Active control of a tall structure excited by wind
Unit 1 People of achievement【核心词汇】(解析版)
核心词汇 Unit1 （解析版）2021-2022学年高二英语上册链接教材精准变式练（人教版）教材原句 P2This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou(co-winner),whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin ，a crucial new treatment for malaria.本年度的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖已授予屠呦呦（得主之一），她通过研究发现了青蒿素，一种至关重要的新型抗疟疾药物。
be crucial to/for ….对……至关重要play a crucial role/part in.在…中起至关重要的作用常见搭配lt is crucial that.………极其重要（that 引导的主语从句中谓语要用"should ＋动词原形"的形式，should 可以省略）例句：Early diagnosis of illness is crucial to/for successful treatment.这种疾病的早期诊断对于治疗的成功至关重要。
Body language is the key to communication,so proper gestures and postures play a crucial role in our daily life.肢体语言是沟通的关键，所以恰当的手势和姿势在我们的日常生活中起着至关重要的作用。
It is crucial that all students （should ）develop these basic skills.所有学生都要培养这些基本技能，这是极其重要的。
完成句子1.球迷的支持对我们赢得超级杯非常关键。
The support of our fans _________________our winning the Super Cup.2. 周六，安德森在球队3比2 获胜中起了关键作用。
七年级英语上册预备单元1精品PPT课件
Introduction to preparatory units
CATALOGUE
01
This preparatory unit aims to familiarize students with the key concepts and vocabulary of the forthcoming grade-level course, enabling them to transition smoothly into the main course material.
Preparation Unit 1 of Grade 7 English Volume 1 Exc
CATALOGUE
目录
Introduction to preparatory unitsPhonetic knowledgeVocabulary and expressionGrammar knowledgereading comprehensionWriting trainingListening training
Essay Writing
Regular journal writing can help students improve their writing skills and observation abilities.
Journal Writing
It's important to edit and proofread one's writing to ensure grammar, spelling, and punctuation are correct.
Multiple-choice questions: Provide students with a passage and ask them to choose the correct answer from a list of options.
Analyzing the atomic structure of elements
Analyzing the atomic structure ofelementsElements are the basic building blocks of matter. Everything around us - from the air we breathe to the food we eat - is made up of elements. The atomic structure of elements is the key to understanding their properties and behavior. In this article, we will explore the atomic structure of elements and how it affects their physical and chemical properties.The AtomThe atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the chemical properties of an element. Atoms are made up of three basic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, the central region of the atom. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells or energy levels.Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the identity of the element. For example, all carbon atoms have six protons, while all oxygen atoms have eight protons.The number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary, but the number of neutrons plus the number of protons determines the atomic mass of the atom. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. For example, carbon-12 has six protons and six neutrons, while carbon-14 has six protons and eight neutrons.Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells or energy levels. The first shell can hold two electrons, while the second and third shells can hold up to eight electrons. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and they are involved in chemical reactions.Electronic ConfigurationThe electronic configuration of an element refers to the arrangement of its electrons in the various shells or energy levels. Understanding the electronic configuration is important because it determines how an element will react with other elements and how it will behave in different conditions.The electronic configuration of an element can be determined using the periodic table. Each element is assigned a unique atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus. The periodic table is arranged so that elements with similar electronic configurations are in the same column or group.For example, the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table have one valence electron, while the elements in Group 2 have two valence electrons. The elements in Group 17 have seven valence electrons, while those in Group 18 have eight valence electrons.Periodic TrendsThe atomic structure of elements affects their physical and chemical properties. Understanding the periodic trends can help us predict how elements will behave in different conditions.Atomic radius refers to the size of an atom. The atomic radius decreases across a period (from left to right) because there are more protons in the nucleus, which attract the electrons more strongly. The atomic radius increases down a group (from top to bottom) because there are more energy levels, which shield the outermost electrons from the nucleus.Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. The electronegativity increases across a period because the atoms are smaller and more electronegative. The electronegativity decreases down a group because the atoms are larger and less electronegative.Ionization energy refers to the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. The ionization energy increases across a period because the atoms are smaller and the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus. The ionization energy decreases down a group because the atoms are larger and the valence electrons are farther from the nucleus.ConclusionThe atomic structure of elements is the key to understanding their properties and behavior. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and the number and arrangement of these particles determines the identity of the element. The electronic configuration of an element is important because it determines how it will react with other elements and how it will behave in different conditions. Understanding the periodic trends can help us predict how elements will behave in different situations.。
人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册Unit2 Iconic Attractions 拓展阅读 讲义素材
人教课标选必四Unit2拓展阅读Winter wonderlands你想置身于野生动物的天堂，沉浸在洁白的冰雪世界，观赏群鹰翱翔碧空的独特景象吗？那就让我们一起去北美洲看看吧！Surprise! Some of the grandest sightseeing happens this time of the year. Here are three premier holiday destinations for your cold-weather adventures.Go Wild in Yellowstone National ParkWinter in Yellowstone means steaming geysers, cold temperatures, the intense quiet of deep snowfall and great wildlife viewing. It also means fewer people; some 29,000 people visit the park in January versus an average of 948,000 in the peak season —July.Yellowstone hosts the largest concentration of wildlife in the lower 48 states. Bison (野牛) have called the park home since prehistoric times. Some 100 wolves live here, making it one of the best iconic sites in the world to see the once-endangered Canis lupus. The vivid blues of Yellowstone's premier hot springs glow even more brilliantly against a backdrop (背景) of white snow.See the Ice Show at Lakeshores of the Great LakesTwo of America's four National Lakeshores lie along Lake Superior, where winter transforms the landscape into a magical world. In these remote northern places, ice is something to be climbed and snowstorms mean better conditions for skiing and snowshoeing.At Michigan's Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, massive curtains of frozen water cover sandstone cliffs (悬崖), and waterfalls freeze into dramatic columns of yellow and blue ice. The Michigan Ice Fest (Feb. 12-16) offers films, talks and classes in photography and ice climbing. Watching the ice climbers is a draw for many. Soar with Bald Eagles (白头海雕)It is amazing to see a bald eagle flying in slow circles in the sky, wings stretched to almost 8 feet across, or to watch it dive for food at speeds of nearly 100 mph. America's founding fathers adopted the eagle — a bird of “supreme (至高的) power and authority” — as the symbol for a new country.January is National Bald Eagle Watch Month, and you can spot these birds across the U.S. On the upper Mississippi River, as many as 2,500 bald eagles spend the winter feeding on fish below dams and in open water. In late January and early February, the birds begin nest-building. In Virginia, eagles settle along the Potomac in the Elizabeth Hartwell Mason Neck Refuge, just 18 miles outside of Washington, D.C.Notes:Lake Superior:苏必利尔湖，是世界上面积最大的淡水湖。
STATA 几个回归命令
xtregar Y X, i(id) Correlation structure: ar1
estimated autocorrelation parameter: rho_ar estimated random-intercept SD is /sigma_u estimated residual SD is /sigma_e sigma_u^2 / (sigma_u^2 + sigma_e^2): rho_fov
xtmixed Y X || id:, mle Correlation structure: exc
To control for unmeasured confounder that varies with time To control for unmeasured confounder that varies between subjects
In STATA, Generalized Lease Square(GLS) means Weighted Least Square(WLS)
If I want to use a … model Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Population average model Using GEE
RandomEffects Models Random intercept model
equivalently
xtreg Y X, be i(id) xi: reg Y X i.time xtreg Y X, fe i(id) xi: reg Y X i.id
xtreg Y X, i(id) mle Correlation structure: exc
Population average model Using GLS Comparison with xtreg, pa / xtgee
Carbon Allotropes Structure and Properties
Carbon Allotropes Structure andPropertiesThe world of carbon is truly fascinating, isn't it? This single element, with its ability to form so many diverse structures, is like nature's own building block set. Each allotrope, from the humble graphite in our pencils to the dazzling diamond on a ring, showcases the versatility of carbon. Let's delve into the captivating realm of carbon allotropes, exploring their structures and the properties that emerge from them. Graphite, that familiar substance we encounter in pencils, owes its slickness to its unique structure. Imagine sheets of carbon atoms, each bonded tightly within the sheet but holding a looser connection to the sheets above and below. These sheets readily slide past each other, making graphite an excellent lubricant and the perfect material for leaving a mark on paper. Now, picture diamond, the epitome of hardness and brilliance. Here, each carbon atom forms strong bonds with four neighbors, creating a rigid three-dimensional lattice. This structure is responsible for diamond's exceptional hardness and its ability to disperse light into a dazzling spectrum of colors. But the story doesn't end there! Fullerenes, like the iconic buckminsterfullerene, or "buckyball," add another layer of complexity. These molecules, with their spherical or tube-like shapes, are like tiny cages of carbon atoms. Their unique structure lends them remarkable properties, making them potential candidates for applications in nanotechnology and materials science. And then we have graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern. This wonder material boasts exceptional strength, electrical conductivity, and flexibility, opening doors to advancements in electronics, energy storage, and beyond. The diversity in carbon's allotropes extends to their electrical conductivity as well. Diamond, with its tightly held electrons, acts as an insulator, while graphite, with its loosely bound electrons within each sheet, conducts electricity. This contrast in conductivity highlights how the arrangement of atoms dictates the behavior of electrons and ultimately shapes the properties of the material. It's truly awe-inspiring how the simple carbon atom, through different bonding patterns, gives rise to materials with such contrasting properties. From the dark, slipperygraphite to the sparkling diamond, each allotrope tells a story of the elegance and versatility of chemical bonding. And as we continue to explore and manipulate these structures, who knows what other amazing discoveries await in the realm of carbon? The possibilities seem as endless as the universe itself!。
2024届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第四册Unit2IconicAttractions教师用书
UNIT 2 ICONIC ATTRACTIONS一、阅读词汇——在词块中明义1．iconic building 标志性建筑2．north of the equator赤道以北3．have a barbecue进行户外烧烤4．monument to the people's heroes 人民英雄纪念碑5．a straightforward reply 一个坦率的回答6．advertising slogan广告标语7．bow and arrow弓箭8．the fight for liberty争取自由的斗争9．free samples免费样品10．temporary work 临时工作11．the first phase第一阶段12．an emergency sessions紧急会议13．a degree in biology生物学学位二、表达词汇——在语境中活用(一)在括号内写出蓝体词汇在语境中的汉语意思1．Please could you sponsor me for my school's campaign for Help the Aged？(vt.赞助)2．The eggs hatch after a week or ten days.(vi.破壳)3．Our capacity for giving care, love, and attention is limited.(n.能力) 4．This grand building in the centre of town used to be the hub of the capital's social life.(adj.宏伟的)(二)写出蓝体词汇的语境之义及拓展形式1．Best friends are the foundation of my life.(n.基础)拓展：found vt.创建；建立；创办→founder n．创立者；创办者2．The government is facing another political crisis.(adj.政治的)拓展：politics n．政治→politician n．政治家3．The house is located in one of the city's prettiest squares.(adj.位于) 拓展：locate vt.把……安置在→location n．位置4．He tried to escape by diving into a river.(vi.潜水)拓展：diver n. 潜水者；潜水员5．She wrote poems in praise of freedom.(n.自由)拓展：free adj.免费的；自由的；不受约束的6．The map shows the distribution of this species across the world.(n.分布) 拓展：distribute vt.分配；分发；使分布；分散→distributor n．经销商；分销商7．The frequency of Kara's phone calls increased rapidly.(n.频率)拓展：frequent adj.频繁的；经常发生的→frequently adv.频繁地，经常8．Twenty people were killed in the violence.(n.暴力)拓展：violent adj.暴力的；猛烈的三、词块短语——在语境中辨义活用写出或选出加蓝部分在语境中的汉语意思1．A flock of sheep is walking back and forth on the grassland.一群2．On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French.另一方面3．Personally speaking，searching and enriching the experience of life is the real meaning of travel.就个人而言4．If you only pay attention to this cause, it will lead to misunderstanding of this matter.导致5．Turn off the lights and anything else electrical when not in use.在使用中6．In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters.各种各样的7．They would like to make sure their guests are comfortable and cosy.确保8．It took her a few hours to make up for the performance.CA．和好B．编造C．化妆D．组成9．We drove to the airport the next morning to pick up Susan.AA．(开车)接B．拾起C．(无意中)学会D．恢复健康10．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)When I come across the problems in my study, my father will listen to me patiently and encourage me to overcome them bravely.B A．发生B．遇到C．发芽D．赶快四、经典句式——在佳句背诵中品悟规则用法1.2.3.4.五、名著精美语段选摘——在背诵中品悟如何写靓写美An excerpt from David CopperfieldAnd suddenly I gasped in horror.I could see a great ship which had been pushed violently on to the rocks by the waves.It was in danger of falling back into the waves, or of breaking in half, at any moment.Several figures were visible on the ship, especially one very active, curly-haired young man, who seemed to be giving orders.The crowd on the beach cried out as the ship rolled and a huge wave swept over it, carrying the men into the rushing water.In a moment the only figure we could see was the curly-haired young man, holding desperately on to the side of the ship and calling for help.What could we do? It was certain death for any man to enter those waves.突然，我惊恐地倒吸一口凉气。
励磁专业英语
励磁专业词汇大汇总A1ANODE CIRCU IT BREAKER 阳极回路开关2 ACCELERATING OR DECELERATING DEVICE 增减元件3 AP PARATUS THERMAL DECICE 设备的热元件4 ANNUNCIATOR RELAY 信号继电器5 ATMOSPHERIC CON DI T ION MON ITOR雷电状况检测器6 A —C T I M E OVERCURRENT RELAY 过流时间继电器7 A —C CI RCU I T BREAKER 交流断路器，即阳极开关8 A —C DIRECT IONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY 交流方向过流继电器9 ALARM RELAY 报警继电器10 A —C RECLOSI NG RELAY AC重复继电器11 AUTOMATIC SELECTIVE CONTROL OR TRANSFER RELAY自动选择控制，转换继电器12AUXILIARY MOTOROR MOTOR GENERATOR 伺服电机，整流电机13 AMP AMPERE 安培14 AC AUTERNATING CURRENT 交流电流15 ACB AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER 空气断路器16 AM AMMETER 电流表17 ANN ANNUNCIATOR 信号牌18 ARMATURE CIRCUIT 电枢电路19 AM SW AMMETER SWITCH 电表转换器20 AUTO AUTOMATIC 自动装置21 AUTO TR AUTO—TRANSFORMER 自动变换器22 AUX AUXILIARY 辅助设备23 AMPERE RATINGS 额定电流值24 AND 与门25 A·C VOLTS 输入交流电压26 AUXILIARY SWITH RELAY 辅助开关继电器27 AUXILIARY RELARY 辅助继电器28 ARCING CONTACT 弧触头29 ALTERNATING MAGNETIVE FIELD 交变磁场30 AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIER 同期装置31 AMPLIFIER 放大器32 ARC-SUPPRESSION COIL 消弧线圈33 A V ALANCHE VLOTAGE 雪崩电压34 ACTIVE POWER 有功功率B1 BCM ：桥导通监视2 BRUSH —OPERATI NG OR SLIP —RING SHORT—CIRCUITING DEVICE 炭刷，滑环短路器件3 BLOCKI NG RELAY 闭锁继电器4 BL OR BLU BLUE 蓝色5 BAT BATTERY 蓄电池6 BAT CHGR BATTERY CHARGER 蓄电池充电器7 BCT BUSHING CURRENT TRANSF ORMER 套管电流互感器8 BKR BREAKER 断路器9 BUSBAR 母线汇流排10 BREAKER AUX .SW .CLOSED 断路器辅助接点11 BLOW---OUT COL GE-MOV线圈励磁控制接触器（接点）12 BLOCKING ELEMENT 闭锁元件13 LOCK OUT DEVICE 闭锁装置14 BREAKING CURRENT 开断电流15 BREAKING CAPACITY 开断能力16 BY-PASS PATH 旁路17 BY-PASS CURRENT 旁路电流18 BI-DIRECTION TRIODE THYRISTOR (TRIACS) 双向(三极)晶闸管19 BRUSHLESS EXCITER 无刷励磁C1 CONTROL DC VOLTS 直流控制电压2 C O NT I N UOUS DC AM PS 持续电流3 CEI L I N S DC AM PS 顶值电流4CEI L I N S DC VOLTS 顶值电压5 CONDUCTION MONITOR 导通监视6 CU BICLE LIGHTING 盘体照明7 CHECKING OR INTERLOCKING RELAY 闭锁或联锁继电器8 CONTROL POWER DISCON NECTI NG DEVICE控制电源隔离器具9 CARRIER OR PILOT—WIRE RECEIVER RELAY 载波，控制线路10 C —CLOSING RELAY 闭合继电器11 CS —CONTROL SWITCH 控制开关12 CC CLOSISNG COIL 合闸线圈13COMPT COMPARTMENT 室；间隔14 CONN CONNRCT 连接；衔接15 .. CONTD；CONT COTINUED；CONTROL 连续控制16 CPT CONTROL POWER TRANSF ORMER 控制电源变压器17 CS CONTROL SWITCH 控制开关18 CT CURRENT TRANSF ORMER 电流互感器19CY CYCLE 周期20 CLOSED WHEN OPENING MECHANISM OF MAIN DEVICEIS IN ENERGIZED OR OPERATD POSITION 当主元件操作机构处于闭合时，被通电。
完形填空第三篇Giant Structures
完形填空第三篇Giant StructuresIt is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more __1__constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our __2__ although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.The Petronas Twin TowersThe Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999. With a __3__ of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American __4__ Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers. Constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around 1，800 square metres of office space__5__ every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base. Other __6__ of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades.The MiUau BridgeThe Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tam Valley，in southern France. __7__ the time it was built，it was the world’s highest bridge, __8__ over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to __9__ Millau's congestion problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the __10__extreme seismic and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years!The Itaipu DamThe Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana, __11__ forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two__12__. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s __13__ needs. In its construction, the __14__ of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a __15__ amazing wonder of engineering.词汇：worthy adj.值得的surpass v.超过，胜过symbolize v.象征congestion n.拥挤withstand v. 经受住seismic 地震的dam n. 堤，坝hydroelectric adj. 水电的注释：1. The Petronas Twin Towers: 国油双峰塔，又称吉隆坡双子塔。
aerospace word
A Amber 琥珀色A Alternate 备用的A/BRK Auto Brake 自动刹车A/C Aircraft 飞机A/D Analog/Digital 模/数A/DC Analog-to-Digital Converter 模/数转换器A/R Audio Reproducer 放音机A/SKID Anti-Skid 防滞A/THR Autothrust 自动推力A/XFMR Autotransformer 自动变压器AC Alternating Current 交流电ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing andReporting System 飞机通信寻址和报告系统ACC Active Clearance Control 主动间隙控制ACCEL Acceleration/Accelerate 加速（度）ACCLRM Accelerometer 加速度计ACCU Accumulator 储压器ACM Air Cycle Machine 空气循环机ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring System 飞机状态监控系统ACOC Air Cooled Oil Cooler 风冷式滑油冷却器ACP Area Call Panel 区域呼叫面板ACP Audio Control Panel 音频控制面板ACQN Acquisition 采集ACSC Avionics Compartment System Cooling 电子舱系统冷却ACT Additional Center Tank 附加中央油箱ACTR Actuator 作动筒ADC Air Data Computer 大气数据计算机ADF Automatic Direction Finder 自动定向机ADI Attitude Direction Indicator 姿态指引仪ADIRS Air Data/Inertial ReferenceSystem 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data/Inertial Reference Unit大气数据惯性基准组件ADM Air Data Module 大气数据装置ADR Air Data Reference 大气数据基准ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADV Advisory 提示，咨询AEVC Avionics Equipment VentilationComputer 电子设备通风计算机AF Audio Frequency 音频频率AFS Automatic Flight System 自动飞行系统AGB Accessory Gearbox 附件齿轮箱AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AGL Above Ground Level 离地高度AGW Actual Gross Weight 实际全重AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System飞机综合数据系统AIL Aileron 副翼AIM Aircraft Integrated Maintenance 飞机整体维护AIP Attendant Indication Panel 乘务员指示面板ALT Altitude 高度ALTM Altimeter 高度表ALTN Alternate, Alternative 备用的AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMP Ampere 安培AMPL Amplifier 放大器AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual 飞机维护手册AMTOSS Aircraft Maintenance TaskOriented SupportSystem 飞机维护工作指导支持系统AMU Audio Management Unit 音频管理组件ANI Analog Input 模拟输入ANN Annunciator 指示器，信号牌ANN LT Annunciator Light 指示灯ANO Analog Output 模拟输出ANT Antenna 天线AOA Angle-of-Attack 迎角AP Autopilot 自动驾驶AP/FD Autopilot/Flight Director 自动驾驶/飞行指引APPR Approach 进近APPU Asymmetry Position Pick OffUnit 不对称位置传感组件APU Auxiliary Power Unit 辅助动力装置ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated航空无线电公司ARM Aircraft Recovery Manual 飞机恢复手册ARMD Armed 预位的ARPT Airport 机场ASCII American Standard Code forInformationInterchange 美国信息互换标准代码ASI Airspeed Indicator 空速指示器，空速表ASIC Application Specific IntegratedCircuits 专用集成电路A/SKID Anti Skid 防滞ASM Aircraft Schematics Manual 飞机系统原理图手册ASP Audio Selector Panel 音频选择面板ASSY Assembly 组件ATA Air Transport Association of America 美国航空运输协会ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATLAS Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems 所有系统适用的简化测试语言ATS Autothrottle System 自动油门系统ATS Autothrust System 自动推力系统ATSU Air Traffic Service Unit 空中交通服务组件ATT Attitude 姿态ATTND Attendant 乘务员AUTO Automatic 自动AUX Auxiliary 辅助的AVAIL Available 可用的，可实现的AVM Airborne Vibration Monitor 机载振动监控AVNCS Avionics 航空电子AWM Aircraft Wiring Manual 飞机线路图手册AWY Airway 航线，航空公司AZ Azimuth 方位B Blue 蓝（色）BARO Barometric 气压的BAT Battery 电瓶BCL Battery Charge Limiter 电瓶充电限制器BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator 拍频振荡器BGM Boarding Music 登机音乐BITE Built-in Test Equipment 内装测试设备BMC Bleed Monitoring Computer 引气监控计算机BOT Begin of Tape 磁带始端BRG Bearing 轴承，方位BRK Brake 刹车BRKR Breaker 跳开关BRKT Bracket 支架，固定夹BRT Bright, Brightness 亮，亮度BSCU Braking/Steering Control Unit 刹车/转弯控制组件BTC Bus Tie Contactor 汇流条连接接触器BTL Bottle 瓶BTMU Brake Temperature MonitoringUnit 刹车温度监控组件BTN Button 按钮BTR Bus Tie Relay 汇流条连接继电器BU Battery Unit 电瓶组件BUS Bus bar 汇流条BYDU Back-Up Yaw Damper Unit 备份偏航阻尼器C Close 关，闭合C Celsius, Centigrade 摄氏C/B Circuit Breaker 电路跳开关C/L Check List 检查单CAB Cabin 客舱，座舱CAM Cabin Assignment Module 客舱配置装置CAPT Captain 机长CAS Calibrated Air Speed 调整空速，计算空速CAUT Caution 注意，警戒CAUT LT Caution Light 注意灯，警戒灯CBMS Circuit Breaker MonitoringSystem 跳开关监控系统CBMU Circuit Breaker Monitoring Unit跳开关监控组件CCS Cabin Communications System 客舱通信系统CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure 压缩机出口压力CDU Control and Display Unit 控制显示组件CFDIU Centralized Fault DisplayInterface Unit 中央故障显示接口组件CFDS Centralized Fault Display System中央故障显示系统CFMI CFM International CFM国际公司CFRP Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic碳纤维加强塑料CG Center of Gravity 重心CGCS Center of Gravity Control System重心控制系统CHAN Channel 通道，频道CHG Change 改变CIDS Cabin Intercommunication DataSystem 客舱内部通信数据系统CK Check 检查CKPT Cockpit 驾驶舱CKT Circuit 电路CL Center Line 中心线CLB Climb 爬升CLG Centerline Landing Gear 中心线起落架CLOG Clogging 阻塞CLR Clear 清除CM Crew Member 机组成员CMC Central Maintenance Computer 中央维护计算机CMD Command 指令CMS Central Maintenance System 中央维护系统CNTOR Contactor 接触器CO Company 公司COM Communication 通信，交通COMP Compass 罗盘COMPT Compartment 舱COMPTR Comparator 比较器COND Conditioned, Conditioning (空)调的CONFIG Configuration 构型CONT Controller, Continuous 控制器，持续的CONV Converter 转换器，变流机COOL Cooling, Cooler 冷却，冷却器CPC Cabin Pressure Controller 座舱增压控制器CPLR Coupler 耦合器，电耦CPMS Cabin and Passenger Management System 客舱和旅客管理系统CPRSR Compressor 压缩机CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CRC Continuous Repetitive Chime 连续重复性谐音CRG Cargo 货物，货舱CRS Course 航道CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSD Constant Speed Drive 恒速驱动CSM/G Constant SpeedMotor/Generator 恒速马达发电机CSTR Constraint 抑制，固定CSU Command Sensor Unit 指令传感组件CT Current Transformer 控制变压器，电流互感器CTL Central 中央的CTL Control 控制CTR Center 中心，中CU Control Unit 控制组件CUDU Current Unbalance DetectionUnit 电流不平衡探测组件CUR Current 电流，当前的CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder 驾驶舱话音记录器CVT Center Vent Tube 中通气管CW Clockwise 顺时针D/D Engine Out Drift Down Point 发动机停车飘降点D/O Description and Operation 说明和使用DA Drift Angle 偏流角DAC Digital to Analog Converter 数模转换器DAR Digital ACMS Recorder 数字式飞机状态监控系统记录器DAR Digital AIDS Recorder 数字式AIDS记录器DC Direct Current 直流电DDRMI Digital Distance and RadioMagnetic Indicator 数字式距离和无线电磁指示器DEC Declination 倾斜，偏角，偏斜DECEL Decelerate 减速DECR Decrease 减少DEF Definition 定义DEG Degree 度DELTA P Differential Pressure 压差DES Descent 下降DEST Destination 目的地DET Detection, Detector 探测，探测器DEU Decoder/Encoder Unit 译码/编码组件DEV Deviation 偏差，偏离DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder 数字式飞行数据记录器DFDRS Digital Flight Data RecordingSystem 数字式飞行数据记录系统DGI Digital Input 数字式输入DGO Digital Output 数字式输出DH Decision Height 决断高度DIA Diameter 直径DIFF Differential 差，差动的DIM Dimming, Dimension 暗，尺寸DIR Direction, Direct, Director 方向，指引，控制器DISC Disconnect, Disconnected 脱开，脱开的DIST Distance 距离DMA Direct Memory Access 直接读取存储器DMC Display Management Computer显示管理计算机DME Distance Measuring Equipment测距机DMU Data Management Unit 数据管理组件DN Down 下DNLK Down lock 下锁DPDT Double Pole/Double Throw 双刀式开关DPI Differential Pressure Indicator 压差指示器DR Dead Reckoning 航迹推算法DRVR Driver 驱动器DSDL Dedicated Serial Data Link 专用串行数据链DSI Discrete Input 离散输入DSO Discrete output 离散输出DSPL Display 显示DTG Distance to Go 待飞距离DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency 双音频多频率DU Display Unit 显示组件，显示器E East 东ECAM Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring 飞机电子集中监控（系统）ECB Electronic Control Box (APU) 电子控制盒ECM Engine Condition Monitoring 发动机状态监控ECMU Electrical Contactor Management Unit 电接触器管理组件ECON Economy 经济ECP ECAM Control Panel ECAM 控制面板ECS Environmental Control System 环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control Unit 电子控制组件EEC Electronic Engine Control 发动机电子控制EEPROM Electrically Erasable ProgrammableRead Only Memory 电可擦除可编程只读存储器EFCS Electrical Flight Control System 电传式飞行操纵系统EFF Effective, Effectivity 有效的，有效性EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EGIU Electrical Generation InterfaceUnit 发电接口组件EGPWS Enhanced Ground ProximityWarning System 加强型近地警告系统EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature 排气温度EIS Electronic Instrument System 电子仪表系统EIU Engine Interface Unit 发动机接口组件EIVMU Engine Interface and VibrationMonitoring Unit 发动机接口和振动监控组件ELAC Elevator Aileron Computer 升降舵副翼计算机ELEC Electric, Electrical, Electricity 电，电的，电源ELEV Elevation, Elevator 升降，升降舵，（机场）高度EMER Emergency 应急的，紧急的EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰END Endurance 续航时间，强度ENG Engine 发动机EO Engine Out, Engineering Order 发动机熄火，工程指令EOSID Engine Out Standard InstrumentDeparture 发动机停车标准仪表离港EOT End of Tape 磁带末端EPC External Power Contactor 外部电源接触器EPR Engine Pressure Ratio 发动机压力比EPROM Erasable Programmable ReadOnly Memory 可擦除可编程只读存储器EPSU Emergency Power Supply Unit应急电源组件EQPT Equipment 设备ER Extended Range 延程（飞行）ESS Essential 基本的，主要的EST Estimated 预计的ETA Estimated Time of Arrival 