FreeKaoYan王力文选第二册
研究生综合英语book2 unit4 Love and Marriage
教书决非易事。
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Nevertheless, it seems that the desire for marriage remains strong and constant. The new circumstances have significantly increased the autonomy of individuals and in particular that of women. 译文： 尽管如此，对婚姻的渴望似乎仍然很强烈以及 在持续。新的情况显著增加了个人自主权，特 别是妇女们的自主权。
她没有遵守协议的条款。
2. 忠于；信守(诺言、原则等) : eg:If you make a promise, abide by it. 你如果做出诺言，就要履行诺言。 3. 承担(后果等)；忍受(不愉快的事等)： eg:You’ll have to abide by the consequences. 你必须承担后果。
1.We want to remove all obstacles to travel between the two countries.
译文：我们想要消除在这两个国家之间旅行的所有障碍。 2.There are formidable obstacles on the road to peace. 译文：通往和平的道路上存在难以逾越的障碍。
Para. 6, Line 2
single households single mother
单亲家庭 单亲妈妈
by no means: definitely not
Example: 1.He is by no means a lazy employee . 他绝对不是一名懒散的雇员。 2.Teaching is by no means a breeze.
高级英语第二册部分课文整理
Pub Talk and the King's English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语)Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利)1. Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的，也是人类特有的。
而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交际的。
2. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any id ea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversa tion is the person who has ―something to say.‖ Conversation is not for making a point. Argumentey see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on an d the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go. 闲谈的引人入胜之处就在于它没有一个事插话的机会随之丧失，它们也就听之任之了。
现代大学英语精读2课文
Unit1Another School Year — What ForLet me tell you one of the earliest disasters in my career as a teacher. It was January of 1940 and I was fresh out of graduate school starting my first semester at the University of Kansas City. Part of the student body was a beanpole with hair on top who came into my class, sat down, folded his arms, and looked at me as if to say "All right, teach me something." Two weeks later we started Hamlet. Three weeks later he came into my office with his hands on his hips. "Look," he said, "I came here to be a pharmacist. Why do I have to read this stuff" And not having a book of his own to point to, he pointed to mine which was lying on the desk.New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not in a drugstore-mechanics school, but in a college and that at the end of his course meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science. It would not read: Qualified Pill-Grinding Technician. It would certify that he had specialized in pharmacy, but it would further certify that he had been exposed to some of the ideas mankind has generated within its history. That is to say, he had not entered a technical training school but a university and in universities students enroll for both training and education.I could have told him all this, but it was fairly obvious he wasn't going to be around long enough for it to matter. Nevertheless, I was young and I had a high sense of duty and I tried to put it this way: "For the rest of your life," I said, "your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours. They will be a little shorter when you are in love, and a little longer when you are out of love, but the average will tend to hold. For eight of these hours, more or less, you will be asleep.""Then for about eight hours of each working day you will, I hope, be usefully employed. Assume you have gone through pharmacy school —or engineering, or law school, or whatever — during those eight hours you will be using your professional skills. You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn't jump the fence, or that your client doesn't go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. These are all useful pursuits. They involve skills every man must respect, and they can all bring you basic satisfactions. Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports your wife, and rears your children. They will be your income, and may it always suffice.""But having finished the day's work, what do you do with those other eight hours Let's say you go home to your family. What sort of family are you raising Will the children ever be exposed to a reasonably penetratingidea at home Will you be presiding over a family that maintains some contact with the great democratic intellect Will there be a book in the house Will there be a painting a reasonably sensitive man can look at without shuddering Will the kids ever get to hear Bach"That is about what I said, but this particular pest was not interested. "Look," he said, "you professors raise your kids your way; I'll take care of my own. Me, I'm out to make money.""I hope you make a lot of it," I told him, "because you're going to be badly stuck for something to do when you're not signing checks." Fourteen years later I am still teaching, and I am here to tell you that the business of the college is not only to train you, but to put you in touch with what the best human minds have thought. If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man's development we call history —then you have no business being in college. You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized savage, the push-button Neanderthal. Our colleges inevitably graduate a number of such life forms, but it cannot be said that they went to college; rather the college went through them —without making contact.No one gets to be a human being unaided. There is not time enough in a single lifetime to invent for oneself everything one needs to know inorder to be a civilized human.Assume, for example, that you want to be a physicist. You pass the great stone halls of, say, M. I. T., and there cut into the stone are the names of the scientists. The chances are that few, if any, of you will leave your names to be cut into those stones. Yet any of you who managed to stay awake through part of a high school course in physics, knows more about physics than did many of those great scholars of the past. You know more because they left you what they knew, because you can start from what the past learned for you.And as this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it is true of mankind's spiritual resources. Most of these resources, both technical and spiritual, are stored in books. Books are man's peculiar accomplishment. When you have read a book, you have added to your human experience. Read Homer and your mind includes a piece of Homer's mind. Through books you can acquire at least fragments of the mind and experience of Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare — the list is endless. For a great book is necessarily a gift; it offers you a life you have not the time to live yourself, and it takes you into a world you have not the time to travel in literal time. A civilized mind is, in essence, one that contains many such lives and many such worlds. If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy.I think it was La Rochefoucauld who said that most people would never fall in love if they hadn't read about it. He might have said that no one would ever manage to become human if they hadn't read about it.I speak, I'm sure, for the faculty of the liberal arts college and for the faculties of the specialized schools as well, when I say that a university has no real existence and no real purpose except as it succeeds in putting you in touch, both as specialists and as humans, with those human minds your human mind needs to include. The faculty, by its very existence, says implicitly: "We have been aided by many people, and by many books, in our attempt to make ourselves some sort of storehouse of human experience. We are here to make available to you, as best we can, that expertise."Unit2Maheegun My BrotherThe year I found Maheegun, spring was late in coming. That day, I was spearing fish with my grandfather when I heard the faint crying and found the shivering wolf cub.As I bent down, he moved weakly toward me. I picked him up and put him inside my jacket. Little Maheegun gained strength after I got the first few drops of warm milk in him. He wiggled and soon he was full andwarm.My grandfather finally agreed to let me keep him.That year, which was my 14th, was the happiest of my life.Not that we didn't have our troubles. Maheegun was the most mischievous wolf cub ever. He was curious too. Like looking into Grandma's sewing basket —which he upset, scattering thread and buttons all over the floor. At such times, she would chase him out with a broom and Maheegun would poke his head around the corner, waiting for things to quiet down.That summer Maheegun and I became hunting partners. We hunted the grasshoppers that leaped about like little rockets. And in the fall, after the first snow our games took us to the nearest meadows in search of field mice. By then, Maheegun was half grown. Gone was the puppy-wool coat. In its place was a handsome black mantle.The winter months that came soon after were the happiest I could remember. They belonged only to Maheegun and myself. Often we would make a fire in the bushes. Maheegun would lay his head between his front paws, with his eyes on me as I told him stories.It all served to fog my mind with pleasure so that I forgot my Grandpa's repeated warnings, and one night left Maheegun unchained. The following morning in sailed Mrs. Yesno, wild with anger, who demanded Maheegun be shot because he had killed her rooster. The next morning,my grandpa announced that we were going to take Maheegun to thenorth shack.By the time we reached the lake where the trapper's shack stood, Maheegun seemed to have become restless. Often he would sit with his nose to the sky, turning his head this way and that as if to check the wind. The warmth of the stove soon brought sleep to me. But something caused me to wake up with a start. I sat up, and in the moon-flooded cabin was my grandfather standing beside me. "Come and see, son," whispered my grandfather.Outside the moon was full and the world looked all white with snow. He pointed to a rock that stood high at the edge of the lake. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears pointed, alert, listening. "Maheegun," whispered my grandfather.Slowly the wolf raised his muzzle. "Oooo-oo-wow-wowoo-oooo!"The whole white world thrilled to that wild cry. Then after a while, from the distance came a softer call in reply. Maheegun stirred, with the deep rumble of pleasure in his throat. He slipped down the rock and headed out across the ice."He's gone," I said."Yes, he's gone to that young she-wolf." My grandfather slowly filled his pipe. "He will take her for life, hunt for her, protect her. This is the way the Creator planned life. No man can change it."I tried to tell myself it was all for the best, but it was hard to lose mybrother.For the next two years I was as busy as a squirrel storing nuts for the winter. But once or twice when I heard wolf cries from distant hills, I would still wonder if Maheegun, in his battle for life, found time to remember me.It was not long after that I found the answer.Easter came early that year and during the holidays I went to visit my cousins.My uncle was to bring me home in his truck. But he was detained by some urgent business. So I decided to come back home on my own.A mile down the road I slipped into my snowshoes and turned into the bush. The strong sunshine had dimmed. I had not gone far before big flakes of snow began drifting down.The snow thickened fast. I could not locate the tall pine that stood on the north slope of Little Mountain. I circled to my right and stumbled into a snow-filled creek bed. By then the snow had made a blanket of white darkness, but I knew only too well there should have been no creek there.I tried to travel west but only to hit the creek again. I knew I had gone ina great circle and I was lost.There was only one thing to do. Camp for the night and hope that by morning the storm would have blown itself out. I quickly made a bed ofboughs and started a fire with the bark of an old dead birch. The first night I was comfortable enough. But when the first gray light came I realized that I was in deep trouble. The storm was even worse. Everything had been smothered by the fierce whiteness. The light of another day still saw no end to the storm. I began to get confused. I couldn't recall whether it had been storming for three or four days.Then came the clear dawn. A great white stillness had taken over and with it, biting cold. My supply of wood was almost gone. There must be more.Slashing off green branches with my knife, I cut my hand and blood spurted freely from my wound. It was some time before the bleeding stopped. I wrapped my hand with a piece of cloth I tore off from my shirt. After some time, my fingers grew cold and numb, so I took the bandage off and threw it away.How long I squatted over my dying fire I don't know. But then I saw the gray shadow between the trees. It was a timber wolf. He had followed the blood spots on the snow to the blood-soaked bandage. "Yap... yap... yap... yoooo!" The howl seemed to freeze the world with fear.It was the food cry. He was calling, "Come, brothers, I have found meat." And I was the meat!Soon his hunting partner came to join him. Any time now, I thought, their teeth would pierce my bones.Suddenly the world exploded in snarls. I was thrown against the branches of the shelter. But I felt no pain. And a great silence had come. Slowly I worked my way out of the snow and raised my head. There, about 50 feet away, crouched my two attackers with their tails between their legs. Then I heard a noise to my side and turned my head. There stood a giant black wolf. It was Maheegun, and he had driven off the others."Maheegun... Maheegun...," I sobbed, as I moved through the snow toward him. "My brother, my brother," I said, giving him my hand. He reached out and licked at the dried blood.I got my little fire going again, and as I squatted by it, I started to cry. Maybe it was relief or weakness or both —I don't know. Maheegun whimpered too.Maheegun stayed with me through the long night, watching me with those big eyes. The cold and loss of blood were taking their toll.The sun was midway across the sky when I noticed how restless Maheegun had become. He would run away a few paces —head up, listening — then run back to me. Then I heard. It was dogs. It was the searching party! I put the last of my birch bark on the fire and fanned itinto life.The sound of the dogs grew louder. Then the voices of men. Suddenly, as if by magic, the police dog team came up out of the creek bed, and a man came running toward my fire. It was my grandfather.The old hunter stopped suddenly when he saw the wolf. He raised his rifle. "Don't shoot!" I screamed and ran toward him, falling through the snow. "It's Maheegun. Don't shoot!"He lowered his rifle. Then I fell forward on my face, into the snow.I woke up in my bedroom. It was quite some time before my eyes came into focus enough to see my grandfather sitting by my bed."You have slept three days," he said softly. "The doc says you will be all right in a week or two.""And Maheegun" I asked weakly."He should be fine. He is with his own kind."Unit3More Crime and Less PunishmentIf you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. The best estimates suggest that 36million to 40 million people (16 to 18 percent of the U. S. population)have arrest records for nontraffic offenses. We already have 2. 