英语长句的翻译( briefed)
英语长句的翻译技巧
英语长句的翻译技巧英语长句是很复杂的句子，很多人觉得在翻译长句时很是吃力。
那么英语长句有哪些翻译方法媕娿?下面由店铺为大家整理的英语长句的翻译技，希望大家喜欢!英语长句的翻译技巧1.顺译法顺译法是指在处理一些叙述层次依次相连，跟汉语相近的长句时，按原句的自然顺序进行翻译，并根据具体情况，适当增加或省略有关的连接词。
例如：例一：Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation.听众的眼神可以表明，演说过于拖沓，演说者在某一点上讲的太多，或者在某一点上还需要作进一步的解释。
例二：But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology.但是艺术历史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术反映的不单是一个民族的政治价值观,而且还有他们的宗教信仰、情感和心理特点。
PART2.倒译法有时英语长句的结构层次与汉语相反，要从英语原文的后面译起，自下而上，颠倒次序进行翻译。
一般来说，英语长句不符合汉语习惯的情况比较多，所以在翻译实践中，倒译通常要多于顺译。
例一：It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply world economy which would have grown by 500 percent .如果世界经济真的以5倍于现有的速度增长，那么原材料的储备是否能充分满足其需求，尚不得而知。
(完整版)英语中长句的翻译
Chapter 13 英汉长句的翻译Translation of English Long Sentences1. 何谓长句所谓长句，主要指语法结构复杂、修饰成分较多、内容层次在两个或两个以上的复合句，亦可指含义较多的简单句。
2、汉英长句比较英、汉两种语言在句法上存在差异,英语多为形合句,汉语多为意合句。
汉语句子多属于紧缩型,英语的句子多属于扩展型.英语修辞语位置相对灵活,前置后置,比较自如,尤其倾向于后置,十分有利于句子的扩展。
英语句子较长,且较多使用关联词和从句。
多种从句(主语、状语、定语、表语从句)并存的长句比比皆是。
因为英语结构复杂,层次变化多样,容易产生误解,所以英语长句翻译成为难点。
3、英语长句的分析在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语（主干/句）, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。
例：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
长句的翻译
译文： 由于人民生活水平的不断提高以及计划生育， 中国的家庭结构发生着缓慢却又具有实质性的变化， 必须根据这一历史背景考虑人到老年的问题。
分析：这是一个因果句，against 引导一个原因状语从 句。按照汉语先说原因后说结果，先叙述事实后表明 见解的习惯，翻译时需倒译。
【4】Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often wiling to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
down and sending out wireless messages, the lieutenant（中尉） confusedly studying the map to
make out what the messages meant and appealing for aid now and then to the sergeant（中士） .
译文： 这个年轻人走了很远的路之后碰上了一个愚蠢的人，这个 人把一条裤子系在两棵树之间，正在尽全身力气向上跳，想在落 下来时两条腿正好套进两只裤脚里去。
二、逆译法
如果语序跟汉语习惯不同，甚至完全相反时。
2.1 改变定语顺序 （前置到先行词前）
【2】 The battle-scarred old communists who once made stormy revolution unfurled a passionate blueprint today for a modern, peaceful and prosperous China .
长句翻译中英对照
1、Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue polities, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.正像达尔文发现有机界的规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来被繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动；所以，直接的物质生活资料的生产和一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展程度，便构成为基础，人们的国家制度，法律的概念，艺术以至宗教概念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不像过去那样做得正好相反。
长句翻译
You cannot be sure to succeed in learning even if you have
got all the favorable conditions such as good environment,
sufficient books and equipment, as well as instructions
changes in Chinese family structure, caused by rising
living standards and family planning.
许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地
位，这在西方则是人之常情。
Such is human nature in the West that a great many people
嘴甜心苦，两面三刀，头上笑着，脚底下就使绊子，明是一盆火，
暗是一把刀，她全占了。
She’ll give you sweet talk when there’s hatred in her
heart, she’s so double-faced and tricky. All the time
声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。
The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in
temperature and falls with decrease in temperature. It is
not affected by the pressure of the air.
the autumn of last year that you should compensate all
长句的翻译(英译汉)
在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结 果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么 共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使 共和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势
分译法
My mother, Jane Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.
