripA.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.The Isle of Wight.2.They were not pleased with their hotel.3.He decided to write to the Manager of Happytours.4. A travel Agency.5.The hotel and travel arrangements.6.They will never book any future holidays through Happytours.B.Fill in he blanks with the words used in the brochure and by Mr. Wilson to describe the hoteland travel arrangement.Task 2: At the Travel AgencyA.Multiple Choice. 1—6: acbbcaB.True or False Questions. 1—6: TFTTFTC.Fill in the blanks with the two things that Miss Bush will do.1.her two friends, to stop over with her on the way back.2.Mr. Adams to stop with her in Cairo.Section IIA Saturday AfternoonA.Identification.Name IdentificationGillian Dr. Carmichael’s new research assistantDr. Carmichael the president of St. Alfred’s HospitalMaurice Featherstone the gardener of the hospitalB.Multiple Choice. 1—6: cbaacaC.True or False Questions. 1—8: FFTF TFTTD.Fill in the blanks with information about Maurice.Name: Maurice FeatherstoneSex: maleAge: oldAppearance: clear, blue, honest eyes; white hair and a pinkish complexionTemperament: gentle and mild-manneredLength of stay in the hospital: 35 yearsReasons for entering the hospital:1.When he was 17, he burnt down his school.2.Over the next few years, there were a number of mysterious fires in his neighborhood.ter he tried to set fire to the family mansion.Visits from family members: No.Bills: paid on time.E.Blank-filling.1.slightly uneasy, unlocked the gates, waved her through2.withdrawn, depressed, normal, kept locked up, all of them, too dangerous to live in normalsociety.3.with the staff, a surprise, let him go out for the afternoon, flower show, quite excited, a birthdaycake, decorated the lounge.Lesson 6Section ITask 1: In the Path of the EarthquakeA.True or False Questions. 1—6: FTFTFFB.Map 1 is a layout of the Skinners’ farm. Mark out the plants and buildings in the map. Then inmap 2 draw a new plan of the Skinners farm after the quake.Map 1:1. farm house2. garden path3. cypress trees4. rose garden5. eucalyptus trees6. raspberry patch7. cow shed8. granaryMap 2:Task 2: A Funny Thing Happened to Me.A.Multiple Choice. 1—6: cabbcaB.Give brief answers to the following questions.st Friday.2.He was a student.3.In London.4.By taxi.5.The taxi got stuck in a traffic jam and the train had left by the time he got to the station.6. 1 hour.7.The station buffet.8.An evening newspaper, the ―Standard‖.9.At a table near the window.10.He did the crossword puzzle.C.True or False Questions.1—6: FFTTFTD.Blank-filling.1.reached across, opened, took one, dipped, into, popped it into.2.get up and go, pushed back, stood up, hurried out of.Section IIConsolidation: A Very Beautiful StoryA.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. A tape from Gentleman Jim.2.Yesterday.3.Jim’s wife.4.There was a message hidden in the tape.5.Half the police force in London and 3 experts.6.Nothing had been found yet.7.Happy memories and things.8.In his words.B.True or False Statements.1—8: FTFF TTFTC.Discuss with your classmates what message is hidden in Gentleman Jim’s recording.D.Listen to the 2nd part of the policeman’s discussion and list all the things they feel unusualabout Gentleman Jim’s recording.1.Jim keeps telling his wife to play the message over and over again.2.Jim tells his wife that she’ll find something comforting.3.Jim keeps saying ―very beautiful‖ over and over again.4.The speech doesn’t sound natural.E.Listen to Gentleman Jim’s recording again and work out the message.Answer: There are 2 gold bricks in the garden under the big red rose tree.Lesson 7Section ITask 1: Learning a Foreign LanguageA.Multiple Choice. 1—4: bcaaB.True or False Questions. 1—4: FTTFC.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Albert Humphries.2.Balham, London.3. 4 years.4.He has been going to an evening class and has watched quite a lot of the BBC televisionprogrammes.5.They use a different book in the class.6.They make the same mistakes as he does.7.It means being able to put together the right groups of words and to say them in a reasonablyaccurate way.Task 2: In the LibraryA.Multiple Choice. 1—6: bbcacaB.True or False Questions. 1—6: TTFTFTC.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Round the corner.2. A 20p a day fine for each book.3.Tahiti.4.No.D.Blank-filling.1. 5 pounds, you damage them, entitles you, 2 records at a time, everything available, be muchmore popular than.2.telephone to renew the books.3.we get back, worth all the bother, some paperbacks in the airport, I’ve been such a nuisance. Section IITask 1: Lessoned World CollegesA.Give brief answers to the following questions.1．On the phone.2．Some information about the college.3．Robert Creighton.4．Julian’s friend in Spain.5．English.6．No. There are scholarships for all colleges, but parents will have to pay too.7．Yes. But academic ability is not the only thing important. Personal qualities will also be considered.8．Maturity, the ability to get on well with people from different countries.B.Blank-filling.1.the line, put you through to2.Pacific College, French, may be taught in Italian3.painting and modern dancing4.probably, the staff at the college, special activities, theatre studies, environmental work,take partTask 2: I Remember …A.Multiple Choice. 1—6: baabcaB.True or False Questions. 1—8: TTTF FTTTLesson 8Section ITask 1: TwinsA.Multiple Choice.1—6: acbcabB.Blank-filling.Name: Laura and SarahSex: femaleSimilarities: 1. blonde2. brown eyes3. same height4. same weight5. same size6. same shoesDifferences: 1. Laura is single, but Sarah has a well-fed happy husband and 4 healthy children.2. When Laura was learning to type, Sarah was washing up.3. When Laura was writing articles for the school newspaper, Sarah was knitting.4. When Laura was in Panama, doing her first job for Lessoned Information Services,Sarah was having her second child.C.True or False Questions.1—2: TFTask 2: Genetic Make-upA.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Alan and Barbara.2.At lunch time.3.An article about twins and coincidences.4.because it suggests criminals are born and not made.5.Somebody was born with the potential to become a criminal.6.The ones that regard crime as a way of life and see the police as enemy.7.Similar qualities are necessary to become a successful criminal or a first-class policeman.8.Men who might easily be in jail.B.Fill in the blanks with information about the twins.1.bound to act in a particular way.2. a particular set of genes, potential criminal, brought up in a particular way3.get bored with, want action, pretty strong charactersSection IITask 1: Can I Take a Message?A.Multiple Choice. 