预计到达时间ETE Estimated Time on Route 预计航路时间ETP Equal Time Point 等时间点EVAC Evacuation 撤离EVMU Engine Vibration MonitoringUnit 发动机振动监控器EWD Engine/Warning Display 发动机/警告显示EXC Excitation, Excite 激励EXCESS Excessive 过度的，过大的EXT Exterior, External 外部的EXT PWR External Power 外电源F Fahrenheit 华氏F-PLN Flight Plan 飞行计划F/O First Officer 副驾驶FAC Flight Augmentation Computer 飞行增稳计算机FADEC Full Authority Digital EngineControl 全权数字式发动机控制FAIL Failed, Failure 失效FAP Forward Attendant Panel 前乘务员面板FAR Federal Aviation Regulation 联邦航空条例FAV Fan Air Valve 风扇空气活门FB Feed Back 反馈FBS Fixed Base Simulator 固定模拟机FC Fully Closed 全关闭FCC Flight Control Computer 飞行控制计算机FCDC Flight Control Data Concentrator 飞行控制数据集中器FCMC Fuel Control and Monitoring Computer 燃油控制和监控计算机FCMS Fuel Control Monitoring System 燃油控制监控系统FCOM Flight Crew Operating Manual 飞行机组使用手册FCPC Flight Control Primary Computer 主飞行控制计算机FCSC Flight Control Secondary Computer 辅助飞行控制计算机FCU Flight Control Unit 飞行控制组件FCU Flush Control Unit 冲水控制组件FCV Flow Control Valve 流量控制活门FD Flight Director 飞行指引FDBK Feedback 反馈FDIU Flight Data Interface Unit 飞行数据接口组件FDU Fire Detection Unit 火警探测组件FE Flight Envelope 飞行包络FF Fuel Flow 燃油流量FFS Full Flight Simulator 全动模拟机FG Flight Guidance 飞行制导，飞行指引FIDS Fault Isolation and Detection System 故障隔离和探测系统FIFO First Input / First Output 第一输入/第一输出FIG Figure 图FIM Fault Isolation Manual 故障隔离手册FIN Function Item Number 功能项目号FL Flight Level 飞行高度层FLEX Flexible 灵活的，软的FLP Flap 襟翼FLSCU Fuel Level Sensor Control Unit油面高度传感控制组件FLT Flight 飞行FM Flight Manual 飞行手册FMA Flight Mode Annunciator 飞行方式指示器FMC Flight Management Computer 飞行管理计算机FMGC Flight Management GuidanceComputer 飞行管理指引计算机FMGEC Flight Management GuidanceandEnvelope Computer 飞行管理指引和包络计算机FMGES Flight Management GuidanceandEnvelope System 飞行管理指引和包络系统FMGS Flight Management andGuidance System 飞行管理和指引系统FMS Flight Management System 飞行管理系统FMV Fuel Metering Valve 燃油计量活门FO Fully Open 全开FOB Fuel On Board 机载燃油量FOC Fuel Oil Cooler, Free Of Charge燃油滑油冷却器，免费FPA Flight Path Angle 飞行路径角FPEEPMS Floor Proximity EmergencyEscapePath Marking System 临近地板紧急撤离通道标志系统FPPU Feedback Position Pick-off Unit反馈位置传感组件FPV Flight Path Vector 飞行路径矢量FQ Fuel Quantity 燃油量FQI Fuel Quantity Indicating / Indication/ Indicator 燃油量指示（器）FQU Fuel Quantity Unit 燃油量组件FR Frame 机身，帧FREQ Frequency 频率FRM Fault Reporting Manual 故障报告手册FRU Frequency Reference Unit 频率基准组件FRV Fuel Return Valve 燃油回油活门FSB Fasten Seat Belts 系好安全带FT Foot, Feet 英尺FW Failure Warning 失效警告FWC Flight Warning Computer 飞行警告计算机FWD Forward 前FWS Flight Warning System 飞行警告系统G Green 绿（色）G/S Glide Slope 下滑道GA Go-Around 复飞GALY Galley 厨房GCR Generator Control Relay 发电机控制继电器GCU Generator Control Unit 发电机控制组件GEN Generator 发电机GLC Generator Line Contactor 发电机馈电线接触器GLR Generator Line Relay 发电机馈电线继电器GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间GND Ground 地面，接地GPCU Ground Power Control Unit 地面电源控制组件GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GPU Ground Power Unit 地面电源车（组件）GPWC Ground Proximity Warning Computer 近地警告计算机GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System 近地警告系统GRP Geographic Reference Point 地理参考点GRU Ground Refrigeration Unit 地面致冷组件GS Ground Speed 地速GSE Ground Support Equipment 地面支援设备GW Gross Weight 全重H Hot (Electrical Point), Hour 热，小时HCU Hydraulic Control Unit 液压控制组件HDG Heading 航向HEGS Hydraulic Electrical Generating System 液压发电系统HF High Frequency 高频HI High 高HLAC High Level Alternating Current Voltage 高压交流电HLDC High Level Direct Current Voltage 高压直流电HMU Hydromechanical Unit 液压机械组件HP High Pressure 高压HPC High Pressure Compressor 高压压气机HPT High Pressure Turbine 高压涡轮HPTACC High Pressure Turbine Active Clearance Control高压涡轮主动间隙控制HS High Speed 高速HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator 水平位置指示器HSMU Hydraulic System MonitoringUnit 液压系统监控组件HUD Head Up Display 平视显示HUDC Head Up Display Computer 平视显示计算机HYD Hydraulic 液压I/O Input /Output 输入/输出I/P Intercept Profile 切入面I/P Input 输入IAE International Aero Engines 国际航空发动机公司IAS Indicated Airspeed 指示空速ICAO International Civil AviationOrganisation 国际民航组织IDENT Identification, Indentifier,Identity 识别IDG Integrated Drive Generator 整体驱动发电机IFR Instrument Flight Rules 仪表飞行规章IGB Inlet Gear Box 进口齿轮箱IGN Ignition 点火IGV Inlet Guide Vane 进口导向叶片ILS Instrument Landing System (LOCand G/S) 仪表着陆系统（航向道和下滑道）IMM Immediate 立即IN Inch 英寸INB Inbound 入港的，归航的INBD Inboard 内侧的INCR Increment 增加，增量IND Indicator 指示器INFO Information 信息INHIB Inhibition, Inhibit, Inhibited 抑制，抑制的INIT Initial(ization) 起始INOP Inoperative 不工作INR Inner 内INST Instrument 仪表INT Interrupt 中断INTCP Intercept 切入INTFC Interface 接口INTL Internal 内部的INTRG Interrogate, Interrogator 询问，询问机INV Inverter 变流机，转换器IP Intermediate Pressure 中压IPC Illustrated Parts Catalog,IntermediatePressure Check Valve 图解零件目录，中压单向活门IPPU Instrumentation Position Pick-offUnit 设备位置传感组件IR Inertial Reference 惯性基准IRS Inertial Reference System 惯性基准系统ISA International Standard Atmosphere国际标准大气ISIS Integrated Standby InstrumentSystem 综合备用仪表系统ISO International StandardizationOrganization 国际标准化组织ISOL Isolation 隔离IVS Inertial Vertical Speed 惯性垂直速度JAM Jammed, Jamming 卡阻JAR Joint Airworthiness Requirements联合适航条例KG Kilogram 千克，公斤KT Knot 节，海里/小时L Left 左L Length 长度L/G Landing Gear 起落架LA Linear Accelerometer 线性加速度计LAF Load Alleviation Function 机翼卸载功能LAT Lateral 横向的LAT Latitude 纬度LAV Lavatory 厕所LBP Left Bottom Plug 左下部插头LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器LCIT Load Compressor Inlet Temperature 负载压缩机进口温度LDG Landing 着陆LE Leading Edge 前缘LED Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管LEP List of Effective Pages 有效页清单LGCIU Landing Gear Control and Interface Unit 起落架控制和接口组件LH Left Hand 左侧LIM Limit, Limitation, Limiting, Limiter 限制，限制器LKD Locked 锁定的LL Lat / Long 经纬度LLDC Low Level Direct Current Voltage 低直流电压LMP Left Middle Plug 左中部插头LMS Leakage Measurement System 泄漏测量系统LNG Long 长的LO Low 低LOC Localizer 航向道LONG Longitude 经度LONGN Longeron 梁LOP Low Oil Pressure 低滑油压力LO PR Low Pressure 低压LP Low Pressure 低压LPT Low Pressure Turbine 低压涡轮LPTACC Low Pressure Turbine ActiveClearance Control 低压涡轮主动间隙控制LRRA Low Range Radio Altimeter 无线电小高度表LRU Line Replaceable Unit 航线可更换件LS Loudspeaker 扬声器，喇叭LSB Least Significant Bit 最低有效位LSI Large Scale Integration 大规模集成电路LT Light 灯LTP Left Top Plug 左上部插头LV Low Voltage 低电压LVDT Linear Variable DifferentialTransducer 线性可变差动传感器LVL Level 高度层，量，（液面）高度，等级LW Landing Weight 着陆重量LWR Lower 下M Magenta, Mach, Meter 洋红色，马赫，米MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord 平均空气动力弦MAG Magnetic 磁的MAINT Maintenance 维护MAN Manual 人工，手册MAX Maximum 最大的MB Millibar 毫巴MCDU Multipurpose Control & DisplayUnit 多功能控制显示组件MCL Maximum Climb 最大爬升MCT Maximum Continuous Thrust 最大持续推力MCU Modular Concept Unit 模数概念组件MDA Minimum Descent Altitude 最低下降高度MDDU Multipurpose Disk Drive Unit多功能磁盘驱动器MECH Mechanic, Mechanical,Mechanism 机械员，机械的，机构MED Medium 中MEL Minimum Equipment List 最低设备清单MES Main Engine Start 主发动机起动MI Magnetic Indicator 磁指示器MIC Microphone 麦克风MICBAC Micro-System Bus AccessChannel 微系统总线存取通道MID Middle 中间的MIN Minimum 最小的，最低的MISC Miscellaneous 杂项MKR Marker (radio) Beacon 无线电指点信标MLA Maneuver Load Alleviation 机动负载减缓MLG Main Landing Gear 主起落架MLI Magnetic Level Indicator 磁场强度指示器MLS Microwave Landing System 微波着陆系统MLW Maximum Design LandingWeight 最大设计着陆重量MMEL Master Minimum EquipmentList 主最低设备清单MMO Maximum Operating Mach 最大使用马赫数MN Minute 分钟MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specification 最低导航性能规范MODLTR Modulator 调制器，调节器MON Monitor, Monitoring, Monitored 监控，监控的MORA Minimum Off Route Altitude 最小偏离航道高度MOT Motor, Motorized 马达，马达驱动的MPD Maintenance Planning Document 维护计划手册MRW Maximum Ramp Weight 最大机坪重量MSA Minimum Safe Altitude 最低安全高度MSB Most Significant Bit 最高有效位MSG Message 信息MSL Mean Sea Level 平均海平面高度MSU Mode Selector Unit (IRS) 方式选择组件（惯性基准系统）MSW Microswitch 微动电门MTBF Mean Time Between Failure 平均无故障时间MTBUR Mean Time Between Unscheduled Removals 平均非计划拆卸时间MTG Mounting 安装，装置MTO Maximum Take-Off 最大起飞MTOGW Maximum Takeoff Gross Weight 最大起飞全重MTOW Maximum Takeoff Weight 最大起飞重量MU Management Unit 管理组件MUX Multiplex, Multiplexer 多路，多路调制器MVT Movement 运动，移动MZFW Maximum Design Zero FuelWeight 最大设计零燃油重量N Normal, North 正常的，北N/A Not Applicable 不适用N/P Next Page 下页N/W Nose Wheel 前轮N/WS Nose Wheel Steering 前轮转弯NAC Nacelle 吊舱NAS Navy and Army Standard 海军和陆军标准NAV Navigation 导航NAVAID Navigation Aid 助航台NBPT No Break Power Transfer 不间断电源转换NC Normally Closed 正常关闭NCD No Computed Data 无计算数据ND Navigation Display 导航显示器NDB Non-Directional Beacon 无向信标NEG Negative 负NLG Nose Landing Gear 前起落架NM Nautical Mile 海里NMI Non Maskable Interrupt 非掩蔽中断No Number 号码NO Normally Open 正常打开NO Normal Operation in SSM 符号状态矩阵正常工作NORM Normal 正常的NS No Smoking 禁止吸烟NVM Non-Volatile Memory 非易失存储器N1 Low Pressure Rotor Speed 低压转子转速N2 High Pressure Rotor Speed 高压转子转速O Open 打开，断开O/P Output 输出OAT Outside Air Temperature 外界温度OBRM On Board Replaceable Module机上可更换装置OC Open Circuit 断路OC Overcurrent 电流过大OF Overfrequency 频率过高OFF/R Off Reset 关断复位OFST Offset 补偿，偏移，分支OGV Outlet Guide Vane 出口导向叶片OHU Optical Head Unit 光度头组件OIT Oil Inlet Temperature 滑油进口温度OK Correct 正确OMS Onboard Maintenance System 机上维护系统OOT Oil Outlet Temperature 滑油出口温度OP Operational 操作性的，工作的OPP Opposite 对边的，对立的OPS Operation 使用，操作OPT Optimum 最佳的OPV Overpressure Valve 过压活门OUTBD Outboard 外侧的OVBD Overboard 机外OVHD Overhead 头顶的OVHT Overheat 过热OVLD Overload 过载OVRD Override 超控OVSP Overspeed 超速OXY Oxygen 氧气P/B Pushbutton 按钮P/BSW Pushbutton Switch 按钮电门PA Passenger Address 旅客广播PATS Passenger Air-to-Ground Telephone System 旅客空地电话系统PAX Passenger 旅客PC Pack Controller 空调组件控制器PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲码调制PCU Passenger Control Unit 旅客控制组件PCU Power Control Unit 电源控制组件PED Pedestal 操纵台，基座PERF Performance 性能PES Passenger Entertainment (System) 旅客娱乐系统PF Power Factor 动力因素PFD Primary Flight Display 主飞行显示（器）PH Phase 相位，阶段PHC Probe Heat Computer 探头加温计算机PIU Passenger Information Unit 旅客信息组件PMA Permanent Magnet Alternator 永磁交流发电机PMG Permanent Magnet Generator 永磁发电机PN Part Number 零件号PNL Panel 面板POB Pressure-Off Brake 压力关断刹车POR Point of Regulation 调节点POT Potentiometer 电位计PPOS Present Position 当前位置PR Power Ready Relay 电源就绪继电器PRAM Prerecorded Announcement andMusic 预录通知和音乐PREAMP Preamplifier 预放，前置放大器PRED Prediction 预报PRESEL Preselector，Preselection 预选器，预选PRESS Pressure, Pressurization,Pressurize 压力，增压PREV Previous 以前的PRIM Primary 主要的PROC T Procedure Turn 程序转弯PROF Profile 剖面，轮廓PROG Progress 进程PROM Programmable Read OnlyMemory 可编程只读存储器PROT Protection 保护PROX Proximity 接近，临近PRR Power Ready Relay 电源就绪继电器PRV Pressure Regulating Valve 调压活门PSCU Proximity Switch Control Unit 临近电门控制组件PSDU Power Supply Decoupling Unit电源去耦组件PSI Pound per Square Inch 磅/平方英寸PSS Passenger Services System 旅客服务系统PSU Passenger Service Unit 旅客服务组件PT Point 点PTC Positive Temperature Coefficient正温度系数PTP Programming and Test Panel 编程和测试面板PTT Push to Test 按压测试PTT Push -to-Talk 按压通话PTU Power Transfer Unit 电源转换组件PU Panel Unit 面板组件PVI Paravisual Indicating 平视指示PVIS Passenger Visual InformationSystem 旅客视觉信息系统PWR Power 动力，电源Q Pitch Rate 俯仰率QAD Quick-Attach-Detach 快速装卸QAR Quick Access Recorder 快速存取记录器QAT Quadruple ARINC Transmitter 四路ARINC发射机QEC Quick Engine Change 发动机快换体QFE Field Elevation AtmosphericPressure 场压QFU Runway Heading 跑道航向QNE Sea Level Standard AtmospherePressure 海平面标准气压QNH Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure海平面气压QT Quart (US) 夸脱（美）QTY Quantity 数量，量R Red 红（色）R Right 右R/I Radio/Inertial 无线电/惯性RA Radio Altimeter, Radio Altitude 无线电高度表，无线电高度RA Resolution Advisory 决断提示RAC Rotor Active Clearance 转子主动间隙RACC Rotor Active Clearance Control 转子主动间隙控制RACSB Rotor Active Clearance Start Bleed 转子主动间隙起动放气RAD Radio 无线电RAM Random Access Memory 读写存储器RAT Ram Air Turbine 冲压空气涡轮RBP Right Bottom Plug 右下部插头RC Repetitive Chime 重复性谐音RCC Remote Charge Converter 远距离充气接头RCCB Remote Control Circuit Breaker 遥控跳开关RCDR Recorder 记录器RCL Recall 恢复，重现RCPT Receptacle 插座RCPTN Reception 接收RCVR Receiver 接收机RECIRC Recirculation, Recirculation 再循环RECT Rectifier 整流器RED Reduction 减少REF Reference 基准，参考REFUEL Refueling 加油REG Regulator 调节器REL Release 释放，松开RES Resistance 电阻RET Return 回，回到REV Reverse 反，倒REV Revise, Revision 修订RF Radio Frequency 射频RH Right Hand 右侧RLA Reverser Lever Angle 反推手柄角度RLS Remote Light Sensor 外界光线传感器RLY Relay 继电器RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator 无线电磁指示器RMP Radio Management Panel 无线电管理面板RNG Range 距离，范围RNP Reduced (Required) NavigationPerformance 减少的（要求的）导航性能ROM Read Only Memory 只读存储器RPLNT Repellent 防水的RPM Revolution per Minute 转/ 分钟RQRD Required 要求的，需要的RST Reset 复位RSV Reserve 储备RSVR Reservoir （液压）油箱RTE Route 航路RTN Return 返回RTP Right Top Plug 右上部插头RTS Retune to Seat 返回座位RUD Rudder 方向舵RVDT Rotary Variable DifferentialTransducer 旋转可变差动传感器RVR Runway Visual Range 跑道视距RVSM Reduced Vertical SeparationMinimum 减小最低垂直分层RWY Runway 跑道S South 南S/C Step Climb 阶梯爬升S/D Step Descent 阶梯下降SAF Safety 安全SAT Static Air Temperature 大气静温SB Service Bulletin 服务通告SC Single Chime 单谐音SD System Display 系统显示SDAC System Data AcquisitionConcentrator 系统数据采集集中器SDCU Smoke Detection Control Unit烟雾探测控制组件SDN System Description Note 系统说明注解SEB Seat Electronic Box 座椅电子盒SEC Secondary 辅助的，次要的SEC Spoiler Elevator Computer 扰流板升降舵计算机SEL Select, Selected, Selector, Selection选择，预选的，选择器SELCAL Selective Calling System 选择呼叫系统SFCC Slat Flap Control Computer 襟缝翼控制计算机SFCS Slat Flap Control System 襟缝翼控制系统SH ABS Shock Absorber 减震支柱SHED Shedding 卸载SHT Short 短，短路SIC System Isolation Contactor 系统隔离接触器SID Standard Instrument Departure 标准仪表离港SIG Signal 信号SLT Slat 缝翼SMK Smoke 烟雾SN Serial Number 序号SOL Solenoid 电磁阀，电磁线圈SOV Shut-Off Valve 关断活门SPD Speed 速度SPEC Specification 规范SPKR Speaker 扬声器SPLR Spoiler 扰流板SPLY Supply 供给，提供SQ Squelch 静噪SRU Shop Replaceable Unit 车间可更换组件SSB Single Side Band 单边带SSEC Static Source Error Correction 静压源误差修正SSM Sign Status Matrix 符号状态矩阵SSTU Side Stick Transducer Unit 侧杆传感组件STA Station 台，站，站位STAB Stabilizer 安定面STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route 标准进港航路STAT Static 静的STAT INV Static Inverter 静变流机STBY Standby 备用的，备份的STD Standard 标准STGR Stringer 桁条STRG Steering 转弯STS Status 状态SVCE Service 勤务，服务SW Switch 电门，开关SWTG Switching 转换SYNTHR Synthesizer 合成器SYS System 系统T True, Turn 真的，转T/C Top of Climb 爬升顶点T/D Top of Descent 下降顶点T/R Thrust Reverser 反推装置T-P Turn Point 转弯点TA Traffic Advisory 交通提示TACT Tactical 策略上的TAS True Airspeed 真空速TAT Total Air Temperature 大气总温TBC To Be Confirmed 待证实TBD To Be Determined 待定TCAS Traffic Alert and CollisionAvoidance System 防撞系统TCC Turbine Case Cooling 涡轮机匣冷却TDD Technical Design Directive 技术设计指令TE Trailing Edge 后缘TEC Turbine Exhaust Case 涡轮排气机匣TEMP Temperature 温度TGT Target 目标THR Thrust 推力THRM Thermal 热的，热力的THS Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer可配平的水平安定面TIT Turbine Inlet Temperature 涡轮进口温度TK Tank 油箱TKE Track Angle Error 航迹角误差TLA Throttle Lever Angle 油门杆角度TLT Temperature Limitation Thermostat温度限制调节器TLU Travel Limitation Unit 行程限制器TMR Timer 定时器TO Takeoff 起飞TOGA Take-Off - Go-Around 起飞/复飞TOGW Takeoff Gross Weight 起飞全重TOT Total 总的，全部TOW Take-Off Weight 起飞重量TPIC Tire Pressure Indicating Computer轮胎压力指示计算机TPIS Tire Pressure Indicating System轮胎压力指示系统TR Transformer Rectifier 变压整流器TRA Throttle Resolver Angle 油门解算器角度TRANS Transition 过渡TRDV Thrust Reverser DirectionalValve 反推方向性活门TRF Turbine Rear Frame 涡轮后框TRIG Trigger 触发TRK Track (angle) 航迹（角）TROPO Tropopause 对流层顶TRPV Thrust Reverser PressurizingValve 反推增压活门TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit 变压整流器TRV Travel 行程TSM Trouble Shooting Manual 排故手册TTG Time to Go 待飞时间TTL Transistor Transistor Logic 晶体管晶体管逻辑门电路TTS Trim Tank System 平衡油箱系统TURB Turbulent, Turbulence 紊乱的，紊流UF Underfrequency 欠频UHF Ultra High Frequency 超高频UNLK Unlock 松锁UNLKD Unlocked, Unlocking 已松锁的，松锁UPR Upper 上，上面的U.S GAL. U.S Gallon 美加仑UTC Universal Time Coordinated 国际协调时UV Under Voltage 欠压V Volt 伏特V/S Vertical Speed 垂直速度Vc Calibrated Airspeed 校准（计算）空速VAC Voltage Alternating Current 交流电压VAR Variable, Variation 可变的VBV Variable Bleed Valve 可变放气活门VBV Variable Bypass Valve 可变旁通活门VC Ventilation Controller 通风控制器VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器VCU Video Control Unit 视频控制组件VDC Voltage Direct Current 直流电压VDEV Vertical Deviation 垂直偏离VEL Velocity 速度VENT Ventilation 通风VERT Vertical 垂直的VFE Maximum Flap Extended Speed 最大襟翼伸出速度VFTO Final Takeoff Speed 最终起飞速度VHF Very High Frequency 甚高频VHV Very High Voltage 甚高压VIB Vibration 振动VLE Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed 最大起落架放下使用速度VLO Maximum Landing Gear OperatingSpeed 最大起落架使用速度（起落架可为放下或收起）VLS Lower Selectable Speed 较低可选速度VM Voltmeter 电压表VMAX Maximum Allowable Airspeed最大允许空速VMCA Minimum Flight Control Speed空中最小控制速度VMCG Minimum Ground ControlSpeed 地面最小控制速度VMO Maximum Operating Speed 最大使用速度VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range 甚高频全向信标VOR.D VOR-DME 甚高频全向信标-测距机VR Rotation Speed 抬前轮速度VREF Landing Reference Speed 着陆基准速度VRMS Volt Root Mean Square 电压平方根VSC Vacuum System Controller 真空系统控制器VSCF Variable Speed ConstantFrequency 变速恒频VSI Vertical Speed Indicator 垂直速度指示器VSV Variable Stator Vane 可变定子叶片VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio电压驻波比V1 Critical Engine Failure Speed 关键发动机失效速度V2 Takeoff Safety Speed 起飞安全速度V3 Flap Retraction Speed 襟翼收起速度V4 Slat Retraction Speed 缝翼收起速度W Weight 重量W White 白（色）WARN Warning 警告WBC Weight & Balance Computer 重量和平衡计算机WBS Weight and Balance System 重量和平衡系统WD Warning Display 警告显示WGD Windsheild Guidance Display 风挡指引指示WHC Window Heat Computer 风挡加温计算机WHL Wheel 机轮WIPCU Water Ice Protection ControlUnit 防止水结冰控制组件WPT Waypoint 航路点WTB Wing Tip Brake 翼尖刹车WXR Weather Radar 气象雷达X BLEED Cross Bleed 交叉引气X FEED Crossfeed 交输X-TALK Cross-Talk 交叉对话XCVR Transceiver 收发机XDCR Transducer 传感器XFMR Transformer 变压器XFR Transfer 转换XMTR Transmitter 发射机XPDR Transponder 应答机Y Yellow 黄（色）Z Zone 区域ZFCG Zero Fuel Center of Gravity 零油重心ZFW Zero Fuel Weight 零油重量。
奔腾牌汽车技术液体 2014 年目录：汽车和轻型卡车应用说明书
NOW INCLUDING Distributed ByAntifr eeze A2/A3/A4PENTOSIN® Automotive Fluids – From the First Fill to the Last.Pentosin fl uids are engineered to meet the demanding standards and specifications established by many of the world’s leading automobile manufacturers.Pentosin Antifreeze Fluids are nitrite & amine free modern engine coolants specially adapted for use in alloy engines and formulated for year-round use.Pentosin Brake Fluids offer a higher safety margin against vapour lock, long-term resistance to water absorption and water retention, plus superior corrosion resistance.Pentosin Hydraulic Fluids are high-performance hydraulic fl u ids formulated for central hydraulic systems such as power steering, rear axle steering, level control, hydro-pneumatic suspension, andshock absorbers.Pentosin Synthetic High Performance Motor Oils offer optimum performance, efficiency, and fuel economy even under the most severe driving conditions.Pentosin Transmission Fluids offer synthetic high performance for use in today’s automatic, manual, and high tech double clutch transmissions.Catalogue DisclaimerLiquid Intelligence Technical Fluids Catalogue is intended to assist you in obtaining OE-quality replacementfl uids for automobiles. We have made every effort to assure the accuracy of the information in this Catalogue. Neither Liquid Intelligence Pty Ld., nor its affiliates assume responsibility for any loss or damage due to errors, omissions, or manufacturing changes. All references to part numbers, vehicle models, and manufacturersare supplied for informational purposes only and are not intended to imply any affiliation with the vehicle manufacturers. Always consult the vehicle manufacturer’s service recommendations.You can call Peter now on 1800 441 163 (7am to 7pm seven days a week) for a chat about product and application information or to simply purchase a Pentosin oil.Liquid Intelligence Pty LtdManufacturing Centre14 Underwood Ave Botany NSW 2019AUSTRALIAAll Enquiries To:Technical Support Office & Main WarehouseUnit 8 / 12 Eddie RoadMinchinbury NSW 2770Free Call 1800 441 163.auTABLE OF CONTENTSManufacturer Page Acura ....................................................................................... 1 Audi ......................................................................................... 2 BMW .......................................................................................29 Dodge .....................................................................................63 Freightliner..............................................................................63 Honda .....................................................................................64 Hyundai ..................................................................................66 Infiniti ......................................................................................68 Jaguar ....................................................................................70 KIA ..........................................................................................79 Land Rover .............................................................................81 Lexus ......................................................................................86 Mazda .....................................................................................89 Mercedes-Benz ......................................................................92 MINI ..................................................................................... 143 Mitsubishi ............................................................................ 144 Nissan ................................................................................. 146 Porsche ............................................................................... 152 Saab .................................................................................... 161 Scion ................................................................................... 165 Subaru ................................................................................. 166 Toyota ................................................................................. 168 Volkswagen ......................................................................... 173 Volvo .. (210)Disclaimer ...................................................... Inside Front Cover Abbreviations Key ...................................................................... ii Product Data SheetsAntiFreeze .................................................................... iii – ix Brake Fluid ................................................................. ….x - xi Hydraulic Fluid ............................................................ ..xii - xiv Motor Oil .................................................................... ..xv - xvi Transmission Fluid ................................................. ..xvii - xxiiB - H I - J K - M N - O P - U A A Distributed ByiiABBREVIATIONS KEY4WD Four Wheel Drive H.D. Heavy Duty 4WS Four Wheel Steering Hyd. HydraulicABC Active Body Control I.D. Inside DiameterABS Anti-Lock Brake System IAQS Interior Air Quality System AC Air ConditioningIncl. Includes ADS Adaptive Damping System Inj. Injection ALT Alternator Inst. Installed Amp Amperage JS Jackshaft AP Air Pump L Liter Assy. AssemblyLbs. PoundsATF Automatic Transmission Fluid LCI Life Cycle Impulse Auto. Automatic Man. Manual Aux. AuxiliaryMech. Mechanical AWD All Wheel Drive ml Milliliter Bbl.Barrelmm Millimeter Bal. Shaft Balance Shaft No. NumberCalif. California O.C. Outside Circumference Cam. Camshaft O.D. Outside Diameter Carb. Carburetor OHV Overhead Valve Compr. Compressor Pass. Passenger Cont’d. Continued Pcs. Pieces CS CrankshaftPkg. PackageCV Constant VelocityPS Power Steering CVT Continuously Variable Transmission Rad. RadiatorCyl. Cylinder RWD Rear Wheel Drive Desig. Designation SHO Super High Output Dia. DiameterSOHC Single Overhead Cam DOHC Dual Overhead CamStd. Standard DSC Dynamic Stability Control Stg. Steering EDC Electronic Damper ControlSusp. Suspension EHPS Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering Temp. Temperature EPS Electronic Power Steering Trans. Transmission Eng. Engine T-Stat Thermostat Eqpt. Equipmentv VoltsESC Electronic Stability Control VIN Vehicle Identification Number ESP Electronic Stability Program VP Vacuum PumpExc. ExceptVTEC Variable Valve Timing & Lift Electronic Control FWD Front Wheel Drive VVT Variable Valve Timing Ga. Gallonw/ With GVW Gross Vehicle Weight w/o WithoutH.O. High Output WP Water Pump HPHorsepowerADistributed ByDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONPentofrost ++ is an environmentally friendlyAntifreeze concentrate for multipurpose applicationsin water-cooled engines. It does not contain anynitrites, amines or phosphorous containing additives.Pentofrost ++ protects all material used in coolingsystems and is recommended for non-ferrous metalsand year-round use. Pentofrost ++ can be usedwhere G12+ is required. Meets ASTM D-3306.SIZE PART NUMBER GTIN-131.5 Liter 8112106 4008849451126OE quality brands for import applications.DESCRIPTIONPentofrost NF is an environmentally friendlyAntifreeze concentrate for multipurpose applications in water-cooled engines. It does not contain any nitrites, amines or phosphorous containing additives. Pentofrost NF protects all material used in cooling systems and is recommended for non ferrous metals and year-round use. Meets ASTM D-3306.OE quality brands for import applications.PENTOFROST NFEnvironmentally Friendly Nitrite-Free AntifreezeEnvironmentally Friendly Silicate-Free Antifreeze DESCRIPTIONPentofrost SF is an environmentally friendlyAntifreeze concentrate for multipurpose applicationsin water-cooled engines. It does not contain anynitrites, amines or phosphorous containing additives.In addition, it does not contain any Silicates.Pentofrost SF protects all material used in coolingsystems and is recommended for non ferrous metalsand year-round use. Meets ASTM D-3306.SIZE PART NUMBEROE quality brands for import applications.DESCRIPTIONDistributed ByOE quality brands for import applications.DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION5W-30 Pento High Performance is a fully synthetic highperformance engine oil, developed for the most recent vehicleswith extended oil service intervals. Pento HP can be used inall gasoline and diesel engines containing turbochargers aswell as non-turbocharged vehicles requiring 5W-30.SIZE PART NUMBER GTIN-131 Liter 8043107 40088491152335 Liter 8043206 4008849155239OE quality brands for import applications.NDESCRIPTION5W-40 Pento High Performance II is a newly formulated, fully synthetic, high performance engine oil. It was designed to be used in vehicles for all year use. This new formulation allows for longer changing intervals, and it preserves the catalyst, the environment, and maintains outstanding engine performance.OE REFERENCE NUMBERS MakeReference Number Audi/Volkswagen G 052 167 M2Audi/Volkswagen G 052 167 M4 (MX)Audi/Volkswagen G 052 167 M6 (MX)BMW 81 22 9 407 002BMW 81 22 9 407 029BMW 81 22 9 407 547Mercedes Benz000 989 82 01APPROVALS/SPECIFICATIONSOrganization Name Speci cation Met Audi/Volkswagen 502.00, 505.00, 505.01BMW LL-04Ford WSS-M2C917-A Mercedes Benz 229.51Porsche A40ACEA A3/B3/B4/C3APISM/CFOE quality brands for import applications.