4 million people under some form of correctional supervision, 412, 000 of them locked away in a prison cell. We don't have room for any more!The painful fact is that the more crime there is the less we are able to punish it. This is why the certainty and severity of punishment must go down when the crime rate goes up. Countries like Saudi Arabia can afford to give out harsh punishments precisely because they have so little crime. But can we afford to cut off the hands of those who committed more than 35 million property crimes each year Can we send them to prison Can we execute more than 22,000 murderersWe need to think about the relationship between punishment and crime in a new way. A decade of careful research has failed to provide clear and convincing evidence that the threat of punishment reduces crime. We think that punishment deters crime, but it just might be the other way around. It just might be that crime deters punishment: that there is so much crime that it simply cannot be punished.This is the situation we find ourselves in today. Just as the decline in the number of high-school graduates has made it easier to gain admission to the college of one's choice, the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. While elite colleges and universities still have high standards of admissions, some ofthe most "exclusive" prisons now require about five prior serious crimesbefore an inmate is accepted into their correctional program. Our current crop of prisoners is an elite group, on the whole much more serious offenders than those who were once imprisoned in Alcatraz.These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police, judges or correctional personnel for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The society demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem. The criminal justice system must then become as powerless as a parent who has charge of hundreds of teenage children and who is nonetheless expected to answer the TV message: "It's 10 o'clock! Do you know where your children are"A few statistics from the Justice Department's recent "Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice" illustrate my point. Of every 100 serious crimes committed in America, only 33 are actually reported to the police. Of the 33 reported, about six lead to arrest. Of the six arrested, only three are prosecuted and convicted. The others are rejected or dismissed due to evidence or witness problems or are sent elsewhere for medical treatment instead of punishment. Of the three convicted, only one is sent to prison. The other two are allowed to live in their communityunder supervision. Of the select few sent to prison, more than halfreceive a maximum sentence of five years. The average inmate, however, leaves prison in about two years. Most prisoners gain early release not because parole boards are too easy on crime, but because it is much cheaper to supervise a criminal in the community. And, of course, prison officials must make room for the new prisoners sent almost daily from the courts.We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to state and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for bonds to build new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison construction.And if it were willing to pay, long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime. In 1981, 124,000 convicts were released from prison. If we had kept them in jail for an additional year, how many crimes would have been prevented While it is not possible to know the true amount of crime committed by people released from prison in any given year, we do know the extent to which those under parole are jailed again for major crime convictions. This number is a surprisingly low 6 percent (after three years it rises to only 11 percent). Even if released prisoners commit an average of two crimes each, this would amount to only15,000 crimes prevented: a drop in the bucket when measured against the 41 million crimes committed each year.More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $1.6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around $50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation: getting tough with criminals is not the answer.Unit4The Nightingale and the Rose"She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses," cried the young Student, "but in all my garden there is no red rose."From her nest in the oak tree the Nightingale heard him and she looked out through the leaves and wondered."No red rose in all my garden!" he cried, and his beautiful eyes filled with tears. "Ah, I have read all that the wise men have written, and all the secrets of philosophy are mine, yet for want of a red rose my life is made wretched.""Here at last is a true lover," said the Nightingale. "Night after night have I sung of him, and now I see him."The Prince gives a ball tomorrow night," murmured the young Student, "and my love will be there. If I bring her a red rose she will dance with me till dawn. I shall hold her in my arms, and she will lean her head upon my shoulder. But there is no red rose in my garden, so I shall sit lonely and my heart will break.""Here, indeed, is the true lover," said the Nightingale. Surely love is a wonderful thing. It is more precious than emeralds and opals."The musicians will play upon their stringed instruments," said the young Student, "and my love will dance to the sound of the harp and the violin. She will dance so lightly that her feet will not touch the floor. But with me she will not dance, for I have no red rose to give her," and he flung himself down on the grass, and buried his face in his hands, and wept. "Why is he weeping" asked a green Lizard, as he ran past him with his tailin the air."Why, indeed" said a Butterfly, who was fluttering about after a sunbeam. "Why, indeed" whispered a Daisy to his neighbor, in a soft, low voice. "He is weeping for a red rose," said the Nightingale."For a red rose" they cried, "how very ridiculous!" and the little Lizard, who was something of a cynic, laughed outright. But the Nightingale understood the Student's sorrow, and sat silent in the Oak-tree. Suddenly she spread her brown wings for flight, and soared into the air. She passed through the grove like a shadow and like a shadow she sailed across the garden.In the centre of the grass-plot stood a beautiful Rose-tree, and when she saw it she flew over to it. "Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song."But the Tree shook its head."My roses are white," it answered, "as white as the foam of the sea, and whiter than the snow upon the mountain. But go to my brother who grows round the old sun-dial, and perhaps he will give you what you want."So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing round the old sun-dial."Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song." But the Tree shook its head."My roses are yellow," it answered, "as yellow as the hair of the mermaiden, and yellower than the daffodil that blooms In the meadow. But go to my brother who grows beneath the Student's window, and perhaps he will give you what you want."So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing beneath the Student's window."Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song." But the Tree shook its head."My roses are red," it answered, "as red as the feet of the dove, and redder than the great fans of coral. But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has nipped my buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year.""One red rose is all that I want," cried the Nightingale, "only one red rose! Is there no way by which I can get it""There is a way," answered the Tree, "but it is so terrible that I dare not tell it to you.""Tell it to me," said the Nightingale, "I am not afraid.""If you want a red rose," said the Tree, "you must build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with your own heart's blood.You must sing to me with your breast against a thorn. All night long you must sing to me, and the thorn must pierce your heart, and yourlife-blood must flow into my veins, and become mine.""Death is a great price to pay for a red rose," cried the Nightingale, "and life is very dear to all. Yet love is better than life, and what is the heart of a bird compared to the heart of a man"So she spread her brown wings for flight, and soared into the air. She swept over the garden like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed through the grove.The young Student was still lying on the grass, and the tears were not yet dry in his beautiful eyes. "Be happy," cried the Nightingale, "be happy, you shall have your red rose. I will build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with my own heart's blood. All that I ask of you in return is that you will be a true lover."The Student looked up from the grass, and listened, but he could not understand what the Nightingale was saying to him. But the Oak-tree understood and felt sad, for he was very fond of the little Nightingale. "Sing me one last song," he whispered. "I shall feel lonely when you are gone."So the Nightingale sang to the Oak-tree, and her voice was like water bubbling from a silver jar.When she had finished her song, the Student got up."She has form," he said to himself, as he walked away. "That cannot be denied. But has she got feeling I am afraid not. In fact, like most artists,she is all style without any sincerity." And he went to his room, and lay down on his bed, and after a time, he fell asleep.And when the Moon shone in the heaven, the Nightingale flew to the Rose-tree, and set her breast against the thorn. All night long she sang with her breast against the thorn, and the cold crystal Moon leaned down and listened. All night long she sang, and the thorn went deeper into her breast, and her life-blood ebbed away from her.She sang first of the birth of love in the heart of a boy and a girl. And on the topmost spray of the Rose-tree there blossomed a marvelous rose, petal following petal, as song followed song.But the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. "Press closer, little Nightingale," cried the Tree, "or the Day will come before the rose is finished."So the Nightingale pressed closer against the thorn, and louder and louder grew her song, for she sang of the birth of passion in the soul of a man and a maid.And a delicate flush of pink came into the leaves of the rose, like the flush in the face of the bridegroom when he kisses the lips of the bride. But the thorn had not yet reached her heart so the rose's heart remained white.And the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. "Press closer, little Nightingale," cried the Tree, "or the Day will come before the rose is finished."。
2024英语二翻译
短语长难句college application process过程oftenbolster their chances of college hopeful’sP10P11P12P13one of the big questions high 高中, 中学school seniors 毕业班学生must consider is ‘What makes youunique?,’ 独一无二的having an uncommon extracurricular 课外活动activity vs. a conventional one is an advantage,” 优势he wrote in an email. 1Experts 专家say demonstrating 展示talent 才能in at 至少least one extracurricular 课外活动activity can help in the college admissions 录取process, 过程especially at top-tier undergraduate 本科生institutions. 院校1“Distinguishing 使有别于yourself in one focused type of extracurricular 课外活动activity can be a positive 积极的in the admissions 准入，招生process, 过程especially for highly 很selective institutions, 院校where having top grades and test scores 成绩is not enough,” Katie Kelley, admissions 招生counselor at IvyWise admissions 招生consultancy, wrote in an email. 2“Students need to have thatquality or hook 吸引…that will appeal 对……有吸引力to admissions 招生officers and allow them to visualize how the student might come and enrich 丰富their campus （大学）…community.”社区1Extracurricular 课外活动activities related 关于to the college major declared on a college application 申请are beneficial, 有益的experts 专家suggest. 2“If you already know your major, having an extracurricular that fits into that major can be a big plus,” 好处, 优势says Mayghin Levine, the manager of educational opportunities with The Cabbage 卷心菜Patch 一小块地Settlement 定居点House, a Louisville, Kentucky, nonprofit community 社区center. 1High 高中school students who have had a strong positive 积极的influence 影响on their community 社区through an extracurricular 课外活动activity may impress 给人留下…a college and win ascholarship, 奖学金says Erica Gwyn, a former 前math and science magnet 磁铁program assistant at a public high 高中school who is now executive 执行的director of the Kaleidoscope Careers 职业Academy 专科院校in Atlanta, a nonprofit organization. 组织。
英语2考研2024真题
英语2考研2024真题2024 English II Postgraduate Entrance ExaminationSection I: Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the age of digital technology, privacy has become a major concern for many individuals. With the rise of social media and the internet, personal information is increasingly being1 online, raising questions about who has access to this data and how it is used. Companies often2 user data to tailor advertisements and improve their services, but this practice has led to3 concerns about the potential misuse of such information.The European Union has taken steps to address these issueswith the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This regulation 4 companies to obtain explicit consent from users before collecting their data and5 them the right to access, correct, or delete their personal information. However, critics argue that the GDPR is6 andthat it does not go far enough in protecting user privacy.In response to these concerns, some companies have 7 to develop new technologies that prioritize privacy. For example,Apple has introduced a feature called "App Tracking Transparency," which 8 users to control whether their data is shared with third parties. While these efforts are commendable, it is 9 that the fight for privacy is an ongoing battle that requires constant vigilance and 10.1. A. shared B. leaked C. stored D. uploaded2. A. collect B. analyze C. manipulate D. utilize3. A. ethical B. financial C. environmental D. political4. A. forces B. allows C. encourages D. requires5. A. grant B. deny C. limit D. revoke6. A. ambiguous B. insufficient C. excessive D. outdated7. A. committed B. hesitated C. refused D. agreed8. A. enables B. requires C. prevents D. prohibits9. A. inevitable B. evident C. necessary D. possible10. A. innovation B. regulation C. education D. enforcementSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1The recent surge in remote work has led to a significant increase in the demand for home office equipment. Companies are now scrambling to meet the needs of their employees who are working from home. This has resulted in a boom for thefurniture industry, as people are investing in ergonomic chairs and desks to create comfortable and productive workspaces.Question 21: What is the main reason for the increase in demand for home office equipment?A. The rise in remote workB. The need for ergonomic furnitureC. The boom in the furniture industryD. The scramble of companies to meet employee needsText 2The impact of climate change on global food security is a growing concern. Experts warn that rising temperatures and changing weather patterns could lead to reduced crop yields and increased food prices. This could have severe consequences for millions of people around the world who are already struggling with food insecurity.Question 22: What is the potential consequence of climate change on global food security?A. Increased crop yieldsB. Reduced food pricesC. Reduced crop yieldsD. Improved food securityText 3The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is expected to revolutionize the industry. AI has the potentialto improve diagnostics, personalize treatments, and reduce healthcare costs. However, there are concerns about the ethical implications of AI, including issues related to data privacy and patient consent.Question 23: What is one potential benefit of using AI in healthcare?A. Improved diagnosticsB. Increased healthcare costsC. Reduced data privacyD. Decreased patient consentText 4The role of education in promoting social mobility has been a topic of debate. Some argue that education is a key factor in enabling individuals to move up the social ladder, while others believe that the current education system perpetuates social inequality. The debate highlights the need for reform in education to ensure equal opportunities for all.Question 24: What is the main point of the debate on the role of education in social mobility?A. Education is key to social mobilityB. Education perpetuates social inequalityC. Education does not affect social mobilityD. Education reform is needed to ensure equal opportunitiesPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer questions 25-30 by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Text 5[Text omitted for brevity]Question 25: What is the main idea of the text?A. [Answer omitted for brevity]。
自学考试00015英语(二)Unit 1课文
(3)In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.