1—2: acB.Blank-filling.1.Message 1:Caller’s name: Mary RobertsCaller’s number: 772-1852Message: Call back at that number till 12:30 or between 2 and 5 this afternoon.2.Message 2:Caller’s name: Mr. BrownCaller’s number: 743-9821Message: Cancel the lunch appointment for tomorrow noon, because he is out of town for a while. Please call and reschedule.3.Message 3:Caller’s name: Mrs. TurnerMessage: She won’t be home until 8 o’clock. She’s working late.4.Message 4:Caller’s name: WendyMessage: Ticket for Puerto Rico is booked. That’s Pan Am Flight 226, leaving Tuesday the 12that 8 am. Tickets will be sent over later this afternoon.5.Message 5:Caller’s name: Juan SalvadeMessage: He’ll call back about the meeting next Wednesday.C.Blank-filling.1.May I take a message?2.out of town, offer my apologies to, have him call me3.just a minute, can I hold you for a second?4.holdingTask 2: Night FlightA.True or False Questions. 1—6: FTTFTFB.Multiple Choice. 1—8: bacba cbcC.Blank-filling.1.dramatically, moaning and groaning, doubled up, unconscious2.at the controls, shaking slightly3.on the horizon, the lights of the runway, beyond the city4.thump, hit the tarmac, raced along, to a haltD.Answer the following questions.1.She discovered that two passengers had been sick.2.Because the captain was lying behind the door unconscious.3.Because she was afraid that would cause a general panic.4.When the plane had circled over Brisbane Airport for over half an hour.Lesson 9Section IWilling to TrainA.True or False Questions. 1—4: TTFTB.Fill in the blanks with information about Catherine based on her own statement.Name: Catherine HuntQualifications: 1. qualifications from school, very good results2. certificates for ballet and for playing the pianoInterests: 1. tennis2. swimming3. travelling4. talking to peopleIntelligence: reasonably intelligentC.Give brief answers to the following questions1.Dancing and music2. A good girl. A bit lazy and disorganized sometimes, but very bright.3.Be a teacher or a vet.4.Because she believes that Cathy likes working with young children and looking after sickanimals.5.She wants to talk to Cathy, not her mother.6.No. she is bright enough to be a vet and wants to find something different from school work.7.Yes, if it is for something useful.8.Nursing, because she has good qualifications in English and Maths.9.Very hard work, not very pleasant sometimes.10.At first she is afraid she is not good enough. Later she thinks she should enjoy that.plete the following sentences.1. a little girl, very keen on, a music teacher or something, to train for, the right job2.to lessons, six, I suppose, for the rest of, music, lonely3.France, the school choir, talking to people, real interests4.being a hairdresser, people, do something properly, very worthwhile5.do look after, looked after, run over by a car, mind, too worriedSection IITask 1: How Do Others Think of My Job?A.Fill in the following chart.B.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Clever, artistic, very noisy.2.To Mr. S. Andrews.3.The company does put Mr. or Ms. In front of the names on its departmental list4.Nursing. Being a male nurse, he has more contact with the patients and a long termresponsibility for their welfare.5.They travel and have wife at every port.6.No.7.She is learning a lot about hair and how to get along with people and is gaining confidence.8.She will be able to start her own business and earn five times as much as the teachers.Task 2: Job StereotypesA.True or False Questions. 1—6: TFTFTFB.Multiple Choice. 1—8: abaab cbbC.Re-list the professions in the survey, beginning with the one that the children took as the mostfavorite.1. lawyer 6. civil engineer2. accountant 7. electrical engineer3. physicist 8. mechanical engineer4. biologist 9. Sales representative5. economist 10. estate agentD.Blank-filling.1.―dirty job‖, ―low status‖, ―subordinate‖, take orders, give orders2.interesting, well paidLesson 10Section ITask 1: News Summary 1A.True or False Questions. 1—5: FFTFTB.Blank-filling.1.the local British Steel Corporation’s headquarters, closure plans2.doctors, nurses and other staff, grown even faster3.another 31 million pounds, poorer areas, regional development fund, 13.5 million pounds, 10million pounds, industrial improvement, road works4.17, 5, 2, 2, landed illegally, the first 9 months, 7 more5.derailed local train, disrupted rail services, the south of EnglandTask 2; News Summary 2A.Multiple Choice. 1—4: bcacB.Answer the following questions briefly.1. A double-barrelled.2.The girl’s brother.3.When the girl was being overpowered by police officers.4.Into the ceiling.5. A 23-year-old electronics worker and a 55-year-old housewife.6.They are doing well.7. 2 months ago.8.125 pounds with 25 pounds costs.9. A woman was killed when a chimney on a house collapsed and 2 men were killed when theircar crashed into a fallen tree.10.More high winds and rain.Section IITask 1: British NewspapersA.True or False Questions. 1—4: FTTFB.Multiple Choice. 1—3: babC.Fill in the blanks with information about Professor Hill’s favourite paper.News: (1) Political matters are covered in full.(2) The editorial column may support government policy on one issue and oppose it onanother.Book Reviews: a whole page for it.Art: a whole page for the latest happenings in the theatre, the cinema and the world of art.Economics: (1) Stock Exchange prices are quoted daily.(2) Exchange rates of the world’s major currencies are reported daily.Sports: The correspondents are among the best.Reader’s Letters: The standard is first–class.Task 2: EccentricityA.Answer the following questions.1. A person who behaves in a totally different manner from those in the society he lives in.2.Not specifically.3.He used to share his house openly with the strangest animals and sample them as food.4.The hermit.B.True or False questions. 1—8: FFTT TTFFC.Fill in the blanks.1.touch his food, wrap, in a tissue, picking, up, a barber, too often, grew down to his waist。
布鲁斯_流行音乐
布鲁斯与布吉乌吉和摇摆乐融合而成。
Muddy waters（马 迪·沃特斯19151983）
美国历史上最优秀 的布鲁斯歌手
——绰号“混水”
B·B·King
（1925~）世界著名 的布鲁斯音乐代 表人物。电声布 鲁斯大师，电吉 它演奏家。
Leave This Morning
20世纪20年代的十年被称作classic female blues 时期，也叫Vaudeville （综艺蓝调） 时期。
其他女歌手：
比利·霍利迪 Billie Holiday 埃塞尔·沃特斯 Ethel waters 其他男歌手：隆尼·约翰逊
乔·威廉姆斯
雷蒙·杰斐逊（Lemon Jefferson,1893-1929 ）
Highwater Everywhere A spoonful Blues
器乐化的布鲁斯——Boogie Woogie（布吉乌吉）
吉米·杨希
布吉乌吉的特点
萨姆·闪电·霍普金 斯(Sam Hopkins， 1912-1982)
Shotgun Blues
Coffee Blues
节奏布鲁斯—— Rhythm & Blues
玛梅·史密斯
（Mamie Smith,18 Blues 《疯狂布鲁斯》 为第一张布鲁斯 歌曲唱片。
贝西·史密斯 （Bessie Smith,
1883-1946 ） 20世纪20年代主宰布 鲁斯音乐潮流，被称 为 Empress of the blues“蓝调女皇”
代表作：
3 o’clock blues
摇滚布鲁斯 Blues-Rock
具有摇滚乐特征的布鲁斯音乐形式。 流行于20世纪60、70年代。
看野孩子电影个人心得体会
看野孩子电影个人心得体会看野孩子电影个人心得体会范文野孩子讲的'是一个被宠坏了的女生到了新学校后被转变并有了和情。