© 2013 CRP Industries Inc. Pentosin is a trade name of Deutsche-Pentosin Werke. All rights reserved.DISCLAIMER: CRP Industries Inc. has made every effort to assure the accuracy of the information on this product data sheet. Neither CRP Industries Inc., nor its af liates assume responsibility for any loss or damage due to any errors, omissions or manufacturing changes.PENTOHPII5W40 -011510Always consult the vehicle owner’s manual to identify uid speci cation requirements. MSDS available to professional repair technician upon request.PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES Appearance Amber & Clear Density at 15°C 850 kg/m Density at 20°C846 kg/m Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C 13.9 mm /s Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C 84 mm /s Kinematic Viscosity at 20°C 168 mm /s Viscosity Index171Dynamic Viscosity at -30°C 5700 mPa*s Pour Point -42°C/-43.6°F Flash Point240°C/464°FSIZE PART NUMBER GTIN-131 Liter 8042107 40088491132395 Liter 8042206 400884915323520 Liter 8042208 400884915533860 Liter 8042303 4008849155437210 Liter80423054008849153365PENTO HIGHPERFORMANCE II 5W-40Fully Synthetic Four-Season Engine OilDistributed By5W-30 Pento Super Performance III SIZE PART NUMBER GTIN-131 Liter 8078106 40088491154315 Liter 8078206 4008849115448DESCRIPTIONis a newly formulated high performance engine oil designed to be used in vehicles that call for extended oil drain intervals. This oil is blended by using some of the most modern additives available and carefully selected synthetic based oils. By doing this the oil is considered a “Low SAPS” formulation that preserves catalysts, the environment, and maintains outstanding engine performance.DESCRIPTIONPentosin ATF 1 is a fully synthetic high performance Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) for life-time application in automatic gear boxes. Pentosin ATF 1 is formulated by means of the best commercially available synthetic base oils and additive components. A high performance shear stable VI-Improver plus modern antiwear chemistry and friction modia sound stable friction performance in modern automatic transmissions equipped with an electronically controlled converter clutch.PART NUMBER1058107SDESCRIPTIONPentosin FFL-4 is the only approved First Fill and Service Fill transmission uid for the new generation of BMW double clutch gear transmissions (DCT). Pentosin FFL-4 is founded on a fully synthetic base oil technology for safe operation at even the highest thermal load. FFL-4 features a special clutch friction performance which makes it mandatory to be applied solely to the double clutch gear box — do not mix with any other gear oils.OE quality brands for import applications.© 2013 CRP Industries Inc. Pentosin is a trade name of Deutsche-Pentosin Werke. All rights reserved.DISCLAIMER: CRP Industries Inc. has made every effort to assure the accuracy of the information on this product data sheet. Neither CRP Industries Inc., nor its af liates assume responsibility for any loss or damage due to any errors, omissions or manufacturing changes.PENTOFFL4 -011510OE REFERENCE NUMBERS/RECOMMENDATIONS Make Reference Number BMW 83 22 0 440 214BMW83 22 2 147 477Always consult the vehicle owner’s manual to identify uid speci cation requirements. MSDS available to professional repair technician upon request.SIZE PART NUMBER GTIN-131 Liter 1080107 400884917333220 Liter10802084008849173431PENTOSIN FFL-4Fully Synthetic Double Clutch (DCT) Transmission FluidPRODUCT ATTRIBUTES Appearance Amber & Clear Density at 15°C 842 kg/m Density at 20°C839 kg/m Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C 7 mm /s Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C 34.7 mm /s Kinematic Viscosity at 20°C 83.9 mm /s Viscosity Index168Dynamic Viscosity at -40°C 7400 mPa*s Pour Point -54°C/-65.2°F Flash Point 220°C/428°F pH ValueN/ADistributed ByDESCRIPTIONPentosin MTF 2 is a fully synthetic gear oil with all purpose performance for manual transmissions. This manual transmission oil is formulated with modern EP-additives, high shear stable VI improvers and premium synthetic base oils. Pentosin MTF 2 improves synchronization characteristics and was lowered to SAE 75W-80 for better fuel economy.PART NUMBERDESCRIPTIONPentosin FFL Racing is a special fully synthetic transmission uid which has been developed for the application in the new Nissan GT-R R35 double clutch transmission (DCT). This transmission is a highly sophisticated, complex high-tech aggregate which puts extremely demanding requirements onto the transmission uid. To avoid noisy stick slip effects (shudder) of the clutches when starting and at high temperatures,Pentosin FFL Racing’s friction characteristics have been adjusted accordingly. All crucial DCTF performance criteria as e.g. cold PENTOSIN FFL RACINGDouble Clutch Transmission Fluid for Nissan GT-R3Hyd. Fluid: CHF11S; 5 L.......................Motor Oil: 5W-30-SP3; 1 L (8078106)Motor Oil: 5W-30-SP3; 60 L........................Motor Oil: 5W-30-SP3; 5 L..................Motor Oil: 5W-40-HP2; 20 L.............................8042208 1 0Motor Oil: 5W-40-HP2; 60 L (8042303)Motor Oil: 5W-30-SP3; 60 L..................Motor Oil: 5W-40-HP2; 20 L (8042208)Motor Oil: 5W-30-HP; 210 L (8043305)Auto. Trans. Fluid: ATF1; 210 L (1058305)Motor Oil: 5W-30-HP; 5 L................................8043206Motor Oil: 5W-30-HP; 60 L........................Brake Fluid: DOT4-LV; 5 L (1224204)Brake Fluid: DOT4-LV; 5 L........................Brake Fluid: DOT4-LV; 5 L (1224204)Motor Oil: 5W-30-SP3; 5 L..............................8078206Motor Oil: 5W-30-SP3; 20 L................Hyd. Fluid: CHF202; 5 L (1403206)Hyd. Fluid: CHF11S; 1 L.....................。
航空英语缩略语
A Amber 琥珀色A Alternate 备用的A/BRK Auto Brake 自动刹车A/C Aircraft 飞机A/D Analog/Digital 模/数A/DC Analog-to-Digital Converter 模/数转换器A/R Audio Reproducer 放音机A/SKID Anti-Skid 防滞A/THR Autothrust 自动推力A/XFMR Autotransformer 自动变压器AC Alternating Current 交流电ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System 飞机通信寻址和报告系统ACC Active Clearance Control 主动间隙控制ACCEL Acceleration/Accelerate 加速（度）ACCLRM Accelerometer 加速度计ACCU Accumulator 储压器ACM Air Cycle Machine 空气循环机ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring System 飞机状态监控系统ACOC Air Cooled Oil Cooler 风冷式滑油冷却器ACP Area Call Panel 区域呼叫面板ACP Audio Control Panel 音频控制面板ACQN Acquisition 采集ACSC Avionics Compartment System Cooling 电子舱系统冷却ACT Additional Center Tank 附加中央油箱ACTR Actuator 作动筒ADC Air Data Computer 大气数据计算机ADF Automatic Direction Finder 自动定向机ADI Attitude Direction Indicator 姿态指引仪ADIRS Air Data/Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data/Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准组件ADM Air Data Module 大气数据装置ADR Air Data Reference 大气数据基准ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADV Advisory 提示，咨询AEVC Avionics Equipment Ventilation Computer 电子设备通风计算机AF Audio Frequency 音频频率AFS Automatic Flight System 自动飞行系统AGB Accessory Gearbox 附件齿轮箱AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AGL Above Ground Level 离地高度AGW Actual Gross Weight 实际全重AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System 飞机综合数据系统AIL Aileron 副翼AIM Aircraft Integrated Maintenance 飞机整体维护AIP Attendant Indication Panel 乘务员指示面板ALT Altitude 高度ALTM Altimeter 高度表ALTN Alternate, Alternative 备用的AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMP Ampere 安培AMPL Amplifier 放大器AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual 飞机维护手册AMTOSS Aircraft Maintenance Task Oriented Support System 飞机维护工作指导支持系统AMU Audio Management Unit 音频管理组件ANI Analog Input 模拟输入ANN Annunciator 指示器，信号牌ANN LT Annunciator Light 指示灯ANO Analog Output 模拟输出ANT Antenna 天线AOA Angle-of-Attack 迎角AP Autopilot 自动驾驶AP/FD Autopilot/Flight Director 自动驾驶/飞行指引APPR Approach 进近APPU Asymmetry Position Pick Off Unit 不对称位置传感组件APU Auxiliary Power Unit 辅助动力装置ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated 航空无线电公司ARM Aircraft Recovery Manual 飞机恢复手册ARMD Armed 预位的ARPT Airport 机场ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息互换标准代码ASI Airspeed Indicator 空速指示器，空速表ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuits 专用集成电路A/SKID Anti Skid 防滞ASM Aircraft Schematics Manual 飞机系统原理图手册ASP Audio Selector Panel 音频选择面板ASSY Assembly 组件ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATLAS Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems 所有系统适用的简化测试语言ATS Autothrottle System 自动油门系统ATS Autothrust System 自动推力系统ATSU Air Traffic Service Unit 空中交通服务组件ATT Attitude 姿态ATTND Attendant 乘务员AUTO Automatic 自动AUX Auxiliary 辅助的AVAIL Available 可用的，可实现的AVM Airborne Vibration Monitor 机载振动监控AVNCS Avionics 航空电子AWM Aircraft Wiring Manual 飞机线路图手册AWY Airway 航线，航空公司AZ Azimuth 方位B Blue 蓝（色）BARO Barometric 气压的BAT Battery 电瓶BCL Battery Charge Limiter 电瓶充电限制器BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator 拍频振荡器BGM Boarding Music 登机音乐BITE Built-in Test Equipment 内装测试设备BMC Bleed Monitoring Computer 引气监控计算机BOT Begin of Tape 磁带始端BRG Bearing 轴承，方位BRK Brake 刹车BRKR Breaker 跳开关BRKT Bracket 支架，固定夹BRT Bright, Brightness 亮，亮度BSCU Braking/Steering Control Unit 刹车/转弯控制组件BTC Bus Tie Contactor 汇流条连接接触器BTL Bottle 瓶BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit 刹车温度监控组件BTN Button 按钮BTR Bus Tie Relay 汇流条连接继电器BU Battery Unit 电瓶组件BUS Busbar 汇流条BYDU Back-Up Yaw Damper Unit 备份偏航阻尼器C Close 关，闭合C Celsius, Centigrade 摄氏C/B Circuit Breaker 电路跳开关C/L Check List 检查单CAB Cabin 客舱，座舱CAM Cabin Assignment Module 客舱配置装置CAPT Captain 机长CAS Calibrated Air Speed 调整空速，计算空速CAUT Caution 注意，警戒CAUT LT Caution Light 注意灯，警戒灯CBMS Circuit Breaker Monitoring System 跳开关监控系统CBMU Circuit Breaker Monitoring Unit 跳开关监控组件CCS Cabin Communications System 客舱通信系统CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure 压缩机出口压力CDU Control and Display Unit 控制显示组件CFDIU Centralized Fault Display Interface Unit 中央故障显示接口组件CFDS Centralized Fault Display System 中央故障显示系统CFRP Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic 碳纤维加强塑料CG Center of Gravity 重心CGCS Center of Gravity Control System 重心控制系统CHAN Channel 通道，频道CHG Change 改变CIDS Cabin Intercommunication Data System 客舱内部通信数据系统CK Check 检查CKPT Cockpit 驾驶舱CKT Circuit 电路CL Center Line 中心线CLB Climb 爬升CLG Centerline Landing Gear 中心线起落架CLOG Clogging 阻塞CLR Clear 清除CM Crew Member 机组成员CMC Central Maintenance Computer 中央维护计算机CMD Command 指令CMS Central Maintenance System 中央维护系统CNTOR Contactor 接触器CO Company 公司COM Communication 通信，交通COMP Compass 罗盘COMPT Compartment 舱COMPTR Comparator 比较器COND Conditioned, Conditioning （空）调的CONFIG Configuration 构型CONT Controller, Continuous 控制器，持续的CONV Converter 转换器，变流机COOL Cooling, Cooler 冷却，冷却器CPC Cabin Pressure Controller 座舱增压控制器CPLR Coupler 耦合器，电耦CPMS Cabin and Passenger Management System 客舱和旅客管理系统CPRSR Compressor 压缩机CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CRC Continuous Repetitive Chime 连续重复性谐音CRG Cargo 货物，货舱CRS Course 航道CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSD Constant Speed Drive 恒速驱动CSM/G Constant Speed Motor/Generator 恒速马达发电机CSTR Constraint 抑制，固定CSU Command Sensor Unit 指令传感组件CT Current Transformer 控制变压器，电流互感器CTL Central 中央的CTL Control 控制CTR Center 中心，中CU Control Unit 控制组件CUDU Current Unbalance Detection Unit 电流不平衡探测组件CUR Current 电流，当前的CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder 驾驶舱话音记录器CVT Center Vent Tube 中通气管CW Clockwise 顺时针D/D Engine Out Drift Down Point 发动机停车飘降点D/O Description and Operation 说明和使用DA Drift Angle 偏流角DAC Digital to Analog Converter 数模转换器DAR Digital ACMS Recorder 数字式飞机状态监控系统记录器DAR Digital AIDS Recorder 数字式AIDS记录器DC Direct Current 直流电DDRMI Digital Distance and Radio Magnetic Indicator 数字式距离和无线电磁指示器DEC Declination 倾斜，偏角，偏斜DECEL Decelerate 减速DECR Decrease 减少DEF Definition 定义DEG Degree 度DELTA P Differential Pressure 压差DES Descent 下降DEST Destination 目的地DET Detection, Detector 探测，探测器DEU Decoder/Encoder Unit 译码/编码组件DEV Deviation 偏差，偏离DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder 数字式飞行数据记录器DFDRS Digital Flight Data Recording System 数字式飞行数据记录系统DGI Digital Input 数字式输入DGO Digital Output 数字式输出DH Decision Height 决断高度DIA Diameter 直径DIFF Differential 差，差动的DIM Dimming, Dimension 暗，尺寸DIR Direction, Direct, Director 方向，指引，控制器DISC Disconnect, Disconnected 脱开，脱开的DIST Distance 距离DMA Direct Memory Access 直接读取存储器DMC Display Management Computer 显示管理计算机DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距机DMU Data Management Unit 数据管理组件DN Down 下DNLK Downlock 下锁DPDT Double Pole/Double Throw 双刀式开关DPI Differential Pressure Indicator 压差指示器DR Dead Reckoning 航迹推算法DRVR Driver 驱动器DSDL Dedicated Serial Data Link 专用串行数据链DSI Discrete Input 离散输入DSO Discrete output 离散输出DSPL Display 显示DTG Distance to Go 待飞距离DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency 双音频多频率DU Display Unit 显示组件，显示器E East 东ECAM Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring 飞机电子集中监控（系统）ECB Electronic Control Box (APU) 电子控制盒ECM Engine Condition Monitoring 发动机状态监控ECMU Electrical Contactor Management Unit 电接触器管理组件ECON Economy 经济ECP ECAM Control Panel ECAM控制面板ECS Environmental Control System 环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control Unit 电子控制组件EEC Electronic Engine Control 发动机电子控制EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 电可擦除可编程只读存储器EFCS Electrical Flight Control System 电传式飞行操纵系统EFF Effective, Effectivity 有效的，有效性EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EGIU Electrical Generation Interface Unit 发电接口组件EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System 加强型近地警告系统EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature 排气温度EIS Electronic Instrument System 电子仪表系统EIU Engine Interface Unit 发动机接口组件EIVMU Engine Interface and Vibration Monitoring Unit 发动机接口和振动监控组件ELAC Elevator Aileron Computer 升降舵副翼计算机ELEC Electric, Electrical, Electricity 电，电的，电源ELEV Elevation, Elevator 升降，升降舵，（机场）高度EMER Emergency 应急的，紧急的EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰END Endurance 续航时间，强度ENG Engine 发动机EO Engine Out, Engineering Order 发动机熄火，工程指令EOSID Engine Out Standard Instrument Departure 发动机停车标准仪表离港EOT End of Tape 磁带末端EPC External Power Contactor 外部电源接触器EPR Engine Pressure Ratio 发动机压力比EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 可擦除可编程只读存储器EPSU Emergency Power Supply Unit 应急电源组件EQPT Equipment 设备ER Extended Range 延程（飞行）ESS Essential 基本的，主要的EST Estimated 预计的ETA Estimated Time of Arrival 预计到达时间ETE Estimated Time on Route 预计航路时间ETP Equal Time Point 等时间点EVAC Evacuation 撤离EVMU Engine Vibration Monitoring Unit 发动机振动监控器EWD Engine/Warning Display 发动机/警告显示EXC Excitation, Excite 激励EXCESS Excessive 过度的，过大的EXT Exterior, External 外部的EXT PWR External Power 外电源F Fahrenheit 华氏F-PLN Flight Plan 飞行计划F/O First Officer 副驾驶FAC Flight Augmentation Computer 飞行增稳计算机FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Control 全权数字式发动机控制FAIL Failed, Failure 失效FAP Forward Attendant Panel 前乘务员面板FAR Federal Aviation Regulation 联邦航空条例FAV Fan Air Valve 风扇空气活门FB Feed Back 反馈FBS Fixed Base Simulator 固定模拟机FC Fully Closed 全关闭FCC Flight Control Computer 飞行控制计算机FCDC Flight Control Data Concentrator 飞行控制数据集中器FCMC Fuel Control and Monitoring Computer 燃油控制和监控计算机FCMS Fuel Control Monitoring System 燃油控制监控系统FCOM Flight Crew Operating Manual 飞行机组使用手册FCPC Flight Control Primary Computer 主飞行控制计算机FCSC Flight Control Secondary Computer 辅助飞行控制计算机FCU Flight Control Unit 飞行控制组件FCU Flush Control Unit 冲水控制组件FCV Flow Control Valve 流量控制活门FD Flight Director 飞行指引FDBK Feedback 反馈FDIU Flight Data Interface Unit 飞行数据接口组件FDU Fire Detection Unit 火警探测组件FE Flight Envelope 飞行包络FF Fuel Flow 燃油流量FFS Full Flight Simulator 全动模拟机FG Flight Guidance 飞行制导，飞行指引FIDS Fault Isolation and Detection System 故障隔离和探测系统FIFO First Input / First Output 第一输入/第一输出FIG Figure 图FIM Fault Isolation Manual 故障隔离手册FIN Function Item Number 功能项目号FL Flight Level 飞行高度层FLEX Flexible 灵活的，软的FLP Flap 襟翼FLSCU Fuel Level Sensor Control Unit 油面高度传感控制组件FLT Flight 飞行FM Flight Manual 飞行手册FMA Flight Mode Annunciator 飞行方式指示器FMC Flight Management Computer 飞行管理计算机FMGC Flight Management Guidance Computer 飞行管理指引计算机FMGEC Flight Management Guidance and Envelope Computer 飞行管理指引和包络计算机FMGES Flight Management Guidance and Envelope System 飞行管理指引和包络系统FMGS Flight Management and Guidance System 飞行管理和指引系统FMS Flight Management System 飞行管理系统FMV Fuel Metering Valve 燃油计量活门FO Fully Open 全开FOB Fuel On Board 机载燃油量FOC Fuel Oil Cooler, Free Of Charge 燃油滑油冷却器，免费FPA Flight Path Angle 飞行路径角FPEEPMS Floor Proximity Emergency Escape Path Marking System 临近地板紧急撤离通道标志系统FPPU Feedback Position Pick-off Unit 反馈位置传感组件FPV Flight Path Vector 飞行路径矢量FQ Fuel Quantity 燃油量FQI Fuel Quantity Indicating / Indication / Indicator 燃油量指示（器）FQU Fuel Quantity Unit 燃油量组件FR Frame 机身，帧FREQ Frequency 频率FRM Fault Reporting Manual 故障报告手册FRU Frequency Reference Unit 频率基准组件FRV Fuel Return Valve 燃油回油活门FSB Fasten Seat Belts 系好安全带FT Foot, Feet 英尺FW Failure Warning 失效警告FWC Flight Warning Computer 飞行警告计算机FWD Forward 前FWS Flight Warning System 飞行警告系统G Green 绿（色）G/S Glide Slope 下滑道GA Go-Around 复飞GALY Galley 厨房GCR Generator Control Relay 发电机控制继电器GCU Generator Control Unit 发电机控制组件GEN Generator 发电机GLC Generator Line Contactor 发电机馈电线接触器GLR Generator Line Relay 发电机馈电线继电器GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间GND Ground 地面，接地GPCU Ground Power Control Unit 地面电源控制组件GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GPU Ground Power Unit 地面电源车（组件）GPWC Ground Proximity Warning Computer 近地警告计算机GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System 近地警告系统GRP Geographic Reference Point 地理参考点GRU Ground Refrigeration Unit 地面致冷组件GS Ground Speed 地速GSE Ground Support Equipment 地面支援设备GW Gross Weight 全重H Hot (Electrical Point), Hour 热，小时HCU Hydraulic Control Unit 液压控制组件HDG Heading 航向HEGS Hydraulic Electrical Generating System 液压发电系统HF High Frequency 高频HI High 高HLAC High Level Alternating Current Voltage 高压交流电HLDC High Level Direct Current Voltage 高压直流电HMU Hydromechanical Unit 液压机械组件HP High Pressure 高压HPC High Pressure Compressor 高压压气机HPT High Pressure Turbine 高压涡轮HPTACC High Pressure Turbine Active Clearance Control 高压涡轮主动间隙控制HS High Speed 高速HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator 水平位置指示器HSMU Hydraulic System Monitoring Unit 液压系统监控组件HUD Head Up Display 平视显示HUDC Head Up Display Computer 平视显示计算机HYD Hydraulic 液压I/O Input /Output 输入/输出I/P Intercept Profile 切入面I/P Input 输入IAE International Aero Engines 国际航空发动机公司IAS Indicated Airspeed 指示空速ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation 国际民航组织IDENT Identification, Indentifier, Identity 识别IDG Integrated Drive Generator 整体驱动发电机IFR Instrument Flight Rules 仪表飞行规章IGB Inlet Gear Box 进口齿轮箱IGN Ignition 点火IGV Inlet Guide Vane 进口导向叶片ILS Instrument Landing System (LOC and G/S) 仪表着陆系统（航向道和下滑道）IMM Immediate 立即IN Inch 英寸INB Inbound 入港的，归航的INBD Inboard 内侧的INCR Increment 增加，增量IND Indicator 指示器INFO Information 信息INHIB Inhibition, Inhibit, Inhibited 抑制，抑制的INIT Initial(ization) 起始INOP Inoperative 不工作INR Inner 内INST Instrument 仪表INT Interrupt 中断INTCP Intercept 切入INTFC Interface 接口INTL Internal 内部的INTRG Interrogate, Interrogator 询问，询问机INV Inverter 变流机，转换器IP Intermediate Pressure 中压IPC Illustrated Parts Catalog, Intermediate Pressure Check Valve 图解零件目录，中压单向活门IPPU Instrumentation Position Pick-off Unit 设备位置传感组件IR Inertial Reference 惯性基准IRS Inertial Reference System 惯性基准系统ISA International Standard Atmosphere 国际标准大气ISIS Integrated Standby Instrument System 综合备用仪表系统ISO International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织ISOL Isolation 隔离IVS Inertial Vertical Speed 惯性垂直速度JAM Jammed, Jamming 卡阻JAR Joint Airworthiness Requirements 联合适航条例KG Kilogram 千克，公斤KT Knot 节，海里/小时L Left 左L Length 长度L/G Landing Gear 起落架LA Linear Accelerometer 线性加速度计LAF Load Alleviation Function 机翼卸载功能LAT Lateral 横向的LAT Latitude 纬度LAV Lavatory 厕所LBP Left Bottom Plug 左下部插头LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器LCIT Load Compressor Inlet Temperature 负载压缩机进口温度LDG Landing 着陆LE Leading Edge 前缘LED Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管LEP List of Effective Pages 有效页清单LGCIU Landing Gear Control and Interface Unit 起落架控制和接口组件LH Left Hand 左侧LIM Limit, Limitation, Limiting, Limiter 限制，限制器LKD Locked 锁定的LL Lat / Long 经纬度LLDC Low Level Direct Current Voltage 低直流电压LMP Left Middle Plug 左中部插头LMS Leakage Measurement System 泄漏测量系统LNG Long 长的LO Low 低LOC Localizer 航向道LONG Longitude 经度LONGN Longeron 梁LOP Low Oil Pressure 低滑油压力LO PR Low Pressure 低压LP Low Pressure 低压LPT Low Pressure Turbine 低压涡轮LPTACC Low Pressure Turbine Active Clearance Control 低压涡轮主动间隙控制LRRA Low Range Radio Altimeter 无线电小高度表LRU Line Replaceable Unit 航线可更换件LS Loudspeaker 扬声器，喇叭LSB Least Significant Bit 最低有效位LSI Large Scale Integration 大规模集成电路LT Light 灯LTP Left Top Plug 左上部插头LV Low Voltage 低电压LVDT Linear Variable Differential Transducer 线性可变差动传感器LVL Level 高度层，量，（液面）高度，等级LW Landing Weight 着陆重量LWR Lower 下M Magenta, Mach, Meter 洋红色，马赫，米MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord 平均空气动力弦MAG Magnetic 磁的MAINT Maintenance 维护MAN Manual 人工，手册MAX Maximum 最大的MB Millibar 毫巴MCDU Multipurpose Control & Display Unit 多功能控制显示组件MCL Maximum Climb 最大爬升MCT Maximum Continuous Thrust 最大持续推力MCU Modular Concept Unit 模数概念组件MDA Minimum Descent Altitude 最低下降高度MDDU Multipurpose Disk Drive Unit 多功能磁盘驱动器MECH Mechanic, Mechanical, Mechanism 机械员，机械的，机构MED Medium 中MEL Minimum Equipment List 最低设备清单MES Main Engine Start 主发动机起动MI Magnetic Indicator 磁指示器MIC Microphone 麦克风MICBAC Micro-System Bus Access Channel 微系统总线存取通道MID Middle 中间的MIN Minimum 最小的，最低的MISC Miscellaneous 杂项MKR Marker (radio) Beacon 无线电指点信标MLA Maneuver Load Alleviation 机动负载减缓MLG Main Landing Gear 主起落架MLI Magnetic Level Indicator 磁场强度指示器MLS Microwave Landing System 微波着陆系统MLW Maximum Design Landing Weight 最大设计着陆重量MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List 主最低设备清单MMO Maximum Operating Mach 最大使用马赫数MN Minute 分钟MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specification 最低导航性能规范MODLTR Modulator 调制器，调节器MON Monitor, Monitoring, Monitored 监控，监控的MORA Minimum Off Route Altitude 最小偏离航道高度MOT Motor, Motorized 马达，马达驱动的MPD Maintenance Planning Document 维护计划手册MRW Maximum Ramp Weight 最大机坪重量MSA Minimum Safe Altitude 最低安全高度MSB Most Significant Bit 最高有效位MSG Message 信息MSL Mean Sea Level 平均海平面高度MSU Mode Selector Unit (IRS) 方式选择组件（惯性基准系统）MSW Microswitch 微动电门MTBF Mean Time Between Failure 平均无故障时间MTBUR Mean Time Between Unscheduled Removals 平均非计划拆卸时间MTG Mounting 安装，装置MTO Maximum Take-Off 最大起飞MTOGW Maximum Takeoff Gross Weight 最大起飞全重MTOW Maximum Takeoff Weight 最大起飞重量MU Management Unit 管理组件MUX Multiplex, Multiplexer 多路，多路调制器MVT Movement 运动，移动MZFW Maximum Design Zero Fuel Weight 最大设计零燃油重量N Normal, North 正常的，北N/A Not Applicable 不适用N/P Next Page 下页N/W Nose Wheel 前轮N/WS Nose Wheel Steering 前轮转弯NAC Nacelle 吊舱NAS Navy and Army Standard 海军和陆军标准NAV Navigation 导航NAVAID Navigation Aid 助航台NBPT No Break Power Transfer 不间断电源转换NC Normally Closed 正常关闭NCD No Computed Data 无计算数据ND Navigation Display 导航显示器NDB Non-Directional Beacon 无向信标NEG Negative 负NLG Nose Landing Gear 前起落架NM Nautical Mile 海里NMI Non Maskable Interrupt 非掩蔽中断No Number 号码NO Normally Open 正常打开NO Normal Operation in SSM 符号状态矩阵正常工作NORM Normal 正常的NS No Smoking 禁止吸烟NVM Non-Volatile Memory 非易失存储器N1 Low Pressure Rotor Speed 低压转子转速N2 High Pressure Rotor Speed 高压转子转速O Open 打开，断开O/P Output 输出OAT Outside Air Temperature 外界温度OBRM On Board Replaceable Module 机上可更换装置OC Open Circuit 断路OC Overcurrent 电流过大OF Overfrequency 频率过高OFF/R Off Reset 关断复位OFST Offset 补偿，偏移，分支OGV Outlet Guide Vane 出口导向叶片OHU Optical Head Unit 光度头组件OIT Oil Inlet Temperature 滑油进口温度OK Correct 正确OMS Onboard Maintenance System 机上维护系统OOT Oil Outlet Temperature 滑油出口温度OP Operational 操作性的，工作的OPP Opposite 对边的，对立的OPS Operation 使用，操作OPT Optimum 最佳的OPV Overpressure Valve 过压活门OUTBD Outboard 外侧的OVBD Overboard 机外OVHD Overhead 头顶的OVHT Overheat 过热OVLD Overload 过载OVRD Override 超控OVSP Overspeed 超速OXY Oxygen 氧气P/B Pushbutton 按钮P/BSW Pushbutton Switch 按钮电门PA Passenger Address 旅客广播PATS Passenger Air-to-Ground Telephone System 旅客空地电话系统PAX Passenger 旅客PC Pack Controller 空调组件控制器PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲码调制PCU Passenger Control Unit 旅客控制组件PCU Power Control Unit 电源控制组件PED Pedestal 操纵台，基座PERF Performance 性能PES Passenger Entertainment (System) 旅客娱乐系统PF Power Factor 动力因素PFD Primary Flight Display 主飞行显示（器）PH Phase 相位，阶段PHC Probe Heat Computer 探头加温计算机PIU Passenger Information Unit 旅客信息组件PMA Permanent Magnet Alternator 永磁交流发电机PMG Permanent Magnet Generator 永磁发电机PN Part Number 零件号PNL Panel 面板POB Pressure-Off Brake 压力关断刹车POR Point of Regulation 调节点POT Potentiometer 电位计PPOS Present Position 当前位置PR Power Ready Relay 电源就绪继电器PRAM Prerecorded Announcement and Music 预录通知和音乐PREAMP Preamplifier 预放，前置放大器PRED Prediction 预报PRESEL Preselector，Preselection 预选器，预选PRESS Pressure, Pressurization, Pressurize 压力，增压PREV Previous 以前的PRIM Primary 主要的PROC T Procedure Turn 程序转弯PROF Profile 剖面，轮廓PROG Progress 进程PROM Programmable Read Only Memory 可编程只读存储器PROT Protection 保护PROX Proximity 接近，临近PRR Power Ready Relay 电源就绪继电器PRV Pressure Regulating Valve 调压活门PSCU Proximity Switch Control Unit 临近电门控制组件PSDU Power Supply Decoupling Unit 电源去耦组件PSI Pound per Square Inch 磅/平方英寸PSS Passenger Services System 旅客服务系统PSU Passenger Service Unit 旅客服务组件PT Point 点PTC Positive Temperature Coefficient 正温度系数PTP Programming and Test Panel 编程和测试面板PTT Push to Test 按压测试PTT Push -to-Talk 按压通话PTU Power Transfer Unit 电源转换组件PU Panel Unit 面板组件PVI Paravisual Indicating 平视指示PVIS Passenger Visual Information System 旅客视觉信息系统PWR Power 动力，电源Q Pitch Rate 俯仰率QAD Quick-Attach-Detach 快速装卸QAR Quick Access Recorder 快速存取记录器QAT Quadruple ARINC Transmitter 四路ARINC发射机QEC Quick Engine Change 发动机快换体QFE Field Elevation Atmospheric Pressure 场压QFU Runway Heading 跑道航向QNE Sea Level Standard Atmosphere Pressure 海平面标准气压QNH Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure 海平面气压QT Quart (US) 夸脱（美）QTY Quantity 数量，量R Red 红（色）R Right 右R/I Radio/Inertial 无线电/惯性RA Radio Altimeter, Radio Altitude 无线电高度表，无线电高度RA Resolution Advisory 决断提示RAC Rotor Active Clearance 转子主动间隙RACC Rotor Active Clearance Control 转子主动间隙控制RACSB Rotor Active Clearance Start Bleed 转子主动间隙起动放气RAD Radio 无线电RAM Random Access Memory 读写存储器RAT Ram Air Turbine 冲压空气涡轮RBP Right Bottom Plug 右下部插头RC Repetitive Chime 重复性谐音RCC Remote Charge Converter 远距离充气接头RCCB Remote Control Circuit Breaker 遥控跳开关RCDR Recorder 记录器RCL Recall 恢复，重现RCPT Receptacle 插座RCPTN Reception 接收RCVR Receiver 接收机RECIRC Recirculate, Recirculation 再循环RECT Rectifier 整流器RED Reduction 减少REF Reference 基准，参考REFUEL Refueling 加油REG Regulator 调节器REL Release 释放，松开RES Resistance 电阻RET Return 回，回到REV Reverse 反，倒REV Revise, Revision 修订RF Radio Frequency 射频RH Right Hand 右侧RLA Reverser Lever Angle 反推手柄角度RLS Remote Light Sensor 外界光线传感器RLY Relay 继电器RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator 无线电磁指示器RMP Radio Management Panel 无线电管理面板RNG Range 距离，范围RNP Reduced (Required) Navigation Performance 减少的（要求的）导航性能ROM Read Only Memory 只读存储器RPLNT Repellent 防水的RPM Revolution per Minute 转/分钟RQRD Required 要求的，需要的RST Reset 复位RSV Reserve 储备RSVR Reservoir （液压）油箱RTE Route 航路RTN Return 返回RTP Right Top Plug 右上部插头RTS Retune to Seat 返回座位RUD Rudder 方向舵RVDT Rotary Variable Differential Transducer 旋转可变差动传感器RVR Runway Visual Range 跑道视距RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum 减小最低垂直分层RWY Runway 跑道S South 南S/C Step Climb 阶梯爬升S/D Step Descent 阶梯下降SAF Safety 安全SAT Static Air Temperature 大气静温SB Service Bulletin 服务通告SC Single Chime 单谐音SD System Display 系统显示SDAC System Data Acquisition Concentrator 系统数据采集集中器SDCU Smoke Detection Control Unit 烟雾探测控制组件SDN System Description Note 系统说明注解SEB Seat Electronic Box 座椅电子盒SEC Secondary 辅助的，次要的SEC Spoiler Elevator Computer 扰流板升降舵计算机SEL Select, Selected, Selector, Selection 选择，预选的，选择器SELCAL Selective Calling System 选择呼叫系统SFCC Slat Flap Control Computer 襟缝翼控制计算机SFCS Slat Flap Control System 襟缝翼控制系统SH ABS Shock Absorber 减震支柱SHED Shedding 卸载SHT Short 短，短路SIC System Isolation Contactor 系统隔离接触器SID Standard Instrument Departure 标准仪表离港SIG Signal 信号SLT Slat 缝翼SMK Smoke 烟雾SN Serial Number 序号SOL Solenoid 电磁阀，电磁线圈SOV Shut-Off Valve 关断活门SPD Speed 速度SPEC Specification 规范SPKR Speaker 扬声器SPLR Spoiler 扰流板SPLY Supply 供给，提供SQ Squelch 静噪SRU Shop Replaceable Unit 车间可更换组件SSB Single Side Band 单边带SSEC Static Source Error Correction 静压源误差修正SSM Sign Status Matrix 符号状态矩阵SSTU Side Stick Transducer Unit 侧杆传感组件STA Station 台，站，站位STAB Stabilizer 安定面STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route 标准进港航路STAT Static 静的STAT INV Static Inverter 静变流机STBY Standby 备用的，备份的STD Standard 标准STGR Stringer 桁条STRG Steering 转弯STS Status 状态SVCE Service 勤务，服务SW Switch 电门，开关SWTG Switching 转换SYNTHR Synthetizer 合成器SYS System 系统T True, Turn 真的，转T/C Top of Climb 爬升顶点T/D Top of Descent 下降顶点T/R Thrust Reverser 反推装置T-P Turn Point 转弯点TA Traffic Advisory 交通提示TACT Tactical 策略上的TAS True Airspeed 真空速TAT Total Air Temperature 大气总温TBC To Be Confirmed 待证实TBD To Be Determined 待定TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System 防撞系统TCC Turbine Case Cooling 涡轮机匣冷却TDD Technical Design Directive 技术设计指令TE Trailing Edge 后缘TEC Turbine Exhaust Case 涡轮排气机匣TEMP Temperature 温度TGT Target 目标THR Thrust 推力THRM Thermal 热的，热力的THS Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer 可配平的水平安定面TIT Turbine Inlet Temperature 涡轮进口温度TK Tank 油箱TKE Track Angle Error 航迹角误差TLA Throttle Lever Angle 油门杆角度TLT Temperature Limitation Thermostat 温度限制调节器TLU Travel Limitation Unit 行程限制器TMR Timer 定时器TO Takeoff 起飞TOGA Take-Off - Go-Around 起飞/复飞TOGW Takeoff Gross Weight 起飞全重TOT Total 总的，全部TOW Take-Off Weight 起飞重量TPIC Tire Pressure Indicating Computer 轮胎压力指示计算机TPIS Tire Pressure Indicating System 轮胎压力指示系统TR Transformer Rectifier 变压整流器TRA Throttle Resolver Angle 油门解算器角度TRANS Transition 过渡TRDV Thrust Reverser Directional Valve 反推方向性活门TRF Turbine Rear Frame 涡轮后框TRIG Trigger 触发TRK Track (angle) 航迹（角）TROPO Tropopause 对流层顶TRPV Thrust Reverser Pressurizing Valve 反推增压活门TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit 变压整流器TRV Travel 行程TSM Trouble Shooting Manual 排故手册TTG Time to Go 待飞时间TTL Transistor Transistor Logic 晶体管晶体管逻辑门电路TTS Trim Tank System 平衡油箱系统TURB Turbulent, Turbulence 紊乱的，紊流UF Underfrequency 欠频UHF Ultra High Frequency 超高频UNLK Unlock 松锁UNLKD Unlocked, Unlocking 已松锁的，松锁UPR Upper 上，上面的U.S GAL. U.S Gallon 美加仑UTC Universal Time Coordinated 国际协调时UV Under Voltage 欠压V Volt 伏特V/S Vertical Speed 垂直速度Vc Calibrated Airspeed 校准（计算）空速VAC Voltage Alternating Current 交流电压VAR Variable, Variation 可变的VBV Variable Bleed Valve 可变放气活门VBV Variable Bypass Valve 可变旁通活门VC Ventilation Controller 通风控制器VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器VCU Video Control Unit 视频控制组件VDC Voltage Direct Current 直流电压VDEV Vertical Deviation 垂直偏离VEL Velocity 速度VENT Ventilation 通风VERT Vertical 垂直的VFE Maximum Flap Extended Speed 最大襟翼伸出速度VFTO Final Takeoff Speed 最终起飞速度VHF Very High Frequency 甚高频VHV Very High Voltage 甚高压VIB Vibration 振动VLE Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed 最大起落架放下使用速度VLO Maximum Landing Gear Operating Speed 最大起落架使用速度（起落架可为放下或收起）VLS Lower Selectable Speed 较低可选速度VM Voltmeter 电压表VMAX Maximum Allowable Airspeed 最大允许空速VMCA Minimum Flight Control Speed 空中最小控制速度VMCG Minimum Ground Control Speed 地面最小控制速度VMO Maximum Operating Speed 最大使用速度VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range 甚高频全向信标VOR.D VOR-DME 甚高频全向信标-测距机VR Rotation Speed 抬前轮速度VREF Landing Reference Speed 着陆基准速度VRMS Volt Root Mean Square 电压平方根VSC Vacuum System Controller 真空系统控制器VSCF Variable Speed Constant Frequency 变速恒频VSI Vertical Speed Indicator 垂直速度指示器VSV Variable Stator Vane 可变定子叶片VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 电压驻波比V1 Critical Engine Failure Speed 关键发动机失效速度V2 Takeoff Safety Speed 起飞安全速度V3 Flap Retraction Speed 襟翼收起速度V4 Slat Retraction Speed 缝翼收起速度W Weight 重量W White 白（色）WARN Warning 警告WBC Weight & Balance Computer 重量和平衡计算机WBS Weight and Balance System 重量和平衡系统WD Warning Display 警告显示WGD Windsheild Guidance Display 风挡指引指示。