those是代词，代替前面的复数名词values and attitudes。
⑦ Identify any possible author bias. (6)A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.
A． of
B． in
C． at
D． with
【答案】D 【解析】本题考查consist的用法。consist of意为"由…… 组成"；consist in意为"在于"；consist with意为"与……一 致"，故选D。consist at不存在。该句的意思是"说实话， 我真希望这次你的言行能一致"
9. represent v. 描述；表现 representative adj./n. 10. assertion n. 明确肯定；断言 11. sufficient adj. 足够的；充足的
Sufficiency insufficient
12. statistic n. statistics [pl.]统计数字；统计资料 13. integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体
新概念第二册-Lesson 83 After the elections
FANATICAL
fanatical /fəˈnætɪkl/ adj. 入迷的, 狂热的 fanatically /fə'nætɪklɪ/ adv. 狂热地, 盲信地 fanatic /fəˈnætɪk/ n. 入迷者, 极端分子, 狂热信徒 adj. 入迷的 E.g. Gary's fanatical about football. 加里对足球很痴迷。 -Cambridge Dictionary
OPPONENT
opponent /əˈpəʊnənt/ n. 对手, 反对者 词根词缀: 词根: pon = put 放置 opponent /əˈpəʊnənt/ n. 对手, 反对者 adj. 反对的 [op-=ob-相反, 对面 + pon放置 + -ent形容词后缀，…的 或名词后缀, 表示人] component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ adj. 组成的 n. 组成部份, 成分 [com-共同+pon放+-ent形容词后缀，…的或名词后缀, 表示物] compound /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ n. 混合物, 化合物, 有围栏的场地 *com- 共同 propone /prə'pəʊn/ v. 提议, 建议 *pro- 向前 proponent /prəˈpəʊnənt/ n. 提出者, 倡导者 *-ent 表示人 exponent /ɪkˈspəʊnənt/ n. 指数, 拥护者, 说明者 [ex-出, 外 + pon放, 摆 + -ent形容词后缀，…的/名词后缀] postpone /pəˈspəʊn/ v. 推迟, 延期 [post-后 + pone放] progress /ˈprəʊɡres/ v. & n. 进展, 进步 progressive /prəˈɡresɪv/ adj. 进步的 progression /prəˈɡreʃn/ n. 进展, 发展 E.g. My friend, Patrick, has always been a fanatical opponent of Mr. Lane's Radical Progressive Party. 我的朋友帕特里克一直是莱恩先生的激进党的强烈反对者。
(完整版)高级英语第二册lesson2
马拉喀什见闻乔治·奥威尔一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上瓮嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又非了回来。
一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，一边走着一边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。
苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。
朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。
再扔一些像碎砖头一样的日、干土块。
不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。
坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。
一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。
当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。
实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。
这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。
他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。
谁也不会注意到他们的离去。
就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。
有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。
我正在公园里给一只瞪羚喂食。
动物中也恐怕只有瞪羚还活着时就让人觉得是美味佳肴。
事实上，人们只要看到它们那两条后腿就会联想到薄荷酱。
我现在喂着的这只瞪羚好象已经看透了我的心思。
它虽然叼走了拿在手上的一块面包，但显然不喜欢我这个人。
它一面啃食着面包，一面头一低向我顶过来，再啃一下面包又顶过来一次。
研究生英语应用教程(第二册)完整版课后翻译unit 1-8单元
Translation第一单元A．Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed ,and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised.While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play , it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority-precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S school.Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano ,art and sports lessons , their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years.Yet , regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese.对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。
如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿意玩耍的消极影响，但也会教会他们自控和尊重权威，而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。
自考英语二(00015)unit1 text A 课文
Pre-reading Questions
1. Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?
通常情况下，你是否会反对作者提出的观点？你认为 什么是积极阅读？
Making Suggestions
Steve: Hi, Jenny, would you like to do something with me this weekend? Jenny: Sure. What shall we do? Steve: I don't know. Do you have any ideas? Jenny: Why don't we see a film? Steve:That sounds good to me. Which film shall we see? Jenny: Let's see Action Man 4.
史蒂夫：8点在瑞克斯影院。看电 影之前我们吃点东西怎么样？
Jenny: Sure, that sounds great. What about going to that new Italian restaurant Michetti's?
珍妮：当然了，好主意。去新开 的意大利餐馆梅开缇吧。
Steve: Great idea! Let's meet there 史蒂夫：太好了! 6点钟在那不见
史蒂夫：我不想看那部电影，我 不喜欢看充满暴力的影片。《疯 狂的布朗医生》怎么样？听说很 有趣。
quite a funny film.