野孩子的英文观后感大家读过吗？下面是店铺为您整理的野孩子的观后感，希望对您有所帮助!野孩子英语观后感篇一The wild child of the title is Poppy (Emma Roberts), a typically selfish and superficial Californian teenager who is sent to an English boarding school to straighten out and grow up by her father (Aidan Quinn) when she pulls one prank too many. The scene is clearly set for a culture clash and the cast relish their roles in this amiable film, aimed unashamedly at a target audience of teenage girls.I have one major beef with Working Title and writer Lucy Dahl (Roald Dahl’s daughter). Yes, there has to be a villainess and yes, they are bound to be a bossy and overbearing girl in the school but they made an error in making her the head girl. Someone like her simply would never be entrusted with such a responsible role, particularly not by someone as disarmingly perceptive, intelligent, sensible, understanding and, darn it, nice, as the headmistress, Mrs Kingsley (Natasha Richardson).The main strength of the film is in its cast, who throw themselves into making the most of the rather insubstantial storyline. Roberts makes the transformation from a spoilt brat to an infinitely more interesting character seem effortless and is on fine form, as are Alex Pettyfer, Eleanor Turner-Moss, Shirley Henderson and Natasha Richardson. Georgia King’s role is the one jarring note and that is partly due to the character she has to portray but also to her over-acting, but the rest of the teencast is immensely likeable.There are any number of clichés in this film; the inevitable romantic liaison, the unrequited attraction, the misunderstanding, the unsurprising denouement, the phoenix-like transformation, even the discovery that Poppy is following in her mother’s footsteps is no real surprise, and yet despite that, the film hits the bull's eye for its target audience.You cannot help falling for this film’s undeniable charm – it is a good hour and a half of entertainment. It seems to flash by quite fast, partly due, I might add, to the fact that Nick Moore directs it in the style of a hip video for the latest pop sensation, which might leave you slightly breathless, but is slick enough to attract the sophisticated shopaholic girl teens of today, not to mention their nostalgic mothers!It may be derivative, it may contain one too many clichés but nevertheless, the film is dynamic, energetic, amusing and clever, and its engaging honesty is incredibly appealing. No, Lucy Dahl does not match her father’s literary genius but this is a surprisingly addictive popcorn flick. The dialogue is often a bit too predictable, the clichés too numerous, but there are some imaginative and dramatic moments and it is a lively, optimistic piece, or more accurately, a dead cert for the teenage girl, a guilty pleasure for their mothers and probably an irritation to be sat through for anyone male!野孩子英语观后感篇二Wild Child is one of those guilty pleasures, a bit like Mean Girls and Thirteen Going On Thirty, which cuts through all acquired patinas of sophistication and go straight to the inner twelve year old girl inside.Poppy (Roberts) is a fairly typical LA teenager, self-obsessed,vacuous, spoiled and utterly sheltered. After the death of her mother, she and her father (Quinn) have been increasingly distant; he makes up for it by showering her with material goods and money while failing to give her the attention she craves; when a prank finally goes too far, rather than dealing with her properly he packs her off to an English boarding school –worse, an all girls’ English boarding school - where she is expected to learn lacrosse, wear a hideous uniform, and hand her mobile phone over to Matron (Henderson, in the second of two roles this week). Her father, and the headmistress (Richardson) hope that some discipline will turn Poppy into a lady.And of course it works. After some initial – and frankly not too naughty –acts of rebellion (these girls don’t even smoke, let alone do drugs), Poppy is won over by our British charms. She discovers that her dorm mates, including ‘Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging’’ Kimberly Nxon and ‘Atonement’s’ Juno Temple won’t tolerate her brattish ways and, realizing that her friends in LA have forgotten her, decides to knuckle down and get on with things. And though she makes an enemy of the dominatrix-lite head girl Harriet (Georgia King) she discovers there are compensations in the form of Freddie (Pettyfer), the Head’s cute son, who is forbidden to dat e the girls.Wild Child is about as deep as a mug of hot chocolate and just as enjoyable. It’s the classic poor little rich girl redeems herself story and while there’s nothing particularly new about it girls will love it. Poppy is never so bad that we don’t side with her; she is mostly ridiculous with her sanitizer spray and her shrieking, which is soon beaten out of her by England, plus we have already realized that she is actually lost and lonely, grieving for her dead mother, and needs real friends who will give her ahard time when they realise she is behaving like an idiot.The romance with Freddie is a bit soppy; it’s never terribly clear what Freddie actually does or where he lives. He is totally set up as boyfriend material for Poppy and it doesn’t really matter about his personality; he exists simply as an object of desire, and to be the cause of Harriet’s jealousy – he is a plot device pure and simple. And pretty with it, if you like blonds. But actually where the story is much more interesting is where it touches on that old and almost forgotten idea of a woman’s film. Poppy leaves her world of boys and flirting for what almost amounts to an enclosed order, and she learns to bond with other girls. Their friendship, and not Freddie’s clumsy kisses, are what causes her emotional growth and ironically, this is where Wild Child is very old-fashioned. Poppy dies her blond hair brown, buys a party outfit from a charity shop and leads the lacrosse team to victory, embracing the uber-English values of fair play, thrift and teamwork. There is even a sort of homage to ‘Spartacus’ when Poppy is accused of a crime she didn’t commit. And this at a time when WAGs and conspicuous consumption is all the rage? Maybe Wild Child was anticipating the credit crunch?野孩子英语观后感篇三Spoiled Californian teenager Poppy (Roberts) has annoyed her father for the last time. Wanting to teach his designer label-obsessed daughter some discipline and responsibility, he sends her to a posh private school in England. At first Poppy really struggles to fit in, and makes enemies of head girl Harriet (King). However, she eventually befriends a group of girls, who agree to help her get expelled. But Poppy soon realises that these friends are unlike any others she has had before, and starts to havedoubts about wanting to leave.To give Wild Child credit where it's due, the film is certainly among the better offerings of its type. The acting is generally okay, and the film is actually rather funny in places as well. But it is also predictable, filled with nagging issues, and does too many things by the numbers to warrant a recommendation.You know the story. American girl comes over to a snooty English boarding school and changes the girls into Paris Hilton clones in helping them break free of their oppressive and traditional ways. Well, not exactly. One area in which Wild Child goes against the grain is that the transformation of the characters works both ways. There is a sense of compromise, which also helps the friendships seem more genuine and better constructed. All the girls learn things