A320缩略语
英文缩写英文全称中文全称A Amber 琥珀色A Alternate 备用的A/BRK Auto Brake 自动刹车A/C Aircraft 飞机A/D Analog/Digital 模/数A/DC Analog-to-Digital Converter 模/数转换器A/R Audio Reproducer 放音机A/SKID Anti-Skid 防滞A/THR Autothrust 自动推力A/XFMR Autotransformer 自动变压器AC Alternating Current 交流电ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System 飞机通信寻址和报告系统ACC Active Clearance Control 主动间隙控制ACCEL Acceleration/Accelerate 加速（度）ACCLRM Accelerometer 加速度计ACCU Accumulator 储压器ACM Air Cycle Machine 空气循环机ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring System 飞机状态监控系统ACOC Air Cooled Oil Cooler 风冷式滑油冷却器ACP Area Call Panel 区域呼叫面板ACP Audio Control Panel 音频控制面板ACQN Acquisition 采集ACSC Avionics Compartment System Cooling 电子舱系统冷却ACT Additional Center Tank 附加中央油箱ACTR Actuator 作动筒ADC Air Data Computer 大气数据计算机ADF Automatic Direction Finder 自动定向机ADI Attitude Direction Indicator 姿态指引仪ADIRS Air Data/Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data/Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准组件ADM Air Data Module 大气数据装置ADR Air Data Reference 大气数据基准ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADV Advisory 提示，咨询AEVC Avionics Equipment Ventilation Computer 电子设备通风计算机AF Audio Frequency 音频频率AFS Automatic Flight System 自动飞行系统AGB Accessory Gearbox 附件齿轮箱AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AGL Above Ground Level 离地高度AGW Actual Gross Weight 实际全重AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System 飞机综合数据系统AIL Aileron 副翼AIM Aircraft Integrated Maintenance 飞机整体维护AIP Attendant Indication Panel 乘务员指示面板ALT Altitude 高度ALTM Altimeter 高度表ALTN Alternate, Alternative 备用的AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMP Ampere 安培AMPL Amplifier 放大器AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual 飞机维护手册AMTOSS Aircraft Maintenance Task Oriented Support System 飞机维护工作指导支持系统AMU Audio Management Unit 音频管理组件ANI Analog Input 模拟输入ANN Annunciator 指示器，信号牌ANN LT Annunciator Light 指示灯ANO Analog Output 模拟输出ANT Antenna 天线AOA Angle-of-Attack 迎角AP Autopilot 自动驾驶AP/FD Autopilot/Flight Director 自动驾驶/飞行指引APPR Approach 进近APPU Asymmetry Position Pick Off Unit 不对称位置传感组件APU Auxiliary Power Unit 辅助动力装置ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated 航空无线电公司ARM Aircraft Recovery Manual 飞机恢复手册ARMD Armed 预位的ARPT Airport 机场ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息互换标准代码ASI Airspeed Indicator 空速指示器，空速表ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuits 专用集成电路A/SKID Anti Skid 防滞ASM Aircraft Schematics Manual 飞机系统原理图手册ASP Audio Selector Panel 音频选择面板ASSY Assembly 组件ATA Air Transport Association of America 美国航空运输协会ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATLAS Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems 所有系统适用的简化测试语言ATS Autothrottle System 自动油门系统ATS Autothrust System 自动推力系统ATSU Air Traffic Service Unit 空中交通服务组件ATT Attitude 姿态ATTND Attendant 乘务员AUTO Automatic 自动AUX Auxiliary 辅助的AVAIL Available 可用的，可实现的AVM Airborne Vibration Monitor 机载振动监控AVNCS Avionics 航空电子AWM Aircraft Wiring Manual 飞机线路图手册AWY Airway 航线，航空公司AZ Azimuth 方位B Blue 蓝（色）BARO Barometric 气压的BAT Battery 电瓶BCL Battery Charge Limiter 电瓶充电限制器BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator 拍频振荡器BGM Boarding Music 登机音乐BITE Built-in Test Equipment 内装测试设备BMC Bleed Monitoring Computer 引气监控计算机BOT Begin of Tape 磁带始端BRG Bearing 轴承，方位BRK Brake 刹车BRKR Breaker 跳开关BRKT Bracket 支架，固定夹BRT Bright, Brightness 亮，亮度BSCU Braking/Steering Control Unit 刹车/转弯控制组件BTC Bus Tie Contactor 汇流条连接接触器BTL Bottle 瓶BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit 刹车温度监控组件BTN Button 按钮BTR Bus Tie Relay 汇流条连接继电器BU Battery Unit 电瓶组件BUS Busbar 汇流条BYDU Back-Up Yaw Damper Unit 备份偏航阻尼器C Close 关，闭合C Celsius, Centigrade 摄氏C/B Circuit Breaker 电路跳开关C/L Check List 检查单CAB Cabin 客舱，座舱CAM Cabin Assignment Module 客舱配置装置CAPT Captain 机长CAS Calibrated Air Speed 调整空速，计算空速CAUT Caution 注意，警戒CAUT LT Caution Light 注意灯，警戒灯CBMS Circuit Breaker Monitoring System 跳开关监控系统CBMU Circuit Breaker Monitoring Unit 跳开关监控组件CCS Cabin Communications System 客舱通信系统CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDP Compressor Discharge Pressure 压缩机出口压力CDU Control and Display Unit 控制显示组件CFDIU Centralized Fault Display Interface Unit 中央故障显示接口组件CFDS Centralized Fault Display System 中央故障显示系统CFMI CFM International CFM国际公司CFRP Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic 碳纤维加强塑料CG Center of Gravity 重心CGCS Center of Gravity Control System 重心控制系统CHAN Channel 通道，频道CHG Change 改变CIDS Cabin Intercommunication Data System 客舱内部通信数据系统CK Check 检查CKPT Cockpit 驾驶舱CKT Circuit 电路CL Center Line 中心线CLB Climb 爬升CLG Centerline Landing Gear 中心线起落架CLOG Clogging 阻塞CLR Clear 清除CM Crew Member 机组成员CMC Central Maintenance Computer 中央维护计算机CMD Command 指令CMS Central Maintenance System 中央维护系统CNTOR Contactor 接触器CO Company 公司COM Communication 通信，交通COMP Compass 罗盘COMPT Compartment 舱COMPTR Comparator 比较器COND Conditioned, Conditioning （空）调的CONFIG Configuration 构型CONT Controller, Continuous 控制器，持续的CONV Converter 转换器，变流机COOL Cooling, Cooler 冷却，冷却器CPC Cabin Pressure Controller 座舱增压控制器CPLR Coupler 耦合器，电耦CPMS Cabin and Passenger Management System 客舱和旅客管理系统CPRSR Compressor 压缩机CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CRC Continuous Repetitive Chime 连续重复性谐音CRG Cargo 货物，货舱CRS Course 航道CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSD Constant Speed Drive 恒速驱动CSM/G Constant Speed Motor/Generator 恒速马达发电机CSTR Constraint 抑制，固定CSU Command Sensor Unit 指令传感组件CT Current Transformer 控制变压器，电流互感器CTL Central 中央的CTL Control 控制CTR Center 中心，中CU Control Unit 控制组件CUDU Current Unbalance Detection Unit 电流不平衡探测组件CUR Current 电流，当前的CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder 驾驶舱话音记录器CVT Center Vent Tube 中通气管CW Clockwise 顺时针D/D Engine Out Drift Down Point 发动机停车飘降点D/O Description and Operation 说明和使用DA Drift Angle 偏流角DAC Digital to Analog Converter 数模转换器DAR Digital ACMS Recorder 数字式飞机状态监控系统记录器DAR Digital AIDS Recorder 数字式AIDS记录器DC Direct Current 直流电DDRMI Digital Distance and Radio Magnetic Indicator 数字式距离和无线电磁指示器DEC Declination 倾斜，偏角，偏斜DECEL Decelerate 减速DECR Decrease 减少DEF Definition 定义DEG Degree 度DELTA P Differential Pressure 压差DES Descent 下降DEST Destination 目的地DET Detection, Detector 探测，探测器DEU Decoder/Encoder Unit 译码/编码组件DEV Deviation 偏差，偏离DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder 数字式飞行数据记录器DFDRS Digital Flight Data Recording System 数字式飞行数据记录系统DGI Digital Input 数字式输入DGO Digital Output 数字式输出DH Decision Height 决断高度DIA Diameter 直径DIFF Differential 差，差动的DIM Dimming, Dimension 暗，尺寸DIR Direction, Direct, Director 方向，指引，控制器DISC Disconnect, Disconnected 脱开，脱开的DIST Distance 距离DMA Direct Memory Access 直接读取存储器DMC Display Management Computer 显示管理计算机DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距机DMU Data Management Unit 数据管理组件DN Down 下DNLK Downlock 下锁DPDT Double Pole/Double Throw 双刀式开关DPI Differential Pressure Indicator 压差指示器DR Dead Reckoning 航迹推算法DRVR Driver 驱动器DSDL Dedicated Serial Data Link 专用串行数据链DSI Discrete Input 离散输入DSO Discrete output 离散输出DSPL Display 显示DTG Distance to Go 待飞距离DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency 双音频多频率DU Display Unit 显示组件，显示器E East 东ECAM Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring 飞机电子集中监控（系统）ECB Electronic Control Box (APU) 电子控制盒ECM Engine Condition Monitoring 发动机状态监控ECMU Electrical Contactor Management Unit 电接触器管理组件ECON Economy 经济ECP ECAM Control Panel ECAM控制面板ECS Environmental Control System 环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control Unit 电子控制组件EEC Electronic Engine Control 发动机电子控制EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 电可擦除可编程只读存储器EFCS Electrical Flight Control System 电传式飞行操纵系统EFF Effective, Effectivity 有效的，有效性EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EGIU Electrical Generation Interface Unit 发电接口组件EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System 加强型近地警告系统EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature 排气温度EIS Electronic Instrument System 电子仪表系统EIU Engine Interface Unit 发动机接口组件EIVMU Engine Interface and Vibration Monitoring Unit 发动机接口和振动监控组件ELAC Elevator Aileron Computer 升降舵副翼计算机ELEC Electric, Electrical, Electricity 电，电的，电源ELEV Elevation, Elevator 升降，升降舵，（机场）高度EMER Emergency 应急的，紧急的EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰END Endurance 续航时间，强度ENG Engine 发动机EO Engine Out, Engineering Order 发动机熄火，工程指令EOSID Engine Out Standard Instrument Departure 发动机停车标准仪表离港EOT End of Tape 磁带末端EPC External Power Contactor 外部电源接触器EPR Engine Pressure Ratio 发动机压力比EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 可擦除可编程只读存储器EPSU Emergency Power Supply Unit 应急电源组件EQPT Equipment 设备ER Extended Range 延程（飞行）ESS Essential 基本的，主要的EST Estimated 预计的ETA Estimated Time of Arrival 预计到达时间ETE Estimated Time on Route 预计航路时间ETP Equal Time Point 等时间点EVAC Evacuation 撤离EVMU Engine Vibration Monitoring Unit 发动机振动监控器EWD Engine/Warning Display 发动机/警告显示EXC Excitation, Excite 激励EXCESS Excessive 过度的，过大的EXT Exterior, External 外部的EXT PWR External Power 外电源F Fahrenheit 华氏F-PLN Flight Plan 飞行计划F/O First Officer 副驾驶FAC Flight Augmentation Computer 飞行增稳计算机FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Control 全权数字式发动机控制FAIL Failed, Failure 失效FAP Forward Attendant Panel 前乘务员面板FAR Federal Aviation Regulation 联邦航空条例FAV Fan Air Valve 风扇空气活门FB Feed Back 反馈FBS Fixed Base Simulator 固定模拟机FC Fully Closed 全关闭FCC Flight Control Computer 飞行控制计算机FCDC Flight Control Data Concentrator 飞行控制数据集中器FCMC Fuel Control and Monitoring Computer 燃油控制和监控计算机FCMS Fuel Control Monitoring System 燃油控制监控系统FCOM Flight Crew Operating Manual 飞行机组使用手册FCPC Flight Control Primary Computer 主飞行控制计算机FCSC Flight Control Secondary Computer 辅助飞行控制计算机FCU Flight Control Unit 飞行控制组件FCU Flush Control Unit 冲水控制组件FCV Flow Control Valve 流量控制活门FD Flight Director 飞行指引FDBK Feedback 反馈FDIU Flight Data Interface Unit 飞行数据接口组件FDU Fire Detection Unit 火警探测组件FE Flight Envelope 飞行包络FF Fuel Flow 燃油流量FFS Full Flight Simulator 全动模拟机FG Flight Guidance 飞行制导，飞行指引FIDS Fault Isolation and Detection System 故障隔离和探测系统FIFO First Input / First Output 第一输入/第一输出FIG Figure 图FIM Fault Isolation Manual 故障隔离手册FIN Function Item Number 功能项目号FL Flight Level 飞行高度层FLEX Flexible 灵活的，软的FLP Flap 襟翼FLSCU Fuel Level Sensor Control Unit 油面高度传感控制组件FLT Flight 飞行FM Flight Manual 飞行手册FMA Flight Mode Annunciator 飞行方式指示器FMC Flight Management Computer 飞行管理计算机FMGC Flight Management Guidance Computer 飞行管理指引计算机FMGEC Flight Management Guidance and Envelope Computer 飞行管理指引和包络计算机FMGES Flight Management Guidance and Envelope System 飞行管理指引和包络系统FMGS Flight Management and Guidance System 飞行管理和指引系统FMS Flight Management System 飞行管理系统FMV Fuel Metering Valve 燃油计量活门FO Fully Open 全开FOB Fuel On Board 机载燃油量FOC Fuel Oil Cooler, Free Of Charge 燃油滑油冷却器，免费FPA Flight Path Angle 飞行路径角FPEEPMS Floor Proximity Emergency Escape Path Marking System 临近地板紧急撤离通道标志系统FPPU Feedback Position Pick-off Unit 反馈位置传感组件FPV Flight Path Vector 飞行路径矢量FQ Fuel Quantity 燃油量FQI Fuel Quantity Indicating / Indication / Indicator 燃油量指示（器）FQU Fuel Quantity Unit 燃油量组件FR Frame 机身，帧FREQ Frequency 频率FRM Fault Reporting Manual 故障报告手册FRU Frequency Reference Unit 频率基准组件FRV Fuel Return Valve 燃油回油活门FSB Fasten Seat Belts 系好安全带FT Foot, Feet 英尺FW Failure Warning 失效警告FWC Flight Warning Computer 飞行警告计算机FWD Forward 前FWS Flight Warning System 飞行警告系统G Green 绿（色）G/S Glide Slope 下滑道GA Go-Around 复飞GALY Galley 厨房GCR Generator Control Relay 发电机控制继电器GCU Generator Control Unit 发电机控制组件GEN Generator 发电机GLC Generator Line Contactor 发电机馈电线接触器GLR Generator Line Relay 发电机馈电线继电器GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间GND Ground 地面，接地GPCU Ground Power Control Unit 地面电源控制组件GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GPU Ground Power Unit 地面电源车（组件）GPWC Ground Proximity Warning Computer 近地警告计算机GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System 近地警告系统GRP Geographic Reference Point 地理参考点GRU Ground Refrigeration Unit 地面致冷组件GS Ground Speed 地速GSE Ground Support Equipment 地面支援设备GW Gross Weight 全重H Hot (Electrical Point), Hour 热，小时HCU Hydraulic Control Unit 液压控制组件HDG Heading 航向HEGS Hydraulic Electrical Generating System 液压发电系统HF High Frequency 高频HI High 高HLAC High Level Alternating Current Voltage 高压交流电HLDC High Level Direct Current Voltage 高压直流电HMU Hydromechanical Unit 液压机械组件HP High Pressure 高压HPC High Pressure Compressor 高压压气机HPT High Pressure Turbine 高压涡轮HPTACC High Pressure Turbine Active Clearance Control 高压涡轮主动间隙控制HS High Speed 高速HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator 水平位置指示器HSMU Hydraulic System Monitoring Unit 液压系统监控组件HUD Head Up Display 平视显示HUDC Head Up Display Computer 平视显示计算机HYD Hydraulic 液压I/O Input /Output 输入/输出I/P Intercept Profile 切入面I/P Input 输入IAE International Aero Engines 国际航空发动机公司IAS Indicated Airspeed 指示空速ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation 国际民航组织IDENT Identification, Indentifier, Identity 识别IDG Integrated Drive Generator 整体驱动发电机IFR Instrument Flight Rules 仪表飞行规章IGB Inlet Gear Box 进口齿轮箱IGN Ignition 点火IGV Inlet Guide Vane 进口导向叶片ILS Instrument Landing System (LOC and G/S) 仪表着陆系统（航向道和下滑道）IMM Immediate 立即IN Inch 英寸INB Inbound 入港的，归航的INBD Inboard 内侧的INCR Increment 增加，增量IND Indicator 指示器INFO Information 信息INHIB Inhibition, Inhibit, Inhibited 抑制，抑制的INIT Initial(ization) 起始INOP Inoperative 不工作INR Inner 内INST Instrument 仪表INT Interrupt 中断INTCP Intercept 切入INTFC Interface 接口INTL Internal 内部的INTRG Interrogate, Interrogator 询问，询问机INV Inverter 变流机，转换器IP Intermediate Pressure 中压IPC Illustrated Parts Catalog, Intermediate Pressure Check Valve 图解零件目录，中压单向活门IPPU Instrumentation Position Pick-off Unit 设备位置传感组件IR Inertial Reference 惯性基准IRS Inertial Reference System 惯性基准系统ISA International Standard Atmosphere 国际标准大气ISIS Integrated Standby Instrument System 综合备用仪表系统ISO International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织ISOL Isolation 隔离IVS Inertial Vertical Speed 惯性垂直速度JAM Jammed, Jamming 卡阻JAR Joint Airworthiness Requirements 联合适航条例KG Kilogram 千克，公斤KT Knot 节，海里/小时L Left 左L Length 长度L/G Landing Gear 起落架LA Linear Accelerometer 线性加速度计LAF Load Alleviation Function 机翼卸载功能LAT Lateral 横向的LAT Latitude 纬度LAV Lavatory 厕所LBP Left Bottom Plug 左下部插头LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器LCIT Load Compressor Inlet Temperature 负载压缩机进口温度LDG Landing 着陆LE Leading Edge 前缘LED Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管LEP List of Effective Pages 有效页清单LGCIU Landing Gear Control and Interface Unit 起落架控制和接口组件LH Left Hand 左侧LIM Limit, Limitation, Limiting, Limiter 限制，限制器LKD Locked 锁定的LL Lat / Long 经纬度LLDC Low Level Direct Current Voltage 低直流电压LMP Left Middle Plug 左中部插头LMS Leakage Measurement System 泄漏测量系统LNG Long 长的LO Low 低LOC Localizer 航向道LONG Longitude 经度LONGN Longeron 梁LOP Low Oil Pressure 低滑油压力LO PR Low Pressure 低压LP Low Pressure 低压LPT Low Pressure Turbine 低压涡轮LPTACC Low Pressure Turbine Active Clearance Control 低压涡轮主动间隙控制LRRA Low Range Radio Altimeter 无线电小高度表LRU Line Replaceable Unit 航线可更换件LS Loudspeaker 扬声器，喇叭LSB Least Significant Bit 最低有效位LSI Large Scale Integration 大规模集成电路LT Light 灯LTP Left Top Plug 左上部插头LV Low Voltage 低电压LVDT Linear Variable Differential Transducer 线性可变差动传感器LVL Level 高度层，量，（液面）高度，等级LW Landing Weight 着陆重量LWR Lower 下M Magenta, Mach, Meter 洋红色，马赫，米MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord 平均空气动力弦MAG Magnetic 磁的MAINT Maintenance 维护MAN Manual 人工，手册MAX Maximum 最大的MB Millibar 毫巴MCDU Multipurpose Control & Display Unit 多功能控制显示组件MCL Maximum Climb 最大爬升MCT Maximum Continuous Thrust 最大持续推力MCU Modular Concept Unit 模数概念组件MDA Minimum Descent Altitude 最低下降高度MDDU Multipurpose Disk Drive Unit 多功能磁盘驱动器MECH Mechanic, Mechanical, Mechanism 机械员，机械的，机构MED Medium 中MEL Minimum Equipment List 最低设备清单MES Main Engine Start 主发动机起动MI Magnetic Indicator 磁指示器MIC Microphone 麦克风MICBAC Micro-System Bus Access Channel 微系统总线存取通道MID Middle 中间的MIN Minimum 最小的，最低的MISC Miscellaneous 杂项MKR Marker (radio) Beacon 无线电指点信标MLA Maneuver Load Alleviation 机动负载减缓MLG Main Landing Gear 主起落架MLI Magnetic Level Indicator 磁场强度指示器MLS Microwave Landing System 微波着陆系统MLW Maximum Design Landing Weight 最大设计着陆重量MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List 主最低设备清单MMO Maximum Operating Mach 最大使用马赫数MN Minute 分钟MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specification 最低导航性能规范MODLTR Modulator 调制器，调节器MON Monitor, Monitoring, Monitored 监控，监控的MORA Minimum Off Route Altitude 最小偏离航道高度MOT Motor, Motorized 马达，马达驱动的MPD Maintenance Planning Document 维护计划手册MRW Maximum Ramp Weight 最大机坪重量MSA Minimum Safe Altitude 最低安全高度MSB Most Significant Bit 最高有效位MSG Message 信息MSL Mean Sea Level 平均海平面高度MSU Mode Selector Unit (IRS) 方式选择组件（惯性基准系统）MSW Microswitch 微动电门MTBF Mean Time Between Failure 平均无故障时间MTBUR Mean Time Between Unscheduled Removals 平均非计划拆卸时间MTG Mounting 安装，装置MTO Maximum Take-Off 最大起飞MTOGW Maximum Takeoff Gross Weight 最大起飞全重MTOW Maximum Takeoff Weight 最大起飞重量MU Management Unit 管理组件MUX Multiplex, Multiplexer 多路，多路调制器MVT Movement 运动，移动MZFW Maximum Design Zero Fuel Weight 最大设计零燃油重量N Normal, North 正常的，北N/A Not Applicable 不适用N/P Next Page 下页N/W Nose Wheel 前轮N/WS Nose Wheel Steering 前轮转弯NAC Nacelle 吊舱NAS Navy and Army Standard 海军和陆军标准NAV Navigation 导航NAVAID Navigation Aid 助航台NBPT No Break Power Transfer 不间断电源转换NC Normally Closed 正常关闭NCD No Computed Data 无计算数据ND Navigation Display 导航显示器NDB Non-Directional Beacon 无向信标NEG Negative 负NLG Nose Landing Gear 前起落架NM Nautical Mile 海里NMI Non Maskable Interrupt 非掩蔽中断No Number 号码NO Normally Open 正常打开NO Normal Operation in SSM 符号状态矩阵正常工作NORM Normal 正常的NS No Smoking 禁止吸烟NVM Non-Volatile Memory 非易失存储器N1 Low Pressure Rotor Speed 低压转子转速N2 High Pressure Rotor Speed 高压转子转速O Open 打开，断开O/P Output 输出OAT Outside Air Temperature 外界温度OBRM On Board Replaceable Module 机上可更换装置OC Open Circuit 断路OC Overcurrent 电流过大OF Overfrequency 频率过高OFF/R Off Reset 关断复位OFST Offset 补偿，偏移，分支OGV Outlet Guide Vane 出口导向叶片OHU Optical Head Unit 光度头组件OIT Oil Inlet Temperature 滑油进口温度OK Correct 正确OMS Onboard Maintenance System 机上维护系统OOT Oil Outlet Temperature 滑油出口温度OP Operational 操作性的，工作的OPP Opposite 对边的，对立的OPS Operation 使用，操作OPT Optimum 最佳的OPV Overpressure Valve 过压活门OUTBD Outboard 外侧的OVBD Overboard 机外OVHD Overhead 头顶的OVHT Overheat 过热OVLD Overload 过载OVRD Override 超控OVSP Overspeed 超速OXY Oxygen 氧气P/B Pushbutton 按钮P/BSW Pushbutton Switch 按钮电门PA Passenger Address 旅客广播PATS Passenger Air-to-Ground Telephone System 旅客空地电话系统PAX Passenger 旅客PC Pack Controller 空调组件控制器PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲码调制PCU Passenger Control Unit 旅客控制组件PCU Power Control Unit 电源控制组件PED Pedestal 操纵台，基座PERF Performance 性能PES Passenger Entertainment (System) 旅客娱乐系统PF Power Factor 动力因素PFD Primary Flight Display 主飞行显示（器）PH Phase 相位，阶段PHC Probe Heat Computer 探头加温计算机PIU Passenger Information Unit 旅客信息组件PMA Permanent Magnet Alternator 永磁交流发电机PMG Permanent Magnet Generator 永磁发电机PN Part Number 零件号PNL Panel 面板POB Pressure-Off Brake 压力关断刹车POR Point of Regulation 调节点POT Potentiometer 电位计PPOS Present Position 当前位置PR Power Ready Relay 电源就绪继电器PRAM Prerecorded Announcement and Music 预录通知和音乐PREAMP Preamplifier 预放，前置放大器PRED Prediction 预报PRESEL Preselector，Preselection 预选器，预选PRESS Pressure, Pressurization, Pressurize 压力，增压PREV Previous 以前的PRIM Primary 主要的PROC T Procedure Turn 程序转弯PROF Profile 剖面，轮廓PROG Progress 进程PROM Programmable Read Only Memory 可编程只读存储器PROT Protection 保护PROX Proximity 接近，临近PRR Power Ready Relay 电源就绪继电器PRV Pressure Regulating Valve 调压活门PSCU Proximity Switch Control Unit 临近电门控制组件PSDU Power Supply Decoupling Unit 电源去耦组件PSI Pound per Square Inch 磅/平方英寸PSS Passenger Services System 旅客服务系统PSU Passenger Service Unit 旅客服务组件PT Point 点PTC Positive Temperature Coefficient 正温度系数PTP Programming and Test Panel 编程和测试面板PTT Push to Test 按压测试PTT Push -to-Talk 按压通话PTU Power Transfer Unit 电源转换组件PU Panel Unit 面板组件PVI Paravisual Indicating 平视指示PVIS Passenger Visual Information System 旅客视觉信息系统PWR Power 动力，电源Q Pitch Rate 俯仰率QAD Quick-Attach-Detach 快速装卸QAR Quick Access Recorder 快速存取记录器QAT Quadruple ARINC Transmitter 四路ARINC发射机QEC Quick Engine Change 发动机快换体QFE Field Elevation Atmospheric Pressure 场压QFU Runway Heading 跑道航向QNE Sea Level Standard Atmosphere Pressure 海平面标准气压QNH Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure 海平面气压QT Quart (US) 夸脱（美）QTY Quantity 数量，量R Red 红（色）R Right 右R/I Radio/Inertial 无线电/惯性RA Radio Altimeter, Radio Altitude 无线电高度表，无线电高度RA Resolution Advisory 决断提示RAC Rotor Active Clearance 转子主动间隙RACC Rotor Active Clearance Control 转子主动间隙控制RACSB Rotor Active Clearance Start Bleed 转子主动间隙起动放气RAD Radio 无线电RAM Random Access Memory 读写存储器RAT Ram Air Turbine 冲压空气涡轮RBP Right Bottom Plug 右下部插头RC Repetitive Chime 重复性谐音RCC Remote Charge Converter 远距离充气接头RCCB Remote Control Circuit Breaker 遥控跳开关RCDR Recorder 记录器RCL Recall 恢复，重现RCPT Receptacle 插座RCPTN Reception 接收RCVR Receiver 接收机RECIRC Recirculate, Recirculation 再循环RECT Rectifier 整流器RED Reduction 减少REF Reference 基准，参考REFUEL Refueling 加油REG Regulator 调节器REL Release 释放，松开RES Resistance 电阻RET Return 回，回到REV Reverse 反，倒REV Revise, Revision 修订RF Radio Frequency 射频RH Right Hand 右侧RLA Reverser Lever Angle 反推手柄角度RLS Remote Light Sensor 外界光线传感器RLY Relay 继电器RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator 无线电磁指示器RMP Radio Management Panel 无线电管理面板RNG Range 距离，范围RNP Reduced (Required) Navigation Performance 减少的（要求的）导航性能ROM Read Only Memory 只读存储器RPLNT Repellent 防水的RPM Revolution per Minute 转/分钟RQRD Required 要求的，需要的RST Reset 复位RSV Reserve 储备RSVR Reservoir （液压）油箱RTE Route 航路RTN Return 返回RTP Right Top Plug 右上部插头RTS Retune to Seat 返回座位RUD Rudder 方向舵RVDT Rotary Variable Differential Transducer 旋转可变差动传感器RVR Runway Visual Range 跑道视距RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum 减小最低垂直分层RWY Runway 跑道S South 南S/C Step Climb 阶梯爬升S/D Step Descent 阶梯下降SAF Safety 安全SAT Static Air Temperature 大气静温SB Service Bulletin 服务通告SC Single Chime 单谐音SD System Display 系统显示SDAC System Data Acquisition Concentrator 系统数据采集集中器SDCU Smoke Detection Control Unit 烟雾探测控制组件SDN System Description Note 系统说明注解SEB Seat Electronic Box 座椅电子盒SEC Secondary 辅助的，次要的SEC Spoiler Elevator Computer 扰流板升降舵计算机SEL Select, Selected, Selector, Selection 选择，预选的，选择器SELCAL Selective Calling System 选择呼叫系统SFCC Slat Flap Control Computer 襟缝翼控制计算机SFCS Slat Flap Control System 襟缝翼控制系统SH ABS Shock Absorber 减震支柱SHED Shedding 卸载SHT Short 短，短路SIC System Isolation Contactor 系统隔离接触器SID Standard Instrument Departure 标准仪表离港SIG Signal 信号SLT Slat 缝翼SMK Smoke 烟雾SN Serial Number 序号SOL Solenoid 电磁阀，电磁线圈SOV Shut-Off Valve 关断活门SPD Speed 速度SPEC Specification 规范SPKR Speaker 扬声器SPLR Spoiler 扰流板SPLY Supply 供给，提供SQ Squelch 静噪SRU Shop Replaceable Unit 车间可更换组件SSB Single Side Band 单边带SSEC Static Source Error Correction 静压源误差修正SSM Sign Status Matrix 符号状态矩阵SSTU Side Stick Transducer Unit 侧杆传感组件STA Station 台，站，站位STAB Stabilizer 安定面STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route 标准进港航路STAT Static 静的STAT INV Static Inverter 静变流机STBY Standby 备用的，备份的STD Standard 标准STGR Stringer 桁条STRG Steering 转弯STS Status 状态SVCE Service 勤务，服务SW Switch 电门，开关SWTG Switching 转换SYNTHR Synthetizer 合成器SYS System 系统T True, Turn 真的，转T/C Top of Climb 爬升顶点T/D Top of Descent 下降顶点T/R Thrust Reverser 反推装置T-P Turn Point 转弯点TA Traffic Advisory 交通提示TACT Tactical 策略上的TAS True Airspeed 真空速TAT Total Air Temperature 大气总温TBC To Be Confirmed 待证实TBD To Be Determined 待定TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System 防撞系统TCC Turbine Case Cooling 涡轮机匣冷却TDD Technical Design Directive 技术设计指令TE Trailing Edge 后缘TEC Turbine Exhaust Case 涡轮排气机匣TEMP Temperature 温度TGT Target 目标THR Thrust 推力THRM Thermal 热的，热力的THS Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer 可配平的水平安定面TIT Turbine Inlet Temperature 涡轮进口温度TK Tank 油箱TKE Track Angle Error 航迹角误差TLA Throttle Lever Angle 油门杆角度TLT Temperature Limitation Thermostat 温度限制调节器TLU Travel Limitation Unit 行程限制器TMR Timer 定时器TO Takeoff 起飞TOGA Take-Off - Go-Around 起飞/复飞TOGW Takeoff Gross Weight 起飞全重TOT Total 总的，全部TOW Take-Off Weight 起飞重量TPIC Tire Pressure Indicating Computer 轮胎压力指示计算机TPIS Tire Pressure Indicating System 轮胎压力指示系统TR Transformer Rectifier 变压整流器TRA Throttle Resolver Angle 油门解算器角度TRANS Transition 过渡TRDV Thrust Reverser Directional Valve 反推方向性活门TRF Turbine Rear Frame 涡轮后框TRIG Trigger 触发TRK Track (angle) 航迹（角）TROPO Tropopause 对流层顶TRPV Thrust Reverser Pressurizing Valve 反推增压活门TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit 变压整流器TRV Travel 行程TSM Trouble Shooting Manual 排故手册TTG Time to Go 待飞时间TTL Transistor Transistor Logic 晶体管晶体管逻辑门电路TTS Trim Tank System 平衡油箱系统TURB Turbulent, Turbulence 紊乱的，紊流UF Underfrequency 欠频UHF Ultra High Frequency 超高频UNLK Unlock 松锁UNLKD Unlocked, Unlocking 已松锁的，松锁UPR Upper 上，上面的U.S GAL. U.S Gallon 美加仑UTC Universal Time Coordinated 国际协调时UV Under Voltage 欠压V Volt 伏特V/S Vertical Speed 垂直速度Vc Calibrated Airspeed 校准（计算）空速VAC Voltage Alternating Current 交流电压VAR Variable, Variation 可变的VBV Variable Bleed Valve 可变放气活门VBV Variable Bypass Valve 可变旁通活门VC Ventilation Controller 通风控制器VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器VCU Video Control Unit 视频控制组件VDC Voltage Direct Current 直流电压VDEV Vertical Deviation 垂直偏离VEL Velocity 速度VENT Ventilation 通风VERT Vertical 垂直的VFE Maximum Flap Extended Speed 最大襟翼伸出速度VFTO Final Takeoff Speed 最终起飞速度VHF Very High Frequency 甚高频VHV Very High Voltage 甚高压VIB Vibration 振动VLE Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed 最大起落架放下使用速度VLO Maximum Landing Gear Operating Speed 最大起落架使用速度（起落架可为放下或收起）VLS Lower Selectable Speed 较低可选速度VM Voltmeter 电压表VMAX Maximum Allowable Airspeed 最大允许空速VMCA Minimum Flight Control Speed 空中最小控制速度VMCG Minimum Ground Control Speed 地面最小控制速度VMO Maximum Operating Speed 最大使用速度VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range 甚高频全向信标VOR.D VOR-DME 甚高频全向信标-测距机VR Rotation Speed 抬前轮速度VREF Landing Reference Speed 着陆基准速度VRMS Volt Root Mean Square 电压平方根VSC Vacuum System Controller 真空系统控制器VSCF Variable Speed Constant Frequency 变速恒频VSI Vertical Speed Indicator 垂直速度指示器VSV Variable Stator Vane 可变定子叶片VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 电压驻波比V1 Critical Engine Failure Speed 关键发动机失效速度V2 Takeoff Safety Speed 起飞安全速度V3 Flap Retraction Speed 襟翼收起速度V4 Slat Retraction Speed 缝翼收起速度W Weight 重量W White 白（色）WARN Warning 警告WBC Weight & Balance Computer 重量和平衡计算机WBS Weight and Balance System 重量和平衡系统WD Warning Display 警告显示WGD Windsheild Guidance Display 风挡指引指示WHC Window Heat Computer 风挡加温计算机WHL Wheel 机轮WIPCU Water Ice Protection Control Unit 防止水结冰控制组件WPT Waypoint 航路点WTB Wing Tip Brake 翼尖刹车WXR Weather Radar 气象雷达X BLEED Cross Bleed 交叉引气X FEED Crossfeed 交输X-TALK Cross-Talk 交叉对话。
