句子成分及基本类型(知识梳理)

句子成分及基本类型
真题再现 1. We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before. A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which 2. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A. which A whatever A. how A. is there A. consider 答案与解析： 1. B。 分析从句成分， “主系表”结构完整， when 只能代替先行词(at) an age 在从句中做时间状语， 修饰先行词 an age（时代） 。此处的 when=at which。 2. B。 在非限制性定语从句中缺主语， 只能用关系代词 who 代替先行词 people 在从句中作主语。 3. B。所填词引导的从句做动词 choose 的宾语，引导词在从句中做主语，意思是“无论哪件”， 选 B。C、D 选项只能在句中作状语， 题干中已有“five courses”，排除 A 项。 4. D。此处 it 是形式主语，what 引导的是主语从句，作真正的主语。What 作 do 的宾语。句意： 总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。 5. A。根据前面 there be 句里含有否定意义的词 little，所以反意疑问句用肯定形式，其主谓应 与陈述部分的主谓保持一致，故选 A 项。 6. A。结合选项来分析句子结构，逗号前为时间状语从句，后面实际上是一个祈使句，缺少谓 语。由此可知，A 选项符合题意。 B. who C. where B. whichever B. which D. what C. whenever C. that D. wherever D. what 3. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ______ suits you best. 4. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.
5. There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, _______________? B. isn't there C. is he D. isn't he B. considering C. to consider D. considered 6. Before you quit your job, ______how your family would feel about your decision.
知识讲解 句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 主语 表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置 于句首。

Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。 （名词做主语） He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。 （代词做主语） Three plus four is seven. To see is to believe. 三加四等于七。 （数词做主语） 眼见为实。 （动词不定式做主语）
Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。 （动名词做主语） Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决于天气。 （从句做主语） 谓语 说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。 He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten o’clock. 复合谓语： 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 由系动词加表语构成。 We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。 表语 表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短 语或句子充当，位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。 Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours? （代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty-one? （数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby is playing football.（动名词） The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 注意：系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有 be 一词。 He is a teacher. 持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand.

He always kept silent at meeting. 表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look. He seems (to be) very sad. 感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste This kind of cloth feels very soft. 变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 She covered her face with her hands. 她用双手蒙住脸。 （名词短语作宾语） We haven't seen her for a long time. 我们好长时间没看到她了。 （代词作宾语） Do you mind opening the window? 打开窗户你介意吗？（动名词短语作宾语） Give me four please. 请给我四个。 （数词作宾语） He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想做一个好梦。 （动词不定式短语作宾语） We need to know what others are doing. 我们需要了解其他人都在干什么。 （从句作宾语） I lived in Japan in 1986. 我 1986 年住在日本。 （名词和数词作介词的宾语） 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） Lend me your dictionary, please. 后接 to 的有：write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw 等。 He sent the novel to William yesterday. 后接 for 的有：leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save 等。 She bought a gift for her mother. 下列动词只能接不定式做宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire 等。 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语： admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest 等。 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同：stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret 等。 宾语补足语 用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。带有宾语补足语的一 般句型为：“某些及物动词（如 make 等)+宾语+宾补）”。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定 式、分词、介词短语，what 从句作宾补相当于名词。 His father named him Dongming. （名词）