from each other, and mostly things that are positive. But despite offering more subtle changes to form in some respects, the film progresses and shapes itself exactly as you would expect. Bad characters get their obvious come-uppance, there are times where, true to formula, the friendships seem shattered and dead in the water, and various lessons are learned by various people. These are all familiar ideas and plot elements, which is a bit of a shame.Roberts is growing steadily as a young actress. Like a lot of young people in the business her early roles were rather dominated by a style of acting that I suppose you could call 'fidgety enthusiasm'. But she has stopped overplaying things so much, and seems more comfortable with complicated emotions. The other girls are also impressive. I was particularly impressed with Juno Temple (Drippy) and Kimberley Nixon (Kate), who really got to grips with the feeling of their characters. They seemed like they could be real people, as opposed to generic schoolkids.Richardson is fine as the headmistress, though Daisy Donovan and Jason Watkins' characters - also teachers - seem to have come straight from a farce. There's something a bit too silly and strange about them both. The only person I didn't really care for was King. Harriet is supposed to be a bully, and a generally nasty piece of work. But King either plays her with too much intensity or too much nervous awkwardness. Her performance is too on the nose.There are bits of Wild Child that are really very funny, and it is certainly possible to see that effort has gone into to creating the characters and picking the right cast. But every time it does something different, unexpected or interesting, it retaliates with something else far more formulaic. You'll be impressed by the range of the characters, but then you'll roll your eyes at the 'getting ready for the prom accompanied by teenybopper music' montage. And on some occasions you'll laugh at the surprisingly witty dialogue, but you'll get fed up with the walking, talking hairdo (Alex Pettyfer) of a love interest. And the whole film just goes on and on undermining itself like this.【看野孩子电影个人心得体会范文】。
Color16AmberChampagneorPalePalomino
Color 16Amber Champagne or Pale PalominoSample model horse was prepped with Krylon white primerMold or Resin Used:EvelynNumber of pigment layers:5Layer #Earth Pigment Color #of Layers Notes:1-2Base color Custom Pigment 582Solid all over the horse.Matte spray each layer.3-4Shading Custom Pigment 592Shade as desired.Flanks are usually left light.4DetailingCustom Pigment 501For Champagne,before matte spraying layer 4,brush skin pink on the muzzle and gender area.5Detailing Titanium White —Optional:If the muzzle and other pink areas are too dark,brush on a layer of white over the pink to soften color.Layer #Earth Pigment Color#of Layers Notes:1-2Base color Acrylic Paint—Mix Americana Light Buttermilk (90%)and Desert Sand (10%).Try to match the base color (dot)on the reference photo (next page.)Paint until solidcolored,then matte spray.Mane and Tail Color:For Amber ChampagneFinished mane and tail base color.Pale Palomino variation.Layer#Earth Pigment Color#of Layers Notes:1-2Base color Custom Pigment582Solid all over the horse.Matte spray each layer.3-5Shading Custom Pigment593Shade as desired.Flanks are usually left light. Shade a third layer for a more contrasted palomino.4Detailing Black Iron Oxide4before matte spraying layer4or5,lightly brush black over the muzzle and gender area.Try to have very little pigment on the brush.Layer #Earth Pigment Color#of Lay-ers Notes:2Shading Custom Pigment 281Shade the mane and tail like the horse pictured below.On the mane,brush the darker pigments where the colored part of the mane is.Leave the mane light where the tobiano markings will meet the top of the neck.On the tail,imagine leave part of the lower tail hairs light.Matte spray.This pigment over the acrylic paint will closely match the body color.Mane and Tail Color:For Amber Champagne Continued….Painting Tips:Use a small round make up brush or paint brush.When painting with the pigment over the maneand tail,tap the excess pigment from the ing very little pigment will help keep the body color e extra caution.If pigment dust does fall on the body color,try blowing the pigment off first,but if all fails the pigment can be carefully wiped off with a wet wipe.Shading Notes:The instructions for the tail is for a tobiano two toned tail and partially white mane.If you are creating a solid colored horse,you can use the same base color and pigments.Shade as desired.Layer #Earth Pigment Color #of LayersNotes:3ShadingCustom Pigment 291Shade as pictured below.Leave the forelock tips lighter.Same on the tail.Matte spray.4ShadingCustom Pigment 56and Cyprus Umber Dark1This is the darkest color.With the two colors as needed,shade from top to bottom.Leave some of the darker hair ends lighter.Shade as pictured below.Continue to the next color before matte spraying (optional).Mane and Tail Color:For Amber Champagne Continued….The recipe so far almost completes the mane and tail color for my resin.On the follow-ing pages I’ll be adding her markings and detailing her mane and tail further.Body Color Boo Boos?Paint Fixing Tip To Create A Flawless HorseOn my resin Eveyln,most of the pigment color brushed on smooth and even but here and there the color got to dark in tiny spots because of the hair texture.You can fix any tiny imperfection with carefully matched acrylic paint.Be sure to use a damp brush and use as little of the paint as possible.When brushing on the paint,be sure to spread the paint until it won’t move any more.This will make sure the color stays as smooth as possible.The colors I’ve used to custom mix a matching color is:Americana Light Buttermilk,Desert Sand,Cocoa,and a touch of moon yellow if needed.BONUS Article!Smooth White Markings in6layers or lessby Kimberley SmithThis is my favorite way of painting white markings on a modelhorse and it’s really easy…and fun.I am going to show you how Icreated the tobiano markings on my Evelyn resin.You will need:3-4White Prismacolor Premier pencils(depending on the amount of white)High quality white acrylic paint.(I use Liquitex Heavy Body Titanium White)Americana Neutral Grey acrylic paintA Prismacolor Premier pencil that closely matches thebody color of the horse if possible.