小学上册F卷英语第五单元期末试卷
小学上册英语第五单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.gulf) is an area of the ocean partially enclosed by land. The ____2.What do we call a person who plays the piano?A. PianistB. KeyboardistC. MusicianD. All of the above3.My favorite drink is ________ (鲜榨果汁) for breakfast.4.The ______ (鳗鱼) is long and thin, living in water.5.What is the capital city of Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. LuxorD. Giza6. (Ming) Dynasty is known for its porcelain and trade. The ____7.What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed around the world?A. Ferdinand MagellanB. Christopher ColumbusC. Marco PoloD. Vasco da Gama8.The snow is ___ (falling).9.The _____ (信封) is addressed.10. A ladybug is considered a ______ (吉祥物).11.The __________ (历史的再现) reflects our journey.12.My dog enjoys rolling in the _______ (草).13.What do we call a group of dolphins?A. SchoolB. PodC. FlockD. ColonyB Pod14.I like to bake ______ for special occasions.15.The _____ (狐狸) has a thick, bushy tail.16.My sister plays ________ with her friends.17.We need to _______ (保持) our room tidy.18.If it rains, we will play __________ games inside. (室内的)19.What is the smallest continent?A. AfricaB. EuropeC. AustraliaD. AsiaC20.The __________ (历史的成果) can be profound.21.What is the capital of Palau?A. NgerulmudB. KororC. AiraiD. MelekeokA22.What is the main ingredient in tofu?A. SoybeansB. RiceC. WheatD. CornA23.The ______ (春季) is a popular time for planting.24.Photosynthesis produces glucose and ______.25.What is the name of the famous theme park in Florida?A. DisneylandB. Universal StudiosC. Walt Disney WorldD. SeaWorld26.I enjoy _______ (参与) volunteer work.27.I have a big box of _____ (积木).28.The reaction of metals with acids produces ______.29.The _____ (公寓) is spacious.30.What do we call the act of collecting stamps?A. PhilatelyB. NumismaticsC. CollectingD. Antiques31.I enjoy playing with my ________ (玩具名称) at the beach.32.We will _____ a field trip next month. (have)33.The chemical formula for sodium chloride is _______.34.The rabbit is eating a ______.35.What do we call the time of year when flowers bloom?A. WinterB. SpringC. SummerD. Autumn36.What sound does a cow make?A. MeowB. BarkC. MooD. QuackC37.The puppy sleeps in a _______ (小狗在_______里睡觉).38.The __________ (北极) is very cold and icy.39.What do we call a young goat?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. CubB40. A ____(community initiative) promotes collective action.41.The ______ is a predator of many small animals.42.The _____ (球) is round.43.The bear is very ___ (strong).44.The ______ is the largest bird that cannot fly.45.What is 9 + 10?A. 19B. 20C. 21D. 22A46.The clouds are _____ in the sky. (floating)47.The ________ was a significant treaty that fostered diplomatic relations.48.What do we call the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. TransformationD. GrowthA Metamorphosis49. (Russian) Revolution led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. The ____50.What is the main language spoken in the USA?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German51.My brother loves to __________ (学习) about different cultures.52.The __________ (历史的回顾) informs contemporary issues.53.The chemical formula for propane is ______.54.He is ___ his homework. (finishing)55.The _______ (鲸鱼) is often seen surfacing for air.56.I love the __________ (形容词) colors of my __________ (玩具名).57.My sister is a ______. She loves to perform on stage.58. A ______ has a long tail and is very agile.59.在古代，________ (leaders) 的决策影响了国家的命运。
小学上册Y卷英语上册试卷(含答案)
小学上册英语上册试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 A _____ (植物园) showcases different species.2 Space shuttles were used to transport astronauts to and from _______.3 My favorite vegetable is ______.4 How many letters are in the English alphabet?A. 24B. 25C. 26D. 275 A __________ is a geological feature formed by the action of glaciers.6 The first president of the United States was ________ (乔治·华盛顿).7 What is the fastest land animal?A. CheetahB. LionC. HorseD. Antelope8 Heat can make things ______ (expand).9 What do you call the place where you play sports?A. SchoolB. FieldD. Classroom答案: C10 What do you call a person who draws pictures?A. ArtistB. WriterC. SculptorD. Painter答案: A11 The __________ (历史的影响力) can drive social change.12 What do we call the season when it rains a lot?A. SummerB. WinterC. SpringD. Autumn13 My brother is interested in ____ (mathematics).14 What do we call the outer layer of the Earth?A. CoreB. MantleC. CrustD. Atmosphere15 What do we call the map line that measures distance north or south of the equator?A. LongitudeB. LatitudeC. Meridian答案:B16 My _____ (外孙) is very energetic.17 We have a ______ (新鲜的) fruit stand in our neighborhood.18 The octopus can change its ______ (颜色).19 The __________ (历史的传承机制) ensures continuity.20 The ________ (动物园) has many exotic animals.21 I like to solve ______ (难题) because it challenges my mind. It’s satisfying when I find the answer.22 The squirrel gathers _________ for winter. (食物)23 What do we call the act of sharing experiences?A. StorytellingB. NarrationC. SharingD. All of the Above答案：D24 I enjoy singing ______ songs.25 The Sun is a medium-sized star in the ______ galaxy.26 I love to visit my ________ (朋友) during weekends.27 The garden is ___. (beautiful)28 I enjoy making ______ (贺卡) for my family and friends. It’s a personal touch that they appreciate.29 The ________ was a significant battle during the American Revolutionary War.30 They enjoy ________ together.31 What is the term for a young zebra?B. FoalC. CubD. Kid答案:B32 I found a ______ (coin) in my pocket.33 What do we call a baby kangaroo?A. CalfB. JoeyC. KittenD. Cub答案:B34 What do you call the main character in a story?A. HeroB. VillainC. ProtagonistD. Antagonist答案:C35 The weather can change very ______ (快).36 A solubility curve shows how the amount of solute affects ______.37 What is the opposite of rich?A. PoorB. WealthyC. AffluentD. Abundant38 The Earth's surface is shaped by both natural and human ______.39 My friend is very good at ____ (math) and helps me.40 My cousin is a great __________ (厨师).41 The ______ (花朵) can be different shapes and sizes.42 The cake is _______ (rising) in the oven.43 Which insect makes honey?A. AntB. FlyC. BeeD. Mosquito答案:C44 The __________ (历史的交织) illustrates interconnectedness.45 A __________ is a slow-moving river that meanders across a floodplain.46 The ______ (植物的维护) requires consistent effort.47 The __________ (历史的路径) leads to enlightenment.48 A _______ reaction occurs when two or more substances combine to form one substance.49 Which planet is known for its extreme temperatures and thick atmosphere?A. MercuryB. VenusC. MarsD. Jupiter答案:B50 What is the capital city of the Maldives?B. Addu CityC. FuvahmulahD. Dhidhdhoo答案: A51 What is the primary color of a raspberry?A. BlueB. RedC. GreenD. Yellow52 My _______ (狗) loves to run.53 What color do you get when you mix blue and yellow?a. Greenb. Orangec. Purpled. Brown答案:a54 What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KyivD. Minsk答案:A55 The chemical symbol for gadolinium is ______.56 She is _______ (collecting) seashells at the beach.57 The chemical symbol for selenium is ______.58 I like to help my mom water the ______ (花). They need a lot of ______ (关心).59 In _____ (阿根廷), Tango is a popular dance.60 Which of these is not a planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. SunD. Jupiter答案:C61 A dolphin jumps gracefully out of the _______.62 The flowers are ______ (growing) taller every day.63 What is the name of the famous speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr.?A. I Have a DreamB. We Shall OvercomeC. Ask Not What Your Country Can DoD. The Gettysburg Address答案: A64 What is the name of the ocean that lies between Africa and Australia?A. Atlantic OceanB. Arctic OceanC. Indian OceanD. Pacific Ocean答案:C. Indian Ocean65 She likes to _____ (cook/bake) cookies.66 My friend loves to write __________ (诗歌).67 Cacti can grow in very ______ places.68 A __________ is formed when magma cools quickly.69 The chemical formula for octanoic acid is ______.70 His favorite food is ________.71 What is the opposite of 'easy'?A. SimpleB. HardC. FastD. Slow72 The tree is ______ in the wind. (swaying)73 I like to build with _____ (积木) and create new things. 我喜欢用积木搭建并创造新东西。
A review of active structural control challenges for engineering informatics
ReviewA review of active structural control:challenges for engineering informaticsSinan Korkmaz ⇑ETH Zurich,Department of Civil,Environmental and Geomatic Engineering,Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 15,HIL E 45.3,8093Zurich,Switzerlanda r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 11April 2011Accepted 28July 2011Available online 26August 2011Keywords:Active structural control Active structuresEngineering informatics BiomimeticsAdaptive structures Intelligent structuresa b s t r a c tAn active structure is an engineering structure containing sensors and actuators that,when active,modify the response of the structure to its environment.Research into active structural control is growing due to factors such as new challenges in extreme environments (space,undersea,polar),contaminated contexts (nuclear,chemical,biological)and increasing awareness of earthquake risks.Advances in theory and practice of active control technology have modified the general perception of structures.This paper pro-vides an overview of advances enabling feasible applications of active puting challenges that are important to the creation of the next generation of active structures are identified.Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction ........................................................................................................21142.Active control systems................................................................................................21142.1.Element-length control..........................................................................................21152.1.1.Active cable and tendon control ...........................................................................21152.1.2.Active strut control......................................................................................21162.1.3.Aerodynamic appendage for civil structures..................................................................21172.2.Active tuned-mass damper.......................................................................................21172.3.Integrated design of active control system ..........................................................................21182.4.Control algorithms .............................................................................................21193.Active structural control vs.passive structural control ......................................................................21194.Applications ........................................................................................................21204.1.Active control of civil structures ..................................................................................21204.1.1.Control of static properties of civil structures ................................................................21204.1.2.Control of dynamic properties of civil structures..............................................................21204.2.Active control of mechanical structures.............................................................................21224.3.Active control of aerospace structures..............................................................................21225.Biomimetics in the context of structural control ...........................................................................21245.1.Self-diagnosis and self-repair .....................................................................................21245.2.Improvement of performance over time ............................................................................21246.Role of engineering informatics.........................................................................................21257.Discussion..........................................................................................................21267.1.Interdisciplinary research into active structural control................................................................21267.2.Research opportunities ..........................................................................................21278.Conclusions.........................................................................................................2128Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................2128References .........................................................................................................21280045-7949/$-see front matter Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/pstruc.2011.07.010Tel.:+41446333750;fax:+41446331041.E-mail address:skorkmaz@ethz.ch1.IntroductionIt has been suggested that historically,non-active design was the only design approach available to structural engineers[1]. Nevertheless,the origins of active structural control can be traced back to ancient Egypt,where Hero of Alexandria(300B.C.)used steam-activated mechanisms to open temple doors[2].Moreover, single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF)active control systems,such as drawbridges,have been used for centuries(Fig.1).After the mechanization of drawbridges through the industrial revolution, structures such as movable stadium roofs increased complexity of active control due to the risks of locking.Overhead cranes are another example of active structural control.While there are sev-eral degrees of freedom in such structures,they are purposely decoupled to facilitate operation.Today,a definition of an active structure is an engineering structure containing sensors and actuators that,when active,mod-ify the response of the structure to its environment.Research into active structural control is growing due to factors such as new challenges in extreme environments(space,undersea,polar),con-taminated contexts(nuclear,chemical,biological)and increasing awareness of earthquake risks.While active control technologies are similar in civil,mechanical and aerospace engineeringfields, their application to civil structures involves meeting unique challenges.Aerospace engineers use active control in order to make objects move within their environments.Over the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in active control of structures. The concept of‘‘active structures’’is now applied to civil structures.Advances in sensor,actuator and microprocessor tech-Zuk[5]envisaged structures that can expand and contract to adapt to different spatial requirements.Active control of civil structures wasfirst introduced by Yao[4]as a means of protect-ing tall buildings against storms.A modern concept of an active civil structure was proposed by Soong and Manolis[6],where a wide variety of actuation methods,including tendon control, were discussed.In an active control system,an external power source supplies energy to control actuators that apply forces to the structure in a prescribed manner.The applied force can both add and dissipate energy from the structure.A response function of the system measured with optical,mechanical,electrical or chemical sensors create signals that are sent to control actuators [7].Advances in theory and practice of active structural control technology have modified the general perception of structures. Due to incorporated intelligence,structures become dynamic ob-jects capable of interacting with complex environments[8].The aim of an intelligent structure is to enhance the structural perfor-mance by sensing the changes in behavior and in loading,adapting the structure to meet goals,and retrieving past events to improve future performance[9].Intelligence is one of the desirable qualities of biological sys-tems.Through mimicking living organisms,incorporation of intel-ligent control methodologies into structural engineering has potential to enhance the concept of structures.Self-diagnosis, self-repair and learning are examples of behavioral biomimicry [10].This paper provides a brief overview of advances that are enabling feasible applications of active puting chal-lenges that are important to the creation of the next generation of active structures are then identified.Active structural control is closely related to structural health monitoring(SHM).However, SHM will not be addressed in this paper.Some recent surveys and notable studies in thefield of SHM can be found in[11–19]. Also,a compilation of the subjects involved in thefield of active structural control is available in[20–25].Although several definitions of active,adaptive or intelligent structures are available in[4,8,6,22,26,27–29],the following defi-nitions are used in this paper to provide means to make the dis-tinction between active,adaptive,intelligent and biomimetic structures.Active structure:as stated above,an active structure is an engineering structure that contains sensors and actuators that,when active,modify response of the structure to its environment.Adaptive structure:an active structure that improves its re-sponse to changing environments over time without reference to behavior modeling and actions such as loading and temperature.Intelligent structure:a structure that maintains and improves structural performance by recognizing changes in behavior and ac-tions,adapting the structure to meet performance goals,and using past events to improve future performance.Biomimetic structure:an intelligent structure that has the ability to carry out self-diagnosis and thus improve performance attributes such as damage tolerance through active control.Fig.2presents the categories of structural control.The terms active control,adaptive control and intelligent control refer to subdo-mains of structural control.2.Active control systemsActive control mechanisms involve shape control using active cables and active struts as well as control mechanisms that do not aim to control the shape of the structure,such as active tuned-mass dampers.Fig.1.The Langlois Drawbridge at Arles[3].2114S.Korkmaz/Computers and Structures89(2011)2113–21322.1.Element-length controlAn objective of shape control is elimination of the structural deformations caused by external disturbances [30].Other objec-tives include control of reception and transmission orientation as well as aerodynamic vibration control.Shape control is usually car-ried out through active cables and struts.2.1.1.Active cable and tendon controlA definition of cable is ‘‘a wire or wire rope by which force is ex-erted to control or operate a mechanism [31].Cable members have been traditionally used in civil structures.Suspended bridges,cable-stayed bridges,guyed towers,stadium roofs and tent struc-tures are examples.Also,aeronautical engineers use cable mem-bers for control since cables usually involve less technical difficulties compared with strut control [32].Abdel-Rohman and Leipholz [33]proposed the active control of a tall building using tendons as an alternative to an active tuned-mass damper.Although the tendon control system may need larger forces than the tuned-mass damper control,when applied to a building subjected to wind loading,it provides more efficient con-trol than a tuned-mass damper system.Yang and Samali [34]developed an analytical procedure to compute the properties of the structural response of a tall building implemented by an active control system and excited by a random wind flow.It was demon-strated that significant reduction of the acceleration response using either an active mass damper or an active tendon control system is possible.Chung et al.[35]controlled a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF)structure using tendons connected to a servohydraulic actuator.Reinhorn et al.[36]studied large flexible structures such as tall buildings,long bridges,and offshore platforms that develop large deformations under the action of dynamic loads such as wind,waves,or earthquakes.Cable control was highlighted as a possible solution in order to assure that the deformations are kept within serviceability limits.Warnitchai et al.[37]studied both experimentally and analyti-cally active tendon control of cable-stayed bridges that are sub-jected to a vertical sinusoidal force.It was concluded that active tendon control was effective in reducing vertical girder motion in the presence of small cable vibration,whereas it was not effective in reducing vertical girder motion when cable vibrations were sig-nificant.Magaña and Rodellar [38]presented a nonlinear decen-tralized active tendon controller that substantially reduces the magnitude of the vibrations of a segment of a cable-stayed bridge induced by a seismic excitation.Okubo et al.[39]proposed a tendon control system for the shape control of flexible space structures and presented methods for determining structural deflections and then applying control forces to restore the desired shape.The task of active shape control was divided into two objectives:(1)estimating the deformed shape of a structure from multi-point spatially distributed mea-surements;(2)restoring to the desired shape using control actua-tors installed on the structure.Active static control force was determined so that the restoration error was minimized.Actuator locations that minimize the restoration errors were found.The method was implemented on an experimental tendon control sys-tem for a flexible beam.Preumont et al.[40]presented a strategy for damping cable structures with active tendons.Each tendon consisted of a piezo-electric displacement actuator collocated with a force sensor.A lin-ear theory that predicts the closed-loop poles of a cable structure with a root locus technique was developed.A guyed truss with three active tendons was used to demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness of the strategy.Xu et al.[41]proposed a decentralized,nonparametric identifi-cation and control algorithm with neural networks for the purpose of suppressing the vibration of a cable-stayed bridge model sub-jected to earthquake excitations.The control strategy used the stay cables as active tendons to provide control forces through actua-tors.Each actuator was controlled by a decentralized neural-net-work controller with local information for input.The feature of decentralized control simplified implementation of the algorithms and reduced costs compared with centralized control.Nudehi et al.[42]experimentally studied the use of end forces for vibration control on a beam structure fitted with a cable mech-anism and motor for applying the end force,and a piezoelectric patch for taking vibration measurements.Results showed that the modes of the beam,of which natural frequencies are less than the bandwidth of the motor,were effectively controlled.Aldemir and Güney [43]used active tendon actuators as control devices on a seismically excited building that is modeled as a lumped mass shear frame structure.It was numerically demonstrated that the proposed control was capable of suppressing the seismic vibrations.Suzuki [44]used shape memory alloys as tendons.An actuator unit consisting of a shape-memory-alloy tendon and a spring was set up,and transfer functions of the actuator unit relating an ap-plied voltage to a generated force were measured.It was validated that free and forced vibrations of a flexible cantilever can be well restrained by the designed controller with robust stability.Minsili et al.[45]applied active tendon control strategy to a bridge structure against seismic loading.A method was proposed to meet requirements of the control mechanism.Lin et al.[46]analyzed soil–structure interaction effect on vibration control effectiveness of active tendon systems for an irregular building,modeled as a torsionally coupled structure,subjected to base excitations such as those induced by earth-quakes.An H 1direct output feedback control algorithm was suc-cessfully applied to a two-way eccentric building with active tendon systems in outer frames.Guo et al.[47]proposed an algorithm to control the vibration of space structures with active tendons.Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm was more effective than the integral force feedback for vibration control of space structures.However,large active displacement range was required for the tendon actu-ator.Issa et al.[48]investigated the use of cable actuators for ac-tive vibration suppression in frame structures.A planarframeFig.2.Structural control.Structures 89(2011)2113–21322115with large in-plane stiffness was used to show the effectiveness of the method.A cable ran entirely in the plane of the frame,so that cable tension does not appreciably deform the frame,although it does reduce the frame stiffness.A method offinding optimal cable placement on a given structure was presented.Wang et al.