在快乐的英格兰有一个风光旖旎的地区，唐河 从这里流过。从前这里曾有一大片森林，郁郁 苍苍，覆盖着从设菲尔德到繁华的唐卡斯特镇 之间的大部分美丽的山丘和河谷。(徐菊译)
分译法 My shock and embarrassment at finding mother
in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understand the pressure on her. My shock and embarrassment at finding mother in tears on Wednesday was( a perfect index of how little I understand the pressure on her).
Unit 8长句的翻译
Unit 8Translating Skills Practice长句的翻译[Long Sentences]翻译长句时应从语法上分析全句，通过语法分析，弄清长句中各部分之间的语法关系，特别要弄清楚哪个是主句，主句中的主语、谓语和宾语是什么以及整个句子的时间先后顺寻和逻辑关系，然后按照汉语的特别和表达方式把句子译成若干短句，并安排好各短句之间的次序。
下面三种方法有助于我们译好长句。
1 顺译法：A partition runs down the centre of the heart, dividing it into left and right sections which work at the same time but deal with two different types of blood.一道隔膜穿过心脏中间，把心脏分成左右两个部分，两个部分同时活动，但却处理两种不同类型的血液。
2 逆译法：What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说，要使人们看不出他们的职业身份，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法呢？3 分译法：But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.但在许多人看来，穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己，而且生活得几乎和过去依靠政府救济时一样好，这本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
事实上，有些长句的翻译同时要用到两种或两种以上的方法，在翻译的过程中还须运用增词法、减词法和重复法等翻译技巧。
汉英翻译之长句翻译
Cohesive Devices Commonly Used in English and Chinese
• • • • •
reference substitution ellipsis conjuction lexical device
• Susan was upset. She yelled, “I am banging my head against the wall. Why? Why did you do that to me?” (reference) • A: We have no average students. B: Sure, you have only good ones. (substitution) • Which player will you sent to play in the match tonight? Of course, the best. (ellipsis) • It is probably going to rain. So, we take umbrellas with us. (conjuction)
• 背景情况描述部分，一般应从属于结论部 分（状语从句或独立结构）。 • 帝国主义国家对外侵略扩张，争夺世界霸 权，必然走向战争。 • Engaged in aggression and expansion abroad for the purpose of the world hegemony, the imperialist inevitably will go to war.
• 表示原因或结果的部分，一般应从属于表 示结果的部分。 • 原文：在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家 横行霸道。 • 译文1： Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. • 译文2：Before I fell ill, I had been the bully under our roof owing to my doting parents.
英语长句的翻译
• We hear what they said and view what they did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. • 我们如闻其声,如观其行,如见其人; 我们同情 他们,和他们悲喜与共;他们的感受成为我们 自己的感受,我们觉得仿佛自己是在他们所 描绘的场景中与他们同台扮演着角色.
• It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain. • 从山顶远眺,湖光山色,尽收眼底;这儿风景绝佳,遐迩闻 名. • 译者从最后一个介词短语译起,倒着译到第二个介词短 语,最后才译原句主谓结构. • One could account for what was observed equally well on the theory that the universe had existed forever or on the theory that it was set in motion at some finite time in such a manner as to look as though it had existed forever. • 当时有两种理论摆在大家面前:一种理论认为,宇宙是 一直存在的;另一种理论认为,宇宙是在某个有限的时 刻启动的,但给人的印象却似乎是一直存在的.但是,不 管按照哪种理论,我们都可以很好地解释所观察到的事 实.
英语长句的翻译方法
英语长句的翻译方法长句的翻译方法1．顺序翻译法（1）The problem is that the last generation or so we’re come to assume that women should be able, and should want, to do everything that by tradition men have done at the same time as prettywell everything that by tradition women have done.问题是，在过去二十年时间里，我们已经认定，妇女们应该能够且应该想做男人们想做男人们传统上所做的一切，而同时也能够做得跟妇女们传统上所做的一切同样好。
（2）Exercise*Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individual and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the mali-dominated culture.2. 逆序翻译法（1）It therefore becomes more and more important that, if studentsare not to waste theiropportuniti es,there will have tobe much detailed informationabout courses and advice.因此，如果要使学生充分利用（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。
这个问题显得越来越重要了。
（2）Exercises*It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reason why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.*A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor because the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the later fifties.*Such a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willingto sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.*Clear-cut guidelines and politics have been worked out and expressed in accurate language concerning the economy, politics, science and technology, education, culture and military and foreign affairs.3. 分译法翻译英语句子时，有时我们可以把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只作稍改变即可，但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。
长句的翻译
他出生在这一类人中间,出生在这种地方,他还有这样的母亲;这些要From radio-active water and soil around a nuclear-weapons plant in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighbourly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us all. 如果人们受教育不够或不能善待环境，他们会对人类赖以生存的这 个星球做出些什麽事来呢？全世界到处都有这样的例子：从科罗拉 多州核武器工厂周围辐射活跃的水土到（前）苏联中亚地区的人为 沙漠。 这句也采用的是逆序法。
这一句虽然较长，但是经过化整为零、化长为短的分解法后，可 以按照时间序列或因果序列将它大体按原文语序译出。
2)Reversing(倒置法/逆序法)： It means changing or adjusting the sentence structure thoroughly or partly in order to have translation arranged in harmony with the Chinese syntax. 1。And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born， and the kind of people among whom he was born.