(optional)Small flat brush(I use Simply Simmons#4Shader)(replace with the finished photo of the horse above)Before Beginning any markings with this method,I recommend that the model horse sit at least8hours after applying and matte spraying pigments.I often paint the base color on the horse on day1,then work on the markings the next day.This is so that there is no doubt that the pencil will apply nice and not gouge the color of the horse.On a fully cured matte sprayed horse,the first layer of white will show up nicely. Press firmly when coloring with the pencil.1st Layer of WhiteIt’s best to work on one side of the horse at a time.With your white Prismacolor pencil,begin by drawing out your pinto/paint pattern.If you don’t press hard it’s very easy to wipe away the white with a wet wipe to re-draw.After you get some or all of the pattern drawn out you can color in thewhite.When applying the white pencil on the second side of the horse,try not to cross over the previously matte sprayed layer of white.This helps keep the layers of white even but no worries if you find brighter white areas if you color over the matte sprayed side.When doing more complicated white markings,you do not have to complete one side of the horse at a time.You can do the white in sections,but keep in mind the above tip.After you complete the second side,matte spray.After coloring the first layer of white,matte spray the model horse and let the horse dry at least 15+minutes to make sure the matte spray is com-pletely dry.If the next layer or second side of the horse is started too early the sharp pencil can gouge the paint and possibly reveal the primer.For the second layer of white,color over all of the1st layer of white,then matte spray again.The photos show the2nd layer of white in progress to show you the brightness difference.The best part about coloring with the pencil is that the markings get bright fast,it’s easy to draw detailed patterns,and the markings staysmooth.3rd Layer of WhiteOn the third layer,color over the white markings again.Tip:If you do not color to the edge of the markings, the marking edges will look mapped. On my Evelyn resin though,since she has a winter looking coat,I colored tothe edges.I will later detail the edges.Preparing the white paint.Mix Titanium White paint with a tiny bit of Americana Neutral Gray.The mix should be a very light grey and should match the last layer of white pencil.When painting,keep the paint brush damp with water.I often do not directly water down the paint.I just pick up a bit of water on the tip of my brush to keep the brush wet enough.Pick up a tiny bit of paint at a time.When applying the paint,keep spreading the paint until it won’t move any more.This will keep thewhite layer smooth.Also,you do not have to paint to the edges of the markings.The white pencil looks great for the mapped edges if preferred.In the photo below,you can see the paint and Prismacolor pencil difference.page6Mane and Tail DetailingAfter painting the first layer of white,I thinned down the paint with water quite a bit.For this step,you need a3/8”rake brush.With the transparent watered down white paint,brush it on the white part of the mane from the base of the mane towards the ends.Leave the ends darker or reverse if preferred.Do the same for the white part of the tail but try not to brush the white into the darker colored part of the tail and do not cover up all of the light tan base color.After the first layer of white paint is applied,let the paint dry thoroughly,then matte spray.Add a second layer of thinned white paint if desired.The progress photo below shows what the mane and tail looks like at this point,and the first layer of whitepaint on the body(4th layer of white including the pencil work).2nd Layer of White Paint This should be the final layer of white but if you’re painting a dark colored horse,you may need an additional layer or two at the most.For this layer of white,be sure to take a small fine brush around the edges of the mane and other needed e larger flat brush to make the white markings solid white.Matte spray when finished.Marking Edges:If you would like your marking edges detailed use the white Prismacolor pencil to draw tiny hairs on the edges of the markings.Keep in mind the horse’s hair direction.On a darker colored horse,if there is a Prismacolor pencil that matches the body color,you can draw tiny hairs into the white markings for added detail.Matte spray when finished.and Detailingpage7With custom pigment58shade thelower part of each leg to darken thefeathering.(Optional)Before matte spraying,take a wet wipe or a damp soft papertowel and lightly wipe each leg.Barely touch the surface so that onlythe outermost hairs turn whiter.Letdry then matte spray.Add a secondlayer of pigment if needed.Muzzle:Use custom pigment50and titaniumwhite to re-color the muzzle pinkover the face marking.Matte spray.Mane and Tail,Further Detailing:(Optional)With a sharp Dark Brown Prismacolor pencil,draw tiny darker hairs over the forelock and tail but keep near the darkest areas.This will give the mane and tail more contrast and depth.You can also use lighter match-ing colored Prismacolor pencils on the forelock and tail.Matte spray.With a small brush,brush custom pig-ment34and32over the muzzle but do not shade over the face marking.The face marking extending over the muzzle must remain pink.Do the same for the gender area.Matte spray.Let the horse dry at least15minutes before continuing.With a Sandbar Brown Prismacolor pen-cil,draw tiny freckle spots over the muz-zle,around the eyes and over the genderarea.Champagne Eye Reference Photo.Finished Horse!page10Pale Palomino Overo Progress Photospage11These photos show1layer of white on the body and head.The neck has two layers of white and I have already begun to do the detailed mapped edges.Because she is smooth and is light in color,she’ll only need two layers of white pencil and1layer of acrylic paint.When coloring solid areas,press firmly with the pencil.。
金·贝辛格(美国演员模特)
金·贝辛格（美国演员模特）首页>生活常识 >正文金·贝辛格（美国演员模特）发布日期：2023-08-18 16:58:11 曾在纽约大学攻读戏剧，毕业后出演电视肥皂剧，晚间加盟莎翁舞台剧表演。
80年代初开始活跃在电视荧屏上，参加了《医生》和《knotslanding》等电视系列剧的拍摄。
此后，亚历克-鲍德温正式步入影坛，先后在《永远的璐璐》、《甲壳虫汁》、《乌龙密探摆黑帮》和《抓狂电台》等多部影片中出演一些比较严肃的角色。
1990年，亚历克-鲍德温第一次出现在由美国畅销间谍小说作家汤姆-克兰西小说原作改编的票房大片《追击赤色十月》中，和第一任007肖恩-康纳利一起拍片，获得极大成功，凭着他扮演的中央情报局干员杰克-赖恩一角声名远播。
同年，亚历克当选美国《人物》杂志全球最美的50位人物之一。
不幸的是，后来派拉蒙电影公司再次找到他，希望他能在《爱国者游戏》中再度演出杰克这个角色时，亚历克-鲍德温却谢绝了公司的请求，杰克这个角色后来被哈里逊-福特接走，《爱国者游戏》成为当年一部超级卖座的电影。
虽然这个喜欢向部下发号施令的角色在影片中只出现了10分钟，却给观众留下了难以磨灭的印象。
1994年，亚历克-鲍德温和他那时的妻子金-贝辛格共同出演了重拍影片《赌命鸳鸯》，同年又主演了由著名连环漫画改编的影片《魅影魔星》。
曾在纽约大学攻读戏剧，毕业后出演电视肥皂剧，晚间加盟莎翁舞台剧表演。
80年代初开始活跃在电视荧屏上，参加了《医生》(thedoctors)和《knotslanding》等电视系列剧的拍摄。
此后，亚历克-鲍德温正式步入影坛，先后在《永远的璐璐》(forever，lulu)、《甲壳虫汁》(beetlejuice)、《乌龙密探摆黑帮》(marriedtothemob)和《抓狂电台》(talkradio)等多部影片中出演一些比较严肃的角色。
1990年，亚历克-鲍德温第一次出现在由美国畅销间谍小说作家汤姆-克兰西小说原作改编的票房大片《追击赤色十月》(huntforredoctober)中，和第一任007肖恩-康纳利一起拍片，获得极大成功，凭着他扮演的中央情报局干员杰克-赖恩一角声名远播。
Everlasting Classic(永恒的经典
EVERLAS TING CLASSIC 永恒的经 典
Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits,her music history justsong is this one:<I will always love>, Houston's first acting role was as the star of the feature film The Bodyguard (1992). The movie's original soundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year And I think this is the highlight of her life
And then,she was addicted to drinking and taking drugs,so drugs is partly responsible for her wallow
观众称惠特尼在演唱过程中明显气息不匀还频 频走音，让人无法容忍。伯明翰当地的媒体也 称天后在演出时多次气喘吁吁。
Amid widespread media coverage of personal and professional turmoil, Houston ended her 14-year marriage to singer Bobby Brown in 2006.