Jenny: OK. Let's go see that. When 珍妮：好的。就看这部吧！几点
英语二自学教程笔记
英语二自学教程笔记Self-Study Notes for English Language Learning.Embarking on the journey of self-studying English can be both exciting and challenging. With the right resources and strategies, however, the process can be smooth and rewarding. These notes aim to provide a comprehensive guide for those looking to enhance their English language skills through independent study.1. Understanding the Basics.Before delving into more advanced topics, it's crucial to master the fundamentals of English. This includes:Alphabet and Pronunciation: Familiarize yourself with the English alphabet and learn how to pronounce each letter correctly. This will lay the foundation for speaking and understanding spoken English.Vocabulary: Building a rich vocabulary is essentialfor effective communication. Start by learning common words and phrases, and gradually expand your vocabulary through reading and listening to native speakers.Grammar: Understanding the rules of English grammar is key to writing and speaking correctly. Master the basics of sentence structure, parts of speech, and punctuation.2. Improving Listening Skills.Listening is a crucial skill in language learning. Here are some tips to improve your listening abilities:Watch English Movies and TV Shows: This is a great way to immerse yourself in the language and improve your understanding of spoken English. Start with subtitles if necessary, and gradually try to understand the dialogue without them.Listen to English Music:除了看电影和电视节目，听英语音乐也是提高听力技能的好方法。
高英第二册paraphrases答案
Pub Talk and the King’s English Paraphrase1.And conversation is an activity which is found only amonghuman beings.2.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept ouridea or point of view. In a conversationw e should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.3.Infact a person who really enjoys and is skilled atconversation will not to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pubare not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.5.The conversation could go on without anybody knowingwho was right or wrong.6.These animals are called cattle when we sit down at thetable to eat, we call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class by using French instead of Englishmade it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.The English language received proper recognition and wasused by the king once more.9.The phrase, the King’s English, has always been useddisparagingly and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10.There still exists in the working people, as in the earlySaxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger that we might forget thatwords are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to representMarrakechIII Paraphrase1.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece ofwasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2.All the imperialists build up their empires by treating thepeople int he colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3.They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil andstarve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name, and nobody notices that they are dead.4.Sitting with his legs crossed and using a veryold-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5.Immediately fromt heir dark hole-like cells everywhere agreat number of Jews rushed out wildly excited, all loudly demanding a cigarette.6.Every one of these poor Jews looks on the cigarette as apiece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7.However, a white-skinned European is always quitenoticeable. / However, people always notice any one with a white skin.8.If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region,you see everything but the human beings.9.No one would think of organizing cheap trips for thetourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips would not be interesting).10.Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people. They canproduce a little food on the poor soil only with hard backbreaking toil.11.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was thelowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.12.People with brown skins are almost inisible.13.The Senegaleses soldiers were wearing second-handready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful, well-built bodies.14.How much longer before they turn their guns around andattack the colonialist rulers?15.Every white man hhad this thought hidden somewhere inhis mind.Inaugural AddressParaphrase1.Our ancestors foutght a revolutionary war to maintain thatall men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been settled in many countries around the world.2.We promise to do this much and we promise to do more.3.United and working together we can accomplish a lot ofthings in a great number of joint bold undertakings.4.The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival inan age where the tools to wage war have far surpassed and exceeded the tols to keep peace.5.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the areas inwhich its authority and mandate could continue to be in effect or in force.6.Before the terrible forces of destruction, which atomicbombs can now release, wipe out mankind, which may be planned or brought about by an accident.7.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quicklyas possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.8.Let us start over again. We must bear in mind that beingpolite does not mean one is weak.9.Let both sides try to use science to produce good andbeneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.10.Americans of every generation have been called upon toprove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).11.We will lead the country we love, knowing our sure rewardwill be a good conscience, and history will finally judge whether we have done our task well or not.The Sad Young MenIII Paraphrase1.At the very mention of this poset-war period, middle-agedpeople begin to think about it longingly and young people become curious and start asking all kinds of questions. 2.In any case, America could not avoid casting aside itsmiddle-class respectability and affected refinement.3.The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of theVictorian social structure.4.In America the young people did not seriously thake up theresponsibility of changing the traditional customs of society; instead they lived unconventional lives and, by drinking and behaving indecently in many ways, they broke the moral code of the community.5.The young people found greater pleasure in their drinkingbecause Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful, addeda sense of adventure.6.As a result, the young men began to join the armies offoreign countries to fight in the war.7.The young people wanted to take part in the gloriousadventure before the war ended.8.These young people could no longer adapt to lives in theirhome towns or their families.9.The returning veteran soldiers also had to face the stupedcynicism of the victorious allies in Versailles who acted as cynically as Napoleon did. They had to face Progibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would be good for the people.10.(Under all this force and pressure) something in the youthof America, who were already very tense, had to break down.11.It was only natural that hopeful young writers, whoseminds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbitry, and Puritanical gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic centre.12.Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, recklesspeople, who lived unconventional lives.The One Who Walk Away from Omelas Paraphrase1.The loud ringing of the bells, which sent the frightenedswallows flying high, marks the beginning of the Festival of Summer in Omelas.2.The shouting of the children could be heard clearly abovethe music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying by overheard.3.The riders were putting the horses through some exercisesbecause the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resisting the control of the riders.4.After reading the above description the reader is likely toassume certain things.5.An artist betrays his trust and faith when he does notadmit that evil is nothing fresh not novel and pain is very dull and uninteresting.6.They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up peoplefull of intense feelings but they were not miserable people.7.Perhaps it would be best if you readers picture Omelas toyourselves as your imagination tells you what to do, as I believe your imagination will be able to deal with the task well.8.The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz mayfill the streets of the city.9.perhaps the child was born mentally retarded or perhaps ithas become feeble-minded due to fear, poor nourishment and neglect.10.the habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that itwon’t be able to appreciate kind and tender treatment. 11.they shed tears when they first saw how terribly unjust thechild was treated but these tears dry up when they realize how just and fair reality is though it is terrible, and they accept it.12.the existence of the child and their knowledge of itsexistence is the reason that makes their buildings grand and impressive, their music moving and their science intellectually deep.The Future of the EnglishParaphrase1.The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrelwith each other on the surface, but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other in their hearts.2.What the wealthy employers would really like to do is towhip all the workers, whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome.3.there are not many snarling shop stewards in theworkshop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of directors.4.The contemporary world demands that everything be bigor done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness.5.At least on the surface, when Englishness is put againstthe power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.6.Englishness is not against change, but it believes thatchanging just for the sake of changing and for no other useful purpose is very wrong and harmful.7.To regard cars and motorways as more important thanhouses seems to Englishness a public stupidity.8.I must further say that while Englishness can go onfighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning. 9.Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strongmoral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply.10.These people probably believe, as I do, that the so-called“Good Life” promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects.11.He will not even find satisfaction in this untidy anddisordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people.12.These people regard the House of Common as a place faraway from their daily life where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matter.13.If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soonlearn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.Disappearing Through the Skylight Paraphrase1.Science is engaged in the task of making its basic conceptsunderstood and accepted by scientists all over the world.Science exhibits the universalizing tendency.2.The car model, called Fiesta, seems to have disappearedcompletely.3.The idea of a world car is similar to the International Stylein architecture.4.Things that are happening in automaking are similar tothose happening in architecture.5.The modern man no longer has very distinct individualtraits shaped by a special environment and culture.6.The disadvantage of being a cosmopolitan is that he loses ahome in the old sense of the word.7.The advantage of being a cosmopolitan is that he begins tothink that the old kind of home probably restricts his development and activities8.The compelling force of technology to universalize cannotbe resisted.9.When every artist thought it was their duty to showcontempt for and objection to the Eiffel Tower which they considered an architectural structure that dishonored Paris, the center and arbiter of art and culture.10.In the past people firmly believed that the things they sawaround them were real solid substances, but this has now been thrown into doubt by science.11.This disappearance of history frees the mind fromtraditional concepts. It is like what Madame Buffet-Picabia says: a flexible and pliable quality that was beyond human powers and absolutely new.12.That, perhaps, shows how far logically modern aestheticcan go.。
王力《古代汉语》第二册(考研复习用)
第二册墨子《非攻》《非攻》是《墨子》中的名篇，了解中国文化又谈论国事者，多少都会想到《非攻》，墨子的非攻思想是影响古今的和平主义，是平民主义的战争观。
非攻就是反对一切非正义的战争，对防御战，墨子是支持的。
他自己就曾经带人参加过好几次帮人守城的战争。
正确地解读《非攻》，重要的是要明白《非攻》产生的场景。
二千五百年前，中国史上出现了一个大变革的时期。
那个被定名为春秋战国的时代充满了政变、瓜分，侵略、吞并，欺诈和屠杀，时间绵延两百多年。
西周初期建立的封建文化基础逐渐地被破坏，王室衰微、礼崩乐坏，直接造成了社会紊乱、经济凋蔽。
墨子的《非攻》就写作于这一时期，表达的是平民百姓对战乱的看法，也是兼爱思想在战争问题上的体现。
在文中，墨子对于打着“义”的旗号侵略他国的战争行为的非正义性予以抨击。
墨子问道，偷窃他人桃李、猪羊等损人利己的事情，大家都认为应该给于惩罚，但是发生进攻他国的事情，大家却跟随、响应，而且谓之“义”，这是什么意思啊？墨子又问道，杀一人是不义，定死罪，杀人越多罪也越重，这一点大家都是知道的。
可是，对于大不义的侵略他国，大家为什么却拥护、支持呢？墨子质问：对于小事，大家知道是非。
可是对于侵略他国的大事，大家都犯糊涂了。
这种所谓“义”和“不义”的辩论是不是胡扯？今有一人，入人园圃，窃其桃李，众闻则非之，上为政者得则罚之。
此何也？以亏人自利也。
至攘人犬豕鸡豚者，其不义又甚入人园圃窃桃李。
是何故也？以亏人愈多。
苟亏人愈多，其不仁兹甚，罪益厚。
至入人栏厩，取人马牛者，其不仁义又甚攘人犬豕鸡豚。
此何故也？以其亏人愈多。
苟亏人愈多，其不仁兹甚，罪益厚。
至杀不辜人也，拖其衣裘、取戈剑者，其不义又甚入人栏厩取人马牛。
此何故也？以其亏人愈多。
苟亏人愈多，其不仁兹甚矣，罪益厚。
当此天下之君子，皆知而非之，谓之不义。
今至大为不义，攻国，则弗知非，从而誉之，谓之义。
此可谓知义与不义之别乎？杀一人，谓之不义，必有一死罪矣。
汉译 Unit 2 Choice of Subject
is most active. The turn of the century finds China most
active on the diplomatic arena. (6) 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 • As long as the green mountains are there,
(7) 走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚步声也 没有。
There were no sound of my footsteps when I walked on the thick carpet of the corridor.
The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps.
• It is said that there will be changes in government policy about housing reforms.
(8) 汉语部不仅教中国学生汉语和中国文学课，还招 收学习汉语的外国留学生。
The Chinese Program teaches the Han language and Chinese literature, and ….
(3) 到去年年底，上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉 索桥的合同或协议。
• By the end of last year, contracts or agreements were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges.