第七讲 汉译英长句翻译
Elaine
汉语
英语
顺译法：
I could have gone my whole life not knowing that snakes eat eggs raw. 我本来一辈子都不会知道蛇是生吞鸡蛋的。
This simple fact shows that the more the force of friction is got rid of, the further will the ball travel, and we are led to infer...... 这一简单事实表明，摩擦力减少的越多，球就滚 的越远。因此我们可以推断……
他们在奇怪的悖论中前行：表面上坚决， 实则犹豫不决；表面上果断，实则优柔寡 断；表面上坚定不移，实则随波逐流；表 面上无所不能，实则软弱无能。
调序法：
09真题However, too many of the world's leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler's threat...
远处看不见任何生物，唯有苍翠的教堂庭 院里，牛群静静地卧躺在那片郁郁葱葱的 墓地，好几头围绕着一个小孩的墓……
Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
13_长句的翻译
①A world Bank report… insists that…
一份世界银行的报告……坚持认为
②A world Bank report was released at the time of the
conference. 在这次会议上公布了一份世界银行的报告
③The conference ended on 10 November.
包孕
包孕就是指将英语后置修饰成分(包括各种词组或从句)在 汉译时放在中心词(即被修饰成分)之前，使修饰成分在汉 语句中形成前置包孕。修饰词前置是汉语的正常语序。因 此，只要修饰成分不要过长，汉译后没有拖沓之嫌，我们 可以尽量译成前置包孕，这样可以使句义十分紧凑，结构 上整体感强。
The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its function． 大会得设立其认为于行使职务所必需之辅助机关。
Translation of Long Sentences
英语长句的翻译
长句翻译的步骤
1. 削去枝蔓，找出主干（将英语长句的“大树”解构）
2. 条分缕析，理清关系（将长句中的各从句理清关系） 3. 确定单位，各个击破（忠实原句，准确理解各从句 的含义） 4. 调整搭配，重新组合（将各部分重构成“竹子”） 5. 核对原句，润饰原句（译成通顺的汉语）
A world Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. Complex Sentence 主干：A world Bank report… insists that… 分支： a. A world Bank report was released at the time of the conference. b. The conference ended on 10 November. c. Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing
长句的翻译
School programs will be much more responsive to what the child is capable of thinking, which will minimize over-challenge and under-challenge.
组、独立分句或融合为主语的一部分。
例如：The action it takes at any moment can’t be predicted,and people find that disturbing.
译文：它在任何一个时刻采取的行动都无法预见，这使人们觉得有些乱。
采用前置法，使限制性定语从句成为汉语中做定语的词组。
译文：当我们嫉妒一个成绩更好的学生时，我们正在自我诋毁。
英语中，逻辑顺序通常是：结果在先，原因在后；推论在先，条件在后；事实在先，让步在后。汉语则相反：先因后果，先条件后推论，先让步后转折。因此，翻译时应注意按照汉语习惯调整语序。
例如：
In August1974，the Institute was instructed to carry on its research on the condition that the result of which did have a usefulness for market forecast.
例如：
The president, in giving to his most powerful and most distinguished rival the greatest place which a president has in his power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of the nobleness of his own spirit.