泰国kimberley护肤心得
泰国kimberley护肤心得
岁月是女人最大的敌人，而容貌是出卖女人的凶手，每个女人都想要保住年轻的容貌，每个女人都想要青春常驻，每个女人都想要掩盖脸上的细纹，眼圈，斑点，总之就是一切一切岁月的痕迹。
而每个阶段的女性都应该用符合这个年龄层次的护肤品，二十岁的年龄不应该用二十五岁的护肤品。
护肤品用的正确可以帮你细致皮肤，掩盖岁月的痕迹，如果用得不适当，则会加快皮肤的衰老速度，所以每个女性都要找到适合自己用的护肤品，而且是适合自己现在年龄阶段用的护肤品。
除了外用的护肤品，吃的东西也很重要，大家要注意自己吃的东西，而且俗话说，女人是水做的，所以女性朋友们一定要注意多喝水，每天保证八杯水。
好的东西，有益的东西太多了，
水果和有益身体的东西要多吃点。
下面我就介绍一下外用的护肤品给大家吧。
首先是xxx，不知道大家是否知道这个牌子，这个品牌应该是xx 年的时候才进入中国市场的，是《xx》杂志的品牌，在国外知名度和声誉
都很高，我很早之前就已经知道这个品牌了。
特别要说一下这款的银杏保湿面霜，我的皮肤比较干燥，又敏感，容易过敏，从几年前一直使用这款产品，这款面霜是朋友介绍我使用，用过后，挺滋润的，总的来说这款用起来真的挺滋润的，很容易被皮肤吸收，气味清香，使用之后皮肤还特光滑有弹性，皱纹减少了皮肤也变得光滑。
【精品】生石花全系列全对照（学习资料）
C1Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteriC2Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC3Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC4Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC5Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Warrenton form)C5A Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei 'Albiflora'C6A Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. minor 'Witblom'C7Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC8Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (grey form)C9Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (grey form)C10Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC11Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (Kuruman form)C12Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (Kuruman form)C13Lithops hookeri v. dabneriC14Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Kimberley form)C15Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. horniiC16Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. koelemaniiC18Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC19Lithops hookeri v. subfenestrata "brunneoviolacea"C21Lithops hookeri v. subfenestrataC22Lithops hallii v. halliiC23Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate form)C24Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC25Lithops verruculosa v. glabraC26Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC27Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC28Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC29Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC30Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form)C31Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC32Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form)C33Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC34Lithops salicolaC35Lithops hookeri v. marginataC36Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Warrenton form)C36A Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei 'Albinica'C36B Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei 'Storms’s Albinigold' C37Lithops salicolaC38Lithops hookeri v. luteaC39Lithops hallii v. ochraceaC41Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldiiC42Lithops bromfieldii v. insularisC43Lithops bromfieldii v. insularisC44Lithops bromfieldii v. mennelliiC46Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC47Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteriC48Lithops aucampiae ssp. euniceae v. euniceaeC49Lithops salicolaC50Lithops hallii v. halliiC51Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate form)C52Lithops hallii v. halliiC53Lithops hookeri v. marginata (red-brown form)C54Lithops aucampiae ssp. euniceae v. fluminalisC55Lithops olivacea v. olivaceaC56Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC56A Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleri 'Fullergreen'C57Lithops bromfieldii v. insularisC58Lithops marmorata v. marmorata "framesii"C59Lithops hallii v. ochraceaC61Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC62Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC63Lithops julii ssp. juliiC64Lithops julii ssp. juliiC65Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana (Signalberg form)C68Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatella "alpina" C69Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. volkiiC70Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatellaC71Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. dendritica "pulmonuncula"C72Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. dendriticaC73Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. dendriticaC74Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensis "christinae"C75Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensis "nutupsdriftensis"C76Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC77Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC78Lithops gesinae v. annaeC79Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC80Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC81Lithops opticaC81A Lithops optica 'Rubra'C82Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanziiC83Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensisC84Lithops dinteri ssp. dinteri v. brevisC85Lithops hookeri v. dabneriC86Lithops salicola (maculate form)C87Lithops hallii v. hallii "salicola reticulata"C88Lithops hookeri v. marginata (cerise form)C89Lithops hookeri v. marginata (red-brown form)C91Lithops hookeri v. susannaeC92Lithops hookeri v. elephinaC93Lithops hookeri v. elephinaC94Lithops hallii v. halliiC95Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosa "inae"C96Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Warrenton form)C97Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. riehmerae "edithiae"C98Lithops hallii v. ochraceaC99Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatella "mundtii" C100Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatella "mundtii" C104Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. archeraeC105Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensisC106Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC107Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensis "christinae"C108Lithops karasmontana ssp. bellaC109Lithops olivacea v. olivaceaC110Lithops hookeri v. hookeriC111Lithops hallii v. ochraceaC112Lithops hookeri v. hookeriC113Lithops hookeri v. hookeriC114Lithops hookeri v. hookeriC115Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC116Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeC117Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC118Lithops hookeri v. hookeriC119Lithops hallii v. halliiC120Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC121Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC122Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC124Lithops dorotheaeC125Lithops comptonii v. comptoniiC126Lithops comptonii v. weberiC128Lithops otzenianaC129Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC130Lithops terricolorC131Lithops terricolor "peersii"C132Lithops terricolorC133Lithops terricolor "localis"C134Lithops terricolor (Prince Albert form)C135Lithops hallii v. hallii (brown form)C136Lithops hallii v. hallii (brown form)C137Lithops hookeri v. marginataC138Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC139Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC141Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. mariaeC142A Lithops hallii v. ochraceaC142B Lithops hookeri v. hookeriC143A Lithops karasmontana ssp. bellaC143B Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC144Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesii (grey form)C145Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC146Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC147Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanzii "erniana"C148Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. marthaeC149Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanzii "erniana witputzensis"C150Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesii "kuibisensis"C151Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (grey form)C152Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. mariaeC153Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteri "maraisii"C154Lithops hookeri v. marginata (red-brown form)C155Lithops hookeri v. marginata (red-brown form)C156Lithops hookeri v. subfenestrataC157Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosa "inae"C158Lithops hallii v. halliiC159Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC160Lithops verruculosa v. glabraC161Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC162A Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC162B Lithops olivacea v. nebrowniiC163Lithops marmorata v. marmorataC164Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC165Lithops schwantesii ssp. gebseriC168Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "mickbergensis" C169Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "mickbergensis" C170Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC171Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC172Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC173Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (Kuruman form)C174Lithops hallii v. halliiC175Lithops hookeri v. subfenestrataC176Lithops hallii v. halliiC177Lithops verruculosa v. glabraC178Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC179Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. brunneaC180Lithops dinteri ssp. fredericiC181Lithops dinteri ssp. multipunctataC182Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. tischeriC183Lithops julii ssp. juliiC184Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesii "gulielmi"C185Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC186Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensis "kunjasensis"C190Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC191Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC192Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. rugosaC193Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. lericheanaC196Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosa "inae"C197Lithops villetii ssp. kennedyiC198Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC200B Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC201Lithops divergens v. amethystinaC202Lithops divergens v. divergensC203Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC205Lithops julii ssp. julii "chrysocephala"C206Lithops dinteri ssp. dinteri v. dinteriC206A Lithops dinteri