美国新政英文简介

First New Deal (1933–1934)
Reform
Trade liberalization There is consensus amongst economic historians that protectionist policies, culminating in the Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930, worsened the Depression. In 1934 the Reciprocal Tariff Act gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries.
Second New Deal (1935–1938)
Works Progress Administration
Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration (WPA). He had insisted that the projects had to be costly in terms of labor, long-term beneficial, and the WPA was forbidden to compete with private enterprises The WPA helped to return the unemployed to the work force.
Second New Deal (1935–1938)
Labor relations
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also was known as the Wagner Act, guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions. The Act also established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress the repeated labor disturbances. The Wagner Act opened possibilities for American labor.
Background
From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third. Prices fell by 20%, causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder. Unemployment increased from 4% to 25%. Additionally, onethird of all employed persons were downgraded to working part-time on much smaller paychecks. In the aggregate, almost 50% of the nation's human work-power was going unused. Before the New Deal, there was no insurance on deposits at banks. When thousands of banks closed, depositors lost their savings. At that time there was no national safety net, no public unemployment insurance, and no Social Security. The depression had devastated the nation!!!
First New Deal (1933–1934)
Recovery
Housing Sector The New Deal implemented two new housing agencies; Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). HOLC set uniform national appraisal methods and simplified the mortgage process. FHA created national standards for home construction.
Background
Background
First New Deal (1933–1934) Second New Deal (1935–1938)
Evaluation
First New Deal (1933–1934)
The First Hundred Days
Americans were demanding immediate action, and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the "first hundred days" of the administration, in which he met with Congress for 100 days. During those 100 days of lawmaking, Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked, and passed a few programs that he opposed. Ever since, presidents have been judged against FDR for what they accomplished in their first 100 days.
Second New Deal (1935–1938)
Housing Act of 1937
First New Deal (1933–1934)
Background
First New Deal (1933–1934) Second New Deal (1935–1938)
Evaluation
Second New Deal (1935-1938)
Social Security Act
The most important program of 1935, was the Social Security Act. It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without father present. It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system.
First New Deal (1933–1934)
Relief
Public works To prime the pump and cut unemployment, the NIRA created the Public Works Administration (PWA), a major program of public works, which organized and provided funds for the building of useful works .Under Roosevelt, many unemployed persons were put to work on a wide range of government financed public works projects.
First New Deal (1933–1934)
Relief
Farm and rural programs FDR believed that full economic recovery depended upon the recovery of agriculture, and raising farm prices was a major tool, even though it meant higher food prices for the poor living in cities
First New Deal (1933–1934)
Recovery
NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign The NRA brought together leaders in each industry to design specific sets of codes for that industry; the most important provisions were antideflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages, and agreements on maintaining employment and production.
Background
Background
Promise
Upon accepting the 1932 Democratic nomination for president, Franklin Roosevelt promised "a new deal for the American people". “Throughout the nation men and women, forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government, look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth... I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people. This is more than a political campaign. It is a call to arms.”