2023年考研英语(二)阅读 text 2 精读精讲
2023年考研英语(二)阅读 text 2 精读精讲The 2023 Postgraduate English (II) Examination is a crucial milestone for many aspiring graduate students in China. Among the various sections of the test, the reading comprehension portion has always been a significant challenge for test-takers. In this essay, we will delve into the in-depth analysis of Reading Text 2 from the examination, exploring its key elements, potential pitfalls, and effective strategies for mastering this critical component.Reading Text 2 is often considered the most demanding section of the Postgraduate English (II) Examination due to its complexity and the depth of understanding required. The text typically covers a wide range of academic or professional topics, requiring candidates to demonstrate not only their language proficiency but also their ability to comprehend and analyze intricate information.One of the primary challenges in tackling Reading Text 2 is the density of the content. The passages often feature high-level vocabulary, intricate sentence structures, and a wealth of technical or specialized terminology. Candidates must be well-versed in theselinguistic elements to grasp the overall meaning and nuances of the text effectively.Furthermore, the questions accompanying the reading passage are designed to test the test-takers' critical thinking skills. They may require the identification of the main idea, the inference of implicit information, the recognition of the author's tone or attitude, or the evaluation of the logical flow and coherence of the text. Successful navigation of these questions demands a deep understanding of the passage, the ability to synthesize information, and the capacity to think critically.To effectively tackle Reading Text 2, test-takers must employ a strategic approach. Firstly, it is crucial to develop a strong foundation in English vocabulary and grammar. Systematic vocabulary building, focusing on academic and subject-specific terms, can greatly enhance one's comprehension of complex passages. Additionally, a thorough understanding of English grammar structures and their usage can aid in navigating the intricate sentence constructions often found in the reading texts.Secondly, practicing active reading techniques can significantly improve one's performance in this section. This includes carefully reading the passage, actively identifying key information, and taking notes or annotations to facilitate better understanding. Activelyengaged reading, as opposed to passive skimming, enables candidates to capture the nuances and subtleties of the text, which are often crucial in answering the accompanying questions.Another essential strategy is to familiarize oneself with the typical question types and formats encountered in the Postgraduate English (II) Examination. By understanding the patterns and expectations of the test, candidates can better prepare and develop effective approaches to tackle each question efficiently.Furthermore, time management is a critical factor in the Reading Text 2 section. Candidates must learn to strike a balance between thoroughly understanding the passage and completing the questions within the allotted time frame. Developing techniques to quickly identify the main ideas, scan for relevant details, and efficiently answer the questions can greatly improve one's performance.In addition to the aforementioned strategies, test-takers should also consider the importance of regular practice and self-evaluation. Frequent exposure to sample reading passages, followed by a critical analysis of one's own performance, can help identify areas for improvement and refine one's approach. Seeking feedback from experienced teachers or mentors can also provide valuable insights and guidance.In conclusion, the Reading Text 2 section of the 2023 Postgraduate English (II) Examination presents a formidable challenge for test-takers. However, by developing a comprehensive understanding of the linguistic and analytical skills required, adopting effective reading and problem-solving strategies, and consistently practicing, candidates can enhance their chances of success in this crucial component of the examination. With dedication and a strategic mindset, test-takers can unlock the key to mastering Reading Text 2 and achieve their academic and professional aspirations.。
2024考研英语二大纲 pdf
2024考研英语二大纲pdf全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Oh my gosh, guys! Have you heard about the 【2024 pdf】? It's like, super important for all of us who wanna go to grad school in China! So, I did some research and found out some cool stuff about it.First of all, the 【2024 pdf】is basically a guideline for the English exam that we'll have to take if we wanna get into a postgraduate program. It tells us what we need to study and what kind of questions we can expect on the test.One of the things that caught my eye in the 【2024 pdf】is the emphasis on reading comprehension. Like, we need to be able to understand and analyze different types of texts, from academic articles to news reports. So, I guess we better start practicing our reading skills, huh?Another thing the 【2024 pdf】talks about is writing. We have to be able to write clear and coherent essays on different topics. That means we need to work on our grammar, vocabulary,and organization skills. Oh man, writing essays is gonna be tough!But you know what, guys? We got this! We can totally ace the 【2024 pdf】if we put in the effort and practice hard. Let's study together, help each other out, and crush that exam! Go team!篇2Hey guys, have you ever heard about the 2024 study outline for the postgraduate entrance exam in English? If not, let me tell you all about it!So, the 2024 study outline for the postgraduate entrance exam in English is like a guide that tells us what we need to study and prepare for the exam. It has a lot of cool stuff in it, like what topics will be tested, how many questions there will be, and even some tips on how to improve our English skills.In the outline, there are different sections like reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, writing, and even listening. Each section is super important because they help us practice and get better at English.For reading comprehension, we need to read some cool stories and answer questions about them. It's like a fun adventure where we get to learn new words and understand different ideas.Vocabulary is all about learning new words and how to use them in sentences. We can use flashcards or games to help us remember all those tricky words.Grammar is like a puzzle where we have to put the right words in the right order. It's super fun once you get the hang of it!Writing is where we get to be creative and write our own stories or essays. We can practice writing every day to get better at expressing ourselves in English.And finally, listening is all about hearing and understanding English speakers. We can listen to music, podcasts, or even watch English shows to help us improve our listening skills.So, if you want to do well in the 2024 postgraduate entrance exam in English, make sure to study hard and have fun while doing it. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep practicing and you'll do great! Good luck, everyone!篇3Hi everyone, today I'm going to talk about the 2024 Postgraduate English Exam. It's a big deal for a lot of people who want to go to graduate school.The exam is divided into two parts, English 1 and English 2. In English 1, you have to answer questions based on reading passages. You'll need to show you understand the main idea, details, and inferences from the text. It's important to read carefully and underline key points to help you answer the questions.In English 2, you'll have to write an essay. This part is super important because it shows your writing skills and your ability to think critically. Make sure you have a clear thesis statement and support it with examples and evidence. Don't forget to check your grammar and spelling before you finish your essay.To prepare for the exam, you should read a lot of English texts, practice writing essays, and review grammar rules. It's also helpful to take practice exams to get used to the format and time limits.Remember, the most important thing is to stay calm and confident on exam day. Believe in yourself and your abilities. Good luck to everyone taking the 2024 Postgraduate English Exam!