[49]ap-plied a stochastic optimal control methodology to active tendon control of earthquake-excited SDOF and multiple-degree-of-free-dom systems.Fine tuning and adjustment may be easier for tensegrity struc-tures than for conventional structures[50].The ease of tuning and high-precision control characteristics associated with tensegrity structures have attracted the attention of researchers from various fields to tensegrity active control.Active control of tensegrity structures has been studied since the mid-1990s.Oppenheim and Williams[51]proposed active control of tensegrity prisms.Djouadi et al.[52]developed an active tendon control method for struc-tures that exhibit nonlinear structural behavior and applied it on a tensegrity structure.The structure used was an antenna mast. Motro[53]explained active control of tensegrity structures through active tendons.Graells Rovira and Mirats Tur[54]applied cable control on a tensegrity-based robot.Sultan[55]investigated tendon-control reconfiguration of sim-ple tensegrity modules.Mathematical models were developed for dynamics of tensegrity structures using Lagrangian approach. These equations were then used for a simple,efficient,tendon-con-trol reconfiguration procedure.Also,linear parametric dynamical models were developed for certain classes of tensegrity structures in the same study.Van De Wijdeven and De Jager[56]designed an optimization method to design a reference trajectory for shape changes of a tendon-controlled tensegrity structure and imple-mented the procedure on a simple2D tensegrity structure.Masic and Skelton[57]characterized the planned path for a shape change in a class-2tensegrity tower as a path from one equilibrium to another adjusting the rest lengths of string members.Damage tolerance of tensegrity structures is an emerging re-search area.Ben Kahla and Moussa[58]numerically studied effects of sudden rupture of a cable component in a tensegrity assemblage using nonlinear dynamic time history analysis.Abedi and Shekastehband[59]addressed the structural integrity of a double layer tensegrity grid by active cable control.Korkmaz et al.[60] studied self-repair of a tensegrity pedestrian bridge that is subject to cable damage.Results showed that self-repair was successfully performed with a minimum number of active cables leading to reductions in control complexity.Moored and Bart-Smith[61]presented clustered cable actua-tion that exploits the existence of cable elements in a tensegrity structure by allowing cables to be run over frictionless pulleys or through frictionless loops at the nodes.This strategy was conse-quently applied by Korkmaz et al.[60]to a deployable tensegrity bridge structure.Methodologies of controlling structures actively through cables are established in the literature as convenient means of active control.Detailed discussion of tensegrity struc-tures is not in the scope of this paper.Recent reviews and notable work can be found in[62–69].Abdel-Rohman[70]compared three active control mechanisms, active tendon mechanism,active tuned-mass damper mechanism, and the aerodynamic appendage mechanism,in terms of feasibility of active control of tall buildings against wind.It was concluded that a combination of active tendons and active tuned-mass dam-per mechanisms was an attractive solution.Data given in Table1suggests that approximately60%of the re-search studies in thefield from1983to2010are applications involving vibration control or seismic risk mitigation.Applications involve mix of structural elements and complete structures.Only 40%of the studies involve experimental testing.2.1.2.Active strut controlActive control of struts(bars)that are part of the structural sys-tem have been preferred in several applications,such as frame structures(e.g.truss systems).In addition to direct control,which is common in mechanical structures,indirect control applications, such as control of tensegrity structures may benefit from active strut control[71].Davis and Thompson[72]evaluated active struts for the design of active automobile suspensions.Anderson et al.[73]proposed replacing passive struts with active struts for use in precisionTable1Research into active cable and tendon control.Researcher Year Purpose of control Structure TestingBen Kahla and Moussa2002Damage tolerance Tensegrity assemblage No Abedi and Shekastehband2009Damage tolerance Tensegrity grid No Korkmaz et al.2011Damage tolerance Tensegrity bridge No Masic and Skelton2005Deployment Tensegrity beam and plate No GraellsRovira and MiratsTur2009Motion control Robot No Chung et al.1988Seismic Simple frame Yes Warnitchai1993Seismic Bridge Yes Magana and Rodellar1998Seismic Bridge Yes Xu et al.2003Seismic Bridge No Minsili et al.2009Seismic Bridge No Lin et al.2010Seismic Building No Wang et al.2009Seismic Frame No Djouadi et al.1998Seismic Mast Yes Oppenheim and Williams1997Shape control Simple tensegrity Yes Van de Wijdeven and De Jager2005Shape control Simple tensegrity No Moored and Bart-Smith2009Shape control Tensegrity wing and beam No Okubo et al.1996Static Space structures No Preumont et al.2000Vibration Truss Yes Nudehi et al.2006Vibration Beam Yes Suzuki2008Vibration Beam Yes Guo et al.2008Vibration Space structures No Issa et al.2010Vibration Frame Yes Sultan1999Vibration Simple tensegrity Yes Abdel-Rohman1983Wind Tall building No Abdel-Rohman1987Wind Tall building No Yang and Samali1983Wind Tall building No Reinhorn et al.1987Wind,wave,earthquake Tall building,bridge,offshore platform No 2116S.Korkmaz/Computers and Structures89(2011)2113–2132control of large space structures.In the proposed actuation scheme,the structure incorporated an eddy current displacement sensor and an actuator that was either piezoelectric or electrostric-tive.Chen and Fanson[74]simulated an on-orbit modal test using active struts as the excitation source.Lu et al.[75]studied the placement of active bars in adaptive truss structures for vibration control purposes.It was shown that the active bars whose lengths were controllable could control any selected modal part of vibratory motion of an adaptive truss structure.Also,the optimal locations for active members were found to minimize the required control action(elongations or con-tractions provided by actuators).Leo and Inman[76]studied a test bed consisting of aflexible frame slewed by a DC motor for active vibration suppression.Ac-tive strut that can be used as self-sensing actuators in feedback control loops were inserted into the frame to tackle the control task resulting from reducing slewing,which induces both bending and torsional vibration in the structure.Darby and Pellegrino[77]proposed an actuator concept,that uses an inertial mass driven by a piezoelectric element to induce a stick-slip motion of tubes for use as active struts in truss struc-tures.Vaillon et al.[78]presented a prototype active strut imple-menting a collocated piezoforce sensor and linear translator for space applications.Resistance to launch loads that are obtained passively without an external locking mechanism was investi-gated.H1synthesis avoided the need for precise identification of modal behavior,thus enhancing control design robustness.Döngi et al.[79]investigated an adaptive truss structure in terms of active damping performance achieved with feedback of strut-force response measurements.Song et al.[80]experimen-tally investigated the active vibration suppression phenomenon. Active struts were used for vibration control of a truss structure in-tended for use in spacecrafts.Pelinescu and Balachandran[81]conducted an experimental investigation into active control of longitudinal waves transmitted through a hollow cylindrical strut.An active strut offinite extent length,instrumented with sensors,piezoelectric,and magneto-strictive actuators,was studied in the context of the control of structure-borne helicopter cabin interior noise.Inman[82]used active bars to control a slewing frame test bed.The smart structure solution was concluded to be superior to a conventional solution as the of the closed-loop system of piezoceramic actuators and sen-sors significantly improved controllability.Hauge and Campbell[83]implemented active strut control on six-axis hexapods used for space-based vibration isolation.Zhang and Alleyne[84]proposed a novel reformulation of the active sus-pension task,based on prescribing a given displacement between the sprung and unsprung masses.The active suspension task was transformed from a force-tracking to a displacement-tracking task.Song et al.[85]emphasized the use of active bars in truss struc-tures in a state-of-the art review of vibration control of civil struc-tures using piezoceramic smart materials.Munzinger[86]used active struts to compensate static and dynamic deformations of a machine tool.De Marneffe[87]addressed the task of placement of active struts in a mechanical structure.Preumont et al.[88]addressed the classical problem of active and passive damping of a piezoelectric truss.Voltage control and charge(current)control implementations were examined.It was shown that performance was controlled by the modal fraction of strain energy in the active strut and the electromechanical coupling factor.Kim et al.[89]investigated a supporting structure with active struts under vibratory load.Thefindings were applica-ble to rotorcrafts,where structure-borne noise and vibration trans-mitted from the gearbox contains high frequencies.Raja and Narayanan[90]studied active control of a tensegrity structure under stationary and nonstationary random excitations.The structure was controlled through struts with piezoelectric actuators.The control effectiveness with H1control was better than H2control.Fest et al.[91]experimentally studied shape control of afive-module large-scale active tensegrity structure.The structure was controlled through active struts to ensure serviceability of the structure when it was subjected to additional loads[92].Active control of the same space structure was extended to multi-objective control[71],self-diagnosis,self-repair in situations of cable damage and vibration[93]damping through active strut con-trol[68,94].Section6gives the details of these studies in the con-text of engineering informatics.The active control system given in[95]involves sensors, embedded motors for active control and a computer system that implements closed-loop control.Despite the technical difficulties associated with strut control,it is attractive for active structures of certain types.2.1.3.Aerodynamic appendage for civil structuresAerodynamic appendage makes use of the wind force itself to reduce the vibration caused by winds[96].Using aerodynamic appendages to control tall buildings against wind wasfirst pro-posed by Klein et al.[97].The appendage was deployed when the velocity of the top of building and the wind were in opposite direction,and folded if the velocity of the building is in the same direction with the wind.Soong and Skinner[98]enhanced the technique incorporating optimal control methods.Abdel-Rohman [99]proposed another method,which better controlled building response if wind characteristics were predicted.Larose et al.[100]used guide vanes as appendages on an aero-elastic model of a multi-span bridge model.Nissen et al.[101] studied actively controlled aerodynamic appendages(flaps)at-tached along the length of a bridge deck to dampen wind-induced oscillations in long suspension bridges.A linear model of the struc-tural and aerodynamic motion around equilibrium was developed to exploit control analysis and design techniques.Results showed that the critical wind speed forflutter instability and divergence was significantly increased by active control.Although aerodynamic appendages have the potential to be an alternative to cable and strut control for the purpose of actively controlling structures against wind loading,the area has not had enough research effort to drive practical applications.Most actively controlled structures are geometrically nonlinear. For such structures,the computing challenges are greatest when there is no closed-form solution for control commands given re-quired behavior.Control objectives are required not only for the safety and serviceability of the structure itself but also for the robustness of the control system.However,multi-objective control is carried out in just a few studies[60,71].Number of possible solutions is often high in multi-objective structural control applications.Stochastic methods are efficient for such tasks.It has been demonstrated that genetic algorithms and Probabilistic Global Search Lausanne(PGSL)are two efficient stochastic search techniques for multi-objective structural control tasks[60,102,103].2.2.Active tuned-mass damperAn active tuned-mass damper is created by connecting a stan-dard tuned-mass damper to a control mechanism.It isfirst pro-posed by Chang and Soong[104]as an extension of passive tuned-mass damper technology.Although smaller seismic masses became possible using optimized,actively controlled TMD’s,high actuator forces and hydraulic horsepower levels were a disadvan-tage.Lund[105]addressed this issue and concluded that the additional force and hydraulic power to achieve significantS.Korkmaz/Computers and Structures89(2011)2113–21322117。
如何解决大型结构的挑战英语作文
如何解决大型结构的挑战英语作文How to Solve Challenges with Big StructuresHi friends! Today I want to talk about something really cool - big structures like skyscrapers, bridges, and stadiums. Have you ever looked up at a huge building and wondered how they built something so massive? It's amazing what people can create with just some materials like steel, concrete, and glass. But building enormous structures isn't easy. There are a lot of challenges that architects, engineers, and construction workers have to solve. Let me tell you about some of the biggest ones!One huge challenge is figuring out how to support all that weight. A skyscraper weighs millions of pounds! If the foundation under the building isn't strong enough, the whole thing could collapse. That would be really scary and dangerous. So builders have to make the foundation super sturdy by digging really deep into the ground and pouring a thick layer of concrete reinforced with steel. On top of that, they construct a skyscraper's interior frame out of steel beams arranged in a criss-cross pattern to evenly distribute the weight.Speaking of weight, another big problem is making sure the building materials themselves don't become too heavy to liftreally high up. Cranes can only lift so much! That's why skyscrapers are often built using lightweight materials like aluminum and reinforced concrete instead of regular concrete which would be way too heavy. But lightweight materials need to be durable too to withstand wind, earthquakes, and other forces of nature.Speaking of nature, that's another huge obstacle builders have to plan for - the weather! High winds can sway a tall building, so skyscrapers are designed with special shock absorbers to prevent swaying. In places with a lot of earthquakes, the entire frame is built on special flexible bearings and joints to absorb shaking. Extreme cold, heat, and moisture also have to be accounted for when choosing building materials and methods.Can you imagine trying to build something ginormous while battling crazy weather? Let's not forget another major hurdle - actually getting thousands of workers, machinery, and materials to the construction site in a busy city! They have to block off roads, secure parking for huge trucks, and organize a precise schedule of deliveries and removals. Otherwise it would be total chaos!With so many people working together, communication is key. Everyone from the architects to the crane operators needsto be on the same page about what they're building and how they're building it. Picture trying to give thousands of complicated instructions to that many people! Written plans have to be extremely detailed and get shared with everybody.While we're talking about safety, let's not forget about the safety of the actual structure itself once it's built! Skyscrapers need to have emergency systems like backup generators, sprinklers, well-marked exit routes, and controls to help people escape during fires or other crises. Public buildings and bridges have to be designed with anti-terrorism measures too, like barriers to prevent vehicle attacks. It's scary but true - architects unfortunately have to think about that stuff nowadays.Okay, those are some of the biggest challenges, but how do engineers actually overcome them? Using super smart computer software is one way. They can run virtual simulations of how their designs will behave under different conditions like high winds, earthquakes, or uneven ground settling. That way they can tweak and test their plans before building anything!Another trick is using innovative new materials and construction techniques. For example, there are special reinforced concretes that can bend and stretch instead of cracking. Skyscrapers are starting to use special ceramic-coatedpanels on their exterior that are stronger than regular glass. Construction teams use remote-controlled robotic machines to build in hard-to-reach areas. The possibilities are endless when you combine human ingenuity with modern technology!At the end of the day though, the most important thing is brilliant planning from experienced professionals. Solving enormous structural challenges takes teams of experts in fields like architecture, engineering, construction, logistics, safety, and more. They all collaborate over many years using proven practices, detailed processes, and cutting-edge tools.It's truly mind-blowing how we can construct structures taller than 1,000 feet that need to withstand incredible forces while keeping thousands of people safe inside. From start to finish, it's one of the most amazing feats of human intelligence and teamwork. Hopefully this gave you a little peek into the incredible challenges and solutions involved in bringing these mammoth marvels to life!。
MKVIE报警清单翻译
MKVIE报警菜单翻译L63QBLY_ALM GEN BRG LIFT LOW PRESS AT PUMPS OUTLET L3TNRERRX DWATT TOO LOW TO SUPPORT TNR-TNR LOWERLSYN_ISO_ALM CAN NOT SYNC IN ISOCH MODEL83RBO_ALM REMOTE BREAKER OPEN DETECTEDL12H_FLT_ALM LOSS OF PROTECTIVE HP SPEED SIGNALSL43MAINT_ALM SERVO CALIBRATION ACTIVEL30EX_ALM EXCITER DIAGNOSTIC ALARML76DVL_ALM UNDER EXCITATION LIMITER ALARML27EX_ALM EXCITER POWER SUPPLY SOURCE UNDERVOLTAGEL30DVB_ALM REGULATOR B IN FVR MODEL60EX_ALM EXCITER PT FAILURE DETECTEDL30DV_NO_ALM AVR REGULATOR ABNORMALITYL30EX_TRIP_A EXCITER TRIP ALARML76EX_ALM GEN FIELD OVEREXCITATIONL30DV2F_ALM EXCITAION RECTIFIER #2 FAILUREL43EX_ALM EXCITER MANUAL (FVR) REGULATOR ACTIVEL30DVA_ALM REGULATOR A IN FVR MODEL30DV1F_ALM EXCITATION RECTIFIER #1 FAILUREL30FX_F_ALM EXCITER FIELD FLASHING FAILUREL30DVT_ALM AVR EXCITER PROTECTION TRIPL3Z_ALM FAILURE TO SYNCHRONIZEL3A_ALM TURBINE UNDERSPEEDL48_ALM TURBINE INCOMPLETE SEQUENCEL94DLN DLN SYSTEM TROUBLE AUTO SHUTDOWNL28FD_SD CHAMBER FLAMED OUT DURING SHUTDOWNL3CPDSTCK_A COMPRESSOR DISCH START CHECK PERMISSIVE FAILEDL86CBA_ALM COMPRESSOR BLEED VALVE POSITION TROUBLEL30CPD_ROC_F CPD RATE OF CHANGE FAULT - SHUTDOWNL3TFLT_ALM CPD MEASUREMENT FAULT ALARML86TCI_ALM COMPRESSOR INLET THERMOCOUPLE DISAGREELCPRERR_ALM COMP OP LIMIT PROTECTION MAX CTRL ERRORL3CPRI_ALM INLET PRESS DROP MEASUREMENT FAULTL63CPDL_ALM CPD PRESSURE LOW ALARMLFSRCPR_ALM COMP LIMIT FSR BACKUP CONTROL ACTIVEL30CBC_ALM COMPRESSOR BLEED VALVE FAILURE TO OPENL30CTIF_FLT COMPRESSOR INLET TC MEDIAN FAULTL30CPDCAL CPD OUT OF CALIBRATIONL86TCI COMPRESSOR INLET THERMOCOUPLE DISAGREEL3APFLT_ALM AMBIENT PRESS FAULT-XFER TO SITE CONST LCPD_SENSR COMPRESSOR DISCH XDUCER DIFF FAULT HIGHL86CBT_ALM COMPRESSOR BLEED VALVE POS TROUBLE-TRIPL94CPDL_ALM CPD LOW DURING STARTUP - INITIATE SHUTDOWNL52TG_ALM TURNING GEAR TROUBLEL30CD_ALM COOLDOWN TROUBLEL3AFDEP_ALM EXHAUST PRESSURE TRANSDUCER TROUBLEL27QEL_ALM LUBE OIL EMERG.PUMP UNDERVOLTAGE ALARML63QEZ EMERGENCY LUBE OIL PUMP TEST FAILEDL26QAH_ALM LUBE OIL HEADER TEMPERATURE HIGHL63BQL_ALM GENERATOR BEARING VACUUM LOWL63QTX_ALM TURBINE LUBE OIL HEADER PRESS LOW TRIPLTG2D_ALM #2 GEN JOURNAL BRG DRAIN TEMP HIGHL63QQH_ALM LUBE FILTER DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE HIGH LTG1D_ALM #1 GEN JOURNAL BRG DRAIN TEMP HIGHL63QAL_ALM LUBE OIL HEADER PRESSURE LOW ALARML72QEX_ALM EMERGENCY LUBE OIL PUMP MOTOR RUNNINGL52QA1_ALM AUX LUBE OIL PUMP MOTOR RUNNINGLTH_ALM LUBE OIL HEADER TEMPERATURE LOW ALARML26QN_ALM LUBE OIL TANK TEMPERATURE LOWL71QH_ALM LUBE OIL TANK LEVEL HIGH ALARML26QT_SENSR LUBE OIL HEAD.TEMP.SWITCH TROUBLE ALARML26QTH_ALM LUBE OIL HEADER TEMP HIGH TRIPL71QL_ALM LUBE OIL TANK LEVEL LOW ALARML30LOA LUBE OIL HEABEARING DRAIN TEMPERATURE HIGH LTB2D_ALM #2 TURBINE BEARING DRAIN TEMP HIGHL63QT_SENSR LUBE OIL HEAD.PRESS.SWITCH TROUBLE ALM LTBT1D_ALM #1 TURBINE THRUST BEARING DRAIN TEMP HIGHL86TGT_ALM GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL TRIPL39VS_A_ALM BENTLY NEVADA MONITOR HIGHL45HTHH_ALM Turbine Compartment Haz Gas Level High LELHTF_TRP TURB COMPT HAZ GAS SYSTEM FAULT TRIP LELHAH_ALM GAS FUEL COMPT HAZ GAS LEVEL HIGHLELHTHH_ALM TURB COMPT HAZ GAS LEVEL HIGH HIGH TRIPL45HAH_ALM Gas Fuel Compartment Haz Gas Level HighL30BN_F_ALM BENTLY NEVADA HAZ GAS MONITOR FAULTL45HAHH_ALM Gas Fuel Compartment Haz Gas Level High-High L39VS_D_ALM BENTLY NEVADA MONITOR HIGH DANGERL45HTH_ALM Turbine Compartment Haz Gas Level High LELHAHH_ALM GAS COMPT HAZ GAS LEVEL HIGH HIGH TRIPL30BN_F2_ALM BENTLY NEVADA VIB MONITOR FAULTLELHTF_SD TURB COMPT HAZ GAS SYSTEM FAULT SHUTDOWN LELHF_ALM HAZ GAS SYSTEM ANALOG SIGNAL FAULTLELHAF_TRP GAS COMPT HAZ GAS SYSTEM FAULT TRIPLELHTH_ALM TURB COMPT HAZ GAS LEVEL HIGHLELHAF_SD GAS MODULE HAZ GAS SIGNAL TROUBLE SHUTDOWN LELHF_SD HAZARDOUS GAS SYSTEM FAULT SHUTDOWNL27DZ_ALM DC POWER SUPPLY UNDERVOLTAGE ALARML26CTH_ALM CONTROL PANEL OVERTEMPERATURE ALARML30FORCED FORCED SIGNAL DETECTED ALARML26IOPH_ALM CONTROL PANEL IO PACK TEMPERATURE HIGHL86S AUTO SYNCHRONIZING LOCKOUTL52G1_ALM GENERATOR BREAKER TRIPPEDL27BN_ALM BUS UNDERVOLTAGE - NO AUTO SYNCL64F_ALM GENERATOR FIELD GROUNDL94GSDW_ALM COMBUSTION PROTECTION SHUTDOWN LOCKOUTL26GGFL_ALM GENERATOR RTD HIGH FAILUREL26GGCS_ALM GENERATOR HIGH COLD GAS TEMP SPREADL26GGFH_ALM GENERATOR RTD HIGH FAILUREL94GEN GENERATOR VENTILLATION TROUBLE SHUTDOWNL26GGCA_ALM GENERATOR COLD GAS TEMPERATURE HIGHL26GGF_ALM GENERATOR RTD OUT OF LIMITSL26GGHA_ALM GENERATOR HOT GAS TEMPERATURE HIGHL49GH_ALM GENERATOR STATOR TEMPERATURE HIGHL3IGVF2_ALM IGV OPEN ALARML3IGVFLT_ALM IGV POSITION SERVO FAULTL4IGVT_ALM IGV CONTROL TROUBLE TRIPL86GVA_ALM IGV NOT FOLLOWING ALARML3IGVF1_ALM IGV LOSS OF FEEDBACK ALARML3IGVF3_ALM IGV SERVO CURRENT NEG SATURATION ALARML43PFR_ALM PFR OFF-OUT OF PRIMARY REG COMPLIANCEL86FIG_ALM FAILURE TO IGNITE LOCKOUT - REPURGINGL30SG1_ALM EXCITER CHANNEL FAILED WITH IGNITOR ONL94FIG_ALM FAILURE TO IGNITEL12HF_ALM HP CONTROL SPEED SIGNAL LOSSL3MP_ALM MASTER PROTECTIVE START CHECK ETR FAULTL83HOST_ALM HP OVERSPEED TEST ALARML12H_ALM HP ELECTRICAL OVERSPEED TRIPL12H_P_ALM HP BACKUP OVERSPEED TRIPL63WC1L_ALM COOLING WATER PUMP DISCH PRESS LOWL71WG1_ALM GENERATOR LIQUID LEVEL DETECTORL52HQ_ALM HYDRAULIC OIL AUX.PUMP RUNNING ALARML30HQ1_ALM AUX HYDRAULIC OIL PUMP MOTOR TROUBLEL63HQ1L_ALM HYDRAULIC OIL PRESSURE LOW ALARML63HF1H_ALM HYDR.OIL FILTER DIFF.PRESS.HIGH ALARML28FSD_ALM SECONDARY FLAME DETECTOR TROUBLE ALARML28FPDON_ALM PRIMARY FLAME DETECTOR ON ALARML28FDT_ALM LOSS OF FLAME TRIPL28FD_ALM FLAME DETECTOR TROUBLELESDT_ALM ESD TRIP - ALARMLESDT_MM_ALM ESD TRIP SIGNAL MISMATCH ALARML74_1_ALM DC TRIPPING BUS BLOWN FUSE INDICATIONL94EX_ALM EXCITER 94EX ACTIVEL220SUP_ALM 220KV CIRCUIT BREAKER TRIP SUPERVISION ALARM L3HRSG_ALM NO PERMISSIVE TO START GT FROM HRSGLCA_86G1_ALM CUSTOMER PRIMARY PROTECTION TRIPLCA_86G2_ALM CUSTOMER SECONDARY PROTECTION SHUTDOWNLCA_A86UT_ALM AUX TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TRIPL74HT_ALM ZERO CURRENT & VOLTAGE PROTECTION ALARM L220AC_DC_ALM 220KV CIRCUIT BREAKER AC/DC FAILLT_BP_ALM GT NOT AT 50% LOAD - TRANSFER TO BYPASS L80ET_ALM PPT COOLING FAN TROUBLEL220ABN_ALM 220KV CIRCUIT BREAKER ABNORMAL LHVPROT_ALM ZERO CURRENT & VOLTAGE PROTECTION ALARM LCA_GEN_ALM GENERATOR PROTECTION FAULT ALARMLCA_86UT_ALM UNIT TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TRIP LDWATT_ALM MEGAWATT TRANSDUCER SIGNAL TROUBLEL3DWRF LOSS OF EXTERNAL SETPOINT LOAD SIGNAL L3DWBCOKZ_AL FSR LIMITED DUE TO DWATT XDUCER FAILURE L32DW_ALM GENERATOR BREAKER TRIP REVERSE POWERL33CDMN_ALM AT MIN TNR REVERSE POWER NOT DETECTED L3GFIVPL_ALM P2 SUPPLY PRESSURE TOO LOW FOR START UP L86P2HT_ALM POST IGNITION PRESSURE HIGH TRIPL63FGL_ALM FUEL GAS PRESSURE LOW ALARML86PGVL_ALM XFER PURG VLV FAIL TO OPEN - LOWER LOAD L4GFIVPT_ALM P2 SUPPLY PRESSURE TOO LOW TRIPL86GCVT_ALM GCV NOT FOLLOWING REFERENCE TRIPL33VG4_ALM GAS VENT VALVE POSITION TROUBLEL63FGDH_ALM GAS FUEL STRAINER DIFF PRESS HIGHL3GRVA_ALM SRV NOT FOLLOWING REFERENCE ALARML86P2LT_ALM POST IGNITION PRESSURE LOW TRIPL3GFIVP_ALM GAS FUEL INTERVALVE PRESSURE TROUBLEL33VS4_ALM GAS AUX STOP VALVE POSITION FAULTL3GCVSC_ALM GCV SERVO CURRENT FAULTL3GRVSC_ALM SRV SERVO CURRENT FAULTLFAG2NBA_A GCV 2 REG AT NULL COMP AUTHORITY LIMIT LFAG1NBA_A GCV 1 REG AT NULL COMP AUTHORITY LIMIT L3GRVO_ALM SRV OPEN TROUBLE ALARML63PG2H_ALM GAS TRANSFER PURGE SYSTEM PRESS HIGH LFQGUV_ALM GAS FUEL MASS FLOW OUT OF RANGEL96FGH_ALM FUEL GAS PRESSURE HIGHL33VG8_ALM GAS AUX VENT VALVE POSITION FAULTL86P2IH_ALM PRE-IGNTION PRESS P2 HIGH - IGN INHIBITL3GCVFLT_ALM GCV SERVO TROUBLEL3GFIVPH_ALM P2 SUPPLY PRESSURE TOO HIGH FOR STARTUPL4VS4_PI GAS AUX STOP POSITION FAULT PRE-IGNITION TRIP L60GC1FSH_A GAS CTRL VLV TOO FAR OPEN - ABORT STARTL30FPG2L_ALM GAS FUEL INTERVALVE PRESSURE LOWL30PGTOF_ALM GAS XFER PURGE VALVE FAILURE TO OPENL3GCVO_ALM GFCtrl.L3GCVO_ALML94FGL1_ALM GAS AUX STOP VLV TROUBLE - SHUTDOWNLFAG3NBA_A GCV 3 REG AT NULL COMP AUTHORITY LIMITL3GRVFB_ALM SRV POSITION FEEDBACK TROUBLE ALARML3GCVA_ALM GCV NOT FOLLOWING REFERENCEL30FQRG1ER_A FUEL G1 Cv REF OUT OF LIMITS - AUTO LOWL3GRVFLT GAS RATIO VALVE POSITION SERVO TROUBLEL86PGTLO_ALM GAS TRANSFER PURGE VALVE FAIL TO CLOSEL3GCVFB_ALM GCV POSITION FEEDBACK FAULTL63PG2L_ALM GAS TRANSFER PURGE SYSTEM PRESS LOWL3GRVT_ALM SRV NOT FOLLOWING REFERENCE TRIPL96FGDIF_ALM INTERSTAGE PRESS.SENS.EXC.SPREAD ALARML30LTOPW_ALM WARNING - LOAD TUNNEL OVERHEATINGL30WSA1_ALM WHEELSPACE TEMP DIFFERENTIAL HIGHL30LTA_ALM LOAD TUNNEL TEMPERATURE HIGHL30WSA2_ALM WHEELSPACE TEMPERATURE HIGHL30LTDIF_ALM LOAD TUNNEL THERMOCOUPLE TROUBLEL94LTH_ALM LOAD TUNNEL TEMPERATURE HIGH SHUTDOWNL4CRT_ALM STARTING DEVICE LOCKOUTL2SMBA_ALM Starting Means Failure to BreakawayL52CR_ALM CRANKING MOTOR TROUBLE TRIPL3SMT_ALM STARTING DEVICE TRIPL5051CRA_ALM STARTING MOTOR PROTECTIVE TROUBLEL5051CRT_ALM STARTING MOTOR PROTECTIVE LOCKOUT TRIPL60BOG_ALM STARTING DEVICE BOGGED DOWN TRIPL86WWX_ALM WATER WASH SKID CONTROL LOCKOUTL48WW_ALM WATER WASH FLOW TROUBLE - TRIP WWL3WCTIM_ALM WATER WASH INHIBIT - AIR TEMP.LOWL30WWX_ALM WATER WASH COMPT TEMP HIGH OR LOWL30TWW_ALM WATER WASH INHIBIT-WHEELSPACE TEMP.HIGH L27F_ALM FIRE PROTECTION TRIP RELAY UNDERVOLTAGE L63FP11A_ALM FIRE PROTECTION ACTUATED ZONE 1L45FTX_ALM FIRE DETECTEDL94F2B_ALM FIRE IN ZONE 2L30CC_ALM FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM TROUBLEL94F1B_ALM FIRE IN ZONE 1L27BLN1_ALM BATTERY CHARGER #1 AC UNDERVOLTAGEL27MC2N_ALM MCC BUS #2 UNDERVOLTAGEL49X_ALM MCC MOTOR OVERLOAD ALARML27MC1N_ALM MCC BUS #1 UNDERVOLTAGEL94FX1_ALM FAILURE TO LEAVE SECONDARY XFER - TRIPL94FX2_ALM FAILURE TO REIGNITE PRIMARY ZONE - TRIP L94FX3_ALM FAIL TO