ssp. dinteri v. dinteri 'Dintergreen'C207Lithops gesinae v. gesinaeC208Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanziiC209Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanzii "erniana"C210Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensis "christinae"C211Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC212Lithops meyeriC213Lithops herreiC214Lithops marmorata v. elisaeC217Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. rouxiiC218Lithops julii ssp. julii "littlewoodii"C219Lithops fulviceps v. fulviceps "lydiae"C220Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC221Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC222Lithops fulviceps v. lactineaC223Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontanaC224Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. aiaisensisC225Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontanaC226Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontanaC227Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "jacobseniana" C229A Lithops villetii ssp. kennedyiC229B Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC230A Lithops villetii ssp. deboeriC230B Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC230C Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaC231Lithops villetii ssp. deboeriC232Lithops geyeri "hillii"C233Lithops geyeri "hillii"C234Lithops herreiC235Lithops herreiC236Lithops herrei "translucens"C237Lithops herrei "translucens"C239Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. groendrayensisC244Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. groendrayensisC245Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. dendritica "farinosa"C246Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. groendrayensis (Witkop form)C247Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. rugosaC248Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. urikosensis "kunjasensis"C249Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. marthaeC250Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesii (grey form)C251Lithops marmorata v. elisaeC252Lithops marmorata v. elisaeC253Lithops terricolor "peersii"C254Lithops terricolor "peersii"C255Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC256Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. koelemaniiC257Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC258Lithops villetii ssp. deboeriC259Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC260Lithops marmorata v. marmorata "diutina"C263Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatellaC264Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatella (pallid form) C265Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiC266Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC267Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. lericheanaC268Lithops dinteri ssp. dinteri v. brevisC269Lithops divergens v. divergensC270Lithops divergens v. amethystinaC271Lithops helmutiiC272Lithops meyeriC272A Lithops meyeri 'Hammeruby'C273Lithops meyeriC274Lithops geyeriC275Lithops opticaC276Lithops opticaC277Lithops opticaC278Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC279Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldiiC283Lithops bromfieldii v. mennelliiC284Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC285Lithops karasmontana ssp. bellaC286Lithops opticaC288Lithops opticaC289Lithops opticaC290Lithops opticaC291Lithops optica (maculate form)C292Lithops opticaC293Lithops optica (maculate form)C294Lithops opticaC295Lithops karasmontana ssp. bellaC297Lithops julii ssp. juliiC298Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC299Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. marthaeC300Lithops dorotheaeC301Lithops hookeri v. dabneriC302Lithops lesliei ssp. burchelliiC303Lithops hallii v. ochraceaC304Lithops naureeniaeC305Lithops marmorata v. marmorataC306Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. archeraeC307Lithops opticaC308Lithops lesliei ssp. burchelliiC310Lithops opticaC311Lithops optica (maculate form)C315Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatellaC317Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "mickbergensis"C318Lithops hallii v. halliiC319Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC320Lithops salicolaC321Lithops salicolaC322Lithops salicolaC323Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC324Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. rouxiiC325Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (Kuruman form)C326Lithops dinteri ssp. multipunctataC327Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "mickbergensis"C328Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana (Signalberg form) C329Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. lericheanaC330Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. lericheanaC331Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC332Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (Kuruman form)C333Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC334Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC335Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate form)C336Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate form)C337Lithops hookeri v. marginata (red-brown form)C338Lithops hookeri v. marginataC339Lithops terricolor "peersii"C340Lithops hookeri v. hookeriC341Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Kimberley form)C342Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC343Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC344Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC345Lithops terricolorC346Lithops terricolorC348Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldiiC349Lithops julii ssp. juliiC350Lithops otzenianaC351Lithops salicolaC351A Lithops salicola 'Malachite'C352Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC353Lithops salicolaC354Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Kimberley form)C355Lithops herreiC356Lithops divergens v. amethystinaC357Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. dendriticaC358Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiC359Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (grey form)C360Lithops marmorata v. marmorataC361Lithops herreiC362Lithops bromfieldii v. insularis 'Sulphurea'C363Lithops fulviceps v. fulviceps 'Aurea'C364Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. horniiC365Lithops marmorata v. marmorata "framesii"C366Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeC368Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldiiC369Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanziiC370Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanziiC372Lithops hallii v. ochraceaC375Lithops hallii v. halliiC376Lithops terricolor "peersii"C377Lithops comptonii v. comptoniiC378Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriC379Lithops terricolorC381Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. pseudotruncatella v. pseudotruncatella "alpina" C382Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeC384Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. dendriticaC390Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC391Lithops fulviceps v. fulvicepsC392Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae 'Storms’s Snowcap'C393Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeC396Lithops coleorumC403Lithops olivacea v. nebrowniiL1Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-05Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-07Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-1Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-12Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-13Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-14Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-2Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-25Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-3Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-35Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-4Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-45Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-46Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-47Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-5Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-53Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-57Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-59Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-6Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-62Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-64Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-65Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-67Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-68Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-7Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-72Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-74Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-75Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiaeL2-77Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (dark wine-red)L2-79Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae 'Nugget'L2-8Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (open window)L2-85Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (pale yellow flower) L2-87Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (red open window)L2-89Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (red selection)L2-9Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (red selection)L2-91Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae (velvet-red selection) L2-92Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae 'Rubrobrunneus'L2-93Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldiiL2-94Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldiiL2-95Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeL2-96Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeL2-97Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeL2-98Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeL2-99Lithops bromfieldii v. glaudinaeL2-995Lithops bromfieldii v. insularisL2-997Lithops bromfieldii v. insularisL4-15Lithops dinteri ssp. dinteri