篇4Hi everyone, today I want to talk to you about the 2024 Graduate English Exam. It's like a big test for smart grown-ups who want to go to school after they finish school. But don't worry, I'll explain everything in a way that's easy to understand.First, let's talk about the exam format. The 2024 Graduate English Exam has two parts: Part One and Part Two. Part One is all about reading and writing. You have to read some passages and answer questions about them. Part Two is listening and speaking. You have to listen to some conversations and give your own answers.Next, let's talk about the topics you might see on the exam. You could be asked about things like science, history, or even animals. It's important to practice reading and listening to different topics so you can be ready for anything.Now, let's talk about how you can prepare for the exam. You should read English books, watch English movies, and listen to English songs. You can also practice speaking with your friends or family. The more you practice, the better you'll do on the exam.In conclusion, the 2024 Graduate English Exam is a big test for smart grown-ups. But with lots of practice and hard work, you can do your best and show how much you know. Good luck, everyone!篇5Hey guys, do you know what the 2024 postgraduate English exam is all about? Well, let me tell you all about it!The 2024 postgraduate English exam is a big deal for students who want to continue their studies after graduating from university. The exam is divided into two parts: English I and English II. English I tests your reading and writing skills, while English II focuses on listening and speaking.In the reading section of English I, you will need to read a variety of texts and answer questions about them. It's important to practice reading different types of texts, such as articles, essays, and short stories, so you can be prepared for anything that comes your way on exam day.When it comes to writing, you will need to write essays on various topics. Make sure to practice writing different types of essays, such as argumentative, descriptive, and narrative essays, so you can showcase your writing skills to the examiners.In English II, the listening section will test your ability to understand spoken English. You will listen to conversations, lectures, and interviews, and answer questions based on what you hear. It's important to practice listening to English speakers from different countries and accents so you can understand a wide range of English speakers on the exam.Finally, the speaking section of English II will require you to speak in English on a variety of topics. Make sure to practice speaking English with your friends, teachers, or even in front of a mirror so you can feel confident speaking English on exam day.So, there you have it, guys! The 2024 postgraduate English exam is no joke, but with enough practice and preparation, you can ace it and continue your studies in the field of your choice. Good luck to all of you taking the exam!篇6Hey guys, do you know what a "2024 pdf" is? Well, let me tell you about it!So, basically, the 2024 pdf is a document that tells us all about what we need to study for the English part of the exam. It's like a map that shows us all the important things we need to know. Pretty cool, right?In this document, we can find all sorts of stuff like grammar rules, vocabulary words, and even some tips on how to do well on the test. It's like having a cheat sheet that helps us do our best.When we study the 2024 pdf, we can learn about different topics like reading, writing, listening, and speaking. It's super important to be good at all of these things if we want to pass the exam with flying colors.Some of the things we can expect to see in the 2024 pdf are passages to read, questions to answer, and even some writing prompts. It's like a big puzzle that we need to solve, but with practice and hard work, we can do it!So, if you ever come across the 2024 pdf, don't be scared. Just take your time, read through it carefully, and practice, practice, practice! With a little bit of effort, we can all rock the exam and achieve our dreams. Good luck, everyone!篇7Hey guys,Today I want to talk to you about the 2024 English exam. I found this really cool PDF file that has all the information weneed to know about the exam. It's like a big guide that tells us what to study and how to prepare for it.First off, the exam is going to be in two parts - English I and English II. English I is all about grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. So we need to make sure we know our nouns from our verbs, and our synonyms from our antonyms. And we definitely need to practice our reading skills so we can understand all the passages in the exam.English II is all about writing. We need to be able to write essays, reports, and maybe even a short story. So we need to practice our writing skills and make sure we know how to structure our writing properly.The PDF file also has a list of all the topics that will be covered in the exam. We need to study things like literature, history, science, and current events. So we should start reading newspapers, watching documentaries, and maybe even joining a book club to get prepared.Overall, the 2024 English exam is going to be a big challenge for all of us. But if we start studying now and stay focused, I know we can all do our best and pass with flying colors.So let's all work hard and show everyone what we're made of!Good luck, everyone!- [Your Name]篇8Hey guys, have you heard about the 2024 Graduate Entrance Exam English syllabus? It's like a big deal, man! Let me break it down for you in a super simple and fun way.So, first things first, the 2024 English syllabus is all about testing our language skills in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. It's like, they want to make sure we can understand English and communicate well in it.In the reading part, we will have to read some passages and answer questions about them. It's important to pay attention to details and understand the main ideas of the texts. I know it sounds boring, but it's actually pretty interesting once you get into it.Next up is the writing part. We will have to write essays on different topics. It's like telling a story or sharing our opinionswith others. Remember to use good grammar and vocabulary to impress the examiners.Then, there's the listening part where we have to listen to conversations or speeches and answer questions based on what we hear. It's important to focus and not get distracted by all the noise around us.Last but not least, there's the speaking part where we have to talk about a given topic in front of the examiners. It's like giving a mini presentation and showing off our speaking skills. Just remember to be confident and speak clearly.So, that's the 2024 Graduate Entrance Exam English syllabus in a nutshell. It might seem like a lot to take in, but with some practice and hard work, we can totally nail it! Let's show them what we're made of, guys!篇9Hey guys, today I'm gonna talk about the 2024 English 2 exam outline. It's like super important for those who are gonna take the exam next year, so listen up and take notes!First off, the exam is gonna have three parts: listening, reading, and writing. In the listening part, you gotta listen tosome recordings and answer questions. Make sure you practice listening to English songs, movies, and podcasts to get ready for this part.Next, the reading part is all about passages and articles. You gotta read them carefully and understand the main ideas and details. Practice reading English books, articles, and news to improve your reading skills.Last but not least, the writing part is where you gotta show off your English writing skills. You might have to write an essay, a letter, or a report. Practice writing in English every day to get better at it.Make sure you study the vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structures to prepare for the exam. And don't forget to practice speaking English with your friends or classmates to boost your confidence.Remember, the key to acing the exam is to practice, practice, practice! So keep working hard and you'll rock the 2024 English 2 exam. Good luck, everyone!篇10Hey guys, have you heard about the 2024 Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (Part II) syllabus pdf? It's like a big deal for all the students who want to continue their studies after graduation.First of all, let's talk about the importance of the English exam. English is a universal language and it's super important to have good English skills in this globalized world. So, it's crucial to nail the English exam in order to have a better future.Now, let's dive into the details of the syllabus. The 2024 English (Part II) exam will cover topics like Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Translation, and Writing. Each section is designed to test different language skills and abilities.In the Reading Comprehension section, you will be given passages to read and then answer questions based on the content. It's important to understand the main ideas, details, and the author's purpose in order to answer the questions correctly.The Listening Comprehension section will test your ability to understand spoken English. You will listen to recordings and then answer questions based on what you heard. Pay attention to details like tone, emphasis, and context to improve your listening skills.The Translation section will test your ability to translate sentences or paragraphs from Chinese to English. Make sure to pay attention to grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure to accurately convey the meaning of the original text.Finally, the Writing section will test your ability to write coherent and organized essays or articles in English. Practice writing on a variety of topics and pay attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation to improve your writing skills.In conclusion, the 2024 English (Part II) syllabus pdf is a great resource for all students preparing for the Postgraduate Entrance Examination. Make sure to study hard, practice regularly, and stay focused in order to ace the exam. Good luck, everyone!。