英语长句的翻译方法
CATALOGUE
01
English long senses of having a complex structure, with various sub border clauses and dependent phases, making it difficult to identify the main clause and understand the overall meaning
Translation methods for long English sentences
contents
目录
The Characteristics and Differences of English Long SentencesTranslation Strategies for Long English SentencesTranslation Techniques for Long English Sentences
Technical translation
This approach involves translating scientific articles, reports, and research papers that require a high level of academic knowledge It emphasizes on preserving the original ideas, theories and methods, while also ensuring that the translated text is coherent and ready
简单长句及其翻译
简单长句及其翻译在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系；然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分，翻译时以句子的主干为主导；最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。
这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。
下面举三个简单长句翻译的例子来说明：1．The Buyers may，within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination，lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.这是一个简单长句，其主干为The Buyers may…lodge a claim…。
修饰谓语动词的状语有三个，a. 分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destinationb. 方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和c. 目的for short-weight而且状语中还有状语，作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。
众多状语，尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活，然而按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前；而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理，例如本句中的时间状语，可以提前至句首。
因此，上句可译成：货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。
2. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract，the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.此句的主干为…the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price…to the Seller，其中含有一个时间状语within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。
英语长句的译法
以上我们讲述了英译汉的⼀些常⽤的基本翻译⽅法, 但是, 我们通过所举的实例可以看出, 对于每⼀个英语句⼦的翻译,并不只是使⽤⼀种翻译⽅法, ⽽是多种翻译⽅法的综合运⽤, 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。
长句在科技性的⽂体中的出现极为频繁,因此也就成为研究⽣⼊学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝⼤多数划线的部分都是长句。
在翻译长句时,⾸先，不要因为句⼦太长⽽产⽣畏惧⼼理，因为，⽆论是多么复杂的句⼦，它都是由⼀些基本的成分组成的。
其次要弄清英语原⽂的句法结构,找出整个句⼦的中⼼内容及其各层意思, 然后分析⼏层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达⽅式, 正确地译出原⽂的意思,不必拘泥于原⽂的形式。
⼀、英语长句的分析 ⼀般来说, 造成长句的原因有三⽅⾯: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语⾔结构层次多。
在分析长句时可以采⽤下⾯的⽅法: (1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句⼦的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、⾮谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表⽰时间、原因、结果、还是表⽰条件等等)。
(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先⾏词是哪⼀个等。
(5) 注意插⼊语等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句⼦中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下⾯我们结合⼀些实例来进⾏分析: 例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为⼀个从句, 因此整个句⼦为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
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1. 英汉句子结构的差异
Synthetic vs. Analytic Compact vs. Diffusive Hypotactic vs. Paratactic Complex vs. Simple
汉语长句 流水句，竹节句
①I put on my clothes by the light of a half-moon / ②just setting,/ ③where rays strew near my cribs. 我趁着正要落下去的半个月亮的亮光穿上衣服； 我趁着正要落下去的半个月亮的亮光穿上衣服；月光 从小床边窄窄的窗子射了进来。 从小床边窄窄的窗子射了进来。
Corporations such as Microsoft, Compaq and Intel are but a few examples of American companies whose early growth was facilitated by venture capital investments.（定语从句的处理） （定语从句的处理）
②一轮半月正徐徐落下， ③微弱的月光透过床边狭窄的窗 一轮半月正徐徐落下， 子洒了进来， 我借着月光穿上了衣服。 子洒了进来， ①我借着月光穿上了衣服。 句子的分解,语序的重新安排 句子的分解 语序的重新安排, 体现了英汉句式结构和思维 语序的重新安排 方式的差异. 方式的差异 英语：突出主体，把背景放在后面,形式上避免头重脚轻 形式上避免头重脚轻。 英语：突出主体，把背景放在后面 形式上避免头重脚轻。 汉语: 先铺垫背景, 意义重心结尾. 形式上被分解了, 汉语 先铺垫背景 意义重心结尾 形式上被分解了 不会出 现头重脚轻. 现头重脚轻
过去的二十年中， 过去的二十年中，在美国风险投资促进了 许多世界高技术公司和其他一些新兴公司 的发展。 的发展。许多美国公司的早期发展得益于 风险资金投资，微软，康帕， 风险资金投资，微软，康帕，因特尔就是 其中几个成功例子。（ 。（郭 其中几个成功例子。（郭）
The availability of venture capital financing to young high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth enjoyed by, and the increased competitiveness of America‘s high technology industry and to the economic expansion and increased employment levels experienced in California’s Silicon Valley and other areas of high technology company concentration.