REIGNITE PRIM IN SEC - L.R. TRIP L86GCVST_ALM G2 GCV NOT FOLLOWING REF TRIPL94FX4_ALM FAILURE TO LEAVE PREMIX TRANSFER - TRIP L30FX3_ALM FAIL TO RE-IGN PRIM IN SEC L.R. - ALARM L26FT2G_ALM FUEL GAS INTERVALVE TEMP TC TROUBLEL30FXP1_ALM FAIL TO LEAVE PREMIX XFER - GOTO L-LL86GCV3T_ALM G3 GCV NOT FOLLOWING REF TRIPL3GCVSA_ALM G2 GCV NOT FOLLOWING REF ALARML30FQRG2ER_A FUEL G2 Cv REF OUT OF LIMITS - AUTO LOW L30FXML_ALM DLN PREMIX MODELESS - GOTO SEC LOAD REC L3GCVSFLT_A SEC GAS CONTROL VLV SERVO TROUBLE ALARM L83LLEXT_ALM EXTEND L-L MODE HIGH EMISSIONS - ALARML30FX1_ALM FAILURE TO FLAME OUT PRIMARY ZONE - ALARM L30FQRG3ER_A FUEL G3 Cv REF OUT OF LIMITS - AUTO LOW L3GCV3FLT_A GCV3 GAS CONTROL VLV SERVO TROUBLE ALARM L83LLBM_ALM LEAN-LEAN BASE MODE SELECTEDL3GCV3A_ALM GCV3 NOT FOLLOWING REF ALARML30FX2_ALM FAILURE TO REIGNITE PRIMARY ZONE - ALARM L30FPDAR_ALM COMBUSTION PRIMARY ZONE AUTO REIGNITION L30OS3HW_ALM PPRO - OS3HW TRIP ALARML30CONT7_ALM PPRO - COMPOSITE TRIP 47 ALARML86MP_ALM MASTER PROTECTIVE START UP LOCKOUTL30CONT3_ALM PPRO - COMPOSITE TRIP 3 ALARML30SPDDT_ALM PPRO - SPEED DIFF TRIP ALARML30CWDT_ALM PPRO - WATCH DOG TRIP ALARML30CONT5_ALM PPRO - COMPOSITE TRIP 5 ALARML30OS1HW_ALM PPRO - OS1HW TRIP ALARML30CONT6_ALM PPRO - COMPOSITE TRIP 6 ALARML30CONT4_ALM PPRO - COMPOSITE TRIP 4 ALARML30CONT1_ALM PPRO - COMPOSITE TRIP 1 ALARML30CONT2_ALM PPRO - COMPOSITE TRIP 2 ALARML30OS2HW_ALM PPRO - OS2HW TRIP ALARML30FRMSYNC_ALM PPRO - FRAME MONITORING TRIP ALARML30SSPDT_ALM PPRO - STALE SPEED TRIP ALARML63ETH_ALM EXHAUST DUCT PRESSURE HIGH TRIPL63ETF_SENSR EXHAUST DUCT PRESS SWITCH FAILUREL63EAH_ALM EXHAUST DUCT PRESSURE HIGHL63TFH_ALM TURB INLT DIFF PRESS HI AUTO SHUTDOWNL63AD4L_ALM AIR PROCESSING UNIT LOW PRESSUREL63TF1H_ALM TURBINE AIR INLET DIFFERENTIAL PRESS HIGHL63TFH_SENSR TURB AIR INLET DIFF PRESS SWITCH FAULTL30TF_ALM TURB AIR INLET SYS/INSTRUMENTS FAULTL5ESTOP1_ALM EMERGENCY TRIPL4DLNT_ALM DRY LOW NOx SYSTEM TROUBLE - TRIPL5E_ALM EMERGENCY MANUAL TRIP - MKVIe PANELL2SFT_ALM STARTUP FUEL FLOW EXCESSIVE TRIPR5E_ALM EMERGENCY REMOTE MANUAL TRIP - Central Control ROOM L39VA_ALM HIGH VIBRATIONL39VD2_ALM VIBRATION GROUP DISABLED - SHUTDOWNL39VT_ALM HIGH VIBRATION TRIPL39VF_ALM VIBRATION TRANSDUCER FAULTL39VD1_ALM VIBRATION SENSOR DISABLEDL39VD3_ALM VIBRATION START INHIBITL39VDIFF_ALM VIBRATION SENSOR DIFFERENTIAL TROUBLEL63AT2L_SENSR TURBINE COMPT VENT FAN #2 PRESSURE SWITCHES FAULTL86FLT COMPT VENTILATION NOT ESTABLISED - IGNITION LOCKOUT L86BT_ALM TURBINE COMPT COOLING FAN TROUBLEL49VL_ALM GAS COMPT VENT FAN OVERLOADL30BTFLT TURBINE COMPT LOSS OF VENTILATION TRIPL26VG1H_ALM LOAD COMPARTMENT TEMPERATURE HIGHL30BFLT EXCESSIVE TURB COMPT VENTILATION- HAZGAS PROT COMPROMISEDL30VLFLT_ALM GAS COMPT LOSS OF VENTILATION TRIPL49BT_ALM TURBINE COMPT VENT FAN OVERLOADL86VLFLT GAS COMPT VENTILATION NOT ESTABLISED - IGNITION LOCKOUTL63AT1L_SENSR TURBINE COMPT VENT FAN #1 PRESSURE SWITCHES FAULTL86VS3_ALM GAS VALVE COMPARTMENT HEATER NOT ONL86VL_ALM GAS FUEL COMPARTMENT VENT FAN TROUBLEL26BT1H_ALM TURBINE COMPARTMENT TEMP HIGHL30VFLT_ALM EXCESSIVE GAS COMPT VENTILATIONL63VL3_ALM GAS FUEL COMPARTMENT DIFF PRESSURE LOWL86BTFLT TURBINE COMPT VENTILATION NOT ESTABLISED - IGNITION LOCKOUT L63HGL_SENSR CONTROL OIL (GAS FUEL) PRESS.SW.TROUBLEL63HGL_ALM GAS FUEL CONTROL OIL PRESSURE LOWL86HD_ALM HYDRAULIC PROTECTIVE TROUBLE ALARML3TTX_ALM EXHAUST TC HARDWARE COMMUNICATIONS FAULTL30SPA_ALM COMBUSTION TROUBLE ALARML30TXA_ALM OVERTEMPERATURE ALARML86TFB_ALM EXHAUST THERMOCOUPLES OPEN TRIPL86TXT_ALM OVERTEMPERATURE TRIPLCTDA_ALM COMPR DISCHARGE TEMP HIGH SPREADL60TRF_ALM BACKUP TEMPERATURE REFERENCE ACTIVEL30SPT_ALM HIGH EXHAUST TEMP SPREAD TRIPL30SPTA_ALM EXHAUST THERMOCOUPLES TROUBLEL30DPFLT_ALM FLOW INLET DEWPOINT TEMPERATURE SENSOR FAULTL30RHFLT_ALM RELATIVE HUMIDITY MONITOR FAULTL4FIGFLT_ALM FAILURE TO IGNITE ON GAS TRIPBTJ2_1_ALM BRG METAL TEMP TURB JOURNAL #2 HIGHBTTI1_2_ALM BRG METAL TEMP THRUST INACTIVE 4 HIGHBTTI1_1_ALM BRG METAL TEMP THRUST INACTIVE 4 HIGHBTJ3_2_ALM BRG METAL TEMP TURB JOURNAL #2 HIGHBTJ1_1_ALM BRG METAL TEMP TURB JOURNAL #1 HIGHBTGJ1_1_ALM BRG METAL TEMP GEN JOURNAL #1 HIGHBTGJ2_2_ALM BRG METAL TEMP GEN JOURNAL #2 HIGHBTTA1_2_ALM BRG METAL TEMP THRUST ACTIVE 4 HIGHBTJ2_2_ALM BRG METAL TEMP TURB JOURNAL #2 HIGHBTTA1_1_ALM BRG METAL TEMP THRUST ACTIVE 4 HIGHL30BTA_ALM BEARING METAL TEMPERATURE HIGHBTJ3_1_ALM BRG METAL TEMP TURB JOURNAL #2 HIGHBTJ1_2_ALM BRG METAL TEMP TURB JOURNAL #1 HIGHBTGJ2_1_ALM BRG METAL TEMP GEN JOURNAL #2 HIGHBTGJ1_2_ALM BRG METAL TEMP GEN JOURNAL #1 HIGHL71GF2BL_ALM GAS FILTER 2 BOTTOM LEVEL LOW ALARML71GF1THH_ALM GAS FILTER 1 TOP LEVEL HIGH HIGH ALARML96GFD1HH_ALM GAS FILTER 1 DIFFERENTIAL PRESS HIGH HIGH L71GF1BHH_ALM GAS FILTER 1 BOTTOM LEVEL HIGH HIGH ALARM L96GFD2HH_ALM GAS FILTER 2 DIFFERENTIAL PRESS HIGH HIGH L86GHSCR_ALM Electrical heater emergency SCR fault alarm L71GF1TL_ALM GAS FILTER 1 TOP LEVEL LOW ALARML71GF2BH_ALM GAS FILTER 2 BOTTOM LEVEL HIGH ALARML71GF2BHH_ALM GAS FILTER 2 BOTTOM LEVEL HIGH HIGH ALARM L71GF1BH_ALM GAS FILTER 1 BOTTOM LEVEL HIGH ALARML71GCTH_ALM GAS CONDENSATE TANK LEVEL HIGH ALARML71GF1TH_ALM GAS FILTER 1 TOP LEVEL HIGH ALARML23GH_ALM GAS FUEL HEATER OVERTEMPERATURE ALARMl86gh_fb Electrical heater emergency stop feedback L71GF1BL_ALM GAS FILTER 1 BOTTOM LEVEL LOW ALARML71GF2TL_ALM GAS FILTER 2 TOP LEVEL LOW ALARML71GCTL_ALM GAS CONDENSATE TANK LEVEL LOW ALARML96GFD2H_ALM GAS FILTER 2 DIFFERENTIAL PRESS HIGHL71GF2THH_ALM GAS FILTER 2 TOP LEVEL HIGH HIGH ALARML96GFD1H_ALM GAS FILTER 1 DIFFERENTIAL PRESS HIGHL30GHA_ALM GAS FUEL HEATER ALARML71GF2TH_ALM GAS FILTER 2 TOP LEVEL HIGH ALARML60FSRG_ALM FSR GAG NOT AT MAX LIMITL63TK_ALM EXHAUST FRAME COOLING AIR PRESSURE LOWL90TKL_ALM EXHAUST FRM CLG AIR PRESS LOW-UNLOADING。
AMM手册缩写
AMM⼿册缩写ABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONA AmberA AlternateA/C AircraftA/D Analog/DigitalA/DC Analog-to-Digital ConverterA/R Audio ReproducerA/SKID Anti-SkidA/THR AutothrustA/XFMR Autotransformer ⾃耦变压器ABCU Alternate Braking Control UnitAC Alternating CurrentACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System ACC Active Clearance ControlACCEL Acceleration/AccelerateACCLRM AccelerometerACCU ACCUMULATORACMM Abbreviated Component Maintenance ManualACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring SystemACP Area Call PanelACP Audio Control PanelACQN AcquisitionACSC Air Conditioning System ControllerACT ActiveACTR ActuatorADC Air Data ComputerADF Automatic Direction FinderADIRS Air Data/Inertial Reference SystemADIRU Air Data/Inertial Reference UnitADM Air Data ModuleADR Air Data ReferenceADS Air Data SystemADV AdvisoryAEVC Avionics Equipment Ventilation ComputerAF Audio FrequencyAFS Automatic Flight SystemAGB Accessory GearboxAGC Automatic Gain ControlAGL Above Ground LevelAGW Actual Gross WeightAIL AileronAIM Aircraft Integrated MaintenanceAIP Attendant Indication PanelALI Airworthiness Limitation ItemALIGN AlignmentALT AltitudeALTM AltimeterALTN Alternate, AlternativeAM Amplitude ModulationAMM Aircraft Maintenance ManualAMS Aerospace Material Specification航材规范AMU Audio Management UnitANI Analog InputANN AnnunciatorANN LT Annunciator LightANO Analog OutputANT AntennaAOA Angle-of-AttackAOC Airline Operational ControlAOC Airline Operational ControlABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONAP AutopilotAP/FD Autopilot/Flight DirectorAPPR ApproachAPPU Asymmetry Position Pick Off UnitAPU Auxiliary Power UnitARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated航空⽆线电公司ARPT AirportASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换标准代码ASI Airspeed IndicatorASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuits特定⽤途集成电路ASM Aircraft Schematics ManualASP Audio Selector PanelASSY Assembly 组件ATA Air Transport Association of AmericaATC Air Traffic ControlATE Automatic Test EquipmentATLAS Abbreviated Test Language for All SystemsATS Autothrottle SystemATSU Air Traffic Service UnitATT AttitudeATTND AttendantAUTO AutomaticAUX AuxiliaryAVAIL AvailableAVNCS AvionicsAWM Aircraft Wiring ManualAWY AirwayAZ AzimuthB BlueBARO Barometric ⽓压的BAT BatteryBCD Binary Coded DecimalBCL Battery Charge Limiter电瓶充电限制器BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator差频振荡器BGM Boarding MusicBITE Built-in Test EquipmentBMC Bleed Monitoring ComputerBNR Binary ⼆进制BOT Begin of TapeBP Bottom PlugBRG Bearing ⽅位⾓BRK BrakeBRKR BreakerBRKT Bracket 托架BRT Bright, BrightnessBSCU Braking/Steering Control UnitBTC Bus Tie Contactor汇流条连接接触器BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring UnitBTN Button 按钮BTR Bus Tie RelayBU Battery UnitBUS BusbarBYDU Back-Up Yaw Damper Unit 备⽤偏航阻尼组件C CloseC Celsius, CentigradeC/B Circuit BreakerC/L Check ListCAB CabinCAM Cabin Assignment ModuleCAPT CaptainCAS Calibrated Air Speed修正表速CAUT CautionABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONCAUT LT Caution LightCBMS Circuit Breaker Monitoring SystemCBMU Circuit Breaker Monitoring UnitCCS Cabin Communications SystemCCW Counter Clockwise逆时针CDP Compressor Discharge PressureCDU Control and Display UnitCFDIU Centralized Fault Display Interface UnitCFDS Centralized Fault Display SystemCFMI CFM InternationalCFRP Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic 碳纤维强化塑料CG Center of GravityCGCS Center of Gravity Control System重⼼控制系统CHAN ChannelCHG ChangeCIDS Cabin Intercommunication Data SystemCK CheckCKPT CockpitCKT CircuitCL Center LineCLB ClimbCLG Centerline Landing GearCLOG Clogging堵塞CLR ClearCMC Central Maintenance Computer中央维护计算机CMD Command 命令，指令CMM Component Maintenance ManualCMR Certifification Maintenance Requirements 取证维护要求CNTOR Contactor 开关CO Company 公司COM CommunicationCOMPT Compartment 间隔COMPTR Comparator 精密仪器COND Conditioned, Conditioning 状态CONFIG Configuration 配置，布局，结构CONT ControllerCONV ConverterCOOL Cooling, CoolerCOS Cosine 余弦CPC Cabin Pressure ControllerCPLR CouplerCPMS Cabin and Passenger Management System客舱和旅客管理系统CPMU Cabin Passenger Management UnitCPRSR Compressor 压缩机CPU Central Processing UnitCRC Continuous Repetitive ChimeCRG CargoCRS CourseCRT Cathode Ray TubeCRZ CruiseCSD Constant Speed Drive恒速传动装置CSM/G Constant Speed Motor/GeneratorCSTR ConstraintCSU Command Sensor UnitCT Current Transformer 电流互感器CTL CentralCTL ControlCTR CenterCU Control UnitCUDU Current Unbalance Detection Unit电流不平衡探测组件CUR CurrentCVR Cockpit Voice RecorderCVR Cockpit Voice RecorderABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONCVT Center Vent Tube 中通⽓管CW ClockwiseD/D Engine Out Drift Down Point发动机失效漂降点D/O Description and Operation说明与⼯作DA Drift Angle 偏离⾓DAC Digital to Analog ConverterDAR Digital ACMS RecorderDC Direct CurrentDDRMI Digital Distance and Radio Magnetic IndicatorDEC Declination倾斜DECEL Decelerate 减速DECR Decrease 减少DEF Definition 定义DELTA P Differential Pressure 压差DES Descent 下降DEST Destination ⽬的地DET Detection, DetectorDEU Decoder/Encoder UnitDEV Deviation 偏差DFDR Digital Flight Data RecorderDFDRS Digital Flight Data Recording SystemDGI Digital InputDGO Digital OutputDH Decision Height决断⾼度DIA Diameter 直径DIFF Differential差分DIM Dimming, DimensionDIR Direction, Direct, DirectorDISC Disconnect, DisconnectedDIST DistanceDMA Direct Memory Access直揍获取存储器DMC Display Management ComputerDME Distance Measuring EquipmentDMU Data Management UnitDN DownDNLK Downlock放下锁DPDT Double Pole/Double Throw双极/双置DPI Differential Pressure IndicatorDR Dead Reckoning 航位推算DRVR Driver 驱动器DSCRT DiscreteDSDL Dedicated Serial Data Link专⽤系列数据链DSI Discrete InputDSO Discrete OutputDSPL DisplayDTG Distance to Go待飞距离DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency双⾳多频DU Display UnitE EastEBU Engine Built-up UnitECAM Electronic Centralized Aircraft MonitoringECB Electronic Control Box (APU)ECM Engine Condition MonitoringECMU Electrical Contactor Management Unit电路接触器管理系统ECON Economy经济ECP Ecam Control PanelECS Environmental Control System环境控制系统ECU Electronic Control UnitEEC Electronic Engine Control电⼦发动机控制EEPROM Electrically Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory电清除程序可控只读存储器EFCS Electrical Flight Control SystemEFCS Electrical Flight Control SystemABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONEFF Effective, EffectivityEFIS Electronic Flight Instrument SystemEGIU Electrical Generation Interface Unit发电接⼝组件EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature排⽓温度EIS Electronic Instrument SystemEIU Engine Interface UnitEIVMU Engine Interface and Vibration Monitoring Unit发动机接⼝和振动监控组件ELEC Electric, Electrical, ElectricityELEV Elevation, ElevatorEMER EmergencyEMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁⼲扰END Endurance 续航时间ENG EngineEO Engine Out 发动机失效EOSID Engine Out Standard Instrument Departure发动机失效标准仪表离港EOT End of Tape录⾳结束EPC External Power Contactor外部电源接触器EPGS Electrical Power Generation System发电系统EPR Engine Pressure Ratio发动机压⼒⽐EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryEPSU Emergency Power Supply Unit应急电源供电组件EQPT EquipmentESS Essential 重要EST Estimated预计的ETA Estimated Time of Arrival预达时间ETE Estimated Time en Route 预计航路时间ETP Equal Time Point 等时点EVAC Evacuation 撤离EWD Engine/Warning Display发动机/警告指⽰EXC Excitation, Excite励磁,产⽣励磁EXCESS Excessive 过多的EXT Exterior, ExternalF FahrenheitF-PLN Flight PlanF/O First OfficerFAC Flight Augmentation ComputerFADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Control 全效能数字电⼦控制FAIL Failed, FailureFAP Forward Attendant PanelFC Fully Closed 全关FCDC Flight Control Data Concentrator 飞⾏数据集中器FCMS Fuel Control Monitoring System 燃油控制和监控计算机FCOM Flight Crew Operating Manual 飞⾏机组使⽤⼿册FCPC Flight Control Primary Computer飞⾏操纵主计算机FCSC Flight Control Secondary Computer飞⾏操纵辅助计算机FCTN FunctionFCU Flight Control UnitFCV Flow Control ValveFD Flight DirectorFDBK Feedback 反馈FDIU Flight Data Interface UnitFDU Fire Detection UnitFE Flight Envelope 飞⾏包线FF Fuel Flow 燃油流量FG Flight GuidanceFIDS Fault Isolation and Detection SystemFIFO First Input/First Output 先进/先出FIG FigureFIN Functional Item NumberFIR Full Indicator Reading 全指⽰器读数FL Flight LevelFLEX FlexibleFLEX FlexibleABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONFLP FlapFLT FlightFM Flight ManagementFMA Flight Mode Annunciator飞⾏⽅式指引FMC Flight Management ComputerFMGC Flight Management and Guidance ComputerFMGS Flight Management and Guidance SystemFMS Flight Management SystemFMU Fuel Metering Unit燃油计量装置FMV Fuel Metering ValveFO Fully OpenFOB Fuel On Board机载燃油FOD Foreign Object DamageFPA Flight Path Angle飞⾏航经⾓FPEEPMS Floor Proximity Emergency Escape Path Marking System FPPU Feedback Position Pick-off Unit回输位置传感组件FPV Flight Path Vector飞⾏航经引导FQ Fuel QuantityFQI Fuel Quantity Indicating/Indication/IndicatorFR Frame结构,隔框FREQ FrequencyFRU Frequency Reference Unit频率基准组件FRV Fuel Return ValveFSB Fasten Seat BeltsFW Failure WarningFWC Flight Warning ComputerFWD ForwardFWS Flight Warning SystemG GreenG/S Glide SlopeGA Go-Around 复飞GALY Galley 厨房GAPCU Ground Auxiliary Power Control UnitGalleyGCR Generator Control RelayGCU Generator Control UnitGEN GeneratorGLC Generator Line Contactor发电机馈线接触器GLR Generator Line RelayGMT Greenwich Mean Time格林尼治时钟GND GroundGPCU Ground Power Control UnitGPS Global Positioning SystemGPU Ground Power UnitGPWC Ground Proximity Warning Computer近地警告计算机GPWS Ground Proximity Warning SystemGRP Geographic Reference Point地⾯/地理坐标基准点GRU Ground Refrigeration Unit 地⾯冷冻车GS Ground SpeedGSE Ground Support Equipment地⾯⽀援设备GW Gross WeightH Hot (Electrical Point)HCU Hydraulic Control UnitHDG HeadingHEGS Hydraulic Electrical Generating System液电产⽣系统HF High FrequencyHI HighHLAC High Level Alternating Current Voltage⾼压交流电HLDC High Level Direct Current VoltageHMU Hydromechanical Unit液压机械组件HP High PressureHPC High Pressure CompressorHPC High Pressure CompressorABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONHPT High Pressure TurbineHPTACC High Pressure Turbine Active Clearance Control⾼压涡轮主动间隙控制HS High SpeedHSI Horizontal Situation IndicatorHSMU Hydraulic System Monitoring UnitHUDC Head Up Display Computer平视显⽰计算机HYD Hydraulic 液压I/O Input/OutputI/P Intercept ProfileI/P InputIAE International Aero Engines国际航空发动机公司IAS Indicated AirspeedIBR Integral Bladed RotorID Inside DiameterIDENT Identification, Identifier, IdentifyIDG Integrated Drive Generator整体驱动发电机IDGS Integrated Drive Generator SystemIGB Inlet Gear Box进⼝齿轮箱IGN Ignition点⽕IGV Inlet Guide Vane进⽓导向叶⽚ILS Instrument Landing System (LOC and G/S)IMM ImmediateINB Inbound向台飞⾏的INBD Inboard归航的;向台(电)飞⾏的INCR Increment 增加IND IndicatorINFO InformationINHIB Inhibition, Inhibit, Inhibited 抑制INIT Initial(ization) 初始化INOP InoperativeINR InnerINT Interrupt中断INTCP Intercept拦截INTFC InterfaceINTL InternalINTRG Interrogate, Interrogator 询问INV Inverter静变流机IP Intermediate PressureIPC Illustrated Parts CatalogIPPU Instrumentation Position Pick-off Unit仪表位置传感组件IR Inertial ReferenceIRS Inertial Reference SystemISA International Standard Atmosphere国际标准⼤⽓ISO International Standardization Organisation国际标准化组织ISOL IsolationIVS Inertial Vertical Speed惯性垂直速度JAM Jammed, Jamming卡阻的,卡阻,⼲扰JAR Joint Airworthiness Requirements联合航空条例L LeftL LengthL/G Landing GearLA Linear Accelerometer线性加速器LAT Lateral 横向LAT Latitude 维度LAV Lavatory 厕所LBP Left Bottom Plug 左下插头LCD Liquid Crystal DisplayLCIT Load Compressor Inlet Temperature负载压⽓机进⼝温度LDG LandingLE Leading Edge前沿LED Light Emitting DiodeLED Light Emitting DiodeABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATION LGCIU Landing Gear Control and Interface UnitLIM Limit, Limitation, Limiting, LimiterLKD LockedLL Lat/LongLLDC Low Level Direct Current VoltageLMP Left Middle PlugLNG LongLMS Leakage Measurement System渗漏测量系统LO LowLOC Localizer航向信标台LONG Longitude 经度LONGN Longeron 纵轴LOP Low Oil PressureLP Low PressureLPC Low Pressure CompressorLPT Low Pressure TurbineLPTACC Low Pressure Turbine Active Clearance ControlLRU Line Replaceable UnitLS LoudspeakerLSB Least Significant Bit最低有效位LSI Large Scale Integration⼤刻度积分的LT LightLTP Left Top PlugLV Low VoltageLVDT Linear Variable Differential Transducer线性可变差动变压器LVL LevelLW Landing WeightLWR LowerMAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord平均空⽓动⼒弦MAG MagneticMAINT MaintenanceMAN ManualMAX MaximumMCDU Multipurpose Control & Display UnitMCL Maximum Climb最⼤爬升率MCT Maximum Continuous ThrustMCU Modular Concept Unit模块式概念组件MDA Minimum Descent Altitude 最⼩决断⾼度MDDU Multipurpose Disk Drive UnitMECH Mechanic, Mechanical, MechanismMED MediumMES Main Engine Start 主发动机启动MI Magnetic IndicatorMIC MicrophoneMICBAC Micro-System Bus Access Channel 微系统总线存取通道MID MiddleMIN MinimumMISC Miscellaneous 各式各样的,其他MKR Marker (radio) BeaconMLA Maneuver Load AlleviationMLG Main Landing GearMLI Magnetic Level Indicator 磁⽔平指⽰器MLS Microwave Landing SystemMLW Maximum Design Landing Weight 最⼤着陆重量MMEL Master Minimum Equipment ListMMO Maximum Operating Mach 马赫⽅式的最⼤操纵速度MMR Multi Mode ReceiverMODLTR ModulatorMON Monitor, Monitoring, MonitoredMORA Minimum Off Route Altitude 最低偏航⾼度MOT Motor, MotorizedMPD Maintenance Planning Document 维护计划⽂件MPD Maintenance Planning Document 维护计划⽂件ABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONMRBR Maintenance Review Board Report维修审查委员会报告MRW Maximum Ramp Weight最⼤停机重量MSA Minimum Safe Altitude 最⼩安全⾼度MSB Most Significant BitMSG MessageMSL Mean Sea LevelMSU Mode Selector Unit (IRS) ⽅式选择组件MSW Microswitch 微动开关MTBF Mean Time Between FailureMTBUR Mean Time Between Unscheduled Removals ⾮定期拆卸平均MTG MountingMTO Maximum Take-Off 最⼤起飞MTOGW Maximum Takeoff Gross WeightMTOW Maximum Design Takeoff WeightMU Management Unit 管理组件MUX Multiplex, Multiplexer 多路器MVT Movement 运动,动态MZFW Maximum Design Zero Fuel WeightN Normal, NorthN/A Not ApplicableN/P Next PageN/W Nose WheelN/WS Nose Wheel SteeringNAC Nacelle 发动机短舱;吊舱NAS Navy and Army StandardNAV NavigationNAVAID Navigation AidNBPT No Break Power Transfer 不间断供电转换NC Normally ClosedNCD No Computed DataND Navigation DisplayNDB Non-Directional BeaconNEG NegativeNLG Nose Landing GearNMI Non Maskable Interrupt⾮屏蔽性中断No NumberNO Normally OpenNO Normal Operation in SSMNORM NormalNS No SmokingNUM NumericalNVM Non-Volatile Memory⾮易失存储器N1Low Pressure Rotor SpeedN2High Pressure Rotor SpeedO OpenO/P OutputOAT Outside Air Temperature外界⼤⽓温度OBRM On Board Replaceable Module机上可更换组件OC Open CircuitOC OvercurrentOD Outside Diameter 外直径OF OverfrequencyOFST OffsetOGV Outlet Guide VaneOHU Optical Head UnitOIT Oil Inlet TemperatureOK CorrectOMS Onboard Maintenance System机载维修系统OOT Oil Outlet Temperature滑油出⼝温度OP OperationalOPP Opposite相反的,相对的,对⾯的OPS Operation操作OPS Operation操作ABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATION OPT Optimum可选择的OPV Overpressure ValveOUTBD OutboardOVBD OverboardOVHD OverheadOVHT OverheatOVLD OverloadOVRD OverrideOVSP OverspeedOXY OxygenP/B PushbuttonP/BSW Pushbutton SwitchPA Passenger AddressPATS Passenger Air-to-Ground Telephone SystemPAX PassengerPC Pack ControllerPCB Printed Circuit Board印刷电路板PCM Pulse Code Modulation脉冲编码调谐PCU Passenger Control UnitPCU Power Control UnitPD Pitch DiameterPED Pedestal操纵台PERF PerformancePES Passenger Entertainment (System)PF Power FactorPFD Primary Flight DisplayPH PhasePHC Probe Heat ComputerPIU Passenger Information UnitPMA Permanent Magnet Alternator永磁交流发电机PMG Permanent Magnet Generator永磁产⽣器PN Part NumberPNL PanelPOB Pressure-Off BrakePOR Point of RegulationPOS PositionPOT Potentiometer 电位计PPH Pounds per hourPPM Parts per millionPPOS Present Position现在位置PR Power Ready RelayPRAM Prerecorded Announcement and Music⼴播预录⾳机PREAMP PreamplifierPRED PredictionPRESEL Preselector/PreselectionPRESS Pressure, Pressurization, PressurizePREV PreviousPRIM PrimaryPROC T Procedure TurnPROF ProfilePROG ProgressPROM Programmable Read Only MemoryPROT ProtectionPROX Proximity 接近PRR Power Ready RelayPSCU Proximity Switch Control Unit 邻近电门控制组件PSDU Power Supply Decoupling Unit 供电去耦组件PSI Pound per Square Inch 每平⽅英⼨PSIA Pound per Square Inch Absolute每平⽅英⼨绝对压⼒PSIG Pound per Square Inch Gauge每平⽅英⼨重⼒PSS Passenger Services SystemPSS Passenger Services System ABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATION PSU Passenger Service UnitPT PointPTC Positive Temperature CoefficientPTT Push to TestPTT Push-to-TalkPU Panel UnitPVI Paravisual IndicatingPVIS Passenger Visual Information SystemPWR PowerP&W Pratt & WhitneyQ Pitch RateQAD Quick-Attach-DetachQAR Quick Access RecorderQAT Quadruple ARINC TransmitterQEC Quick Engine ChangeQFE Field Elevation Atmospheric PressureQFU Runway HeadingQNE Sea Level Standard Atmosphere PressureQNH Sea Level Atmospheric PressureQTY QuantityR RedR RightR/I Radio/InertialRA Radio Altimeter, Radio AltitudeRAC Rotor Active ClearanceRACC Rotor Active Clearance ControlRACSB Rotor Active Clearance Start BleedRAD RadioRAM Random Access MemoryRAT Ram Air TurbineRBP Right Bottom PlugRC Repetitive ChimeRCC Remote Charge ConverterRCCB Remote Control Circuit BreakerRCDR RecorderRCL Recall 撤销RCPT ReceptacleRCPTN ReceptionRCVR ReceiverRECIRC Recirculate, RecirculationRECT RectifierRED ReductionREF ReferenceREFUEL RefuelingREG RegulatorREL ReleaseRES ResistanceRET ReturnREV ReverseREV Revise, RevisionRF Radio FrequencyRFS Regardless of Feature SizeRLA Reverser Lever AngleRLS Remote Light SensorRLY RelayRMP Radio Management PanelRNG RangeROM Read Only MemoryRPLNT RepellentRPM Revolution per MinuteRQRD RequiredRST ResetRSV ReserveRSV ReserveABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATION RSVR ReservoirRTE RouteRTN ReturnRTP Right Top PlugRTS Return to SeatRUD RudderRVDT Rotary Variable Differential TransducerRVR Runway Visual RangeRWY RunwayS SouthS/C Step ClimbS/D Step DescentSAF SafetySAT Static Air TemperatureSB Service BulletinSC Single ChimeSD System DisplaySDAC System Data Acquisition ConcentratorSDCU Smoke Detection Control UnitSDN System Description NoteSEB Seat Electronic BoxSEC SecondarySEL Select, Selected, Selector, SelectionSELCAL Selective Calling SystemSFCC Slat Flap Control ComputerSH ABS Shock AbsorberSHED SheddingSHT ShortSIC System Isolation Contactor 系统隔离接触器SID Standard Instrument Departure标准仪表离场SIG SignalSLT SlatSMK SmokeSN Serial NumberSOL SolenoidSOV Shut-Off ValveSPD SpeedSPLY SupplySPMC Service Process Material Control 服务进程材料控制SPOP Service Process Operation ProcedureSQ SquelchSRU Shop Replaceable Unit 车间可更换件SSB Single Side BandSSEC Static Source Error Correction 静压源误差校准SSM Sign Status Matrix符号状态码SSTU Side Stick Transducer UnitSTA Station位置；电台；飞机在编队中的位置STAB StabilizerSTAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route 标准进场程序STAT StaticSTBY StandbySTD StandardSTGR StringerSTS StatusSVA Stator Vane ActuatorSVCE ServiceSW SwitchSWTG SwitchingSYNTHR SynthetizerSYS SystemT True, TurnT True, TurnABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATION T/C Top of ClimbT/D Top of DescentT/R Thrust ReverserT-P Turn PointTACT TacticalTAS True AirspeedTAT Total Air TemperatureTBC To Be ConfirmedTBD To be DeterminedTCA Turbine Cooling AirTCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance SystemT2CAS Traffic and Terrain Collision Avoidance System TCC Turbine Case Cooling 涡轮机匣冷却/TDS Technical Data SheetTE Trailing Edge 后缘TEC Turbine Exhaust Case 涡轮排⽓机匣TEMP TemperatureTFU Technical Follow-UpTGT TargetTHR ThrustTHRM ThermalTHS Trimmable Horizontal StabilizerTIT Turbine Inlet Temperature 涡轮进⼝温度TK TankTKE Track Angle Error 航迹⾓误差TLA Throttle Lever Angle 油门杆⾓度TLU Travel Limitation Unit ⾏程限制组件TMR TimerTO TakeoffTOGW Takeoff Gross WeightTOT TotalTPIC Tire Pressure Indicating ComputerTPIS Tire Pressure Indicating SystemTR Transformer Rectifier 变压整流器TRA Throttle Resolver AngleTRANS Transition 过渡TRDV Thrust Reverser Directional Valve反推⽅向活门TRF Turbine Rear Frame 涡轮后框TRIG Trigger扳机,触发器TRK Track (angle)TROPO TropopauseTRPV Thrust Reverser Pressurizing ValveTRV TravelTSFC Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption单位推⼒耗油率TSM Trouble Shooting ManualTTG Time to Go 剩余时间TTL Transistor Transistor LogicTTS Trim Tank SystemTURB Turbulent, TurbulenceTVBC Turbine Vane And Blade Cooling涡轮叶⽚冷却UF UnderfrequencyUHF Ultra High FrequencyUNLK UnlockUNLKD Unlocked, UnlockingUNSD UnusedUPR UpperUTC Universal Time Coordinated 世界协调时UV Under VoltageV/S Vertical SpeedVc Calibrated Airspeed校正空速VAC Voltage Alternating CurrentVAR Variable, Variation 变化，可变的VAR Variable, Variation 变化，可变的ABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATIONVBV Variable Bleed Valve可调防⽓活门VC Ventilation Controller 通风控制器VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器VCU Video Control Unit 视频控制组件VDC Voltage Direct Current直流电压VDEV Vertical Deviation 垂直偏差VDR VHF Data Radio甚⾼频话⾳/数据⽆线电VEL Velocity 速度，速率VENT Ventilation 通风VERT VerticalVFE Maximum Flat Extended SpeedVFTO Final Takeoff Speed 最后起飞速度VHF Very High FrequencyVHV Very High Voltage 甚⾼压VIB VibrationVLE Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed 最⼤起落架放下速度VLO Maximum Landing Gear Operating SpeedVLS Lower Selectable SpeedVM VoltmeterVMAX Maximum Allowable Airspeed 允许最⼤空速VMO Maximum Operating SpeedVOR VHF Omnidirectional RangeVOR.D VOR-DMEVR Rotation Speed抬前轮速度VRMS Volt Root Mean Square均⽅根电压VRS V2500 Repair SchemeVSC Vacuum System Controller 真空系统控制器VSCF Variable Speed Constant Frequency 变速恒频VSV Variable Stator Vane 可变静⼦叶⽚VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio电压驻波⽐V1Critical Engine Failure SpeedV2Takeoff Safety SpeedV3Flap Retraction SpeedV4Slat Retraction SpeedW WeightW WhiteWARN WarningWBC Weight & Balance Computer载重平衡计算机WBS Weight and Balance SystemWD Warning DisplayWHC Window Heat ComputerWHL WheelWIPCU Water Ice Protection Control Unit 防⽔防冰控制组件WIPDU Water Ice Protection Data UnitWPT WaypointWTB Wing Tip BrakeWXR Weather RadarX FEED CrossfeedX-TALK Cross-TalkXCVR Transceiver 收发机XDCR Transducer 转换器XFMR Transformer 变压器XFR TransferXMSN TransmissionXMTR TransmitterXPDR Transponder 异频雷达收发机Y YellowZ ZoneZFCG Zero Fuel Center of Gravity ⽆燃油重⼼ZFW Zero Fuel Weight3D Three Dimensional (Lat, Long, Alt) 3维3D Three Dimensional (Lat, Long, Alt) 3维ABBREVIATION SIGNIFICATION 4D Four Dimensional (Lat, Long, Alt, Time)。