2021考研英语二阅读text2
2021考研英语二阅读text2全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12021考研英语二阅读text2As the competition in the job market becomes increasingly fierce, more and more individuals are seeking higher education to enhance their competitiveness. For many Chinese students, taking the national postgraduate entrance exam, also known as the Gaokao, has become a common pathway to pursue further academic studies. In recent years, the number of candidates taking this exam has been steadily increasing, reflecting the growing trend of pursuing higher education among Chinese youth.Text 2 of the 2021 postgraduate entrance exam reading materials explores the topic of "trust" in the digital age. With the rapid development of technology and the widespread use of the internet, the way people trust each other and institutions has undergone significant changes. The text discusses how trust has become central to many aspects of modern life, from online transactions to social interactions.The text points out that trust plays a crucial role in the functioning of a society. Without trust, people would be hesitant to engage in economic transactions or social interactions, leading to a breakdown in social order and cooperation. In the digital age, trust has become even more critical as people increasingly rely on online platforms for various services, such as online shopping, banking, and social networking. The text highlights the importance of cultivating trust in the digital world to ensure the smooth operation of online platforms and the protection of users' interests.One of the key challenges discussed in the text is the issue of trustworthiness in online transactions. With the proliferation of e-commerce platforms, online scams and fraud have become rampant, making it difficult for consumers to trust the credibility of online sellers. The text suggests that establishing mechanisms to verify the trustworthiness of online sellers and protect consumers' rights is essential to building trust in online transactions.Another area of concern raised in the text is the impact of the digital age on interpersonal trust. With the rise of social media and online communication, people are increasingly interacting with others through digital platforms, which canaffect the way trust is formed and maintained. The text discusses how the anonymity and distance afforded by the internet can make it challenging to establish trust in online relationships, raising questions about the authenticity of online interactions.In conclusion, the text emphasizes the importance of trust in the digital age and the need to address the challenges associated with building trust in online transactions and social interactions. As technology continues to advance, it is essential for individuals and institutions to cultivate trust and ensure the integrity of online platforms to promote a safe and secure digital environment.Overall, Text 2 of the 2021 postgraduate entrance exam reading materials provides valuable insights into the role of trust in the digital age and the challenges facing individuals and society in fostering trust in online interactions. It highlights the importance of trust in maintaining social order and cooperation, underscoring the need for effective strategies to build trust in the digital world.篇2The world of investing has evolved rapidly in recent years, with new technologies and trends shaping the way peoplemanage their money. One key trend that has emerged is the rise of passive investing strategies, such as index funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Passive investing involves buying and holding a diversified portfolio of investments with the aim of tracking a particular market index, rather than trying to beat the market through active management.In the text "2021考研英语二阅读text2", the author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of passive investing, and the potential impact it may have on the financial markets. The text highlights that passive investing has become increasingly popular among individual investors, as well as institutional investors, due to its low cost, simplicity, and potential to outperform actively managed funds over the long term.One of the main advantages of passive investing is its low cost. Index funds and ETFs typically have lower management fees compared to actively managed funds, allowing investors to keep more of their returns. Additionally, passive investing is a more hands-off approach to managing investments, which can be appealing to those who do not have the time or expertise to actively trade stocks.However, passive investing also has its drawbacks. One of the main criticisms of passive investing is that it may lead tomarket distortions and inefficiencies. By investing in assets based on their market capitalization, index funds may inadvertently drive up the prices of overvalued stocks and ignore undervalued ones. This could potentially create bubbles in certain sectors of the market and increase market volatility.Furthermore, passive investing may also lead to a lack of due diligence and oversight on behalf of investors. By simply tracking an index, investors may not fully understand the individual companies or industries in which they are investing, and may be more susceptible to market downturns or shocks.Despite these drawbacks, the text argues that passive investing is here to stay and will likely continue to grow in popularity in the future. With the rise of robo-advisors and online investment platforms, passive investing has become more accessible to a wider range of investors, further driving its popularity.In conclusion, the text "2021考研英语二阅读text2" highlights the growing trend of passive investing and its potential impact on the financial markets. While passive investing has its advantages and disadvantages, it is clear that this strategy is reshaping the way people invest and manage their money in today's fast-paced world of finance.篇3The second text of 2021 English exam for postgraduate students is about the relationship between privacy and new technologies. In this text, the author discusses the impact of new technologies on privacy and argues that while these technologies have the potential to improve our lives in many ways, they also pose serious threats to our privacy.The author starts by highlighting the benefits of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the internet of things. These technologies have revolutionized many aspects of our lives, from education and healthcare to transportation and communication. They have made our lives more convenient, efficient, and productive. However, the author points out that these technologies also collect vast amounts of data about us, often without our knowledge or consent.The author then discusses the implications of this data collection for privacy. He argues that as more and more of our personal information is collected and stored by companies and governments, our privacy is increasingly at risk. This data can be used to track our movements, monitor our activities, and even manipulate our behavior. The author warns that if we are notcareful, we could soon find ourselves living in a surveillance state where our every move is monitored and controlled.To address these concerns, the author suggests several measures that can help protect our privacy in the age of new technologies. These include implementing strong data protection laws, giving individuals more control over their personal information, and promoting transparency and accountability in the use of data. The author also calls on companies and governments to prioritize privacy and security in the design and implementation of new technologies.In conclusion, the author argues that while new technologies have the potential to improve our lives in many ways, they also pose serious threats to our privacy. It is important for us to be aware of these risks and take steps to protect our privacy in the digital age. By implementing strong data protection laws, promoting transparency and accountability, and prioritizing privacy and security, we can ensure that new technologies benefit us without compromising our privacy.。