3. 英汉两种语言句子结构和思维方式 的差异性在长句拆译中的表现
Officials acknowledged that the 2000 census in Turkey, which reported a national population of 64,059,000, was distorted by fake counts at scores of municipalities, whose state budgets are tied to population size. 据2000年度人口普查，土耳其人口数为64， 059，000，官方并不讳言这一结论掺有水 分，因为人口数与地方政府的财政预算是 紧紧挂钩的，为此数十个地方政府有虚报 现象。（从背景事实——发表观点——解 释原因）
From the time our cavemen ancestors gnawed their wildpig bones in front of their smoking fire to our own days when we sit around a table spread with snowy linen and shining silver, we have the history of change in eating habits from the simple satisfaction of hunger to the meal as a delightful, if rather complex, social institution.
The availability of venture capital financing to young, high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth enjoyed by, and the increased competitiveness of America's high technology industry and to the economic expansion and increased employment levels experienced in California's Silicon Valley and other areas of high technology company concentration. 措辞加组句
2. 英汉两种语言思维方式的差异
英汉两种语言思维方式的差异表现在： 英语强调主体由近及远，由里及外；汉语主体 英语强调主体由近及远 不突出，主客体融合，方向上由远及近，由次 到主。 表现在时间关系上，英语可以先叙述后发生的 表现在时间关系上 事情，后叙述先发生的事情，而汉语常常依照 时间顺序。 表现在因果关系上，英语常常从果到因，强调 表现在因果关系上 果对主体的影响，而汉语则从因到果顺理推移， 从解释到结论，从条件到结果。 在叙和议的关系上，英语一般先表态后叙事， 在叙和议的关系上 而汉语一般先交代事情，后发表议论，如：
英语长句 树形句，葡萄句
When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful. (Agnes Smedley: The Great Road) 周恩来的房门打开了，他们看到了一位身 材修长的人，比普通人略高，目光炯炯， 面貌引人注目，称得上清秀。
a. 新开业的高技术公司获得风险资本融资，这对 新开业的高技术公司获得风险资本融资， 美国高技术产业收入的大幅度增长和竞争力的提 高，以及对加州硅谷和其他高技术公司集中地所 取得的经济发展和就业水平的增长， 取得的经济发展和就业水平的增长，都起了重要 作用。 作用。 都起到了重要作用。 （对…，对… 都起到了重要作用。措辞能力更有 ， 挑战） 挑战） b. 风险资本融资用于新兴的高科技产业，不仅促 风险资本融资用于新兴的高科技产业， 进了美国高技术产业总收入大幅度增长， 进了美国高技术产业总收入大幅度增长，竞争力 日渐提高， 日渐提高，同时也带动了加州硅谷和其它高技术 公司密集地区的经济发展和就业水平的增长。 公司密集地区的经济发展和就业水平的增长。 不仅促进了…同时也带动了 同时也带动了…） （不仅促进了 同时也带动了 ） 措辞加组句
As a righteous intellectual, I’m ashamed of the outrageous policy of intimidation employed by the die-hard conservatives who control the government to try to strangle social reform and to prevent the people from carrying forward their praiseworthy efforts towards building an ideal society. 操纵着我国政府的死硬的保守派分子，实行强暴 的威吓政策，企图扼杀社会改革和阻挠人们为建 立一个理想社会所做出的值得称赞的努力。作为 一个具有正义感的知识分子，我对此感到羞耻。
在美国，高科技产业利润巨幅增长， 在美国，高科技产业利润巨幅增长，竞争 激烈; 激烈 加州硅谷和其他高科技园区的经济规 模不断扩大，就业率不断上升。 模不断扩大，就业率不断上升。这种欣欣 向荣的局面得以出现， 向荣的局面得以出现，风险资本对新兴高 科技公司的资金支持功不可没。（ 。（曹同学 科技公司的资金支持功不可没。（曹同学 ）
The existence of giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920’s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
宇宙大爆炸理论是二十世纪二十年代首次提出来的，在解 释宇宙起源的诸多理论中，这一理论占着主导地位。而巨 星云的存在说对于该理论又几乎是不可缺少的。 （本句翻译时首先将顺译法不好处理的first put forward in the1920’s提在句首翻译，但在翻译to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos时，如不补充 若干过渡信息，句子便无法自然连贯，所以必须加上“在 解释宇宙起源的诸多理论中”这一隐含信息做过渡。）
Over the past two decades, venture capital has fostered the growth of many of the world‘s leading high technology and other emerging growth companies in the United States.（修饰语的处理） （修饰语的处理）