v. dinteri ex Dr. Piet Kolle L4-17Lithops dinteri ssp. dinteri v. brevisL4-19Lithops divergens v. divergensL4-2Lithops francisciL4-22Lithops geyeri "hilli"L4-27Lithops hallii v. halliL4-29Lithops hallii v. halliL4-3Lithops hallii v. halliL4-33Lithops hallii v. halliL4-35Lithops hallii v. halliL4-37Lithops hallii v. halliL4-4Lithops hallii v. halliL4-43Lithops hallii v. halliL4-45Lithops hallii v. halliL4-47Lithops hallii v. halliL4-5Lithops hallii v. halliL4-54Lithops hallii v. halliL4-56Lithops hallii v. halliL4-58Lithops hallii v. halliL4-63Lithops hallii v. halliL4-65Lithops hallii v. ochraceaL4-67Lithops hallii v. ochraceaL4-7Lithops hallii v. ochraceaL4-73Lithops hallii v. ochraceaL4-75Lithops hallii v. ochraceaL4-77Lithops hallii v. ochraceaL4-8Lithops hallii v. ochraceaL4-85Lithops helmutii 'Albiflos' ex FritzL4-9Lithops herrei "translucens"L4-95Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL5Lithops hookeri v. hookeriLC5B Lithops lesliei 'Vivid Green'L6Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL6-2Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL6-4Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL6-6Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL6-8Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL7Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL7-2Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL7-4Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL7-6Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL8Lithops hookeri v. hookeri ex Georg Peters L8-2Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL8-4Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL9Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL9-1Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL9-15Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL9-17Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL9-19Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL9-2Lithops hookeri v. hookeriL9-21Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-22Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-24Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-26Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-28Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-32Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-34Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-36Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-38Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-4Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-42Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-44Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-46Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-48Lithops hookeri v. hookeri (vermiculate) L9-5Lithops hookeri v. dabneriL9-52Lithops hookeri v. dabneriL9-54Lithops hookeri v. marginataL9-56Lithops hookeri v. marginataL9-58Lithops hookeri v. subfenestrataL9-7Lithops julii ssp. julii (pallid)L9-75Lithops julii ssp. julii (pallid)L9-8Lithops julii ssp. julii (reticulate)L9-95Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL10Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL11Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL13Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL13-2Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL13-4Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-1Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-2Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-3Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-5Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-55Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-57Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-59Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-6Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-62Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-64Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-66Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-68Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleriL14-7Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleri ex D.T. ColeL14-72Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. fulleri 'Fullergreen × Malachite'L14-74Lithops julii ssp. fulleri v. rouxiiL14-76Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "lateritia"L14-78Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "opalina"L14-8Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana "mickbergensis" L14-82Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana (orange)L14-84Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana (brick-red)L14-86Lithops karasmontana ssp. karasmontana v. karasmontana (top red)L14-88Lithops karasmontana ssp. bellaL14-9Lithops karasmontana ssp. bellaL14-91Lithops karasmontana ssp bella 'Fenestrata'L14-92Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanziiL14-94Lithops karasmontana ssp. eberlanzii "erniana" ex FritzL15-2Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL15-3Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL15-4Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL15-6Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL15-8Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-1Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-2Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-3Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-4Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-6Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-7Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-8Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL16-9Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL17Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL17-5Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-1Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-14Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-16Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-18Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-19Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-2Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-3Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-4Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-5Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-6Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-7Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL18-8Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL19Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL19-1Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. leslieiL19-3Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Kimberley form)L19-5Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Kimberley form)L19-7Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form) L20Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form)L20-1Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form) L20-2Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form) L20-3Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form) L20-5Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form) L20-7Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. lesliei (Pietersburg form) L20-9Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. horniiL20-95Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. mariaeL21Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. mariaeL22-7Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteriL23Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteriL23-3Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteriL23-5Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteriL23-51Lithops lesliei ssp. lesliei v. venteriL23-52Lithops marmorataL23-54Lithops marmorataL23-56Lithops marmorata (open window)L23-58Lithops marmorataL23-6Lithops marmorataL23-65Lithops marmorataL23-7Lithops marmorataL23-73Lithops marmorataL23-75Lithops marmorataL23-8Lithops marmorataL24Lithops marmorata "framesii"L24-5Lithops marmorata ex Fritz (pale yellow flower)L24-7Lithops meyeriL25Lithops olivaceaL26Lithops olivaceaL26-2Lithops olivaceaL26-3Lithops olivaceaL26-4Lithops olivaceaL26-8Lithops pseudotruncatella ssp. archeraeL26-89Lithops salicolaL26-92Lithops salicolaL26-94Lithops salicolaL26-96Lithops salicolaL27Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesii, FRITZ.173L27-1Lithops schwantesii ssp. schwantesii v. schwantesiiL27-2Lithops terricolorL27-3Lithops terricolorL27-4Lithops terricolorL27-5Lithops terricolorL28Lithops terricolor "persii"L28-1Lithops terricolor (Prince Albert form)L28-3Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaL28-5Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaL28-6Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaL28-7Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosaL29Lithops verruculosa v. verruculosa "inae"L29-3Lithops aucampiaeL30-75Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae ex A. NeumannL30-77Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. aucampiae ex Fritz (Kuruman form) L30-93Lithops aucampiae ssp. aucampiae v. koelemaniiL30-95Lithops aucampiae v. koelemanii ex A. NeumannL31Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldiiL32-5Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldii ex Schulter via A. NeumannL32-7Lithops bromfieldii v. bromfieldii ex A. NeumannL33-6Lithops bromfieldii ex A. NeumannL34-1Lithops bromfieldii v. insularisL34-2Lithops bromfieldii v. insularis ex A. NeumannL34-25Lithops bromfieldii v. insularisL34-4Lithops bromfieldii v. mennellii ex A. NeumannL34-6Lithops bromfieldii v. mennelliiL34-96Lithops comptonii v. comptonii ex A. NeumannL37-5Lithops dinteri ssp. frederici ex A. NeumannL38-7Lithops dinteri ssp. dinteri v. dinteri ex A. NeumannL43-6Lithops dorotheae ex A. NeumannLC45A Lithops hallii v. hallii (white)L45-66Lithops fulviceps v. fulviceps ex A. NeumannL45-95Lithops gesinae v. annae ex A. Neumann。
金佰利（Kimberly-Clark）笔经
金佰利（Kimberly-Clark）笔经
来自复旦bbs，希望对大家有帮助，祝成功！
从华东理工跑回来，累死
和精华区里面的不一样了，这次是能力测试
考得形式和公务员考试差不多（据说，我自己没考过公务员）
全中文，70道全选择，分四个部分，不准跨区……
第一部分10道12分钟，给一段话，选中心内容
第二部分35道35分钟，常识题、图形题（很乱七八糟，做过的最不爽的图形推理），排序题，逻辑题
第三部分15道15分钟，很简单的数学题，有一点点小陷阱
第四部分10道思维题15分钟，全卷最难的（但比起之前参加过的一些公司的笔试还是比较简单……）要想一会
总结：题目相当简单，除最后一部分外每部分做完基本都有2，3分钟甚至5分钟空闲时间给我跨区……估计结果看rp了。