研究生英语第二册课后题答案
BOOK2 UNIT 14. Cloze(2) responsibility(3) reason(4) triggered(5) anxiety(6) committed(7) criticism(8) empathy(9) develop(10) violates(11) value(12) against(13) fulfill(14) generally(15) failing(16) intended(17) biochemical (18) judged(19) since(20) natureA. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.人们想快乐，首先必须感到自由，其次，必须感到自己重要。
Linguistics-2(共40张)
Phonetics Phonology
第1页，共40页。
2.1 Phonetics
A. Definition
The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identify what are speech sounds in a language and then to study their characteristics;
seal/zeal
choke/joke
It is the phonetic feature that distinguishes between word pairs.
第9页，共40页。
2.2.3 Nasal and Oral sounds
The soft palate can be lowered or raised to allow air to pass or not pass through the nasal cavity. When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off. The air stream can only pass through the oral cavity.
第7页，共40页。
2.2.2 Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
◆ When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air can pass easily and the sound produced is said to be ___.
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王力版《古代汉语》文选之二发布人发布时间--《非攻》今有一人入人园圃窃其桃李众闻则非之上为政者得则罚之此何也以亏人自利也至攘人犬豕鸡豚者其不义又甚入人园圃窃桃李是何故也以亏人愈多苟亏人愈多其不仁兹甚罪益厚至入人栏厩取人马牛者其不仁义又甚攘人犬豕鸡豚此何故也以其亏人愈多苟亏人愈多其不仁兹甚罪益厚至杀不辜人也拖其衣裘取戈剑者其不义又甚入人栏厩取人马牛此何故也以其亏人愈多苟亏人愈多其不仁兹甚矣罪益厚当此天下之君子皆知而非之谓之不义今至大为攻国则弗知非从而誉之谓之义此可谓知义与不义之别乎老子天下皆知美之为美斯恶矣皆知善之为善斯不善已故有无相生难易相成长短相形高下相倾音声相和前后相随是以圣人处无为之事行不言之教万物作焉而不辞生而不有为而不恃功成而弗居夫唯弗居是以不去三十幅共一毂当其无有车之用埏埴以为器当其无有器之用凿户牖以为室当其无有室之用故有之以为利无之以为用天之道其犹张弓欤高者抑之下者举之有馀者损之不足者补之天之道损有馀而补不足人之道则不然损不足以奉有馀孰能有馀以奉天下唯有道者是以圣人为而不恃功成而不处其不欲见贤邪小国寡民使有什伯之器而不用使民重死而不远徒虽有舟舆无所乘之虽有甲兵无所陈之使民复结绳而用之甘其食美其服安其居乐其俗邻国相望鸡犬之声相闻民至老死不相往来)《庄子·逍遥游》北冥有鱼北冥有鱼其名为鲲鲲之大不知其几千里也化而为鸟其名为鹏鹏之背不知其几千里也怒而飞其翼若垂天之云是鸟也海运则将徙於南冥南冥者天池也齐谐者志怪者也谐之言曰鹏之徙於南冥也水击三千里抟扶摇而上者九万里去以六月息者也野马也尘埃也生物之以息相吹也天之苍苍其正色邪其远而无所至极邪其视下也亦若是则已矣且夫水之积也不厚则其负大舟也无力覆杯水於坳堂之上则芥为之舟置杯焉则胶水浅而舟大也风之积也不厚则其负大翼也无力故九万里则风斯在下矣而後乃今培风背负青天而莫之夭阏者而後乃今将图南蜩与学鸠笑之曰我决起而飞抢榆枋时则不至而控於地而已矣奚以之九万里而南为适莽苍者三飡而反腹犹果然适百里者宿舂粮适千里者三月聚粮之二虫又何知小知不及大知小年不及大年奚以知其然也朝菌不知晦朔蟪蛄不知春秋此小年也楚之南有冥灵者以五百岁为春五百岁为秋上古有大椿者以八千岁为春八千岁为秋而彭祖乃今以久特闻众人匹之不亦悲乎汤之问棘也是已穷发之北有冥海者天池也有鱼焉其广数千里未有知其修者其名为鲲有鸟焉其名为鹏背若太山翼若垂天之云抟扶摇羊角而上者九万里绝云气负青天然後图南且适南冥也斥鴳笑之曰彼且奚适也我腾跃而上不过数仞而下翱翔蓬蒿之间此亦飞之至也而彼且奚适也——此小大之辩也故夫知效一官行比一乡德合一君而徵一国者其自视也亦若此矣而宋荣子犹然笑之且举世而誉之而不加劝举世而非之而不加沮定乎内外之分辩乎荣辱之境斯已矣彼其於世未数数然也虽然犹有未树也夫列子御风而行泠然善也旬有五日而後反彼於致福者未数数然也此虽免乎行犹有所待者也若夫乘天地之正而御六气之辩以游无穷者彼且恶乎待哉故曰至人无己神人无功圣人无名《庄子·逍遥游》不龟手之药惠子谓庄子曰魏王贻我大瓠之种我树之成而实五石以盛水浆其坚不能自举也剖之以为瓢则瓠落无所容非不呺然大也吾为其无用而掊之庄子曰夫子固拙於用大矣宋人有善为不龟手之药者世世以洴澼絖事客闻之请买其方百金聚族而谋曰我世世为洴澼絖不过数金今一朝而鬻技百金请与之客得之以说吴王越有难吴王使之将冬与越人水战大败越人裂地而封之能不龟手一也或以封或不免於洴澼絖则所用之异也今子有五石之瓠何不虑以为大樽而浮乎江湖而忧其瓠落无所容则夫子犹有蓬之心也夫《庄子·养生主》庖丁解牛庖丁为文惠君解牛手之所触肩之所倚足之所履膝之所踦砉然嚮然奏刀騞然莫不中音合於桑林之舞乃中经首之会文惠君曰譆善哉技盖至此乎庖丁释刀对曰臣之所好者道也进乎技矣始臣之解牛之时所见无非牛者三年之後未尝见全牛也方今之时臣以神遇而不以目视官知止而神欲行依乎天理批大郤导大窾因其固然技经肯綮之未尝而况大軱乎良庖岁更刀割也族庖月更刀折也今臣之刀十九年矣所解数千牛矣而刀刃若新发於硎彼节者有间而刀刃者无厚以无厚入有间恢恢乎其於游刃必有馀地矣是以十九年而刀刃若新发於硎虽然每至於族吾见其难为怵然为戒视为止行为迟动刀甚微謋然巳解如土委地提刀而立为之四顾为之踌躇满志善刀而藏之文惠君曰善哉吾闻庖丁之言得养生焉《庄子·胠箧》胠箧将为胠箧探囊发匮之盗而为守备则必摄缄縢固扃鐍此世俗之所谓知也然而巨盗至则负匮揭箧担囊而趋唯恐缄縢扃鐍之不固也然则鄉之所谓知者不乃为大盗积者也王本此段省故尝试论之世俗之所谓知者有不为大盗积者乎所谓圣者有不为大盗守者乎何以知其然邪昔者齐国邻邑相望鸡狗之音相闻罔罟之所布耒耨之所刺方二千余里阖四竟之内所以立宗庙社稷治邑屋州闾乡曲者曷尝不法圣人哉然而田成子一旦杀齐君而盗其国所盗者岂独其国邪并与其圣知之法而盗之故田成子有乎盗贼之名而身处尧舜之安小国不敢非大国不敢诛专有齐国则是不乃窃齐国并与其圣知之法以守其盗贼之身乎尝试论之世俗之所谓至知者有不为大盗积者乎所谓至圣者有不为大盗守者乎何以知其然邪昔者龙逢斩比干剖苌弘肔子胥靡故四子之贤而身不免乎戮故跖之徒问於跖曰盗亦有道乎跖曰何适而无有道邪夫妄意室中之藏圣也入先勇也出後义也知可否知也分均仁也五者不备而能成大盗者天下未之有也由是观之善人不得圣人之道不立跖不得圣人之道不行天下之善人少而不善人多则圣人之利天下也少而害天下也多故曰唇竭则齿寒鲁酒薄而邯郸围圣人生而大盗起掊击圣人纵舍盗贼而天下始治矣王本省至此夫川竭而谷虚丘夷而渊实圣人已死则大盗不起天下平而无故矣圣人不死大盗不止虽重圣人而治天下则是重利盗跖也为之斗斛以量之则并与斗斛而窃之为之权衡以称之则并与权衡而窃之为之符玺以信之则并与符玺而窃之为之仁义以矫之则并与仁义而窃之何以知其然邪彼窃钩者诛窃国者为诸侯诸侯之门而仁义存焉则是非窃仁义圣知邪故逐於大盗揭诸侯窃仁义并斗斛权衡符玺之利者虽有轩冕之赏弗能劝斧钺之威弗能禁此重利盗跖而使不可禁者是乃圣人之过也故曰鱼不可脱於渊国之利器不可以示人彼圣人者天下之利器也非所以明天下也故绝圣弃知大盗乃止擿玉毁珠小盗不起焚符破玺而民朴鄙掊斗折衡而民不争殚残天下之圣法而民始可与论议擢乱六律铄绝竽瑟塞瞽旷之耳而天下始人含其聪矣灭文章散五采胶离朱之目而天下始人含其明矣毁绝钩绳而弃规矩攦工倕之指而天下始人有其巧矣故曰大巧若拙削曾史之行钳杨墨之口攘弃仁义而天下之德始玄同矣彼人含其明则天下不铄矣人含其聪则天下不累矣人含其知则天下不惑矣人含其德则天下不僻矣彼曾史杨墨师旷工倕离朱皆外立其德而以爚乱天下者也法之所无用也《庄子·秋水》百川灌河秋水时至百川灌河泾流之大两涘渚崖之间不辩牛马於是焉河伯欣然自喜以天下之美为尽在己顺流而东行至於北海东面而视不见水端於是焉河伯始旋其面目望洋向若而叹曰野语有之曰闻道百以为莫己若者我之谓也且夫我尝闻少仲尼之闻而轻伯夷之义者始吾弗信今我睹子之难穷也吾非至於子之门则殆矣吾长见笑於大方之家《庄子·秋水》庄子钓於濮水庄子钓於濮水楚王使大夫二人往先焉曰愿以境内累矣庄子持竿不顾曰吾闻楚有神龟死已三千岁矣王巾笥而藏之庙堂之上此龟者宁其死为留骨而贵乎宁其生而曳尾於塗中乎二大夫曰宁生而曳尾塗中庄子曰往矣吾将曳尾於塗中《庄子·秋水》惠子相梁惠子相梁庄子往见之或谓惠子曰庄子来欲代子相於是惠子恐搜於国中三日三夜庄子往见之曰南方有鸟其名为鹓鶵子知之乎夫鹓鶵发於南海而飞於北海非梧桐不止非练实不食非醴泉不饮於是鸱得腐鼠鹓鶵过之仰而视之曰吓今子欲以子之梁国而吓我邪《庄子·徐无鬼》运斤成风庄子送葬过惠子之墓顾谓从者曰郢人垩慢其鼻端若蝇翼使匠石斫之匠石运斤成风听而斫之尽垩而鼻不伤郢人立不失容宋元君闻之召匠石曰尝试为寡人为之匠石曰臣则尝能斫之虽然臣之质死久矣自夫子之死也吾无以为质矣吾无与言之矣《庄子·列御寇》曹商使秦宋人有曹商者为宋王使秦其往也得车数乘王说之益车百乘反於宋见庄子曰夫处穷闾阨巷困窘织屦槁项黄馘者商之所短也一悟万乘之主而从车百乘者商之所长也庄子曰秦王有病召医破癰溃痤者得车一乘舐痔者得车五乘——所治愈下得车愈多子岂治其痔邪何得车之多也子行矣《荀子·劝学》劝学君子曰学不可以已青取之於蓝而青於蓝冰水为之而寒於水木直中绳輮以为轮其曲中规虽有槁曓不复挺者輮使之然也故木受绳则直金就砺则利君子博学而日参省乎己则知明而行无过矣故不登高山不知天之高也不临深谿不知地之厚也不闻先王之遗言不知学问之大也干越夷貉之子生而同声长而异俗教使之然也诗曰嗟尔君子无恒安息靖共尔位好是正直神之听之介尔景福神莫大於化道福莫长於无祸吾尝终日而思矣不如须臾之所学也吾尝跂而望矣不如登高之博见也登高而招臂非加长也而见者远顺风而呼声非加疾也而闻者彰假舆马者非利足也而致千里假舟楫者非能水也而绝江河君子生非异也善假於物也南方有鸟焉名曰蒙鸠以羽为巢而编之以发系之苇苕风至苕折卵破子死巢非不完也所系者然也西方有木焉名曰射干茎长四寸生於高山之上而临百仞之渊木茎非能长也所立者然也蓬生麻中不扶而直白沙在涅与之俱黑兰槐之根是为芷其渐之滫君子不近庶人不服其质非不美也所渐者然也故君子居必择乡游必就士所以防邪辟而近中正也物类之起必有所始荣辱之来必象其德肉腐出虫鱼枯生蠹怠慢忘身祸灾乃作强自取柱柔自取束邪秽在身怨之所构施薪若一火就燥也平地若一水就湿也草木畴生禽兽群焉物各从其类也是故质的张而弓矢至焉林木茂而斧斤至焉树成荫而众鸟息焉醯酸而蜹聚焉故言有招祸也行有招辱也君子慎其所立乎积土成山风雨兴焉积水成渊蛟龙生焉积善成德而神明自得圣心备焉故不积蹞步无以致千里不积小流无以成江海骐骥一跃不能十步驽马十驾功在不舍锲而舍之朽木不折锲而不舍金石可镂螾无爪牙之利筋骨之强上食埃土下饮黄泉用心一也蟹六跪而二螯非蛇蟺之穴无可寄托者用心躁也是故无冥冥之志者无昭昭之明无惛惛之事者无赫赫之功行衢道者不至事两君者不容目不能两视而明耳不能两听而聪腾马虫蛇无足而飞梧鼠五技而穷诗曰尸鸠在桑其子七兮淑人君子其仪一兮其仪一兮心如结兮故君子结於一也《吕氏春秋·慎行论·察传》察传夫得言不可以不察数传而白为黑黑为白故狗似玃玃似母猴母猴似人人之与狗则远矣此愚者之所以大过也闻而审则为福矣闻而不审不若无闻矣齐桓公闻管子於鲍叔楚庄闻孙叔敖於沈尹筮审之也故国霸诸侯也吴王闻越王句践於太宰嚭智伯闻赵襄子於张武不审也故国亡身死也凡闻言必熟论其於人必验之以理鲁哀公问於孔子曰乐正夔一足信乎孔子曰昔者舜欲以乐传教於天下乃令重黎举夔於草莽之中而进之舜以为乐正夔於是正六律和五声以通八风而天下大服重黎又欲益求人舜曰夫乐天地之精也得失之节也故唯圣人为能和乐之本也夔能和之以平天下若夔者一而足矣故曰夔一足非一足也宋之丁氏家无井而出溉汲常一人居外及其家穿井告人曰吾穿井得一人有闻而传之者曰丁氏穿井得一人国人道之闻之於宋君宋君令人问之於丁氏丁氏对曰得一人之使非得一人於井中也求闻之若此不若无闻也子夏之晋过卫有读史记者曰晋师三豕涉河子夏曰非也是己亥也夫己与三相近豕与亥相似至於晋而问之则曰晋师己亥涉河也辞多类非而是多类是而非是非之经不可不分此圣人之所慎也然则何以慎缘物之情及人之情以为所闻则得之矣《韩非子·五蠹》五蠹儒以文乱法侠以武犯禁而人主兼礼之此所以乱也夫离法者罪而诸先生以文学取犯禁者诛而群侠以私剑养故法之所非君之所取吏之所诛上之所养也法趣上下四相反也而无所定虽有十黄帝不能治也故行仁义者非所誉誉之则害功工文学者非所用用之则乱法楚之有直躬其父窃羊而谒之吏令尹曰杀之以为直於君而曲於父报而罪之以是观之夫君之直臣父子暴子也鲁人从君战三战三北仲尼问其故对曰吾有老父身死莫之养也仲尼以为孝举而上之以是观之夫父之孝子君之背臣也故令尹诛而楚奸不上闻仲尼赏而鲁民易降北上下之利若是其异也而人主兼举匹夫之行而求致社稷之福必不幾矣古者苍颉之作书也自环者谓之私背私谓之公公私之相背也乃苍颉固以知之矣今以为同利者不察之患也然则为匹夫计者莫如修行义而习文学行义修则见信见信则受事文学习则为明师为明师则显荣此匹夫之美也然则无功而受事无爵而显荣为有政如此则国必乱主必危矣故不相容之事不两立也斩敌者受赏而高慈惠之行拔城者受爵禄而信廉爱之说坚甲厉兵以备难而美荐绅之饰富国以农距敌恃卒而贵文学之士废敬上畏法之民而养游侠私剑之属举行如此治强不可得也国平养儒侠难至用介士所利非所用所用非所利是故服事者简其业而游学者日众是世之所以乱也……王本省今境内之民皆言治藏商管之法者家有之而国愈贫言耕者众执耒者寡也境内皆言兵藏孙吴之书者家有之而兵愈弱言战者多被甲者少也故明主用其力不听其言赏其功必禁无用故民尽死力以从其上夫耕之用力也劳而民为之者曰可得以富也战之为事也危而民为之者曰可得以贵也今修文学习言谈则无耕之劳而有富之宝无战之危而有贵之尊则人孰不为也是以百人事智而一人用力事智者众则法败用力者寡则国贫此世之所以乱也故明主之国无书简之文以法为教无先王之语以吏为师无私剑之捍以斩首为勇是境内之民其言谈者必轨於法动作者归之於功为勇者尽之於军是故无事则国富有事则兵强此之谓王资既畜王资而承敌国之釁超五帝侔三王者必此法也今则不然士民纵恣於内言谈者为势於外外内称恶以待强敌不亦殆乎故群臣之言外事者非有分於從从衡之党则有仇雠之患而借力於国也從者合众弱以攻一强也而衡者事一强以攻群弱也皆非所以持国也今人臣之言衡者皆曰不事大则遇敌受祸矣事大未必有实则举图而委效玺而请兵矣献图则地削效玺则名卑地削则国削名卑则政乱矣事大为衡未见其利也而亡地乱政矣人臣之言從者皆曰不救小而伐大则失天下失天下则国危国危而主卑救小未必有实则起兵而敌大矣救小未必能存而交大未必不有疏有疏则为强国制矣出兵则军败退守则城拔救小为從未见其利而亡地败军矣是故事强则以外权市官於内救小则以内重求利於外国利未立封土厚禄至矣主上虽卑人臣尊矣国地虽削私家富矣事成则以权长重事败则以富退处人主之听说於其臣事未成则爵禄已尊矣事败而弗诛则游说之士孰不为用矰缴之说而徼倖其後故破国亡主以听言谈者之浮说此其故何也是人君不明乎公私之利不察当否之言而诛罚不必其後也皆曰外事大可以王小可以安夫王者能攻人者也而安则不可攻也强则能攻人者也治则不可攻也治强不可责於外内政之有也今不行法术於内而事智於外则不至於治强矣……王本省夫明王治国之政使其商工游食之民少而名卑以寡趣本务而趋末作今近习之请行则官爵可买官爵可买则商工不卑也矣奸财货贾得用於市则商人不少矣聚敛倍农而致尊过耕战之士则耿介之士寡而商贾之民多矣是故乱国之俗其学者则称先王之道以籍仁义盛容服而饰辩说以疑当世之法而贰人主之心其言古者为设诈称借於外力以成其私而遗社稷之利其带剑者聚徒属立节操以显其名而犯五官之禁其患御者积於私门尽货赂而用重人之谒退汗马之劳其商工之民修治苦窳之器聚沸靡之财蓄积待时而侔农夫之利——此五者邦之蠢也人主不除此五蠹之民不养耿介之士则海内虽有破亡之国削灭之朝亦勿怪矣《韩非子·五蠹》五蠹《诗经·周南·关雎》关关雎鸠幽在河之洲幽窈窕淑女君子好逑幽参差荇菜左右流幽之窈窕淑女寤寐求幽之求之不得职寤寐思服职悠哉悠哉辗转反侧职参差荇菜左右采之之窈窕淑女琴瑟友之之叁差荇菜左右芼宵之窈窕淑女锺鼓乐药之《诗经·周南·卷耳》采采卷耳不盈顷筐阳嗟我怀人寘彼周行阳陟彼崔嵬微我马虺聩微我姑酌彼金罍微维以不永怀微陟彼高冈阳我马玄黄阳我姑酌彼兕觥阳维以不永伤阳陟彼砠鱼矣我马瘏鱼矣我仆痡鱼矣云何吁鱼矣《诗经·周南·桃夭》桃之夭夭灼灼其华鱼之子于归宜其室家鱼桃之夭夭有蕡其实质之子于归宜其家室质桃之夭夭其叶蓁蓁真之子于归宜其家人真《诗经·周南·芣苢》采采芣苢薄言采之之采采芣苢薄言有之之采采芣苢薄言掇月之采采芣苢薄言捋月之采采芣苢薄言袺质之采采芣苢薄言襭质之《诗经·邶风·北门》出自北门文忧心殷殷文终窶且贫文莫知我艰文已焉哉天实为歌之谓之何歌哉王事适锡我政事一埤益锡我我入自外室人交徧讁锡我已焉哉天实为歌之谓之何歌哉王事敦文我政事一埤遗微我我入自外室人交徧摧微我已焉哉天实为歌之谓之何歌哉《诗经·邶风·静女》静女其姝侯俟我於城隅侯爱而不见搔首踟蹰侯静女其娈元贻我彤管元彤管有炜微说怿女美脂自牧归荑脂洵美且异职匪女之为美脂美人之贻之《诗经·鄘风·柏舟》泛彼柏舟在彼中河歌髧彼两髦实维我仪歌之死矢靡它歌母也天真只不谅人真只泛彼柏舟在彼河侧职髧彼两髦实维我特职之死矢靡慝职母也天真只不谅人真只《诗经·鄘风·墙有茨》墙有茨不可埽幽也中冓之言不可道幽也所可道幽也言之醜幽也墙有茨不可襄阳也中冓之言不可详阳也所可详阳也言之长阳也墙有茨不可束屋也中冓之言不可读屋也所可读屋也言之辱屋也《诗经·鄘风·相鼠》相鼠有皮歌人而无仪歌人而无仪歌不死何为歌相鼠有齿之人而无止之人而无止之不死何俟之相鼠有体脂人而无礼脂人而无礼脂胡不遄死脂《诗经·卫风·氓》氓之蚩蚩之抱布贸丝之匪来贸丝之来即我谋之送子涉淇之至于顿丘之匪我愆期之子无良媒之将子无怒秋以为期之乘彼垝垣元以望复关元不见复关元泣涕涟涟元既见复关元载笑载言元尔卜尔筮体无咎言元以尔车来以我贿迁元桑之未落铎其叶沃若铎于嗟鸠兮无食桑葚侵于嗟女兮无与士耽侵士之耽兮犹可说月也女之耽兮不可说月也桑之落矣其黄而陨文自我徂尔三岁食贫文淇水汤汤阳渐车帷裳阳女也不爽阳士贰其行阳士也罔极职二三其德职三岁为妇靡室劳宵矣夙兴夜寐靡有朝宵矣言既遂矣至于暴药矣兄弟不知咥其笑宵矣静言思之躬自悼药矣及尔偕老老使我怨元淇则有岸元隰则有泮元总角之宴元言笑晏晏元信誓旦旦元不思其反元反是不思之亦已焉哉之《诗经·卫风·木瓜》投我以木瓜鱼报之以琼琚鱼匪报幽也永以为好幽也投我以木桃宵报之以琼瑶宵匪报幽也永以为好幽也投我以木李之报之以琼玖之匪报幽也永以为好幽也《诗经·王风·黍离》彼黍离离歌彼稷之苗宵行迈靡靡歌中心摇摇宵知我者谓我心忧幽不知我者谓我何求幽悠悠苍天真此何人真哉彼黍离离歌彼稷之穗质行迈靡靡歌中心如醉物知我者谓我心忧幽不知我者谓我何求幽悠悠苍天真此何人真哉彼黍离离歌彼稷之实质行迈靡靡歌中心如噎质知我者谓我心忧幽不知我者谓我何求幽悠悠苍天真此何人真哉《诗经·王风·君子于役》君子于役不知其期之曷至哉之鸡栖于埘之日之夕矣羊牛下来之君子于役如之何勿思之君子于役不日不月月曷其有佸月鸡栖于桀月日之夕矣羊牛下括月君子于役苟无饥渴月《诗经·郑风·风雨》风雨凄凄脂鸡鸣喈喈脂既见君子云胡不夷脂风雨潇潇幽鸡鸣胶胶幽既见君子云胡不瘳幽风雨如晦之鸡鸣不已之既见君子云胡不喜之《诗经·魏风·伐檀》坎坎伐檀元兮寘之河之干元兮河水清且涟元猗不稼不穑胡取禾三百廛元兮不狩不猎胡瞻尔庭有县貆元兮彼君子兮不素餐元兮坎坎伐辐职兮寘之河之侧职兮河水清且直职猗不稼不穑胡取禾三百亿职兮不狩不猎胡瞻尔庭有县特职兮彼君子兮不素食职兮坎坎伐轮文兮寘之河之漘文兮河水清且沦文猗不稼不穑胡取禾三百囷文兮不狩不猎胡瞻尔庭有县鹑文兮彼君子兮不素飧文兮《诗经·魏风·硕鼠》硕鼠硕鼠鱼无食我黍鱼三岁贯女鱼莫我肯顾鱼逝将去女鱼适彼乐土鱼乐土乐土鱼爰得我所鱼硕鼠硕鼠鱼无食我麦职三岁贯女鱼莫我肯德职逝将去女鱼适彼乐国职乐国乐国职爰得我直职硕鼠硕鼠鱼无食我苗宵三岁贯女鱼莫我肯劳宵逝将去女鱼适彼乐郊宵乐郊乐郊宵谁之永号宵。