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*Corresponding author.Fax:#1-409-845-6554.E-mail address:p-roschke @ (P.N.Roschke)Journal of Wind Engineeringand Industrial Aerodynamics 83(1999)209}223Active control of a tall structure excited by windJin Zhang,Paul N.Roschke *Department of Ci v il Engineering,Texas A &M Uni v ersity,College Station,TX 77843-3136,USAAbstractA control strategy is developed for application to a #exible laboratory structure excited by simulated wind forces for the purpose of minimizing along-wind accelerations.Static and dynamic characteristics of the structure are identi "ed through a modal analysis method that formulates a linear model of the system.Actual wind speed data is used to produce a simulated wind loading by means of drag forces.An LQG/LTR control strategy based on acceleration feedback is used in conjunction with a magnetorheological (MR)damper to reduce structural response.When a strong wind loading is applied to the structure,the control force notably reduces simulated peak #oor accelerations. 1999Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Acceleration;Active control;Building;Magnetorheological damper;System identi "cation;Vibration;Wind1.IntroductionAs modern materials and construction methods lead to taller buildings that are increasingly #exible,environmental loads such as strong wind gusts and earthquakes can be expected to increase building response.Whereas safety is a major concern for a civil engineering structure subjected to an earthquake,it is not a consideration for most building structures in strong wind environments.The main concern for high-rise buildings in strong wind events is discomfort to the occupants,such as physical symptoms due to motion sickness or psychological responses like anxiety.One approach to mitigate undesirable motions due to hazardous wind or earth-quake loads is to alter the dynamic characteristics of a building with respect to a given loading.This idea has developed into the concept of structural control,which was "rst 0167-6105/99/$-see front matter 1999Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S 0167-6105(99)00073-2Fig.2.MR damper controlsystem.Fig.1.Active tendon control system.presented by Yao [1].Over the past several decades,a number of physical devices have been investigated for the control of buildings.Such devices include the active bracing system (ABS)and magnetorheological (MR)dampers.An ABS (see Fig.1)typically consists of a set of pre-stressed tendons or braces that can be attached to a frame of the structure in the plane for which motion is to be controlled.These braces are connected with an actuator that sti !ens or relaxes the system according to a control algorithm.An MR damping system (see Fig.2)consists of a damper that is rigidly connected between the ground and the "rst #oor or between two neighboring #oors.Viscous properties of the damper are changed according to the voltage from a control algorithm.An algorithm (termed as a `controller a )is used to determine the control force or damping that is to be applied to a structure through an ABS or MR system,respectively.Virtually,all current control methods utilize optimum strategies that minimize one or more performance indices [2].The most basic optimal controller is the linear quadratic regulator (LQR).This control strategy minimizes a function that relates the response (or states)of the structure and the control input.If the needed states of the structure are not directly measured,an estimator such as a Kalman "lter can be employed to approximate these states.The addition of a Kalman "lter to an LQR strategy leads to what is termed as the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG)problem.The Kalman "lter characterizes statistical distribution of the noise processes210J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke /J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223boratory structure.inherent in the system as they are related to the sensors [2].However,the LQG approach has been shown to be overly sensitive to changes in structural parameters.This motivates the use of a variation of the LQG strategy that takes into account frequency domain characteristics and feedback properties.This variation is termed as the loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR)problem.In what follows,system identi "cation is carried out on a #exible four-storey model of a tall building in a laboratory to determine the salient dynamic characteristics of the structure.A simulated wind loading is applied to a numerical model of the building that is equipped with an MR damper.Finally,a control algorithm that uses acceleration feedback and a time delay is shown to provide signi "cant reduction of acceleration.2.Experimental setupA tall,slender,four-storey model of a #exible tall building structure was constructed in a laboratory (see Fig.3)in order to demonstrate the performance of a semi-active control system with an MR damper.Dynamic parameters are collected through system identi "cation as described in the following section,and controller performanceJ.Zhang,P.N.Roschke /J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223211212J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke/J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223is simulated through MATLAB.The main structural members are graphite epoxy tubes donated to the study from NASA Johnson Space Center.Vertical members are continuous throughout the height of the structure.Horizontal tubes are joined to the vertical members at each#oor level.Joints that connect vertical and horizontal tubes are custom-made from polyvinyl chloride(PVC)pipe.Flat,plastic plates with addi-tional mass span the horizontal beam members in a slab-like fashion at each level.The bottom of each column is secured by a PVC pipe encased in a wooden sub-assemblage that is bolted to the concrete#oor.In order to ensure that very little motion occurs normal to the along-wind direction,the structure is also restrained by a light X-bracing cable.Nominal dimensions of the model are0.77m;1.25m;6.52m. Height of the1st,2nd,3rd,and4th#oors above the semi-rigid base are1.73m,3.30m, 4.93m,and6.52m,respectively.To measure the response of the structure to loading, an accelerometer is placed on each#oor.An MR damper purchased from Lord Corporation is intended to be used to provide a controllable force.MR#uids typically consist of micron-sized,magnetically polarizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium such as mineral or silicone oil. Normally,MR#uids are free-#owing liquids having a consistency similar to that of motor oil.However,when a magnetic"eld is applied within several ms their consistency changes and the#uid becomes semi-solid with a yield strength of up to 100kPa.The degree of change is proportional to the magnitude of the applied magnetic"eld.MR dampers are also stable over a broad temperature range,from !40}1503C.3.System identi5cation3.1.IntroductionThe knowledge about the dynamic characteristics of a system is one of the most important aspects of control design.An accurate mathematical model of the system determines whether a controller works properly or becomes unstable.The most popular way to represent a model is through a complex frequency response function that relates the input and output characteristics of the experimental system.For the identi"cation of many civil engineering structures,inputs to the system are applied forces,while outputs include displacements,velocities and accelerations.The complex frequency response function can be thought of as a series of transfer functions that transform disturbance inputs to acceleration outputs.Natural frequencies,mode shapes and equivalent viscous damping characteristics are determined from analysis of the input and output data and are used in the formulation of a state-space representation of the structure.3.2.Identi x cation procedureFor this investigation,a complex frequency response function that relates input forces to#oor accelerations is used to determine natural frequencies,mode shapes andTable 1Structural parameters Parameter Mode 1Mode 2Mode 3Mode 4(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)Natural frequency (Hz) 1.0533.8358.10813.662Damping ratio (%)9.643.86 2.55 1.22Normalized mode shape Floor 10.3364!0.8542 1.9110!3.6626Floor 20.6358!1.0588!0.1887 4.1205Floor 30.7257!0.2354!1.6763!3.0009Floor 41111equivalent viscous damping characteristics of the structure.These functions are obtained as follows:E The laboratory model is excited with an impact hammer and a time history of the impact force and accelerations of each #oor are read into a data "le.E Transfer functions are calculated using the acceleration and force time histories.E Natural frequencies and corresponding amplitudes of the structure are identi "ed (see Table 1).E Amplitude ratios of frequency domain response and the corresponding phase angles are used to determine the mode shapes.E Equivalent viscous damping characteristics are determined by the half-power bandwidth method:G "f G !f G f #f,(1)where f and f are frequencies at which the transfer function amplitudes equal 0.707times the transfer function peak at the ith natural frequency.3.3.State space representationThe general equation of motion for a multi-degree-of-freedom system excited by a forcing function is:Mx $(t )#C H x (t )#Kx (t )"d (t ),(2)where M ,C H ,and K are the mass,damping and sti !ness matrices,respectively,of the structure;d (t )is a time-dependent vector of disturbance forces;and x (t ),x (t )and x (t )are time histories of the acceleration,velocity and displacement vectors,respectively.De "ning the state vectorz " x G x G(3)J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke /J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223213Fig.4.Wind speed set M15N571.and requiring that the desired output vector y consist of the accelerations of each #oor x allows Eq.(2)to be recast into the general state space form:z "Az #Bd ,y "Cz #Dd ,(4)whereA " 0 I !M \ K !M \ C HB " 0 M \,C "[!M \ K !M \ C H ]D "[M \ ].(5)Note that for the structure at hand 0 is a 4;4zero matrix,I is a 4;4identity matrix,M is determined through a lumped mass method,and matrices K and C H are determined as follows [3]:K "M L 2L M C H "M L 2L M ,(6)where is the diagonal matrix [ , ,2, L ], is the diagonal matrix [2 ,2 ,2,2 L L ], G is the ith natural frequency,and G is the damping ratio of the ith mode.In summary,all of the required parameters necessary to obtain statespace representation matrices A ,B ,C ,and D are available from the system identi "ca-tion described earlier.4.Wind disturbance4.1.Wind speed dataWind speed data to be used in simulation of a strong wind event on the laboratory structure was obtained from the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL)at Texas Tech University [4].Data were collected from a free-standing tower at heights of 4,10,21and 49m above the surface of the earth in #at,open terrain.A selected portion of the total time history is presented in Fig.4.The sampling rate was 10Hz and low-pass "ltering was conducted at 8Hz.214J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke /J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}2234.2.Characterization of windVibration of tall structures is elicited by the turbulent component of the wind velocity.Wind turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer is typi"ed by random #uctuations of velocity and pressure.Kaimal et al.[5]have proposed the following normalized power spectral density of wind velocity for structural design purposes:)S(z, )u H "200f(1#50f),(7)wheref" zU(z)(8)z is the height above the surface,;(z)is the mean wind speed at height z,and is the frequency in Hz.S(z, )is the power spectral density(PSD)at height z for the frequency .The parameter u H is the shear#ow velocity that is determined by:u H"k U(z)ln z z ,(9)where k is von Karman's constant(generally assumed to be approximately0.4),and z is the roughness length,a variable characterizing the terrain[5].Solving for S(z, ) in Eq.(7)gives the wind PSDS(z, )"u H200f.(10)The force that a#uid produces on a body is of the following form[6]:F""C"12< A,(11)where C"is the drag coe$cient, is the density of the#uid,<is the#ow velocity,and A is the area exposed to the#ow.The drag coe$cient of the rectangular laboratory model is taken to be1.48[6].The total along-wind response,such as de#ection,velocity or acceleration,may be viewed as a sum of two parts:X(z)"x(z)#x(z),(12) where x(z)is the mean response,and x(z)is the#uctuating response that is induced by the wind gustiness[5].In what follows,only the latter component is considered. 4.3.Application of wind speed dataThe force to be applied to each#oor of the laboratory model from the Texas Tech wind data set is calculated using Eq.(11).The tributary areas that relate wind pressure J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke/J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223215Fig.5.Control block representation.to an equivalent force at a #oor level are taken to be the surface areas on the building model that are normal to the wind #ow.Also,according to Eq.(12),only the #uctuating component is considered.The main purpose of this study is to design and test an active control algorithm that can reliably reduce the vibration of a wind-excited building.Within reasonable bounds,an acceptable controller should function properly for any wind load.There-fore,relationships of similitude are not emphasized in this research work.Here,the wind loading from each of the four anemometer readings is directly applied to the corresponding #oor of the structure,although the heights of the #oors in the laborat-ory model do not directly scale to the heights of the "eld readings.Another simpli "cation made is that the coe $cient of drag is applied uniformly to each #oor.Alternatively,pressure coe $cients for the windward and leeward walls could be determined for a building that has aspect ratios that match those of the laboratory model.Resultant pressures could then be approximated by discrete forces.5.Control design5.1.Control algorithmAfter salient dynamic characteristics of the experimental structure have been determined and a time history of wind disturbance for each of the four stories has been speci "ed,a control strategy is formulated that is aimed at amelioration of the vibration of the structure.The control force is assumed to be capable of being produced by an active control device such as an active tendon system or an MR damper acting between the ground and the "rst #oor.Line of action of the control force is taken to be parallel to the direction of the wind (see Figs.1and 2).A diagram of relationships for this system is presented in Fig.5[2],where d denotes the disturbance input and G represents the four-storey laboratory structure.Acceleration response of the structure is denoted by y .Measurement of the output is taken to be a noise n that is included in the feedback.H denotes the controller that produces a force vector u that,if designed correctly,reduces the output and stabilizes the closed-loop system.A linear quadratic regulator is used to optimize a quadratic function of the state and control vectors.Given the linear system shown in Fig.5,a function J that relates216J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke /J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223the state vector and control force is as follows:J "12(z Qz #u Ru )d t ,(13)where Q and R are weighting matrices of the state and control forces,respectively.The integrand has a quadratic form and Q and R are usually symmetric.It is assumed that Q is positive de "nite (i.e.,it is symmetric and has positive eigenvalues)and R is positive semi-de "nite (i.e.,it is symmetric and has non-negative eigenvalues).These assump-tions imply that the cost is non-negative and,therefore,its minimum value is zero.Minimization of Eq.(13)leads to the necessity of solving the algebraic Riccati equation (ARE)for the Riccati matrix P [2]:A P #PA #Q !PBR \ B P "0.(14)Once the Riccati matrix is known from Eq.(14),the gain matrix K and target control force vector u are calculated by the following relations:K "R \ B P ,u "!Kz .(15)If the system is both controllable and observable,and if an appropriate Q has been selected,the positive-de "nite solution of the ARE results in an asymptotically stable closed-loop system.However,if not all of the state variables can be measured,optimal control cannot be applied directly and a state estimator is needed.The solution to this problem was "rst provided by Kalman and Bucy [2]:z "Az #Bu #L (y !y ),(16)where z and y are estimates of the actual states z and y ,respectively,and L is the observer gain.This gain is computed from the following set of equations so as to minimize the size of the estimation error intensity matrix E :AE #EA #Q!EC R \ CE "0,L "EC R \(17)where matrices Q and R represent the intensity of the process and sensor noise inputs,respectively.The LQG algorithm combines a Kalman "lter and an LQR algorithm in a single controller.This controller may be constructed by substituting Eqs.(4)and (15)into Eq.(16)and simplifyingz "(A !BK !LC #LDK )z #Ly ,u "!Kz .(18)Experience has shown that although LQG is an improvement over LQR,it demonstrates low robustness [2].Moreover,it is overly #exible due to the arbitrari-ness of the noise weighting matrices.To alleviate these inadequacies,the LQG/LTR technique modi "es the design procedure to recover the advantageous stability J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke /J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223217218J.Zhang,P.N.Roschke/J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.83(1999)209}223margins of the LQR algorithm while maintaining the basic mathematics of LQG.The open-loop transfer function for an LQR controller at the input to the structure is given byL(s)*/0"K(s I!A)\ B(19) and the LQG loop transfer function may be expressed asL(s)*/%"K(s I!A#BK#LC!LDK)\ L(D#C(s I!A)\ B).(20) Two criteria for the LQG/LTR approach are that the structure has a minimum phase (i.e.,it has no zeros in the right-hand plane)and the noise matrices are given by R "1and Q "q BB ,where q is a tuning parameter.Through these assumptions it can be shown that[2]limL(s)*/%"L(s)*/0.(21) OThe tuning parameter q can be increased until the open-loop transfer function is close to the LQR loop transfer function.That is,the feedback loop transfer function for the structure is recovered as the noise goes to in"nity.5.2.Time delayThe previous discussion is based on the assumption that all operations in the control loop can be performed instantaneously.However,in reality,each operation experiences a delay between sending the command signal and measuring the response. This delay is caused mostly by signal processing,on-line computation and response time of the actuator system[7].It may lead to instability in the controlled system. Thus,the degree to which a controller can tolerate a certain amount of time delay while not signi"cantly degrading the controlled response,is an important index to evaluate a controller.Provisions for time delay are made in the controller described in the following section.5.3.Controller designDesign of an LQG/LTR controller that is to specify a control force to be applied at the"rst#oor of the laboratory structure is implemented through MATLAB and SIMULINK[8].Fig.6is a SIMULINK model of the controller.A0.05-s time delay is taken into account.Width of the connecting lines represents the dimension of the data vector that is being transmitted.The&plant'block represents the state-space model of the laboratory building with the input as the external force and the output as displacement,velocity and acceleration of each#oor.In order to simulate motion of an uncontrolled building,wind disturbance is the only external force.For the control-led building,the force speci"ed by the controller that is to be generated by the MR damper is added to the force of the wind.The&LQG/LTR controller'block is the state-space form of Eq.(18),with the input being accelerations of each#oor and theFig.6.LQG/LTR controller system model.output being the control force that is applied by the MR damper.Measurement noise is added to the acceleration time history of each sensor.The magnitude of this white noise is determined by an analysis of a stationary accelerometer.5.4.Feedback propertiesA properly designed controller should be able to operate e!ectively and maintain stability of the structure in a working environment.This environment may cause system parameters to change or disturbances to this system might vary.Even if these conditions were not considered,modeling of the system by a mathematical representa-tion has uncertainty.For instance,in this study uncertainty of the natural frequencies, masses and mode shapes of the structure needs to be considered.Also of importance is the noise of the measurement devices themselves.In order for the feedback/control system to be e!ective and stable,it should satisfy certain performance speci"cations and allow for uncertainties in the model.These issues may be studied through the frequency domain.The block diagram for Fig.5may be written in equation form as follows:Y(s)؍GH1؉GHR(s)؉11؉GHD(s)!GH1؉GHN(s).(22)The relationships between the output y,disturbance d,and noise n are de"ned by the sensitivity S and transmissibility T functions as follows:S"11#GH,(23)T"GH1#GH .(24)Table 2Peak accelerations due to wind M15N571FloorUncontrolled peak (g)Controlled peak (g)Peak reduction (%)(1)(2)(3)(4)10.01950.007561.420.03550.020143.530.03510.025228.140.04860.031136.0Fig.7.Fourth #oor accelerations from wind speed set M15N571.Therefore,small values of the sensitivity function reduce the e !ect that disturbances have on the response.Small values in the transmissibility function will likewise reduce the e !ect that noise has on the response.Note that the sum of the sensitivity and the transmissibility is unity.Also note that the disturbances are low-frequency signals while measured noise is a high-frequency signal.Therefore,both objectives can be met by keeping S small in the low-frequency range and T small in high frequencies.Weighting matrices Q and R of Eq.(13)are determined so that the resulting controller provides desirable frequency characteristics.5.5.Simulation resultsFor a 20-s interval of numerical simulation the resulting uncontrolled and controlled accelerations of the fourth #oor are shown in Fig.7.Table 2sum-marizes the peak accelerations of all four #oors for both controlled and uncon-trolled vibrations;also,the percent reduction of the peak value is given.Table 3lists the uncontrolled and controlled root mean squared (RMS)accelerations of all #oors along with the percent reduction of the peak value.RMS values are decreased by 63%,45%,36%and 37%for the "rst through the four #oor levels,respectively.Table3RMS accelerations due to wind M15N571Floor UncontrolledRMS(g)ControlledRMS(g)RMSreduction(%)(1)(2)(3)(4)10.00500.001863.420.00880.004845.530.00990.006336.040.01300.008237.1Fig.8.Control force.Fig.9.Voltage required for MR damper.A time history of the control force required to minimize building response for this strong wind event is shown in Fig.8.Fig.9shows a portion of the time history of the voltage required to operate the MR damper for this same period of time.6.Summary and conclusionA#exible laboratory structure was constructed of graphite epoxy members for the purpose of demonstrating semi-active control of its#oor accelerations whenthe structure is excited by wind.This structure is considered to be a discrete linear system with one degree of freedom per#oor in the horizontal direction.It is braced out-of-plane to reduce the transverse and torsional response.Masses are assumed to be lumped at each#oor.An experimental method of system iden-ti"cation that uses modal analysis is carried out to determine the dynamic and static characteristics of the four-storey system.These characteristics are used to formulate a state-space representation of the structure.Actual wind speed data taken at various heights in a free"eld environment were converted to numerically simulated disturbance forces on the structure using a drag force assumption in the along-wind direction.An LQG/LTR controller was designed to simulate disturbance,noise,and time delay rejection in an e!ort to reduce#oor accelerations for this structural system.The controller speci"es a control force that is to be applied to the"rst#oor.Numerical simulations of this controller show that when the structure is excited by the wind disturbance,the controller reduces peak accelerations of the#oors of the structure by approximately35%}60%.Even allowing for a period of time delay,these results indicate decidedly positive prospects for this controller.The controller is independent of the system producing the control force.Thus,the calculated control force required is the same for the active tendon system as for the MR damper system.However,since the semi-active MR damper uses a relatively small amount of external voltage(2}25VDC[9]),and an active tendon system requires much more power to operate(115/230VAC plus0}10VDC position command signal[10]),it is concluded that an MR damper may possess distinct advantages over active systems of control.Several caveats need to be mentioned in closing.It is known that system identi-"cation of the dynamic physical structure with an active or semi-active control device installed possesses di!erent dynamic characteristics than those determined from testing when the device was not present.That is,it is expected that the installation of an MR damper or an active tendon will increase natural frequencies of the system,thereby changing the system model.In addition,the state estimator uses the noise weighting matrices and has poles or frequencies,that are relatively high;therefore,the estimator might erroneously track noise and degrade system stability.References[1]J.T.P.Yao,Concept of structural control,J.Struct.Division ASCE98(ST7)(1972)1567}1574.[2]R.T.Stefani et al.,Design of Feedback Control Systems,Saunders,Boston,MA,1994.[3]ler,Active control of a tall structure excited by wind,Master of Engineering Report,TexasA&M University,1996.[4]Texas Tech Field Experiment Data Package,Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory,TexasTech University,Lubbock,TX,1995.[5]F.Simiu,R.H.Scanlan,Wind E!ects on Structures,2nd Edition,Wiley,New York,1986.[6]V.Kolousek et al.,Wind E!ects on Civil Engineering Structures,Elsevier,Amsterdam,1984.[7]T.T.Soong et al.,Control.I:design and simulation,J.Struct.Eng.117(11)(1991)3516}3536.[8]MATLAB,Reference Guide,The MathWorks,Inc.,Natick,MA,1998.[9]J.D.Carlson et al.,Magneto-rheological#uid dampers for semi-active seismic control,Proceedings ofthe3rd International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control,Vol.III,Chiba,Japan,1996,pp.35}40.[10]Linear and Rotary Positioning Systems&Controls,Industrial Devices Corporation,Novato,CA,1998.。